Mayakovsky Vladimir Vladimirovich (1893 – 1930)
Russian Soviet poet. Born in Georgia, in the village of Baghdadi, in the family of a forester.
From 1902 he studied at a gymnasium in Kutaisi, then in Moscow, where after the death of his father he moved with his family.
In 1908 he left the gymnasium, devoting himself to underground revolutionary work.
At the age of fifteen he joined the RSDLP(b) and carried out propaganda tasks. He was arrested three times, and in 1909 he was in Butyrka prison in solitary confinement. There he began to write poetry.
Since 1911 he studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Having joined the Cubo-Futurists, in 1912 he published his first poem, “Night,” in the futurist collection “A Slap in the Face of Public Taste.”
The theme of the tragedy of human existence under capitalism permeates Mayakovsky’s major works of the pre-revolutionary years - the poems “Cloud in Pants”, “Spine Flute”, “War and Peace”. Even then, Mayakovsky sought to create poetry of “squares and streets” addressed to the broad masses. He believed in the imminence of the coming revolution.
Epic and lyric poetry, striking satire and ROSTA propaganda posters - all this variety of Mayakovsky’s genres bears the stamp of his originality. In the lyrical epic poems “Vladimir Ilyich Lenin” and “Good!” the poet embodied the thoughts and feelings of a person in a socialist society, the features of the era.
Mayakovsky powerfully influenced the progressive poetry of the world - Johannes Becher and Louis Aragon, Nazim Hikmet and Pablo Neruda studied with him.
In the later works “Bedbug” and “Bathhouse” there is a powerful satire with dystopian elements on Soviet reality.
In 1930 he committed suicide, unable to bear internal conflict with the “bronze” Soviet age, in 1930, he was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
Got 12 points for the biography, THIS IS A MASTERPIECE
I didn’t really like it because this biography is long
1893 - year of birth. Place of birth: Baghdadi village. Born into the family of a forester who died early. He took part in the 1905 revolution, was arrested and served in prison. 1911 He studies at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. 1912 The poem "Night" was published. He joined the group of futurists who rejected classical traditions. He worked on the form of the verse and its content. Created a "ladder" In 1915 - 1917 he wrote "Cloud in Pants", "War and Peace", "Man". Love and revolution became the theme of his work. "Ode to the Revolution", "Mystery Bouffe", "Left March" - a reflection of ideas and personal beliefs. In 1919 - 1922 - work at ROSTA. Mayakovsky draws and writes short impromptu under posters, campaigning for new life. His creations were favorably received by the leaders of the revolution. In particular, the poem “The Seated Ones” earned high praise from V.I. Lenin. The poem "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" and "At the top of my voice..." were dedicated to Lenin. Mayakovsky also wrote plays. "The Bedbug" and "Bathhouse", created in 1928-1929, satirically reflected the shortcomings in the behavior of people in Soviet Russia and gave birth to the desire to eradicate them. Lilya Brik became Mayakovsky's muse. And my last love is Victoria Polonskaya. But they could not keep on this Earth a poet - a rebel who dreamed of combining his own thoughts, love and politics in his poems, poems, plays. In April 1830, Mayakovsky shot himself.
1893 , July 7 (19) - born in the village of Baghdadi, near Kutaisi (now the village of Mayakovski in Georgia), in the family of forester Vladimir Konstantinovich Mayakovski. He lived in Baghdadi until 1902.
1902 - enters the Kutaisi gymnasium.
1905 – gets acquainted with underground revolutionary literature, takes part in demonstrations, rallies, and school strikes.
1906 – death of father, family move to Moscow. In August he enters the fourth grade of the Fifth Moscow Gymnasium.
1907 - gets acquainted with Marxist literature, participates in the Social Democratic circle of the Third Gymnasium. First poems.
1908 - joins the RSDLP (Bolsheviks). Works as a propagandist. In March he leaves the gymnasium. Arrested during a search in the underground printing house of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP (Bolsheviks).
1909 - the second and third (in the case of organizing the escape of thirteen political convicts from the Moscow Novinskaya prison) arrests of Mayakovsky.
1910 , January - released from arrest as a minor and placed under police supervision.
1911 – accepted into the figure class of the School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture.
