CELL (text). Preparation for State Examination - 9
ANIMAL CELL
All representatives of the animal kingdom consist ofeukaryotic cells. Hereditary information in these cells is contained inchromosomes , which are in the core. Permanent cellular structures that perform special functions are calledorganoids . Some of them, for examplemitochondria , participate in biological oxidation and are called the “energy stations” of the cell.
PLASTIDES
In plant cells, plastids of various shapes and colors can often be observed. Thus, numerous green plastids -chloroplasts – provide the processphotosynthesis due to the presence of pigment in their compositionchlorophyll . In addition, plastids containing red, orange or yellow pigments can be found in cells. Such plastids are calledchromoplasts.
. VITAL ACTIVITIES OF CELLS
Throughout life, most cells are actively functioning. So, they absorb from environment various solid particles. This process is calledphagocytosis . Plays a leading role in itmembrane , which forms an invagination, and the food particle enters the cell. Enzymes penetrate inside the resulting bubble. This bubble islysosome. Under the influence of enzymes, intracellulardigestion.
TYPES OF CELLS
First on the way historical development organisms appeared that had small cells with simple organization, – prokaryotes . These prenuclear cells do not have a formalizedkernels . They contain only a nuclear zone containingring DNA. Such cells are found inbacteria and blue-green algae.
MITOCHONDRIA
Mitochondria are essential organelles of most eukaryotic cells. They are often calledenergy stations. They have a double membrane: an outer smooth one and an inner one that forms outgrowthscristas , on which are locatedenzymes that carry out the synthesis of moleculesATP .
ORGANOIDS OF PLANT CELLS
Plant cells contain oval green bodies -chloroplasts . Moleculeschlorophyll capable of absorbing light energy. Plants, unlike organisms of other kingdoms, synthesizeglucose from not organic compounds. The cell wall of a plant cell is predominantly composed ofcellulose . It performs important functions.
CELLS
The first to appear on the path of historical development were organisms with small cells with a very simple internal structure -prokaryotic cells. Only later did larger and more complex cells emerge -eukaryotes . The first ones did not have a core. Such cells arebacteria and blue-green. Plants, animals andmushrooms .
CELL STRUCTURES
Cellular organelles perform various functions, ensuring the vital activity of the cell. Thus, in the chloroplasts of plant cells occursphotosynthesis , and are synthesized on ribosomessquirrels . The energy function is carried outmitochondria, and the function of storing and transmitting hereditary information is performed bycore .
DIFFERENCE OF A PLANT CELL FROM ANIMAL
A plant cell, unlike an animal cell, hasvacuoles , which in old cellsmerge and displace the cell nucleus from the center to its shell. Cell sap may containpigments , which give it blue, purple, crimson color, etc. The shell of a plant cell mainly consists ofcellulose .
Remember from sections 6 and 7 classes what structure plant and animal cells have. Using Figure 44, find out how a bacterial cell differs in structure from plant and animal cells?
There is a hypothesis according to which all living organisms today descended from the first cell that arose several billion years ago. Thanks to it, in the process of the historical development of life, a green cover appeared on Earth, the atmosphere changed, all the diversity of life arose, and man appeared. This hypothesis explains the surprising similarity in cellular structure plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms.
Cell types. The first to appear on the path of the historical development of life were organisms that had the smallest cells with a very simple internal structure - pro-karyotes. Only later did larger and more complex cells—eukaryotes—emerge.
Prokaryotic (from Latin pro - before, before, and Greek karyon - nucleus), or prenuclear cells are cells that do not have a formed nucleus. They contain only a nuclear zone containing one DNA molecule. Prokaryotic cells are characteristic of bacteria and blue-greens (cyanobacteria).
Eukaryotes (from the Greek eu - good, completely and the Greek karyon - core) are nuclear cells, i.e. having a formed nucleus. Plants, fungi and animals are built from eukaryotic cells.
