An ending is a variable significant part of a word that forms the forms of a word and serves to connect words in a phrase and sentence. This formative morpheme expresses the grammatical meanings of gender, person, number and case.
Not all words have an ending. Only mutable words have it. It happens that a word has an ending, but it is not visible or heard, i.e. it is not expressed in letters and sounds - it is a zero ending. In addition, the ending does not always come at the end of the word. A word can have two endings. Sometimes, to highlight the ending, you have to use phonetic transcription.
The ending is a formative morpheme that expresses the grammatical meanings of a word (gender, person, number, case), and not lexical meanings as derivational morphemes.
The ending differs from formative suffixes in the nature of the grammatical meaning it expresses.
meadow ()
- meadow (A),
herbs (A)- herbs (s),
brave ()
- dared (s);
white (th)- white (oh)- white (and I), thinking (ii)- thinking (and I), sat () — sat (A);
The part of the word that changes when changing the form of a word, it is an ending.
Ending is not part of the word, since it has only grammatical meaning.
Ends of words different parts speeches can be the same, but their endings are different, i.e. words have different morphemic structures. Examples:
Attention! Second person plural verbs. The present and future numbers and forms of the imperative mood of these verbs may coincide, but have a different morphemic structure, i.e. have two options for morphemic parsing:
Execute
(imperative mood, you-full-and-(those), -and- —
imperative mood) second task after completing
(present tense, you-full-(ite)) first.
you-let-and-(those)
(imperative mood) - you-let
;
you-heal-and-(those)
(second conjugation, imperative mood) - you-treat-(ite)
etc.
In first conjugation verbs unstressed ending-(yeah) has the same sound as the imperative mood, but is written differently:
jump out-and-(those) (command tilt) — jump out ) (first conjugation (jump), second person, plural).
The ending expresses the different grammatical meanings of parts of speech:
In addition to distinguishing word forms, endings sometimes serve meaningful function:
bread(s) - cereals and bread(s) - products baked from flour; men are husbands, teeth are teeth, leaves are leaves.
Sometimes it's easy in the end define not only the form, but also Part of speech. For example:
In a phrase, unchangeable words are subordinate to the main word in meaning, using word order and intonation: run fast, run upstairs.
| Unchangeable parts of speech | Examples |
|---|---|
| participles | seeing, hearing, collecting, washing |
| adverbs | naked, fun, better, in German, first of all, unbearable, married |
| indeclinable nouns (usually borrowed): | cocoa, necklace, flowerpot |
| indeclinable adjectives: | khaki, burgundy, beige |
| comparative adjectives: | stronger, higher |
| possessive pronouns denoting belonging to a third party: | his, her, theirs |
| interjections and onomatopoeias: | hurray, ah! |
| Functional parts of speech: | |
| unions | though |
| near | |
| let | |
Attention! The absence of an ending in a word is not graphically indicated. During morphemic and word-formation analysis, you cannot put a zero ending sign! The whole word is included in the base.
Participles and adverbs are unchangeable parts of speech, so they have no endings. Don't be confused gerunds and adverbs with adjective endings. The endings of adjectives can be changed:
Declined or conjugated (changeable!) parts of speech in some forms may have a zero ending.
The zero ending is not expressed by sound and is not indicated by a letter in writing. You can detect it by changing the forms of the word. If, when changing the form of a word, an ending appears, expressed in letters and sounds, then
The null ending conveys a specific grammatical meaning:
table(), horse() - Im. n., masculine, second declension; clouds(), puddles(), mam() - the meaning of the plural genitive case.
When the form of such words changes, after the stem a pronounced ending appears (with sounds, letters).
| Zero endings have: | Examples |
|---|---|
| masculine singular nouns of the 2nd declension in the nominative and accusative cases: |
forest() - forest(a), forest(y); |
| feminine nouns of the 3rd declension in the nominative singular case: |
mouse() - mouse(s); |
| nouns in the genitive plural. different genera: |
cloud() - cloud(s) - cloud(s), |
| short adjectives and masculine singular participles: |
handsome() - handsome, clumsy - clumsy, |
| possessive adjectives in I.p. m.r. unit |
fox-y() - fox(i) -fox[y"(a)], shark(), wolf() (see below why this is so) |
| past tense verbs masculine singular in the indicative and subjunctive mood: |
sang(), sang() would - sang(a), |
| verbs of the imperative mood have singular parts: |
teach(), watch(), write(); |
| numerals in the nominative and accusative cases: |
ten() - ten(s), ten(s) |
Attention! It is necessary to distinguish between words zero ending and unchangeable words, because in a word with a zero ending it is indicated during morphemic parsing of the word, but in unchangeable words it is not (there is no ending)!