1912
– D. Burliuk introduces Mayakovsky to the futurists. In the fall, Mayakovsky’s first poem, “Crimson and White,” was published.
December. The release of the collection of futurists "A Slap in the Face of Public Taste" with Mayakovsky's first printed poems "Night" and "Morning".
1913
– release of the first collection of poems – “I!”
Spring - meeting N. Aseev. Production of the tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky" at the Luna Park Theater in St. Petersburg.
1914
– Mayakovsky’s trip to Russian cities with lectures and poetry readings (Simferopol, Sevastopol, Kerch, Odessa, Chisinau, Nikolaev, Kyiv). Expelled from the School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture due to public speaking.
March–April – the tragedy “Vladimir Mayakovsky” was published.
1915
- moves to Petrograd, which became his permanent place residence until the beginning of 1919. Reading the poem "To you!" (which caused outrage among the bourgeois public) in the artistic basement "Stray Dog".
February - the beginning of cooperation in the magazine "New Satyricon". On February 26, the poem “Hymn to the Judge” was published (under the title “The Judge”).
The second half of February - the almanac "Sagittarius" (No. 1) is published with excerpts from the prologue and the fourth part of the poem "Cloud in Pants".
1916
– the poem “War and Peace” is completed; the third part of the poem was accepted by Gorky's journal Letopis, but was prohibited from publication by military censorship.
February – the poem “Flute-Spine” was published as a separate edition.
1917 - The poem "Man" is completed. The poem "War and Peace" was published as a separate edition.
1918 – the poems “Man” and “Cloud in Pants” (second, uncensored edition) were published as a separate edition. Premiere of the play "Mystery Bouffe".
1919 – “Left March” was published in the newspaper “Art of the Commune”. The collection "Everything composed by Vladimir Mayakovsky" has been published. The beginning of Mayakovsky's work as an artist and poet at the Russian Telegraph Agency (ROSTA). Works without interruption until February 1922.
1920
– the poem “150,000,000” is completed. Speech at the First All-Russian Congress of ROSTA workers.
June–August – lives in a dacha near Moscow (Pushkino). The poem "An Extraordinary Adventure" was written ...
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1922 - the poem “I Love” was written. Izvestia published the poem "The Satisfied Ones." The collection "Mayakovsky is mocking" has been published. Trip to Berlin and Paris.
1923 – the poem “About This” is finished. No. 1 of the Lef magazine, edited by Mayakovsky, was published; with his articles and poem "About This".
1925 – trip to Berlin and Paris. Trip to Cuba and America. He gives talks and reads poetry in New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Chicago. The magazine "Spartak" (No. 1), dedicated to Mayakovsky, was published in New York.
1926 – the poem “To Comrade Nette – a steamship and a person” was written.
1927 - publication of the first issue of the magazine "New Lef" edited by Mayakovsky, with his editorial.
1929
- premiere of the play "The Bedbug".
February–April – trip abroad: Berlin, Prague, Paris, Nice.
Premiere of the play "The Bedbug" in Leningrad at the branch of the Bolshoi Drama Theater in the presence of Mayakovsky.
1930
, February 1 – opening of Mayakovsky’s exhibition “20 years of work” at the Moscow Writers Club. Reads the introduction to the poem "At the top of my voice."
April 14 – committed suicide in Moscow.
Composition
Mayakovsky's work remains to this day an outstanding artistic achievement of early Russian poetry. XX century His works are not devoid of ideological distortions and propaganda rhetoric, but they cannot erase the objective significance and scale of Mayakovsky’s artistic talent, the reformist essence of his poetic experiments, which for his contemporaries, and even for the poet’s descendants, were associated with a revolution in art.
Mayakovsky was born in Georgia, where he spent his childhood. After the death of his father in 1906, the family moved to Moscow, where Mayakovsky entered the 4th grade of the Fifth Moscow Gymnasium. In 1908, he was expelled from there, and a month later Mayakovsky was arrested by the police in the underground printing house of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP. Over the next year he was arrested twice more. In 1910-1911, Mayakovsky studied in the studio of the artist P. Kelin, and then studied at the School of Painting, met the artist and poet D. Burliuk, under whose influence Mayakovsky’s avant-garde aesthetic tastes were formed.
