Construction drawings of buildings are carried out according to general rules rectangular projection onto the main projection planes. Views of a building from the front, back, right and left are called facades. On construction drawings, the name of the type is usually inscribed above its image, like “Facade 1–6”. The name of the facade indicates the extreme coordination axes. The top view of the building is called the roof plan. A horizontal section of a building is called a plan. The name of the plan refers to the floor, for example “1st Floor Plan”.
In construction drawings, it is allowed to use letters and numbers to name a section and include the word “section”, for example: “Section 1-1”. Image titles are not underlined.
5.5.1 Images in the drawings are made in accordance with GOST 2.305, taking into account the requirements of this standard and other SPDS standards.
5.5.3 If individual parts of the view (façade), plan, section require a more detailed image, then additionally local views and detailed elements - nodes and fragments - are performed.
5.5.4 On the image (plan, facade or section) from which the node is taken out, the corresponding place is marked with a closed solid thin line (circle, oval or rectangle with rounded corners) with the designation of the node in Arabic numeral on the shelf leader line in accordance with Figure 11 A, 11b or a capital letter of the Russian alphabet in accordance with Figure 11 V.
Figure 11
If necessary, references to a unit placed in another graphic document (for example, the main set of working drawings), or to working drawings of a typical construction unit, indicate the designation and sheet number of the corresponding document in accordance with Figure 11 b or a series of working drawings of typical units and issue number in accordance with Figure 11 V.
Figure 12
Above the image of the node its designation is indicated in a circle in accordance with Figure 13 A, if the node is depicted on the same sheet from which it was taken, or 13 b, if it is placed on another sheet.
Figure 13
A node that is a complete mirror image of another (main) design is assigned the same designation as the main design, with the addition of the index “n”.
5.5.5 Native species are designated in capital letters Russian alphabet, which are placed next to the arrow indicating the direction of view. The same designations are applied above the images of species.
5.5.6 For each type of images (sections and sections, nodes, fragments), an independent numbering order or letter designations are used.
5.5.7 On the image (plan, facade or section) from which the fragment is removed, the corresponding place is usually marked with a curly bracket in accordance with Figure 14.
Figure 14
The name and serial number of the fragment are placed under the curly bracket or on the shelf of the leader line, as well as above the corresponding fragment.
5.5.8 Images up to the axis of symmetry of symmetrical plans and facades of buildings and structures, layout diagrams of structural elements, layout plans for technological, energy, sanitary and other equipment are not allowed.
5.5.9 If the image of a section, section, node, view or fragment is placed on another sheet, then after the designation of the image indicate in brackets the number of this sheet in accordance with Figures 10, 11 A, 12 and 14.
5.5.10 Images may be rotated. At the same time, in the names of the images in the drawings, the conventional graphic designation “rotated” according to GOST 2.305 is not given if the position of the image is unambiguously determined, i.e. oriented by coordination axes and/or elevation marks.
5.5.11 If the image (for example, a plan) does not fit on a sheet of the accepted format, then it is divided into several sections, placing them on separate sheets.
In this case, on each sheet where a section of the image is shown, a diagram of the whole image with the necessary coordination axes and a symbol (hatched) shown on this sheet area of the image in accordance with Figure 15.
Note - If drawings of image sections are placed in different main sets of working drawings, then the full designation of the corresponding main set is indicated above the sheet number.
Figure 15
5.5.12 If floor plans multi-story building have slight differences from each other, then they completely carry out the plan of one of the floors; for other floors, they carry out only those parts of the plan that are necessary to show the difference from the plan depicted in full.
Under the name of the partially depicted plan, the following entry is given: “For the rest, see plan (name of the fully depicted plan).”
5.5.13 In the names of the plans of a building or structure, indicate the word “Plan” and the mark of the finished floor or the floor number, or the designation of the corresponding cutting plane (when two or more plans are made at different levels within the floor).
Examples
1 Plan at elevation. 0.000
2 2nd floor plan
When executing a part of a plan, the name indicates the axes that limit this part of the plan.
Example - Plan at elevation. 0.000 between axes 21-30 and A-D
It is allowed to indicate the purpose of the premises located on the floor in the name of the floor plan.