Structure of the plasma membrane. Any prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell is surrounded on the outside by a plasma membrane. It limits the living contents of cells from the environment. The plasma membrane consists of lipids and proteins (Fig. 40). Phospholipid molecules form a double layer. It contains protein molecules that can penetrate the membrane completely, be located on the surface, or be partially immersed in it. This structure of the plasma membrane is called fluid mosaic.
Rice. 40. Scheme of the structure of the plasma membrane: 1 - phospholipids; 2 - proteins; 3 - carbohydrates
WITH outside Carbohydrates are combined with proteins and lipids. It is assumed that their function is associated with recognizing neighboring cells and connecting them with each other.
The plasma membrane is capable of changing its shape, since the lipid layers can slide freely relative to each other. Thanks to this, food particles are captured entirely by the membrane. In this case, it invaginates and the vesicle with captured particles is released into the cell (Fig. 41).
Rice. 41. Transport of substances across the cell membrane. Capture of food particles in amoeba with the help of pseudopods: 1 - amoeba cell; 2 - ciliate cell
To others important property The plasma membrane is its selective permeability. Molecules of only some substances pass through it freely. For example, water, small ions, oxygen, carbon dioxide penetrate the plasma membrane by diffusion (from the Latin diffusion - distribution, penetration). In this case, substances move from an area with a high concentration to an area with a low concentration. For example, if you place a cell in a concentrated salt solution, then water from it will flow into the external environment, since the concentration of the intracellular solution is lower than the solution outside (Fig. 42). The cell will shrink. If you place the cell in distilled water, the water will begin to flow inside, the cell will swell and burst.
In addition to diffusion, there is also active transport, which is carried out by special carrier proteins. This process requires energy, which is released during the breakdown of ATP.
Possessing selective permeability, the plasma membrane prevents the leakage of the internal contents of the cell, protects it, regulates the flow of substances and exchange with external environment.
Rice. 42. Transport of substances through the plasma membrane - diffusion of water from onion skin cells in a concentrated solution table salt(water comes out of the cytoplasm, which lags behind the cell wall, gradually wrinkles and turns into a small ball)
In addition to the plasma membrane, the cells of bacteria, plants and fungi also have a cell membrane on the outside (Fig. 43). This inanimate structure performs the functions of support and protection. It gives strength to the cell and limits its mobility. The shell has pores through which substances enter from the outside. The plant shell consists of cellulose and is the “skeleton” of plants, and in mushrooms it is made of chitin.
Rice. 43. Plant cell membranes
The structure of a prokaryotic cell. Bacterial cells are prokaryotic, i.e. prenuclear. On the outside they are covered with a shell (Fig. 44). It is dense, tough and resembles the membrane of a plant cell, but consists of another substance similar to cellulose. On the outside, a prokaryotic cell may have additional mucous layers and a capsule that play a protective role.
Beneath the membrane is the plasma membrane. It forms invaginations in the form of folds inside the cell. The processes of oxidation and respiration of the cell are associated with these folds. In cyanobacteria, photosynthetic pigments are located on membrane invaginations. They carry out the process of photosynthesis.
Rice. 44. Scheme of the structure of prokaryotic cells (A - photosynthetic, B - photosynthetic): 1 - flagellum: 2 - shell; 3 - plasma membrane: 4 - membrane invaginations; 5 - photosynthesis membranes; 6 - inclusions (spare nutrients); 7 - DNA molecule; 8 - ribosomes
The genetic apparatus of a prokaryotic cell is represented by a circular DNA molecule, which is not separated from its internal contents. Bacterial DNA is many times smaller than the DNA of eukaryotic cells, and therefore carries less information. In a prokaryotic cell, of all the organelles, there are only ribosomes, which ensure the process of protein biosynthesis.
The first organisms to appear on the path of historical development were those with
small cells with a simple organization, – ____(A). These pre-nuclear
the cells do not have a formal _____(B). The only thing that stands out in them is
nuclear zone containing _____(B) DNA. _____(G) and blue-green algae have such cells.
List of terms:
1) chromosome; 2) prokaryotic; 3) cytoplasm; 4) ring molecule;
5) core; 6) unicellular animal; 7) bacteria; 8) eukaryotic
Task 5
When a plastic ruler rubs against wool, the ruler becomes negatively charged. This is explained by
Task 6.