Mayakovsky wrote his first poems in 1909 in prison, to which he came through connections with underground revolutionary organizations. The debut poet's poems were written in a rather traditional manner, which imitated the poetry of Russian symbolists, and M. himself immediately abandoned them. A real poetic baptism for M. was his acquaintance in 1911 with the futurist poets. In 1912, M., together with other futurists, issued the almanac “A Slap in the Face of Public Taste” (“A Slap in the Face of Public Taste”), signed by D. Burliuk, O. Kruchenykh and V. Mayakovsky. With Mayakovsky's poems "Noch" ("Night") and "Utro" ("Morning"), in which in a shockingly daring manner he proclaimed a break with the traditions of Russian classics, he called for the creation of a new language and literature, one that would meet the spirit of modern " machines" of civilization and the tasks of revolutionary transformation of the world. The practical embodiment of the futuristic theses declared by Mayakovsky in the almanac was the constant production at the St. Petersburg Luna Park Theater in 1913 of his poetic tragedy “Vladimir M.” (“Vladimir M.”). The author personally acted as director and performer leading role- a poet who suffers in a modern city that he hates, which cripples the souls of people who, although they elect the poet as their prince, are not able to appreciate the sacrifice he made. In 1913, Mayakovsky, together with other futurists, carried out a large tour of the cities of the USSR: Simferopol, Sevastopol, Kerch, Odessa, Chisinau, Nikolaev, Kiev, Minsk, Kazan, Penza, Rostov, Saratov, Tiflis, Baku. The futurists did not limit themselves to the artistic interpretation of the program of new art and tried to introduce their slogans into life practically, in particular even through clothing and behavior. Their poetic performances, visits to coffee shops, or even an ordinary walk around the city were often accompanied by scandals, brawls, and police intervention.
Under the sign of passion for the futuristic slogans of the restructuring of the world and art is the entire work of M. of the pre-revolutionary period; it is characterized by the pathos of objections to bourgeois reality, which, according to the poet, morally cripples a person, awareness of the tragedy of human existence in the world of profit, calls for a revolutionary renewal of the world: poems “ The Hell of the City" ("Hell of the City", 1913), "Here!" (“Nate!”, 1913), collection “I” (1913), poems “Cloud in Pants” (“Cloud in Pants”, 1915), “Flute-Spine” (“Flute-Spine”, 1915), “War and peace" ("War and Peace", 1916), "Chelovek" ("Chelovek", 1916), etc. The poet sharply objected to the First world war, which he characterized as a senseless bloodbath: the article “Civilian Shrapnel” (Statskaya Shrapnel, 1914), the verse “War is Declared” (“War Declared”, 1914), (“Mother and the Evening Killed by the Germans”, 1914), etc. With With sarcastic irony, the poet refers to the hypocritical world of bureaucrats, careerists who discredit honest work, a clear conscience and high art: (“Hymn to the Judge,” 1915), “Hymn to the Scientist,” (“Hymn to the Scientist,” 1915), “Hymn to the Habar” ( “Hymn to the Bribe”, 1915), etc.
The pinnacle of Mayakovsky’s pre-revolutionary creativity is the poem “A Cloud in Pants,” which became a kind of programmatic work of the poet, in which he most clearly and expressively outlined his ideological and aesthetic principles. The poem, which the poet himself called “the catechism of modern art,” proclaims figurative form four slogans are specified: “Away with your love”, “away with your order”, “away with your art”, “away with your religion” - “four cries of four parts”. The cross-cutting leitmotif running through the entire poem is the image of a man who suffers from the incompleteness and hypocrisy of the existence that surrounds him, who protests and strives for real human happiness. The initial title of the poem - “The Thirteenth Apostle” - was crossed out by censorship, but it is precisely this that more deeply and accurately conveys the main pathos of this work and everything early creativity Mayakovsky. The Apostle is the teachings of Christ, called upon to implement his teachings in life, but in M. this image quickly approaches the one that will later appear in O. Blok’s famous poem “The Twelve.” Twelve is the traditional number of Christ’s closest disciples, and the appearance in this series of the thirteenth, “superfluous” apostle to the biblical canons, is perceived as a challenge to the traditional universe, as an alternative model of a new worldview. Mayakovsky's thirteenth apostle is both a symbol of the revolutionary renewal of life that the poet strived for, and at the same time a metaphor capable of conveying the true scale of the poetic phenomenon of the speaker of the new world - Mayakovsky.