5.5.14 In the names of sections of a building (structure), the word “Section” and the designation of the corresponding cutting plane according to 5.5.2 are indicated.
Example - Cut 1-1
Note - In the names of product sections, the word “Cut” is not indicated.
The names of sections are numerical or alphabetic designations of cutting planes.
Example - 5-5, B-B, a-a
5.5.15 In the names of the facades of a building or structure, indicate the word “Facade” and the designations of the extreme axes between which the facade is located.
Example - Facade 1-12, Facade 1-1, Facade A-G
An axis is a central straight line in the form of an imaginary straight line of an object or product.
The axle drawing is carried out on the basis of GOST 2.109-73 - a unified system of design documentation (ESKD).
You can download this simple drawing for free to use for any purpose. For example, for placement on a nameplate or sticker.
How to draw a drawing:
You can draw a drawing either on a sheet of paper or using specialized programs. No special engineering knowledge is required to complete simple sketch drawings.
A sketch drawing is a drawing made “by hand”, observing the approximate proportions of the depicted object and containing sufficient data for the manufacture of the product.
The design drawing with all the technological data for manufacturing can only be completed by a qualified engineer.
To designate in the drawing, you must perform the following operations:
1. Draw an image;
2. Add dimensions (see example);
3. Indicate for production (more about technical requirements read below in the article).
It is most convenient to draw on a computer. Subsequently, the drawing can be printed on paper using a printer or plotter. There are many specialized programs for drawing on a computer. Both paid and free.
Drawing example:
This image shows how simple and quickly drawing can be done using computer programs.
List of programs for drawing on a computer:
1. KOMPAS-3D;
2. AutoCAD;
3. NanoCAD;
4. FreeCAD;
5. QCAD.
Having studied the principles of drawing in one of the programs, it is not difficult to switch to working in another program. Drawing methods in any program are not fundamentally different from each other. We can say that they are identical and differ from each other only in convenience and the presence of additional functions.
Technical requirements:
For the drawing it is necessary to indicate dimensions sufficient for manufacturing, maximum deviations and roughness.
The technical requirements for the drawing should indicate:
1) Manufacturing and control method, if they are the only ones that guarantee the required quality of the product;
2) Indicate a specific technological method that guarantees that certain technical requirements for the product are met.
A little theory:
A drawing is a projection image of a product or its element, one of the types of design documents containing data for the production and operation of the product.
A drawing is not a drawing. The drawing is made according to the dimensions and scale of the real product (structure) or part of the product. Therefore, to carry out drawing work, the work of an engineer with sufficient experience in producing drawing work is necessary (however, to beautifully display a product for booklets, it is quite possible that you will need the services of an artist who has an artistic view of the product or part of it).
A drawing is a constructive image with necessary and sufficient information about dimensions, manufacturing method and operation. You can download the drawing presented on this page for free.
A drawing is an artistic image on a plane created by means of graphics (brush, pencil or specialized program).
A drawing can be either an independent document or part of a product (structure) and technical requirements related to surfaces processed together. Instructions for joint processing are placed on all drawings involved in the joint processing of products.
For more information on drawings, technical requirements for design and indication of manufacturing methods, see GOST 2.109-73. See the list of standards for the development of design documentation.
Information for ordering drawings:
In our design organization You can create any product (both parts and assemblies), which will include an axle drawing as an element of the design documentation of the product as a whole. Our design engineers will develop documentation in the shortest possible time in strict accordance with your technical specifications.
The complex of works on performing architectural measurements ends with the release project documentation, which is based on drawings drawn up in accordance with accepted standards.
– complex and responsible work, the implementation of which determines the final result of all measurement work performed at the site.
Let's consider the rules for applying linear, angular, radial dimensions, coordinate axes, creating callouts, as well as height and level marks.
Applying linear dimensions to the drawing
On the drawings, dimensions are applied in accordance with GOST 2.307-68, taking into account the requirements of GOST 21.101-97 SPDS. Dimensions in millimeters in drawings are usually shown in the form of a closed chain without indicating the unit of measurement. If dimensions are given in other units, this is specified in technical conditions to the drawings.
On the plan drawings, chains of external and internal dimensions are applied, including the thickness of walls, partitions, sizes of window and doorways (inner dimensions applied inside the drawing, external ones - outside).