Biosphere – open system, because she is
1. constantly evolving
2. suitable for living organisms
3. receives energy from outside
4. consists of ecosystems
Task 7
Weight of female insectivore bat 12 grams. Each of her two newborn cubs weighs 2 grams. For a month of feeding with milk, the weight of each of them reaches 6 grams. Using the rule of the ecological pyramid, determine how much insects the female must eat during this time in order to feed her offspring
OPTION 6.
Task No. 1.
1) Using the table “Time ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ a person can live in the desert without outside help” answer the following questions:
2) how many liters of water does a person find himself in the desert need, if average temperature air 32°C, and residence time 8 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours
Time, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ a person can live in the desert without outside help
Task 2.
The diagram shows the diet of a mammal. In what environment
habitat must an animal live to eat this way?
1) soil
2) organismic
3) ground-air
Task 3
According to Bergmann's rule, the size of warm-blooded animals in different populations of the same species increases in the direction: a) from south to north; b) from east to west; c) from the coasts inland; d) from highlands to plains.
Task 4
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of autotrophic nutrition and its type. 1) photosynthesis 2) chemosynthesis A) the energy of oxidation of inorganic substances is used B) energy source – sunlight C) atmospheric nitrogen is fixed D) occurs in the cells of cyanobacteria E) oxygen is released into the atmosphere E) oxygen is used for oxidation
Task 5
Which of the following technical devices Are advances in semiconductor physics used?
B. computer
B. radios
Task 6
Which example is classified as biotic factors?
1. eating aphids ladybugs
2. spring flood of the river
3. seasonal drying of the reservoir
4. absorption cultivated plants mineral fertilizers
Task 7
Calculate the mass of pests that toads destroy in a field of 10 hectares per warm time year (150 days), if it is extremely important for the gray toad to eat 6 grams of slugs per day. There are 10 toads living on an area of 1 hectare.
OPTION 7.
Task No. 1.
1) Using the table, construct a graph of the dependence of the rate of a chemical reaction in a living organism on temperature. On the X axis, plot the temperature of the body, and on the Y axis, the relative rate of the chemical reaction.
2) Using a graph, determine what the relative rate of a chemical reaction will be equal to if the relative rate chemical reactions– 25 conventional units?.
Task 2.
What structural elements of the outer cell membrane are indicated in the figure by numbers 1, 2, 3?
Task 3
Task 4
A section of one of the two chains of a DNA molecule contains 300 nucleotides with adenine (A), 100 nucleotides with thymine (T), 150 nucleotides with guanine (G) and 200 nucleotides with cytosine (C). How many nucleotides with A, T, G and C are contained in a double-stranded DNA molecule? How many amino acids should the protein encoded by this part of the DNA molecule contain?
Task 5
The radio station operates at a frequency of 0.75×10 8 Hz. What is the wavelength emitted by the radio antenna? (The speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves is 300,000 km/s.)
| 1) | 2.25 m | 2) | 4 m | 3) | 2.25×10 – 3 m | 4) | 4×10 – 3 m |
Task 6
Determine the first order consumer in the food chain:
linden leaves → gypsy moth caterpillars → fragrant beetle →
→ common starling → sparrowhawk
Task 7
Sweet pea plant with purple flowers, heterozygous for two CCPP genes, was crossed with sweet peas with white flowers (ccPP genotype). What coloring is expected in the offspring of this cross and in what proportion?
OPTION 8.
Task No. 1.
Plot a graph of the age-related decline in the lactose enzyme in humans. On the X axis, plot the age (years) of people, and on the Y axis, the production of the enzyme by the body (in %). Determine at what age a person’s enzyme production will decrease by 50%.
| Years | |||||||||||||
| Enzyme production by the body in % |
Task 2
The organelle shown in the figure, which ensures the rapid movement of substances in the cell, is ________________
Task 3.
An example of interspecies struggle for existence is the relationship between
1. adult frog and tadpole
2. cabbage butterfly and its caterpillar
3. song thrush and fieldfare
4. wolves of the same pack
Task 4.