Mayakovsky’s poetry of that time gives rise to more than just isolated problems and shortcomings modern society, it gives rise to the very possibility of his existence, the fundamental, fundamental principles of his being, acquires the scale of a cosmic rebellion in which the poet feels himself equal to God. Therefore, in their desires, the anti-traditionality of Mayakovsky’s lyrical hero was emphasized. It reached the maximum level of shocking, so much so that they seemed to give a “slap in the face to public taste”, demanded that the hairdresser “comb his ear” (“I didn’t understand anything...”), squat down and bark like a dog (“That’s how I am.” became a dog... ") and defiantly declares: “I love watching children die...” (“I”), throws at the audience during the performance: “I will laugh and joyfully spit, I will spit in your face.. .” (“Here!”). Together with Mayakovsky’s tall stature and loud voice, all this created a unique image of a poet-fighter, an apostle-harbinger of a new world. “The poetics of early Mayakovsky,” writes O. Myasnikov, “is the poetics of the grandiose.
In his poetry of those years, everything is extremely tense. His lyrical hero feels capable and obligated to solve not only the problems of rebuilding his own soul, but also of all humanity, the task is not only earthly, but also cosmic. Hyperbolization and complex metaphorization - characteristics early Mayakovsky style. The lyrical hero of early Mayakovsky feels extremely uncomfortable in the bourgeois-philistine environment. He hates and disdains everyone who interferes with the Man from capital letter live like a human being. The problem of humanism is one of the central problems of early Mayakovsky.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky(7 (19) July 1893, Baghdati, Kutaisi province - April 14, 1930, Moscow) - Russian Soviet poet.
In addition to poetry, he clearly distinguished himself as a playwright, screenwriter, film director, film actor, artist, editor of the magazines “LEF” (“Left Front”), “New LEF”.
Vladimir Mayakovsky was born in the village of Bagdati, Kutaisi province (in Soviet time the village was called Mayakovsky) in Georgia in the family of Vladimir Konstantinovich Mayakovsky (1857-1906), who served as a third-class forester in the Erivan province, from 1889 in the Baghdad forestry. The poet's mother, Alexandra Alekseevna Pavlenko (1867-1954), from a family of Kuban Cossacks, was born in Kuban. One of the grandmothers, Efrosinya Osipovna Danilevskaya, is the cousin of the author of historical novels. The future poet had two sisters: Lyudmila (1884-1972) and Olga (1890-1949) and brothers Konstantin (died at the age of three from scarlet fever) and Alexander (died in infancy).
In 1902, Mayakovsky entered the gymnasium in Kutais. In July 1906, his father died of tetanus after pricking his finger with a needle while stitching papers. Since then, Mayakovsky could not stand pins and hairpins, and bacteriophobia remained a lifelong one.
After his father’s funeral, Mayakovsky, along with his mother and sisters, moved to Moscow, where he entered the fourth grade of the 5th classical gymnasium (now Moscow school No. 91), where he studied in the same class with B. L. Pasternak’s brother Shura. In March 1908, he was expelled from class V due to non-payment of tuition.
Mayakovsky published his first “half-poem” in the illegal magazine “Rush,” which was published by the Third Gymnasium. According to him, " it turned out incredibly revolutionary and equally ugly" In Moscow, Mayakovsky met revolutionary-minded students, began to get involved in Marxist literature, and in 1908 joined the RSDLP. He was a propagandist in the commercial and industrial subdistrict, and in 1908-1909 he was arrested three times (in the case of an underground printing house, on suspicion of connections with a group of anarchist expropriators, on suspicion of aiding the escape of female political prisoners from Novinskaya prison). Mayakovsky poet creative life
In the first case, he was released under the supervision of his parents by a court verdict as a minor who acted “without understanding”; in the second and third cases, he was released due to lack of evidence. In prison, Mayakovsky was a “scandal,” so he was often transferred from unit to unit: Basmannaya, Meshchanskaya, Myasnitskaya and, finally, Butyrskaya prison, where he spent 11 months in solitary confinement No. 103.