On the section drawings, the distance between the coordination axes and the reference of the external walls to the extreme coordination axes, horizontal chains of dimensions, vertical chains of dimensions, including the thickness of the floors and the heights of the premises, vertical dimensions are indicated window openings etc.
The dimension line at its intersection with extension lines, contour lines or center lines is limited by serifs in the form of thick main lines 2 - 4 mm long, drawn with an inclination to the right at an angle of 45° to the dimension line by 1 - 3 mm.
The thickness of the tick line is equal to the thickness of the solid main thick line.
Dimension lines should protrude beyond the outer extension lines by 2–3 mm.
The size number is placed above the size line at a distance of 0.8–1.0 mm.
The extension line should extend beyond the dimension line by 1–5 mm.
When applying a diameter or radius dimension inside a circle, as well as angular size The dimension line is limited by arrows. Arrows are also used when drawing dimensions of radii and internal fillets.
If there is not enough space above the dimension line, it is allowed to apply the dimension number under the dimension line on the shelf of the leader line or on the continuation of the dimension line.
Fig.1. Drawing dimension and extension lines
Fig.2. Limitation of dimension lines: a - serif, b - arrow (s-thickness of the main line), c - dot.
Drawing level marks (elevation marks) on the drawing
On the plan drawings, markings of the levels of finished floors are applied (in the case of floors located at different levels).
On the section drawings, marks are made for the level of the finished floor of the premises and the bottom of the flooring, external elements of the walls, and the ground.
Dimensions and marks are placed outside and inside the cut.
On the drawings of the facades, marks are made of the ground levels, the plinth, the top and bottom of the openings, the parapet, the canopy above the entrance and other elements characteristic of this structure.
Markings of levels (height, depth) of structural elements, equipment, pipelines, air ducts, etc. from the reference level (conventional “zero” mark) are indicated by a conventional sign in accordance with Figure 3.1. and are indicated in meters with three decimal places separated from the whole number by a comma.
The “zero” mark, usually accepted for the surface of any structural element of a building or structure located near the planning surface of the earth, is indicated without a sign (0.000); marks above zero - with a “+” sign (+1,200); below zero - with a “-” sign (- 1,700). In residential buildings, this is most often the floor level of the first floor of a residential building.
The marking sign is an arrow with a shelf. In this case, the arrow is made with main lines 2–4 mm long, drawn at an angle of 45° to the extension line or contour line. Leader lines, vertical and horizontal, are outlined with a solid thin line. When several level signs are located one above the other near one image, it is recommended to place the vertical lines of the level mark on one vertical straight line, and make the length of the horizontal shelves the same. The marking sign may be accompanied by explanatory notes. For example: “Ur.ch.p.” – finished floor level; "Ur.z." - ground level.
On views (elements), sections and sections, marks are indicated on extension lines or contour lines, on plans - in a rectangle, except for cases specified in the relevant SPDS standards.
Fig.3. Indication of elevation marks on drawings of facades, sections, sections and plans.
Fig.4. Applying elevation marks on drawings of facades, sections and sections:
a - symbol of the mark; b - location of the sign and shelf; c - use of the sign; d - the same, with explanatory signs.
Drawing on the drawing the direction and magnitude of the slope of the planes
It is allowed, if necessary, to indicate the slope value in ppm, in the form decimal accurate to the third decimal place.
On drawings and diagrams, the sign “? ", sharp corner which should be directed towards the slope.
The slope designation is applied directly above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line.
Fig.5. Drawing on the drawing the direction and magnitude of the slope of the planes
Applying callouts to the drawing
Leader lines usually end with shelves on which brief instructions are written. A leader line that intersects the outline of the image and does not extend from any line ends with a dot. The leader line, drawn from the line of the visible or invisible contour, as well as from the lines indicating the surface, ends with an arrow (Fig. 6.1.).
Rice. 6.1. Drawing leader lines
Inscriptions for multilayer structures are made on shelves (in accordance with Figure 6.2.). In this case, the leader line is a straight line with an arrow. On this extension inscription, in the order of the layers, the name of the material or structure is given, indicating the dimensions. The sequence of labels for individual layers must correspond to the sequence of their location in the drawing from top to bottom or from right to left.