In complex words, two endings can be distinguished:
But, in complex nouns and adjectives that are written together, after the first there is a connecting vowel, and not an ending: myself- O-years () , red- O-leather (ii) .
using transcription, since the spelling does not reflect the morphemic composition of the word:
fox(), wolf(), bear(), Where - th is a suffix and has a null ending. When declining, fluent - And - drops out of the suffix, leaving a suffix that sounds like [th’] , and in writing it is conveyed as a separator soft sign: fox(him) [fox’-y-‘(willow)], wolf(him) [wolf’-y’-(willow)], bear(him)[m’edv’ezh-y’-(willow)] - the suffix sounds in the transcription [th’] and ending.
1. Ending is a morpheme that usually appears at the end of a word and which indicates the connection of this word with other words. The ending expresses the meaning of gender, number, case, person.
The ending is often called the inflected part of the word.
Wed: book - books - book.
This means that changing the ending does not lead to a change in the lexical meaning of the word.
Endings do not participate in word formation. These are always formative morphemes. They are used to form forms of the same word.
2. The endings express grammatical meanings:
gender, number, case- in nouns ( book- ending - A indicates feminine gender, singular, Nominative case), adjectives ( big Book- ending - and I indicates feminine gender, singular, nominative case), participles ( written book- ending - and I indicates feminine gender, singular, nominative case), some pronouns ( my book- ending - I indicates feminine gender, singular, nominative case), some numerals ( one book- ending - A indicates feminine gender, singular, nominative case);
case- for some pronouns ( no one- ending - Wow indicates the genitive case) and numerals ( no five- ending - And indicates the genitive case);
persons and numbers- for verbs in the present and future tense ( Think- ending - Yu indicates 1 person, singular);
gender and number- for verbs in the past tense ( read- ending - A indicates feminine gender, singular).
3. The ending can be expressed by one or more sounds.
No knife, cut with a knife.
But there may be an ending zero. The zero ending is not expressed by sound and is not indicated by a letter in writing, however, it is the absence of a materially expressed ending that has a certain grammatical meaning, for example: knife□ - zero ending indicates masculine, singular, nominative case.
Null endings are found in the following forms:
for nouns in the nominative case, singular, masculine (2 declension) and feminine (3 declension);
Table□ , daughter□ .
some nouns are in the genitive case, plural;
No forces□ , no business□ , no soldiers□ .
for short adjectives in the singular form, masculine;
Vesel□ , happy□ .
for verbs in the form of the past tense, singular, masculine;
Read□ , sang□ .
at possessive adjectives with the suffix -y.
Fox□ , wolfish□ .
Note!
1) Final sounds (and letters) in the form of the genitive case, plural, 1st declension and 2nd declension are not endings - armies□ , foothills□ , saucer□. This is part of the base, and the ending here is zero. To check, you can compare these forms with the forms of the nominative case, singular.
Yes, noun army[arm'ij ь] has the ending -я (sound [b]), and [j] is part of the base [arm'ij]. In order to prove this, you can inflect the word: in the army[j] Yu, army[j] to her etc. In all these forms [j] is preserved. This means that [j] is part of the stem, because the ending is a variable part of the word. Only in the genitive case form is this sound graphically expressed using the letter th ( armies), and in other forms it does not receive a special designation.
In forms like foothills, saucer we are seeing a similar phenomenon. Only here there is also vowel fluency ( i, e).
Wed: foothills[pr’i e dgor’j b] - foothills[pr’i e dgor’ij]; saucer e[bl'utts b] - saucer[bl'udts].
2) In the form of the nominative case, singular number, masculine qualitative and relative adjectives, -й is the ending (this is the inflected part of the word, cf.: blue - blue). In the same forms of possessive adjectives ( fox, wolf) -й is a suffix. It is preserved during declension. Only in other forms the suffix is presented in a truncated form - [j], and in writing it is not expressed graphically. The presence of this suffix is signaled by the dividing ь.