In prison in 1909, Mayakovsky began writing poetry again, but was dissatisfied with what he wrote. In his memoirs he writes:
It came out stilted and tearful. Something like:
The forests dressed in gold and purple, the sun played on the heads of the churches. I waited: but the days were lost in the months, Hundreds of languid days.
I filled a whole notebook with this. Thanks to the guards - they took me away when I left. Otherwise I would have printed it! -- “I myself” (1922-1928). Despite such a critical attitude, Mayakovsky calculated the beginning of his creativity from this notebook. After his third arrest, he was released from prison in January 1910.
After his release, he left the party. In 1918 he wrote in his autobiography: “Why not in the party? Communists worked at the fronts. In art and education there are still compromisers. They would send me to fish in Astrakhan.”
In 1911, the poet’s friend, bohemian artist Eugenia Lang, inspired the poet to take up painting. Mayakovsky studied at preparatory class Stroganov School, in the studios of artists S. Yu. Zhukovsky and P. I. Kelin. In 1911, he entered the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture - the only place where he was admitted without a certificate of trustworthiness. Having met David Burliuk, the founder of the futurist group "Gilea", he entered the poetic circle and joined the Cubo-Futurists.
The first published poem was called “Night” (1912), it was included in the futuristic collection “A Slap in the Face of Public Taste.” In 1913, Mayakovsky’s first collection “I” (a cycle of four poems) was published. It was written by hand, provided with drawings by Vasily Chekrygin and Lev Zhegin and reproduced lithographically in the amount of 300 copies. As the first section, this collection was included in the poet’s book of poems “Simple as a Moo” (1916).
His poems also appeared on the pages of futurist almanacs “Mares’ Milk”, “Dead Moon”, “Roaring Parnassus”, etc., and began to be published in periodicals. In the same year, the poet turned to drama. The program tragedy “Vladimir Mayakovsky” was written and staged. The scenery for it was written by artists from the “Youth Union” P. N. Filonov and I. S. Shkolnik, and the author himself acted as director and leading actor.
In February 1914, Mayakovsky and Burliuk were expelled from the school for public performance. In 1914-1915, Mayakovsky worked on the poem “Cloud in Pants”. After the outbreak of the First World War, the poem “War Has Been Declared” was published.
In August, Mayakovsky decided to sign up as a volunteer, but he was not allowed, explaining this as political unreliability. Soon Mayakovsky expressed his attitude towards serving in the tsarist army in the poem “To you!”, which later became a song. In July 1915, the poet met Lilya Yuryevna and Osip Maksimovich Brik.
In 1915-1917, Mayakovsky, under the patronage of M. Gorky, served in Petrograd at the Automotive Training School. Soldiers were not allowed to publish, but he was saved by Osip Brik, who bought the poems “Spine Flute” and “Cloud in Pants” for 50 kopecks per line and published them. Anti-war lyrics: “Mom and the evening killed by the Germans”, “Me and Napoleon”, poem “War and Peace” (1915). Appeal to satire. The cycle “Hymns” for the magazine “New Satyricon” (1915). In 1916, the first large collection, “Simple as a Moo,” was published. 1917 - “Revolution. Poetochronika". On March 3, 1917, Mayakovsky led a detachment of 7 soldiers who arrested the commander of the Automotive Training School, General P. I. Sekretev. It is curious that shortly before this, on January 31, Mayakovsky received a silver medal “For Diligence” from the hands of Sekretev. During the summer of 1917, Mayakovsky energetically worked to have him declared unfit for duty. military service and in the fall he was freed from it. In 1918, Mayakovsky starred in three films based on his own scripts. In August 1917, he decided to write “Mystery Bouffe”, which was completed on October 25, 1918 and staged for the anniversary of the revolution (dir. Vs. Meyerhold, art director K. Malevich)
On December 17, 1918, the poet first read the poem “Left March” from the stage of the Matrossky Theater. In March 1919, he moved to Moscow, began actively collaborating with ROSTA (1919-1921), and designed (as a poet and as an artist) propaganda and satirical posters for ROSTA (“Windows of ROSTA”). In 1919, the first collected works of the poet were published - “Everything written by Vladimir Mayakovsky. 1909--1919". In 1918-1919 he appeared in the newspaper “Art of the Commune”. Propaganda of world revolution and revolution of spirit. In 1920, he finished writing the poem “150,000,000,” which reflects the theme of world revolution. In 1918, Mayakovsky organized the group “Comfut” (communist futurism), and in 1922 - the publishing house MAF (Moscow Association of Futurists), which published several of his books. In 1923 he organized the LEF group (Left Front of the Arts), the thick magazine LEF (seven issues were published in 1923-1925). Aseev, Pasternak, Osip Brik, B. Arvatov, N. Chuzhak, Tretyakov, Levidov, Shklovsky and others actively published. He promoted Lef’s theories of production art, social order, and literature of fact. At this time, the poems “About This” (1923), “To the workers of Kursk who mined the first ore, a temporary monument to the work of Vladimir Mayakovsky” (1923) and “Vladimir Ilyich Lenin” (1924) were published.