Determine the features of two types of variability:
B – Combinative variability
Task 5
The mass of the Sun decreases due to emission
Task 6
Can lead to global changes in the biosphere
1. increase in the number of individual species
2. desertification of territories
3. heavy rainfall
4. replacement of one community by another
Task 7
In humans, the gene for brown eyes is dominant over blue eye (A), and the gene for color blindness is recessive (color blindness - d) and linked to the X chromosome. A brown-eyed woman with normal vision, whose father had blue eyes and suffered from color blindness, marries a blue-eyed man with normal vision. Make a diagram for solving the problem. Determine the genotypes of the parents and possible offspring, the likelihood of having color-blind children with brown eyes and their gender in this family.
OPTION 9.
Task No. 1
Study the table “The influence of basic factors on human health and life” and answer the questions.
“The influence of basic factors on human health and life”
(in%, according to Yu. P. Lisitsin, 1992)
1) Which of the following diseases is most related to lifestyle? 2) Which of the following diseases is most related to the external environment? 3) Which of the following diseases is most associated with heredity?
4) Which of the following diseases is most associated with the work of health authorities?
Task 2
What pattern does the picture show?
Task 3.
What is the nature of the relationships between organisms different types needing the same food resources?
1. predator - prey
3. competition
4. mutual assistance
Task 4.
Establish a correspondence between structure and functions endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Task 5
Which of the following substances are used as fuel in nuclear power plants?
The first organisms to appear on the path of historical development were those with
small cells with a simple organization, – ____(A). These pre-nuclear
the cells do not have a formal _____(B). The only thing that stands out in them is
nuclear zone containing _____(B) DNA. _____(G) and blue-green algae have such cells.
List of terms:
1) chromosome; 2) prokaryotic; 3) cytoplasm; 4) ring molecule;
5) core; 6) unicellular animal; 7) bacteria; 8) eukaryotic
Task 5
When a plastic ruler is rubbed against wool, the ruler becomes negatively charged. This is explained by
Task 6.
The biosphere is an open system, since it
1. constantly evolving
2. suitable for living organisms
3. receives energy from outside
4. consists of ecosystems
Task 7
The weight of a female insectivorous bat is 12 grams. Each of her two newborn cubs weighs 2 grams. For a month of feeding with milk, the weight of each of them reaches 6 grams. Using the rule of the ecological pyramid, determine how much insects the female must eat during this time in order to feed her offspring
OPTION 6.
Task No. 1.
1) Using the table “The time that a person can live in the desert without outside help,” answer the following questions:
2) how many liters of water does a person find himself in the desert need if the average air temperature is 32°C and the stay time is 8 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours
The time a person can live in the desert without outside help
Task 2.
The diagram shows the diet of a mammal. In what environment
habitat must an animal live to eat this way?
1) soil
2) organismic
3) ground-air
Task 3
According to Bergmann's rule, the size of warm-blooded animals in different populations of the same species increases in the direction:
a) from south to north;
b) from east to west;
c) from the coasts inland;
d) from highlands to plains.
Task 4
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of autotrophic nutrition and its type.
1) photosynthesis 2) chemosynthesis
A) the energy of oxidation of inorganic substances is used B) the energy source is sunlight
C) fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is carried out
D) occurs in cyanobacterial cells
D) oxygen is released into the atmosphere
E) oxygen is used for oxidation
Task 5
Which of the following technical devices use advances in semiconductor physics?
A. solar battery
B. computer
B. radios
Task 6
Which example is classified as biotic factors?
1. ladybugs eating aphids
2. spring flood of the river
3. seasonal drying of the reservoir
4. absorption by crop plants mineral fertilizers
Task 7
Calculate the mass of pests that toads destroy in a field of 10 hectares during the warm season (150 days), if the gray toad needs to eat 6 grams of slugs per day. There are 10 toads living on an area of 1 hectare.
OPTION 7.
Task No. 1.
1) Using the table, construct a graph of the dependence of the rate of a chemical reaction in a living organism on temperature. On the X axis, plot the temperature of the body, and on the Y axis, the relative rate of the chemical reaction.