In small-scale images, leader lines end without an arrow or a dot.
Fig.6.2. Applying callouts to the drawing
Leader lines must not intersect each other. If a leader line runs along a shaded field, it should not be parallel
hatch lines. It is allowed to make leader lines with one break, as well as draw two or more leader lines from one shelf. Labels related directly to the image may contain no more than two lines located above and below the leader line shelf. It is allowed to place marks (positions) of elements on a common shelf of several leader lines or without leader lines next to the image or within the contour.
Drawing coordination axes
Coordination axes are applied to images of buildings and structures with thin dash-dot lines with long strokes, denoted by Arabic numerals and capital letters of the Russian alphabet (with the exception of the letters: Ё, 3, И, О, X, Ц, Ш, Ш, ъ, ы, ь) in circles with a diameter of 6-12 mm.
Gaps in digital and alphabetic (except for those indicated) designations of coordination axes are not allowed.
The numbers indicate the coordination axes on the side of the building and structure with big amount axes.
If there are not enough letters of the alphabet to designate the coordination axes, subsequent axes are designated by two letters.
The sequence of digital and letter designations of the coordination axes is taken according to the plan from left to right and from bottom to top.
The designation of coordination axes, as a rule, is applied on the left and lower sides of the plan of the building and structure.
Building floor plans
Working drawings architectural solutions
Building floor plan is an image of a section of a building made by an imaginary horizontal cutting plane passing at the level of window and door openings or at a height of 1/3 of the height of the depicted floor of the building.
The floor plan gives an idea of the configuration and size of the building, reveals the shape and location of individual rooms, window and door openings, main walls, columns, stairs, and partitions. The outlines of the building elements (walls, piers, pillars, partitions, etc.) included in the section and located behind the secant plane are drawn onto the plan.
If the floor plans of a multi-story building have slight differences from each other, then the plan of one of the floors is completed in full; for the other floors, only parts of the plan are performed that are necessary to show the differences from the plan depicted in full.
Coordination (alignment) axes- these are coordination lines that determine the division of a building or structure into modular steps and floor heights. They determine the position of the main load-bearing structures of the building and pass along its main walls and columns.
These axes, which can be longitudinal or transverse, divide the building into a number of elements.
The images of each building and structure indicate coordination axes, which are assigned independent system notation. Coordination axes are drawn in dash-dot lines with long strokes in accordance with Figure 5. On the plans, the alignment axes are placed outside the contour of the walls and are designated in capital letters of the Russian alphabet and Arabic numerals (numbers), which are written in marking circles with a diameter of 6-12 mm. The marking circles of the coordination axes are placed at a distance of 4 mm from the last dimension line.
For marking on the side of the building with a large number The axes use numbers, and with a smaller number of axes, letters are used, with the exception of the letters E, Z, J, O, X, Ts, Ch, Shch, b, ы, b. As a rule, axes running along the building are marked with letters.
The sequence of digital and letter designations of the coordination axes is taken according to the plan from left to right and from bottom to top, placing marking circles on the left and bottom sides of the building (Fig. 12, 20).
The designation of coordination axes, as a rule, is applied on the left and lower sides of the plan of the building and structure. If the coordination axes of opposite sides of the plan do not coincide, the designations of the indicated axes are additionally applied at the locations on the top and/or right sides. Omissions of letters and numbers when marking axes are not allowed.
For individual elements located between the coordination axes of the main load-bearing structures, additional axes are drawn and designated in the form of a fraction, the numerator of which indicates the designation of the previous coordination axis, and the denominator indicates an additional serial number within the area between the coordination axes (Figure 11a).
The construction of the main elements of buildings is carried out using modular coordination of dimensions in construction (MDCS), according to which the dimensions of the main space-planning elements of the building must be a multiple of the module.
The main module is assumed to be 100 mm.
The main structural elements (load-bearing walls, columns) of the building are located along the modular coordination axes(longitudinal and transverse). The distance between coordination axes in low-rise buildings is taken as multiples of the 3M module (300 mm).
For determining relative position building elements applied grid of coordination axes.
