Horizontally
1. A party or group that opposes the dominant party or majority opinion
3. The highest representative and legislative body in the majority of the state
9. System of seizure of property based on subordination to power
10. National poll, voting conducted on an issue of particular importance to the country
16. Heads of bodies directly subordinate and accountable to the President
19. The principle of organization and exercise of state power, which is expressed in the mandatory formation of the highest representative body states
23. Supremacy, independence and autonomy of the state in its internal affairs and external relations
Vertically
2. The system of political, legal, moral, religious, aesthetic and philosophical views and ideas in which people’s attitudes to reality are recognized and assessed
3. System government system based on the supremacy of the legislature
4. Dissemination and in-depth explanation by the party of its ideas and views
5. The highest executive body of the Republic of Kazakhstan
6. Decision-making in parliaments, at conferences or meetings, when concluding international treaties on the basis of general consent of participants without holding a formal vote in the absence of formally stated objections
7. The ability of the system to independently respond to external influences external influences that interfere with its normal functioning
8. Power, which has a supreme character, since it is formed directly and directly by the people and determines the legal basis of state and public life
11. Purchase by individuals and legal entities ownership rights to objects (property) owned by the state
12. A form of government in which states fully retain their independence and have their own bodies of government and administration
13. Limited duties and rights formally granted to someone to do something through the use of available resources.
14. Organ government controlled separate field of activity
15. Draft law submitted to the legislative body
17. Socio-political organization of society with public power
18. A political regime in which power constantly changes according to the whims of the crowd
20. Functions of public administration
21. Basic law of the state in the Russian Federation
22. The Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation are... criminal law.
24. Citizen authorized to monitor voting, vote counting and other activities of the commission
Opposition (from Latin oppositio “opposition, objection”) in politics is a party or group that opposes the dominant party or opinion supported by the majority. Also this political activity parties, groups and movements opposing the government course and waging a struggle with the ruling party (parties) for state power.
An opponent is a participant in a dialogue, and, as a rule, a public one, who has an opposite point of view in relation to the other participants.
The role of the opposition.
In different political systems, the opposition plays different roles. Under totalitarian rule, the authorities, destroying all sorts of self-organizing groups, all the more strive to suppress in the bud the very possibility of organized political opposition; under authoritarian rule, the opposition is persecuted, since it is considered by the authorities as a threat to itself and to the stability of the existing regime and is presented by propaganda as a kind of anti-state phenomenon. In a democracy, the opposition is important integral part political process, for the normal functioning of which rotation of parties in power is necessary. Thus, in Great Britain and a number of its former colonies, the leader of the largest opposition party (that is, the party that took second place in parliamentary elections) receives a royal salary at the ministerial level, since it is believed that he performs an important function for society and the state; this party is called “Her Majesty’s Opposition” and forms the so-called “shadow cabinet” (“a government in waiting”, created so that, under certain conditions, the powers of the real government are transferred to it), whose “ministers” are busy monitoring and criticizing government measures in their direction and the development of opposition programs for them. If a party comes to power, they, as a rule, automatically occupy the corresponding positions in the government.
Systemic and non-systemic opposition
In Western countries, there are traditionally two main types of opposition - non-systemic (structural) and systemic. The first type includes left- and right-wing radical parties and groups, whose program positions completely (or partially) deny the prevailing system of political values. Their activities are aimed at discrediting functioning institutions of state power, undermining their legitimacy and disrupting the normal course of the political process.
The second type includes the absolute majority of left- and right-center parties in the West (liberal, social democratic, conservative, Christian democratic). They start from the recognition of the inviolability of the basic political, social and economic institutions of society and differ with the current authorities mainly in the choice of ways and means to achieve common strategic goals. Their activities are within the framework of the existing political system and are not aimed at undermining its foundations, although the transfer of power from one party (or coalition of parties) to another as a result of elections in in this case does not at all guarantee absolute continuity of the political course.
Within the framework of the Russian political system, parties and other organizations of different political orientations function: some support the current government unconditionally, others only partially, and others are completely opposed to it. This is the norm, as it reflects the inevitable differences in the views, orientations, and socio-political preferences of people, and it is also the norm from the point of view of systems theory. Also in Russia there are political organizations of non-systemic opposition that completely deny the legitimacy of the existing government and show their political activity in the form of “street democracy.”
Democratic opposition
Democratic opposition is a political term used to describe opposition parties that declare to fight for the introduction or strengthening of democratic principles in society.
As a rule, such parties operate in countries with insufficiently democratic or completely undemocratic regimes; V democratic countries attitude to the principles of democracy is not a point of disagreement between the ruling and opposition forces. Democratic opposition exists, for example, in Russia, Belarus, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Cuba and other countries. Alliances called "Democratic Opposition" were formed in two republics of the former Yugoslavia, Slovenia (1989)(en:Democratic Opposition of Slovenia) and Serbia (2000)(en:Democratic Opposition of Serbia) to fight the communist regime and the Milosevic regime; after the fall of the latter, these alliances became ruling ones.