2) Using the graph, determine what the relative rate of a chemical reaction will be equal to, if the relative rate of chemical reactions is 25 arb. units?.
Task 2.
What structural elements of the outer cell membrane are indicated in the figure by numbers 1, 2, 3?
Task 3
Task 4
A section of one of the two chains of a DNA molecule contains 300 nucleotides with adenine (A), 100 nucleotides with thymine (T), 150 nucleotides with guanine (G) and 200 nucleotides with cytosine (C). How many nucleotides with A, T, G and C are contained in a double-stranded DNA molecule? How many amino acids should the protein encoded by this part of the DNA molecule contain?
Task 5
The radio station operates at a frequency of 0.75×10 8 Hz. What is the wavelength emitted by the radio antenna? (The speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves is 300,000 km/s.)
| 1) | 2.25 m | 2) | 4 m | 3) | 2.25×10 – 3 m | 4) | 4×10 – 3 m |
Task 6
Determine the first order consumer in the food chain:
linden leaves → gypsy moth caterpillars → fragrant beetle →
→ common starling → sparrowhawk
Task 7
A sweet pea plant with purple flowers, heterozygous for two CCPP genes, was crossed with a sweet pea with white flowers (genotype CCPP). What coloring is expected in the offspring of this cross and in what proportion?
OPTION 8.
Task No. 1.
Plot a graph of the age-related decline in the lactose enzyme in humans. On the X axis, plot the age (years) of people, and on the Y axis, the production of the enzyme by the body (in %). Determine at what age a person’s enzyme production will decrease by 50%.
| Years | |||||||||||||
| Enzyme production by the body in % |
Task 2
The organelle shown in the figure, which ensures the rapid movement of substances in the cell, is ________________
Task 3.
An example of interspecies struggle for existence is the relationship between
1. adult frog and tadpole
2. cabbage butterfly and its caterpillar
3. song thrush and fieldfare
4. wolves of the same pack
Task 4.
Determine the features of two types of variability:
A – Mutational variability
B – Combinative variability
Task 5
The mass of the Sun decreases due to emission
Task 6
Can lead to global changes in the biosphere
1. increase in the number of individual species
2. desertification of territories
3. heavy rainfall
4. replacement of one community by another
Task 7
In humans, the gene for brown eyes dominates over blue eyes (A), and the gene for color blindness is recessive (color blindness - d) and linked to the X chromosome. A brown-eyed woman with normal vision, whose father had blue eyes and suffered from color blindness, marries a blue-eyed man with normal vision. Make a diagram for solving the problem. Determine the genotypes of the parents and possible offspring, the likelihood of having color-blind children with brown eyes and their gender in this family.
OPTION 9.
Task No. 1
Study the table “The influence of the main factors on human health and life” and answer the questions.
“The influence of the main factors on human health and life”
(in%, according to Yu. P. Lisitsin, 1992)
1) Which of the following diseases is most related to lifestyle? 2) Which of the following diseases is most related to the external environment? 3) Which of the following diseases is most associated with heredity?
4) Which of the following diseases is most associated with the work of health authorities?
Task 2
What pattern does the picture show?
Task 3.
What is the nature of the relationships between organisms of different species that need the same food resources?
1. predator - prey
3. competition
4. mutual assistance
Task 4.
Establish a correspondence between the structure and functions of the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Task 5
Which of the following substances are used as fuel in nuclear power plants?
Monitoring work in biology for the 1st half of the 2014-15 academic year.
9th grade
UMK - Sonin N.I.
Involves checking the knowledge of knowledge on the topics: “Biology as a science. Methods for studying living objects”; “Properties of living organisms”, “Microevolution”, “Chemical organization of the cell”.
The work was compiled on the basis of an open bank of tasks for the OGE in biology.
Option 1.
Part 1.
Choose one correct answer.