Coordination axes are drawn with dash-dot thin lines and are indicated, as a rule, on the left and lower sides of the plan, marked, starting from the lower left corner, with Arabic numerals (from left to right) and capital letters of the Russian alphabet (from bottom to top) in circles with a diameter of 6 ... 12 mm (Fig. .2).
Rice. 2. Example of marking of coordination axes
Dimensions on construction drawings they are indicated in millimeters and are applied, as a rule, in the form of a closed chain.
Dimension lines are limited by serifs - short strokes 2 ... 4 mm long, drawn with an inclination to the right at an angle of 45° to the dimension line. Dimension lines should protrude beyond the outer extension lines by 1 ... 3 mm. The dimension number is located above the dimension line at a distance of 1 ... 2 mm (Fig. 3, a).
To indicate cutting plane position For a section or cross-section of a building, an open line is used in the form of separate thickened strokes with arrows indicating the direction of view. The cut line is indicated in Arabic numerals (Fig. 3, c). The starting and ending strokes should not cross the outline of the image.
The height dimensions of buildings (floor heights) are assigned as multiples of modules. Floor height of a building is defined as the distance from the floor level of a given floor to the floor level of the floor above it. In residential building projects, the floor height is assumed to be 2.8; 3.0; 3.3 m.
High-rise drawings are applied on facades and sections. marks level of a building element or structure from any calculated level, taken as zero. Most often, the level of the finished floor (floor covering) of the first floor is taken as the zero level (mark ±0.000).
Level marks are indicated in meters with three decimal places without indicating units of length and are placed on extension lines in the form of an arrow with a shelf. The sides of the right angle of the arrow are drawn as a solid thick main line at an angle of 45° to the extension line (Fig. 4).
Rice. 3. Drawing the dimensions and positions of the cuts:
a – dimensions and dimension lines; b – view direction arrow;
c – positions of the cuts
Rice. 4. Applying level marks on views:
a – dimensions of the level mark; b – examples of location and design
level signs on sections and sections; c – the same, with explanatory inscriptions;
d – example of a level sign on the plans
The marking sign may be accompanied by explanatory inscriptions: Ur.ch.p. – finished floor level; Ur.z. - ground level.
Marks on the plans are made in rectangles (Fig. 4, d). Marks above zero level are indicated with a plus sign (for example, + 2.700), below zero - with a minus sign (for example, – 0.200).
The following are accepted in the construction drawings: names types of buildings.
IN names of plans of the building, the level of the finished floor of the floor, the floor number or the designation of the corresponding plane is indicated; when executing a part of the plan - the axes limiting this part, for example:
Plan at elevation +3,000;
2nd floor plan;
Plan 3–3;
Plan at elevation 0.000 in axes 21–39, A–D.
IN names of sections building, the designation of the corresponding cutting plane is indicated (in Arabic numerals), for example, Section 1–1.
IN names of facades building, the extreme axes between which the façade is located are indicated, for example:
Façade 1–5;
Façade 12–1;
Façade A–G.
For multilayer structures callouts, located on shelves in a straight line,
ending with an arrow (Fig. 5). The sequence of inscriptions (material or design of layers indicating their thickness) for individual layers must correspond to the sequence of their location in the drawing from top to bottom and from left to right.
On leader lines, ending with a shelf, additional explanations to the drawing or item numbers of elements in the specification are placed.
Rice. 5. Examples of callouts
Graphic symbols materials in sections and sections of buildings and structures are given in the appendix. 3. The distance between parallel hatching lines is selected within 1 ... 10 mm depending on the hatching area and image scale. Designations of materials are not used in drawings if the material is homogeneous, if the dimensions of the image do not allow the application of a symbol.
Conditional graphic images elements of the building and sanitary installations are given in the appendix. 4.
Appendix 3
GRAPHIC DESIGNATION OF MATERIALS IN SECTIONS,
SECTIONS AND TYPES
Appendix 4
GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS OF BUILDING ELEMENTS
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Coordination axes are applied to images of buildings and structures with thin dash-dotted lines with long strokes, denoted by Arabic numerals and capital letters of the Russian alphabet (with the exception of the letters: Е, З, И, О, b) in circles with a diameter of 6–12 mm.
Gaps in digital and alphabetic (except for those indicated) designations of coordination axes are not allowed.