It should be noted that in the 1990s in Russia, in the concept of “democratic opposition” (the main author of which was considered the Yabloko party), the definition “democratic” was often used to contrast this opposition not so much with the undemocratic nature of the government, but with the undemocratic and patriotic spectrum of the opposition.
A group or person who opposes the dominant party or majority opinion in a party or group.
It is also the political activity of parties, groups and movements that oppose the government course and wage a struggle with the ruling party (parties) for state power. In the literature there are also names - Opposition party, Opposition group(in the party) and so on and so forth.
The second type includes the absolute majority of left- and right-center parties in the West (liberal, social and Christian democratic, conservative). They start from the recognition of the inviolability of the basic political, social and economic institutions of society and disagree with the current government mainly in the choice of ways and means to achieve common strategic goals. Their activities are within the framework of the existing political system and are not aimed at undermining its foundations, although the transfer of power from one party (or coalition of parties) to another as a result of elections in this case does not at all guarantee absolute continuity of the political course.
Within the framework of the Russian political system, parties and other organizations of different political orientations function: some support the current government unconditionally, others only partially, and others are completely opposed to it. This is the norm, as it reflects the inevitable differences in the views, orientations, and socio-political preferences of people, and it is also the norm from the point of view of systems theory. Also in Russia there are political organizations of non-systemic opposition that completely deny the legitimacy of the existing government and show their political activity in the form of “street democracy.”
The system parties included the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, A Just Russia and Yabloko (the latter with reservations). The Kommersant-Vlast magazine meant systematic cooperation between the party and the presidential administration (consultations, the influence of the Presidential Administration on the composition of electoral lists and leadership). Among the criteria for consistency were mention in programs or invitations to talk shows on federal channels
In many of the described cases, nonviolent actions were combined with targeted actions (including violent ones) by intelligence services, both local and foreign.
In addition, the opposition can also use violent methods of struggle: armed uprisings, guerrilla warfare, terrorist attacks, military coups (putschs), etc. The most famous examples violent opposition activities are revolutions in European countries (the most famous are the English Revolution of the 17th century, the Great French Revolution of the 18th century, the revolutions of 1848-1849 and the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia), the American War of Independence -1783 and the movement for the secession of the US South , 2014 Euromaidan in Ukraine, numerous separatist movements in different countries(Irish Republican Army, ETA, Khalistan, Tamil Eelam and others), various terrorist organizations (ultra-left, ultra-right, religious, in particular Islamist). In some cases, opposition parties combine non-violent and violent methods (the theoretical justification for such tactics was given by Lenin), examples of which are the Basque Batasuna party, Irish Sinn Fein, Lebanese Hezbollah and others. But in fact, any opposition that has taken up arms and acted with violent methods, in modern world classified as terrorists.
Opposition
Opposition (from Latin oppositio “opposition”) in politics is a party or group that opposes the dominant party or opinion supported by the majority. Contents [remove]
The role of the opposition. In different political systems, the opposition plays different roles. Under totalitarian rule, the authorities, destroying all sorts of self-organizing groups, all the more strive to suppress in the bud the very possibility of organized political opposition; under authoritarian rule, the opposition is persecuted, since it is considered by the authorities as a threat to itself and to the stability of the existing regime and is presented by propaganda as a kind of anti-state phenomenon. In a democracy, the opposition is an important component of the political process, for the normal functioning of which a rotation of parties in power is necessary. Thus, in Great Britain and a number of its former colonies, the leader of the largest opposition party (i.e., the party that took second place in parliamentary elections) receives a royal salary at the ministerial level, since he is considered to perform an important function for society and the state; this party is called “Her Majesty’s Opposition” and forms the so-called “shadow cabinet”, whose “ministers” are busy monitoring and criticizing government measures in their direction and developing opposition programs for them. If a party comes to power, they, as a rule, automatically occupy the corresponding positions in the government. In Russia, there is a so-called systemic opposition, which cooperates with the government on the latter’s terms and is represented in various government bodies ( The State Duma, regional authorities, etc.) and non-systemic opposition, which, forcedly or voluntarily, does not cooperate with the current government.
Methods of struggle. Main article: protest.
The opposition uses a wide variety of methods and approaches in its activities.
Political. Criticism of the government in the authorities and the media, election campaigns, attempts to remove the government through parliamentary combinations and votes of no confidence (in states with parliamentary rule), if there is a reason - organizing the impeachment of the president.