1.What science studies the varietal diversity of plants?1)physiology 2)systematics 3)ecology 4)selection
2. In what area of biology was cell theory developed?1) virology 2) cytology 3) anatomy 4) embryology
3. What science studies the fossil remains of extinct organisms?1) systematics 2) paleontology 3) genetics 4) embryology
4. Which scientific method, used in biology, is classified as theoretical?1) observation 2) description 3) measurement 4) modeling
5. A breeding scientist wants to find out the effect of illumination on the rate of photosynthesis in a new wheat variety. To do this, first of all, he must1) do an experiment 2) make observations 3) read an article about photosynthesis4) compare data from different literature sources
6. Studies the patterns of transmission of hereditary characteristics 1) genetics 2) ecology 3) anthropology 4)molecular biology
7. Which group of animals among those listed arose later in the process of evolution than the others?1) roundworms 2) mollusks 3) coelenterates 4) flatworms
8. Plants differ from fungi in the presence of 1) nuclei 2) chloroplasts 3) mitochondria 4) membranes
9. What tissue provides plant growth?1) educational 2) storage 3) conductive 4) covering
10. What process underlies the growth of plant and animal organisms? 1)digestion 2)metabolism 3) fertilization 4) cell division
11. K inorganic substances cells include 1) fats 2) vitamins 3) water 4) carbohydrates
13. Which cell organelle contains plant pigments?1) mitochondria 2) chloroplast 3) Golgi complex 4) vacuole
15. Ensures the transfer of hereditary information from the mother cell to the daughter cell1) ER 2) Golgi complex 3) chromosome 4) ribosome
16. Which chemical element is it part of the vital organic compounds of the cell?1) fluorine 2) potassium 3) carbon 4) copper
17. Which of the listed cellular structures do the cells of all organisms contain?1) cytoplasmic membrane 2) chloroplast 3) mitochondrion 4) nucleus
18. Higher plants differ from mushrooms in that1) their organisms are formed from tissues and organs 2) they consist of cells with a nucleus 3) they produce carbon dioxide during respiration 4) they are not capable of active movement
19. All living organisms consist of1) cells 2) tissues 3) organs 4) organ systems
20. What property is characteristic only of organisms, as opposed to objects of inanimate nature?
21. Match chemical and the kingdom in which it occurs. To do this, select a position from the second column for each element of the first column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.
CHEMICAL KINGDOM
A) Chitin 1) Animals
B) hemoglobin 2) Plants
B) cellulose
D) starch
D) glycogen
22. Insert into the text “Animal cell” the missing terms from the proposed list, using numerical notations. Write down the numbers of the selected answers in the text, and then enter the resulting sequence of numbers (according to the text) in the table below.
ANIMAL CELL
All representatives of the Animal kingdom consist of______ (A) cells. The hereditary information in these cells is contained in _____ (B), which are located in the nucleus. Permanent cellular structures that perform special functions are called____ (B). Some of them, for example______ (D), are involved in biological oxidation and are called “energy stations” of the cell. 1) circular DNA
2) lysosome
3) eukaryotic
4)mitochondrion
5) chromosome
6) prokaryotic
7) organoid
8) chloroplast
24. What levels of organization of living matter are the subject of the study of ecology? Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) molecular 2) cellular
3) organismal 4) population-species
5) organ-tissue 6) biogeocenotic
25. What examples refer to a biological experiment? Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) examining a frog’s blood cells under a microscope
2) monitoring the migration of a school of cod
3) studying the nature of the pulse after various physical activities
4) laboratory study of the effect of physical inactivity on health
5) description external signs leguminous plants
6) development of a conditioned food reflex
Option 2.
Part 1. Choose one correct option from the four proposed.