Years civil war Mayakovsky believes best time in life, in the poem “Good!” prosperous 1927 nostalgic chapters. In 1922-1923, in a number of works he continued to insist on the need for a world revolution and a revolution of the spirit - “The Fourth International”, “The Fifth International”, “My Speech at the Genoese Conference”, etc. In 1922-1924 Mayakovsky made several trips abroad - Latvia, France, Germany; wrote essays and poems about European impressions: “How does a democratic republic work?” (1922); "Paris (Conversations with Eiffel Tower)" (1923) and a number of others.
In 1925, his longest journey took place: a trip across America. Mayakovsky visited Havana, Mexico City and within three performed for months various cities USA with poetry readings and reports. Later, poems were written (the collection “Spain. - Ocean. - Havana. - Mexico. - America”) and the essay “My Discovery of America.”
In 1925-1928 he traveled a lot around Soviet Union, performed in a variety of audiences. During these years, the poet published such works as “To Comrade Nette, the Ship and the Man” (1926); “Through the Cities of the Union” (1927); “The story of the foundry worker Ivan Kozyrev...” (1928). In 1922-1926 he actively collaborated with Izvestia, in 1926-1929 - with " Komsomolskaya Pravda" Published in magazines: “ New world", "Young Guard", "Ogonyok", "Crocodile", "Red Niva", etc. He worked in agitation and advertising, for which he was criticized by Pasternak, Kataev, Svetlov.
In 1926-1927 he wrote nine film scripts. In 1927, he restored the LEF magazine under the name “New LEF”. A total of 24 issues were published. In the summer of 1928, Mayakovsky became disillusioned with LEF and left the organization and the magazine. In the same year, he began writing his personal biography, “I Myself.” From October 8 to December 8 - a trip abroad, on the route Berlin - Paris. In November, volumes I and II of the collected works were published. The satirical plays The Bedbug (1928) and Bathhouse (1929) were staged by Meyerhold. The poet’s satire, especially “Bath,” caused persecution from Rapp’s critics.
In 1929, the poet organized the REF group, but already in February 1930 he left it, joining RAPP. Many researchers creative development Mayakovsky's poetic life is likened to a five-act action with a prologue and epilogue. The role of a kind of prologue in creative path the poet was played by the tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky" (1913), the first act was the poems "Cloud in Pants" (1914--1915) and "Spine Flute" (1915), the second act - the poem "War and Peace" (1915-- 1916) and "Man" (1916--1917), the third act - the play "Mystery-bouffe" (first version - 1918, second - 1920--1921) and the poem "150,000,000" (1919--1920 ), the fourth act - the poems “I Love” (1922), “About This” (1923) and “Vladimir Ilyich Lenin” (1924), the fifth act - the poem “Good!” (1927) and the plays "Bedbug" (1928--1929) and "Bathhouse" (1929--1930), the epilogue - the first and second introductions to the poem "At the top of my voice" (1928--1930) and the poet's suicide letter " Everyone" (April 12, 1930).
The rest of Mayakovsky's works, including numerous poems, gravitate toward one or another part of this big picture, which is based on the poet’s major works. In his works, Mayakovsky was uncompromising, and therefore inconvenient. In the works he wrote in the late 1920s, tragic motifs began to appear. Critics called him only a “fellow traveler” and not the “proletarian writer” that he wanted to see himself. In 1929, he tried to hold an exhibition dedicated to the 20th anniversary of his work, but he was prevented in every possible way.