The numbers indicate the coordination axes on the side of the building and structure with a large number of axes. If there are not enough letters of the alphabet to designate the coordination axes, subsequent axes are designated by two letters.
Example - AA; BB; BB.
The sequence of digital and letter designations of the coordination axes is taken according to the plan from left to right and from bottom to top (Figure 10 A) or as shown in figures 10 b,V.
The designation of coordination axes, as a rule, is applied on the left and lower sides of the plan of the building and structure.
If the coordination axes of opposite sides of the plan do not coincide, the designations of these axes in the places of discrepancy are additionally applied on the top and/or right sides.
For individual elements located between the coordination axes of the main load-bearing structures, additional axes are drawn and designated as a fraction:
The designation of the previous coordination axis is indicated above the line;
Below the line is an additional serial number within the area between adjacent coordination axes in accordance with Figure 10 G.
It is allowed to assign numerical and letter designations to the coordination axes of half-timbered columns in continuation of the designations of the axes of the main columns without an additional number.
Figure 10 – Designations of coordination axes
In the image of a repeating element tied to several coordination axes, the coordination axes are designated in accordance with Figure 11:
- “a” - when the number of coordination axes is no more than 3;
- “b” - “ “ “ “ more than 3;
- “in” - for all letter and digital coordination axes.
If necessary, the orientation of the coordination axis to which the element is attached, in relation to the adjacent axis, is indicated in accordance with Figure 11 G.
Figure 11 – Orientation of coordination axes
To designate the coordination axes of block sections of residential buildings, the index “c” is used.
Example - 1s, 2s, Ac, Bs.
On the plans of residential buildings composed of block sections, the designations of the extreme coordination axes of the block sections are indicated without an index in accordance with Figure 12.
Figure 12 – Designation of coordination axes
in block sections
Applying dimensions, slopes, marks, inscriptions. Linear dimensions and maximum deviations of linear dimensions in the drawings are indicated in millimeters, without indicating the unit of measurement.
The dimension line at its intersection with extension lines, contour lines or center lines is limited by serifs in the form of thick main lines 2–4 mm long, drawn with an inclination to the right at an angle of 45° to the dimension line by 1–3 mm.
When applying a diameter or radius dimension inside a circle, as well as an angular dimension, the dimension line is limited by arrows. Arrows are also used when drawing dimensions of radii and internal fillets.
When applying the size of a straight segment, the dimension line is drawn parallel to this segment, and extension lines – perpendicular to the dimension lines.
It is preferable to apply dimensions outside the outline of the image, avoiding, if possible, intersections of extension and dimension lines. If it is necessary to apply a dimension in a shaded area, the corresponding dimension number is placed on the shelf of the leader line.
The minimum distance between parallel dimension lines should be 7 mm, and between the dimension line and the contour line - 10 mm and is selected depending on the size and shape of the image, as well as the saturation of the drawing.
Dimensional numbers are applied above the dimension line, as close as possible to its middle.
Level marks (heights, depths) of structural elements, equipment, pipelines, air ducts, etc. from the reference level (the conventional “zero” mark) are indicated by a conventional sign in accordance with Figure 13 and are indicated in meters with three decimal places, separated from the whole number by a comma.
Figure 13 – Level mark designation
The “zero” mark, usually accepted for the surface of any structural element of a building or structure located near the planning surface of the earth, is indicated without a sign; marks above zero - with a “+” sign; below zero - with a “-” sign.
On views (elements), sections and sections, marks are indicated on extension lines or contour lines in accordance with Figure 14, on plans - in a rectangle in accordance with Figure 15.
Figure 14 – Indication of level marks on sections
Figure 15 – Indicating marks on plans
On the plans, the direction of the slope of the planes is indicated by an arrow, above which, if necessary, the value of the slope is indicated as a percentage in accordance with Figure 16 or as a ratio of height and length (for example, 1:7).
It is allowed, if necessary, to indicate the slope value in ppm, as a decimal fraction accurate to the third digit. On drawings and diagrams, in front of the dimensional number that determines the magnitude of the slope, the sign “Д is applied, the acute angle of which must be directed towards the slope.
The slope designation is applied directly above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line.