1. What science studies the conditions for maintaining human health?1) anatomy 2) physiology 3) hygiene 4) genetics
2. Which of the following studies the science of “physiology”?1) structure of insect cells 2) taxonomy of angiosperms3) processes of intracellular respiration of fish4) the structure of the hind limbs of frogs
3. In what area of biology did C. Linnaeus make his discoveries?1) cytology 2) systematics 3) genetics 4) virology
4. What science studies the diversity of organisms and groups them into groups according to the degree of similarity and relatedness?1) selection 2) systematics 3) anatomy 4) physiology
5. An example of the application of an experimental research method can be considered1) formulation of the position based on the facts obtained 2) formation in the dog conditioned reflex on call 3) external description of a new species of organisms 4) comparison of two micropreparations
6. What level of organization of living things serves as the main object of study of cytology? 1)biosphere 2)cellular 3) population-species4) biogeocenotic
7. What will be the magnification of the microscope if the magnification of the eyepiece lens is ×6 and the objective lens is ×40? 1)×240 2)×46 3)×34 4)×640
8. The largest of the listed systematic categories is1) genus 2) species 3) type 4) kingdom
9. When studying hereditary human diseases it is used1) microscopic method 2) experimental method 3) genealogical method 4) modeling
10. Which of the following can become an object of study for a zoologist?1) life cycle of the boletus mushroom 2) structure of the forelimb of a lizard 3) life cycle of the tobacco mosaic virus 4) structure of a male pine cone
11. What property is characteristic only of organisms, as opposed to objects of inanimate nature?1) rhythm 2) movement 3) growth 4) metabolism
12. What is the name of a cell organelle that, in its function, resembles digestive system multicellular animal?1) Golgi apparatus 2) mitochondrion 3) lysosome 4) nucleus
13. Transformation in a plant cell solar energy happens in1) core 2) shell 3) vacuole 4) chloroplasts
14. What is the name of the semi-liquid environment of the cell in which the nucleus is located? 1) vacuole 2) cytoplasm 3) lysosome 4) cell sap
15. Dissolves well in water1)fatty acid 2) metals 3) phospholipids 4) simple carbohydrates
16. The similarity between mushrooms and animals is that both mushrooms and animals1) reproduce by spores 2) lead a sedentary lifestyle
3) feed on ready-made organic substances 4) are always multicellular organisms 17.TO driving force evolution, biologists attribute1) the struggle for existence 2) diversity of species
3) the process of formation of species 4) adaptability
18. The protein molecule contains1) glucose and starch 2) glycerol and fatty acids 3) nucleotides 4) amino acids
19. Any living cell the body has the ability to1) independent movement2) formation of gametes 3) conduction of nerve impulses 4) metabolism
20. What gas do plants absorb during respiration?1) ozone 2) nitrogen 3) oxygen 4) carbon dioxide
21. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic of an organism and the kingdom for which this characteristic is characteristic. To do this, select a position from the second column for each element of the first column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.
SIGN OF THE KINGDOM
A) grow throughout life 1) Plants
B) actively move in space 2) Animals
C) feed on ready-made organic substances
D) form organic substances during photosynthesis
D) have sense organs
E) are the main supplier of oxygen on Earth
22. Insert into the text “Types of Cells” the missing terms from the proposed list, using numerical notations. Write down the numbers of the selected answers in the text, and then enter the resulting sequence of numbers (according to the text) in the table below.
TYPES OF CELLS
The first to appear on the path of historical development were organisms with small cells with a simple organization, ____(A). These prenuclear cells do not have a formalized__ (B). They contain only the nuclear zone containing___ (B) DNA. _____ (G) and blue-greens have such cells.1) multicellular animal
2) prokaryote
3) cytoplasm
4) ring molecule
5) core
6) one-celled animal
7)bacterium 8)eukaryote
23. Place in the correct order the points of the instructions for working with a fixed microscopic specimen of frog blood. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.1) draw a microscopic specimen of blood, make notations
2) clamp the blood product with the holder paws
3) place the blood microspecimen on the specimen table
4) looking through the eyepiece, adjust the light
5) slowly move the microscope tube closer to the blood microspecimen until you see a clear image of the frog’s blood
24. Indicate organelles that are characteristic only of plant cells. Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.1) endoplasmic reticulum
2) chloroplasts
3) cell membrane
4) core
5) ribosomes
6) central vacuole
25. What are the similarities between mushrooms and animals? Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.1) reproduce using spores
2) feed heterotrophically
3)consist of tissues and organs
4) form glycogen as a reserve substance
5) grow throughout life
6) do not have chloroplasts in cells
Keys:
Option 1.