Nonviolent protest. Organization of rallies, marches and picketing, strikes, acts of civil disobedience: blocking transport communications and official institutions, various symbolic actions, etc. The famous theorist of nonviolent resistance Gene Sharp counted 198 methods of nonviolent political struggle used by the opposition in different situations. Nonviolent resistance became most widespread in the 20th century. The most famous cases of its use: the struggle for Indian independence (c. 1947), the overthrow of communist regimes in countries of Eastern Europe(except Romania - 1989), the suppression of the August putsch in the USSR (1991), the overthrow of the Milosevic regime in Yugoslavia (2000) and Shevardnadze in Georgia (2003), the Orange Revolution in Ukraine (2004).
Violent. In addition, the opposition can also use violent methods of struggle: armed uprisings, guerrilla warfare, terrorist attacks, military coups (putschs), etc. The most famous examples of violent opposition activities are revolutions in European countries, the war of independence and the war between the North and The South in the USA, the revolutions of 1905, February and October 1917 in Russia, the activities of separatists in Northern Ireland, Chechnya, Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Transnistria.
Democratic opposition.
Democratic opposition is a political term used to describe opposition parties that advocate the introduction or strengthening of democratic principles in society.
As a rule, such parties operate in countries with insufficiently democratic or completely undemocratic regimes; In democratic countries, the attitude towards the principles of democracy is not a point of disagreement between the ruling and opposition forces.
Democratic opposition exists, for example, in Russia, Belarus, Tajikistan, Cuba and other countries. Alliances called "Democratic Opposition" were formed in two republics of the former Yugoslavia, Slovenia (1989)(en:Democratic Opposition of Slovenia) and Serbia (2000)(en:Democratic Opposition of Serbia) to fight the communist regime and the Milosevic regime; after the fall of the latter, these alliances became ruling ones. .
It should be noted that in the 1990s in Russia, in the concept of “democratic opposition” (the main actor of which was the Yabloko party), the definition “democratic” was often used to contrast this opposition not so much with the undemocratic nature of the government, but with the undemocratic spectrum of the opposition.
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An opposition is a party or group that opposes the dominant party or opinion supported by the majority. Also, these are the activities of parties or groups opposing the government policy. This is what it says in any political science textbook. And it also says that opposition is needed. It allows you to introduce competition into the political system and leads to its qualitative growth.
Now the question. Is there any opposition in modern Russia?
For several years now, Russian political scientists have divided into systemic and non-systemic opposition. Let's start with the first ones.
The systemic ones include the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Liberal Democratic Party and A Just Russia. All these parties are represented in the State Duma. It can even be argued that the communists and Zhirinovites have their own, “nuclear” electorate. For some it is rapidly decreasing (due to natural and biological reasons - after all, communists are supported mainly by people of the third age, pensioners), for others it fluctuates at the level of 5-10%. No more…
Now about the non-systemic opposition. It is based on forces that articulate the values of liberalism and democracy, as well as Westernism. “Yabloko”, “Union of Right Forces” (SPS), “Democratic Choice of Russia”, “Common Cause”...we have already begun to forget all these names.
At one time, the Union of Right Forces and Yabloko were represented in the State Duma, but having lost ground, they went into strong opposition. By all attributes, this is truly the opposition. They have a program, slogans. They also have an economic model, which, however, completely failed under Gaidar. Now is not the time to disassemble it, let's just note that it exists.
All these right-wing forces (the ideology of the right is based on natural inequality and capitalism) in Russia are discredited by collaboration with the West. They literally call on Russia to become a part (or rather, a deep periphery) of the Western world, its raw materials appendage, unable to say its weighty word in the world. Let's take the leaders of this movement (Navalny, Khakamada, Mitrokhin and the late Boris Nemtsov). No matter how they are treated, all of them can be called consistent supporters of right-wing ideas. For which they deserve, if not praise, then respect. But, one wonders, what is Mikhail Kasyanov doing in their ranks? Kasyanov is the type of political elite that, having suffered a fiasco, repaints itself and seeks a place in the sun with other political forces. Isn't Chubais like that?
The extremely unpopular figures of Kasyanov and Chubais in society, and the Westernism of the right are two key limitations that prevent us from talking about the ability of the right to acquire a wide base of supporters. And if a political force does not have its own nuclear electorate, how will it oppose the authorities?
Now about the republican dimension of the problem. Level political culture so-called opposition figures (sorry, gentlemen, I can’t call you politicians) is such that they understand all opposition as an attempt to post another “leaks” on the yellow website or to vent their souls, to speak out on the Internet once again about the authorities. It was funny to watch how those deprived of positions of all stripes (nationalists, liberals, offended intellectuals and simply adventurers) tried to organize a Maidan march in Ufa regarding the death of Nemtsov. There is a marginalization of the very principle of oppositionality. However, what we are facing is not the opposition, but loser politicians deprived of power...