Wed: wolf - wolf[j] his, foxy - fox[j] his.
4. The ending is usually found at the end of the word.
The exceptions are:
endings before postfixes -sya (y reflexive verbs, participles), -those (in plural imperative mood), -this, -either, -something(for indefinite pronouns);
Studying, studying, let's go, someone, someone, someone.
endings in complex numerals, where the endings follow each root.
In three hundred, there are not five ten.
Note!
Indeclinable and inconjugable words: adverbs (for example: always, very), service parts ( under, and as if not), unchangeable nouns (for example: coat, coffee), immutable adjectives (for example: beige, marengo) have no endings! Don't confuse no endings with zero endings!
The spelling of endings is determined by the part-speech nature of the word and will therefore be considered when characterizing the corresponding parts of speech.
5. The basis- this is a part of a word without ending. The stem is the carrier of the lexical meaning of a given word.
6. With declination and conjugation, the stem can change - shorten or increase.
For example: leaf □ and leaf [j]- I- in the plural, the stem has increased due to the suffix -j-. Such changes in the stem are, as a rule, characteristic of the verb: for most verbs, the stem of the infinitive and the stem of the present tense do not coincide.
Wed: railway - t and railway - at- the stem in the present tense has been shortened (the suffix is lost - A); chit-a - t- cheat-aj - ut- V in this case the basis in the present tense, on the contrary, has increased due to the sound [j], which is part of the suffix of the present tense and the imperative mood (cf.: chit-ay).
Note!
1) In feminine nouns with final (final letters) -iya ( army, sandal, revolution etc.) and neuter with final -ie ( existence, tension, retribution etc.) is a vowel and belongs to the stem, since it is preserved when declension of nouns.
Wed: army -i, army -i, army -ey; be-e, be-I, be-eat.
2) In masculine nouns with the final -th ( proletarian, sanatorium, region etc.) this consonant also belongs to the stem, since it is preserved in the declension of nouns, cf.: edge, edge[j]- I, kra[j] -yu, kra[j]- eat. In oblique cases [j] is not graphically indicated by a special sign. Its presence is indicated by vowels I, e, y after another vowel (see paragraph 1.5).
Thus, these nouns are in the nominative case, singular, like others ( table□ , horse□ and the like), have a zero ending:
edge□ , proletarian□ , sanatorium□ .
7. Since the Russian language has several postfixes, that is, suffixes that can be located after endings, then the basis some forms of words may be torn.
How Wow-that - ending - Wow, basis somehow .. then ; uch it xia - ending - it, the basis of learning.
It is necessary to distinguish between the basis of a specific form of a word and the basis of a word (in word formation).
The stem of a specific form of a word is represented by a part of a word without an ending.
Record - t, wrote down - A, write down - at.
The stem of a word is determined by the initial form of the word. It includes the root, prefixes and derivational suffixes and postfixes. Formative suffixes and postfixes will not be included in the word-formation base.
For example, in order to identify the stem of a word in a verb form, I wrote down - A, you must first indicate the initial form of the verb (infinitive) write down and discard the ending (in other concepts - a formative suffix) of an indefinite form - t: record- .
Note!
1) The derivational basis of the verb is determined by the form of the infinitive. This is especially important to take into account, since, as noted, the verb: a) often does not have the same bases of the present tense and the infinitive, b) a fairly large number of formative suffixes (-l - in the past tense, -i - in the imperative mood).
2) Verb reflexive postfix -sya (learn t xia, we t sia) is not formative, therefore it must be included in the base of the word.
3) As noted, in some cases the singular and plural forms of nouns differ not only in endings, but also in formative suffixes. In this case, the base of the word (for word formation) is also determined by the initial form - singular, nominative case, cf.: son□ /sons- the basis of the word (for word formation) is son-.
4) As noted, participles and gerunds occupy an intermediate position between independent parts speeches and special forms verb. Since in this manual they are considered as independent parts of speech, the suffixes of participles ( -om/-em/-im; -ush/-yush/-ash/-box, -nn/-n/-enn/-en/-t, -sh/-vsh) are classified as part of the word's derivational basis.Morphemics studies the significant parts of a word, such as root, suffix, prefix, ending. In Russian, a word may not have any of these components, except for the root. It is the main bearer of lexical meaning. The remaining parts of the word only clarify it or express its grammatical meaning. A special place in this list is occupied by endings, which are not necessary for independent words.
The parts of speech of the Russian language are divided into independent and auxiliary. The latter include conjunctions, prepositions, particles and interjections. They have no lexical meaning and act only as an addition to the meaning of independent words or to connect them in a phrase or sentence. Therefore they are unchanging and have no endings.
Independent parts of speech consist of morphemes that can change to express belonging to one or another grammatical category. Most often this is the ending.
Almost all full-valued lexemes have it. The simplest word structure is: root + ending. The root is almost always unchanged. The only exceptions are complex language processes, such as the alternation of sounds. The ending always changes.
The ending is the minimal significant part of a word, expressing grammatical meaning and serving to connect words with each other. Full-valued words with endings can change according to cases, persons, genders, numbers and other grammatical categories. This ensures grammatically correct combinations in phrases and sentences.
The ending position in a word is absolute end. True, in the Russian language there is a verbal postfix -sya, which is located only at the end of the word. Therefore, the ending may be in front of him. But this is an exception to the rule.
To highlight the ending, you need to inflect the word into any of the known grammatical categories. For example, changing the number shows which sound will change: dog - dogs, green - green, she - they. As we can see, in all these words the last letter (sound, morpheme) has changed. This will be the end.
In the Russian language there are full-valued words without endings. Examples of them are known to many: high, taxi, sing. These are full-valued parts of speech, but due to historical circumstances and grammatical features they do not change, and therefore do not need endings. The grammatical connectives for these words are prepositions.
The expression of gender, number, case in such words is determined by their dependent ones. For example: green-eyed taxi- the last word of the neuter gender in the singular. This is evident from the adjective name, which is also in this form. 
Unfortunately, not everyone knows what words without endings are in Russian. These are nouns borrowed from other languages: kangaroo, coat, Mississippi. Verb infinitives also have no endings: sing, dance, tumble. Adverbs act as full-meaning, unchanging words: high, hot, fast. The last sound -o is often called the ending, although it is a suffix characteristic of adverbs.
A special form of the verb - the gerund - also has no ending, since it has absorbed some grammatical features of the adverb: after reading, running away.
Also in the Russian language there are words without an ending, examples of which actually have an ending: horse, table, door, night. It appears when case or number changes: horse - horses - horses - horses, table - tables - tables - tables, night - nights, door - doors.
This phenomenon in philology is called zero ending. In its initial form it has no physical expression. IN Old Slavonic language such an ending was expressed using the letter ъ, which was not readable, but indicated that this word could change: table, floor. Over time, this letter was lost, and the ending in such words ceased to be physically present.
Therefore, you should be careful when defining this morpheme in full-meaning words.
Language interactions are an invariable part of the process of lexical enrichment. Depending on the time of borrowing a word and the activity of its use, it can be strongly integrated into the grammatical system or not very much. Long-borrowed words are already perceived by many native speakers as native: mast, accountant, telephone.
There are a number of lexemes that have never become a full-fledged part of the language: taxi, metro, kangaroo, coat, coffee.
These words have a vowel sound at the end, which is perceived by many as an inflected part. In fact, these are words without endings, examples of which we meet every day.
Therefore it is grammatically incorrect to say: conversation over coffee, girl with a coat, arrive by meter, by two taxis. There are no grammatical justifications for such changes in the Russian language yet. Perhaps over time they will become full-fledged inflected words, but at this moment in the development of language they remain only in one form.
To the question of whether there are words without endings in the Russian language, every philologist will answer in the affirmative. Indeed, there are also many native lexemes that do not change, and therefore do not have a whole range of grammatical categories. 
First of all, these are infinitives. The system of verbal forms of the Russian language is quite extensive and diverse. The fact is that these forms can exist as independent parts of speech, while possessing the main feature - indicating an action.
Infinitives are the initial form of verbs. Their main task is to carry a lexical meaning: the action as such without reference to the person, time and method of its implementation ( read, write, run, sing).
In this form, they can appear in sentences both as a verb and as a noun. If the infinitive has an ending, it becomes either a personal verb or a participle.
Another unchanging form of verbs - the gerund - indicates the process of performing an action and is formed not by an ending, but by a suffix characteristic of this part of speech.
The adverb has never acted as a changing part of speech. These are precisely those words without endings, examples of which show that connections in phrases are possible without changing the grammatical category.