Figure 16 - Indicating the direction and magnitude of the plane slope
Near the images on the shelves of leader lines, only short inscriptions are applied directly to the image of the object, for example, instructions on the number of structural elements (holes, grooves, etc.), if they are not included in the table, as well as instructions front side, directions of rolling, fibers, etc.
A leader line that intersects the outline of the image and does not depart from any line ends with a dot (Figure 17 A).
The leader line, drawn from the lines of the visible and invisible contour, as well as from the lines indicating surfaces, ends with an arrow (Figure 17 b,V).
Figure 17 – Drawing leader lines
Labels for multilayer structures should be made in accordance with Figure 18.
Figure 18 – Labeling multilayer structures
Position numbers (brands of elements) are placed on the shelves of leader lines drawn from images of the component parts of the object, next to the image without a leader line or within the contours of the depicted parts of the object in accordance with Figure 19.
In small-scale images, leader lines end without an arrow or a dot.
Figure 19 – Drawing the positions of the elements of objects
Leader lines should not intersect each other, be non-parallel to the hatch lines (if the leader line runs along a shaded field) and, if possible, not intersect dimension lines and image elements that do not include the inscription placed on the shelf.
It is allowed to make leader lines with one break (Figure 20), as well as draw two or more leader lines from one shelf (Figure 21).
Inscriptions related directly to the image can contain no more than two lines, located above and below the leader line shelf.
The font size for designating coordination axes and positions (marks) should be one to two numbers larger than the font size adopted for dimensional numbers in the same drawing.
The text part placed on the drawing field is placed above the main inscription.
It is not allowed to place images, tables, etc. between the text part and the main inscription.
On sheets larger than A1, text may be placed in two or more columns. The column width should be no more than 185 mm.
Tables are placed on free space drawing margins to the right of the image or below it.
Tables placed on the drawing are numbered within the drawing if there are references to them in the technical requirements. In this case, the word “Table” with a serial number (without the No. sign) is placed above the table on the right.
If there is only one table in the drawing, then it is not numbered and the word “Table” is not written.
When making a drawing on two or more sheets, the text part is placed only on the first sheet, regardless of which sheets contain the images to which the instructions given in the text part relate.
Inscriptions relating to individual elements of an object and placed on the shelves of leader lines are placed on those sheets of the drawing on which they are most necessary for ease of reading the drawing.
The inscriptions on the drawings are not underlined.
To designate images (types, sections, sections), surfaces, dimensions and other elements of the product in the drawing, capital letters of the Russian alphabet are used, with the exception of the letters Y, O, X, Ъ, ы, ь.
Letter designations are assigned in alphabetical order without repetition and, as a rule, without omissions, regardless of the number of sheets of the drawing. It is preferable to label the images first.
In case of a lack of letters, numerical indexing is used, for example: “Type A”; "View A 1"; "View A 2"; "B-B"; "B 1 -B 1"; "B 2 -B 2". Letter designations are underlined.
If the designations are applied by machine, then they are allowed not to be underlined.
The font size of the letter designations should be approximately twice the size of the digits of the dimensional numbers used in the same drawing.
The scale of the image in the drawing, which differs from that indicated in the main inscription, is indicated directly under the inscription related to the image, for example:
If in a drawing it is difficult to find additional images (sections, dimensions, additional views, extension elements) due to the large saturation of the drawing or its execution on two or more sheets, then additional images are marked indicating the sheet numbers or designations of the zones on which these images are placed (Figure 22).
Figure 22 – Indication of sheet numbers in addition to the image
In these cases, above the additional images, their designations indicate the sheet numbers or designations of the zones on which the additional images are marked (Figure 23).
Figure 23 – Making inscriptions on additional images
A building or any structure in plan is divided by conventional center lines into a number of segments. These lines defining the position of the main load-bearing structures are called longitudinal and transverse coordination axes.
The interval between the coordination axes in the building plan is called the step, and in the predominant direction the step can be longitudinal or transverse.
Marking of coordination axes
If the distance between the coordinate longitudinal axes coincides with the span, floor or coating of the main supporting structure, then this interval is called a span.