The role of adverbs in language is to indicate additional circumstances of the action. Although they have a lexical meaning, in fact they do not have full independence.
For example, " slowly" or " fast" talk about the pace of performing an action. But without a verb it’s not clear what it’s about we're talking about. The same applies to any other adverb.
Therefore, it does not have the wealth of grammatical categories, like a verb or a noun, and is not required. After all, the main semantic load is expressed by the lexical meaning and the suffix characteristic of the adverb.
Among the unchangeable words, and therefore without ending, are the majority of foreign proper names: Rio de Janeiro, Mississippi, Peugeot. These words have poor prefixes, roots, endings, and suffixes. 
The reason for this is the peculiarity of the system foreign language. Some moments seem quite similar to the Russian language to the uninitiated, although in fact we are faced with interlingual homonymy at the level of specific morphemes.
There is, of course, a whole array of similar words that have long entered our language and become part of its grammatical system: Sahara - Sahara, Andes - in the Andes, Rhine - on the Rhine. But in such lexemes the endings are exclusively Russian and have no relation to the native languages of these words.
Philology knows many words without endings, examples of which are used daily in speech by all native speakers. The possibility of the existence of these lexemes is ensured by the richness of morphemes and their grammatical meanings. 
Not only the ending can change the form of a word, but also suffixes. In addition, it is more often observed when the ending of one word acts as an indicator of grammatical categories in the second. That is, the main word requires from the addict exactly the form that is characteristic of himself: a gray coat, in a gray coat, with a gray coat, a gray coat.
In the same English language most words have no endings at all, and grammatical categories are expressed using prepositions, which causes great difficulties in learning by native speakers Slavic languages, in which the paradigm of endings indicating one or another form of the word is quite developed.
I'll start with the second part of the question. There are no first, second or third endings.
Remember: the first, second and third can only be declension for nouns and person for verbs.
The null ending is an ending that occurs in a number of inflected words. Its difference from other endings is that it is not expressed by any sounds or letters. Consider the words: table, horse. Null endings in these words are indicated by empty rectangles.
Zero endings in these words are the same indicator of grammatical form as “regular” endings in the same words in other forms, for example: table, horse.
Let's compare:
Attention:
IN different forms of one word the stem will be the same. In our examples these are the basics: table And horse.
It is a grave mistake to think that words table, horse there are no endings. Only unchangeable words, such as adverbs, do not have endings.
The last vowels in adverbs are suffixes, for example: tomorrow A, above at, left A.
Such as root, suffix, prefix, ending. In Russian, a word may not have any of these components, except for the root. It is the main bearer of lexical meaning. The remaining parts of the word only clarify it or express its grammatical meaning. A special place in this list is occupied by endings, which are not necessary for independent words.
The parts of speech of the Russian language are divided into independent and auxiliary. The latter include conjunctions, prepositions, particles and interjections. They have no lexical meaning and act only as an addition to the meaning of independent words or to connect them in a phrase or sentence. Therefore they are unchanging and have no endings.
They consist of morphemes that can change, expressing belonging to one or another grammatical category. Most often this is the ending.
Almost all full-valued lexemes have it. The simplest structure + ending. The root is almost always unchanged. The only exceptions are complex language processes, such as the alternation of sounds. The ending always changes.
The ending is the minimal significant part of a word, expressing grammatical meaning and serving to connect words with each other. Full-valued words with endings can change according to cases, persons, genders, numbers and other grammatical categories. This ensures grammatically correct combinations in phrases and sentences.
The ending position in a word is absolute end. True, in the Russian language there is a verbal postfix -sya, which is located only at the end of the word. Therefore, the ending may be in front of him. But this is an exception to the rule.
To highlight the ending, you need to inflect the word into any of the known grammatical categories. For example, changing the number shows which sound will change: dog - dogs, green - green, she - they. As we can see, in all these words the last letter (sound, morpheme) has changed. This will be the end.
In the Russian language there are full-valued words without endings. Examples of them are known to many: high, taxi, sing. These are full-valued parts of speech, but due to historical circumstances and grammatical features they do not change, and therefore do not need endings. The grammatical connectives for these words are prepositions.
The expression of gender, number, case in such words is determined by their dependent ones. For example: green-eyed taxi- the last one is singular. This is evident from the adjective name, which is also in this form.
Unfortunately, not everyone knows what words without endings are in Russian. These are nouns borrowed from other languages: kangaroo, coat, Mississippi. Verb infinitives also have no endings: sing, dance, tumble. Adverbs act as full-meaning, unchanging words: high, hot, fast. The last sound -o is often called the ending, although it is a suffix characteristic of adverbs.
A special form of the verb - the gerund - also has no ending, since it incorporates some adverbs: after reading, running away.
Also in the Russian language there are words without an ending, examples of which actually have an ending: horse, table, door, night. It appears when case or number changes: horse - horses - horses - horses, table - tables - tables - tables, night - nights, door - doors.
This phenomenon in philology is called zero ending. In its initial form it has no physical expression. In the Old Church Slavonic language, such an ending was expressed using the letter ъ, which was not readable, but indicated that this word could change: table, floor. Over time, this letter was lost, and the ending in such words ceased to be physically present.
Therefore, you should be careful when defining this morpheme in full-meaning words.
Language interactions are an invariable part of the process of lexical enrichment. Depending on the time of borrowing a word and the activity of its use, it can be strongly integrated into the grammatical system or not very much. Long-borrowed words are already perceived by many native speakers as native: mast, accountant, telephone.
There are a number of lexemes that have never become a full-fledged part of the language: taxi, metro, kangaroo, coat, coffee.
In these words at the end there is which is perceived by many as a variable part. In fact, these are words without endings, examples of which we meet every day.
Therefore it is grammatically incorrect to say: conversation over coffee, girl with a coat, arrive by meter, by two taxis. There are no grammatical justifications for such changes in the Russian language yet. Perhaps over time they will become full-fledged inflected words, but at this moment in the development of language they remain only in one form.
To the question of whether there are words without endings in the Russian language, every philologist will answer in the affirmative. Indeed, there are also many native lexemes that do not change, and therefore do not have a whole range of grammatical categories.
First of all, these are infinitives. The system of verbal forms of the Russian language is quite extensive and diverse. The fact is that these forms can exist as independent parts of speech, while possessing the main feature - indicating an action.
Infinitives are Their main task is to carry a lexical meaning: an action as such without reference to the person, time and method of its implementation ( read, write, run, sing).
In this form, they can appear in sentences both as a verb and as a noun. If the infinitive has an ending, it becomes either a personal verb or a participle.
Another unchanging form of verbs - the gerund - indicates the process of performing an action and is formed not by an ending, but by a suffix characteristic of this part of speech.
The adverb has never acted as a changing part of speech. These are precisely those words without endings, examples of which show that connections in phrases are possible without changing the grammatical category.
The role of adverbs in language is to indicate additional circumstances of the action. Although they have a lexical meaning, in fact they do not have full independence.
For example, " slowly" or " fast" talk about the pace of performing an action. But without a verb it is not clear what we are talking about. The same applies to any other adverb.
Therefore, it does not have the wealth of grammatical categories, like a verb or a noun, and is not required. After all, the main semantic load is expressed by the lexical meaning and the suffix characteristic of the adverb.
Among the unchangeable words, and therefore without ending, are the majority of foreign proper names: Rio de Janeiro, Mississippi, Peugeot. These words have poor prefixes, roots, endings, and suffixes.
The reason for this is the peculiarity of the foreign language system. Some moments seem quite similar to the Russian language to the uninitiated, although in fact we are faced with interlingual homonymy at the level of specific morphemes.
There is, of course, a whole array of similar words that have long entered our language and become part of its grammatical system: Sahara - Sahara, Andes - in the Andes, Rhine - on the Rhine. But in such lexemes the endings are exclusively Russian and have no relation to the native languages of these words.
Philology knows many words without endings, examples of which are used daily in speech by all native speakers. The possibility of the existence of these lexemes is ensured by the richness of morphemes and their grammatical meanings.
Not only the ending can change the form of a word, but also suffixes. In addition, it is more often observed when the ending of one word acts as an indicator of grammatical categories in the second. That is, the main word requires from the addict exactly the form that is characteristic of himself: a gray coat, in a gray coat, with a gray coat, a gray coat.
In the same English language, most words have no endings at all, and grammatical categories are expressed using prepositions, which causes great difficulties in learning by native speakers of Slavic languages, in which the paradigm of endings indicating one or another form of a word is quite developed.