Floor height in a multi-storey residential building
The height of the floor H fl is taken to be the distance from the floor level of the selected floor to the floor level of the floor above. The height of the upper floor is determined using the same principle, and the thickness of the attic floor is assumed to be conditionally equal to the thickness interfloor ceiling With. In industrial one-story buildings, the height of the floor is equal to the distance from the floor to the bottom surface of the coating structure.
In order to determine the relative position of parts of a building, a grid of coordination axes is used, which defines the load-bearing structures of a given building.
Coordination axes are dashed with thin dotted lines and marked inside circles with a diameter of 6 to 12 mm.
Floor height in a one-story building
Coordination axes are marked in Arabic numerals and capital letters, with the exception of the symbols: 3, И, О, X, И, ъ, ь.
The height of the font indicating the coordination axes is chosen to be one or two numbers larger than the size of the numbers on the same sheet.
The numbers indicate the axes on the side of the building with the largest number coordination axes.
The direction of marking of axes is applied from left to right, horizontally and from bottom to top, vertically.
Axes markings are usually located on the left and bottom sides of the building plan.
The coordination axis of the outer wall is located at a distance a = 100 mm, observing the indentation for installing floor slabs.
Coordination axes of external and internal walls
d) e)
Fig.7.Options for drawing coordination axes
are marked with letters from the center to the periphery and numbers - from the left horizontal axis clockwise (Fig. 7 a,7c). Axes are usually marked on the bottom and left sides of the building plan. If the axes of the opposite sides of the building do not coincide, then they are marked on each side accordingly (Fig. 7g). For any elements
For structures located between the coordination axes of the main load-bearing structures (for example, columns in a building diagram with an incomplete frame), additional axes are applied. These axes are designated by a fraction: the numerator indicates the designation of the previous coordination axis, and the denominator indicates an additional serial number within the area between adjacent coordination axes (Fig. 7d). It is allowed not to assign additional numbers to the axes of half-timbered columns, but to designate them in continuation of the designation of the axes of the main columns.
In building drawings, the role of a coordinate grid is played by the coordination axes of the main walls. After drawing the coordination axes on the plan, perform binding to them structural elements, primarily external and internal load-bearing walls and supports. The binding is carried out by setting dimensions from the axis to both faces of the wall or column. In this case, the axis of the wall is not drawn along its entire length, but is extended only by the amount necessary to set the reference size. It is customary to draw the axes of supporting columns with two mutually perpendicular segments of dash-dotted lines.
Coordination axes do not always coincide with the geometric axes of the walls. Their position is set taking into account the dimensions of standard span structures of beams, trusses and floor slabs. In the example in Fig. For clarity, Figure 8 partially shows the layout of the floor panels and their support on the walls. The panels are drawn in rectangles with thin diagonals.
Fig.8.Links of main walls on the building plan
Linking walls to modular coordination axes in buildings with load-bearing longitudinal or transverse walls is carried out based on the following instructions:
on internal walls, their geometric axis, as a rule, corresponds
fits with the coordination axis (Fig. 9, A; rice. 8, axis B, axis 3);
it is allowed not to combine geometric and coordination
axes of staircase walls, walls with ventilation ducts, etc.;
within the walls stairwells the axes are drawn at a distance that is a multiple of the module from the inner (facing the stairs) face of the wall (Fig. 9, b; rice. 8, axis 2);
in external load-bearing walls the coordination axis is drawn from
a B C D)
Fig.9.Options for anchoring load-bearing walls
the inner (facing the room) edge of the wall at a distance equal to half the thickness of the corresponding internal load-bearing wall (Fig. 9, V; rice. 8, A-axis, B axis, axis 4);
in external itself load-bearing walls the so-called
zero binding – the coordination axis is aligned with the internal
the edge of the wall - (Fig. 9, G; rice. 8, axis 1);
if the outer wall is load-bearing in different sections
cabbage soup ( section of wall along axis A between axes 1 and 3) and self-supporting ( section of wall along axis A between axes 3 and 4), then the coordination axis is oriented along the load-bearing section (Fig. 8);
binding of columns and walls industrial buildings depends on them
position in one of the rows (middle, extreme or end); Variants of such bindings are shown in Fig. 10.
A)
b)
V)
G)
d)
e)
and)
h)
And)
Fig. 10.Attaching columns to coordination axes:
