Lectures No. 10-11
Polynomial complex sentences (with several subordinate clauses)
Punctuation marks in complex sentences
Plan
1. Polynomial SPPs with subordinate clauses related to one main thing:
a) homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses;
b) heterogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
2. Polynomial NGN with sequential subordination.
3. Punctuation marks in NGN.
4. Parsing polynomial NGN.
Literature
1. Valgina N.S. Syntax of the modern Russian language: [Textbook. for universities for special purposes “Journalism”] / N.S. Valgina. – M.: Higher School, 1991. – 431 p.
2. Beloshapkova V.A. Modern Russian language: Syntax / V.A. Beloshapkova, V.N. Belousov, E.A. Bryzgunova. – M.: Azbukovnik, 2002. – 295 p.
3. Pospelov N.S. Complex sentence and its structural types / N.S. Pospelov // Questions of linguistics. – 1959. ‑ No. 2. – pp. 19-27
Complex sentences may have not one, but several subordinate clauses.
Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are two main types:
1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main sentence (homogeneous and heterogeneous, i.e. parallel subordination);
2) the first subordinate clause is attached to the main clause, the second – to the first subordinate clause, etc. (sequential subordination).
I. Subordinate clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.
Complex sentences with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
With this subordination, all subordinate clauses refer to the same word in the main part or to the entire main clause, answer the same question and belong to the same type of subordinate clause. Homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected to each other coordinating conjunctions or non-union (only with the help of intonation). The connections of homogeneous subordinate clauses with the main clause and among themselves resemble the connections of homogeneous members of the sentence.
For example:
[I came to you with greetings, tell What?], (that the sun has risen), (that it fluttered with hot light across the sheets). (A. Fet.)
[That , (who lives real life), (who has been accustomed to poetry since childhood),forever believes in the life-giving, full of reason Russian language]. (N. Zabolotsky.)
[At the end of May, the young bear was drawn to her family places which? ], ( where she was born) And ( where the months of childhood were so memorable).
In a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination, the second subordinate clause may lack a subordinating conjunction.
For example: ( If there is water) And ( there won't be a single fish in it), [I won't trust the water]. (M. Prishvin.) [ Let's shudder], (if suddenly a bird flies up) or ( an elk will trumpet in the distance). (Yu. Drunina.)
2. Complex sentences with heterogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses (or with parallel subordination). With this subordination, subordinate clauses include:
a) to different words the main sentence or one part to the entire main sentence, and the other to one of its words;
b) to one word or to the entire main sentence, but answer different questions and are different types subordinate clauses.
For example: ( When I have a new book in my hands), [I feel], (that something living, speaking, wonderful came into my life). (M. Gorky.)
(If we turn to the best examples prose), [then we'll make sure], (that they are full of true poetry). (K. Paustovsky.)
[From the world (which is called children's), the door leads into space], (where they have lunch and tea) (Chekhov).
II. Complex sentences with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
This type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses includes those in which subordinate clauses form a chain: the first subordinate clause refers to the main clause (clause of the 1st degree), the second subordinate clause refers to the subordinate clause of the 1st degree (clause of the 2nd degree), etc.
For example: [ The young Cossacks rode vaguely and held back their tears.], (because they were afraid of their father), (who was also somewhat embarrassed), (although I tried not to show it). (N. Gogol)
The specificity of subordinate parts is that each of them is subordinate in relation to the previous one and main in relation to the following one.
For example: Often in the fall I would closely watch the falling leaves to catch that imperceptible split second when a leaf separates from a branch and begins to fall to the ground.(Paustovsky).
With sequential subordination, one clause can be inside another; in this case there may be two nearby subordinating conjunction: what and if, what and when, what and so how, etc.
For example: [ The water came down so scary], (What, (when the soldiers ran below), raging streams were already flying after them) (M. Bulgakov).
There are also complex sentences with combined type subordination of subordinate clauses.
For example: ( When the chaise left the yard), [he (Chichikov) looked back and saw], (that Sobakevich was still standing on the porch and, it seemed, was looking closely, wanting to find out), (where will the guest go). (Gogol)
This is a complex sentence with parallel and sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
Having subordinate elements, they are divided into several groups. There are three of them in total. In speech there may be a complex expression with a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, heterogeneous (parallel) and sequential. Further in the article we will consider the features of one of these categories. What is a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses?
Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses (examples of such constructions will be given below) is an expression in which each part refers to the main element or to a specific word in it. Last option occurs if the additional component distributes only a certain part of the main one. Sentences with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses have a number of features. Thus, the spreading elements are of the same type, that is, they answer the same question. They are usually connected to each other by coordinating conjunctions. If they have an enumeration value, then the connection is non-union, just like with homogeneous members. This, in general, is what homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses means.
1. The quiet boys looked after the car /1 until it drove away beyond the intersection /2, until the dust it raised dissipated /3, until it itself turned into a ball of dust /4.
Once in the hospital, he recalled how they were suddenly attacked by the Nazis, and how everyone was surrounded, and how the detachment managed to get to their own.
3. If the conjunctions “whether... or” are used as repeating constructions (in the example it can be changed to whether), the homogeneous clauses associated with them are separated by a comma.
It was impossible to tell whether it was a fire or whether the moon was beginning to rise. - It was impossible to understand whether it was a fire, whether the moon was beginning to rise.
A sentence with numerous homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses is found in several variants. So, maybe together, for example. For this reason, when performing analysis, you do not need to immediately compose general scheme or rush to add punctuation marks.
Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses is analyzed according to a certain scheme.
1. When highlighting grammatical basics, count the number of simple elements included in the structure.
2. They designate all and allied words and, based on this, establish subordinate clauses and the main clause.
3. The main element is defined for all additional ones. As a result, pairs are formed: main-subordinate.
4. Based on construction vertical diagram the nature of the subordination of subordinate constructions is determined. It can be parallel, sequential, homogeneous, or combined.
5. Under construction horizontal diagram, based on which punctuation marks are placed.
Example: The dispute is that if your king is here for three days, then you are unconditionally obliged to carry out what I tell you, and if he does not stay, then I will carry out any order that you give me.
1. This complex sentence contains seven simple ones: The dispute is /1 that /2 if your king will be here for three days /3 then you are unconditionally obliged to carry out what /2 what I tell you /4 and / if he does not stay /5 then I will carry out any order /6 that you give me /7.
1) the dispute is;
2) if your king will be here for three days;
3) something... you are unconditionally obliged to do that;
4) what will I tell you;
5) if he doesn’t stay;
6) then any order will be carried out by me;
7) which you will give me.
2. The main clause is the first (the dispute is), the rest are subordinate clauses. Only the sixth sentence raises the question (then I will carry out any order).
3. This complex sentence is divided into the following pairs:
1->2: the dispute is that... then you are unconditionally obliged to do this;
2->3: you are unconditionally obliged to do this if your king is here for three days;
2->4: you are unconditionally obliged to do what I tell you;
6->5: I will carry out any order if it does not remain;
6->7: I will carry out any order you give me.
In the example given, it is somewhat difficult to understand what type of sixth sentence it is. In this situation, you need to look at the coordinating conjunction “a”. In a complex sentence, it, unlike the subordinating connective element, may not be located next to the sentence related to it. Based on this, it is necessary to understand what simple elements this union connects. For this purpose, only sentences containing oppositions are left, and the rest are removed. Such parts are 2 and 6. But since sentence 2 refers to subordinate clauses, then 6 must also be like that, since it is connected with 2 by a coordinating conjunction. It's easy to check. It is enough to insert a conjunction that has a sentence of 2 and connect it with 6 with the main one related to 2. Example: The dispute is that any order will be carried out by me. Based on this, we can say that in both cases there is a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, only in 6 the conjunction “what” is omitted.
It turns out that this sentence is complex with homogeneously related subordinate clauses (2 and 6 sentences), in parallel (3-4, 5-7) and sequentially (2-3, 2-4, 6-5, 6-7). To place punctuation marks, you need to determine the boundaries of simple elements. In this case, the possible combination of several unions at the border of proposals is taken into account.
Connecting sentences using subordinating conjunctions or allied (relative) words. Makar had not noticed before that it seemed to be dawning on the plain (Korolenko).
Since they are different, then this is parallel subordination. Are questions posed to subordinate clauses from one sentence or from different ones? Among the 712 sentences, find a COMPLEX SENTENCE with homogeneous subordinate clauses (7) The artist, who appears on stage, himself becomes a working instrument. Among sentences 6 7, find a complex sentence with a sequential connection. Find SPPs with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses 1. The whole difficulty is that the grain appears and that it falls into favorable conditions.
An IPP is a sentence, the parts of which are connected by subordinating conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions - what, because, if, although, so that, how, when, in order to, since and many others. The SPP with a comma at the junction of 2 conjunctions has a sequential subordination. From the main clause to the subordinate clause we always give a question. 3. The subordinate clause is always separated from the main clause by commas.
Combined submission. Homogeneous subordinate clauses, like homogeneous members, have same value, answer the same question and depend on one word in the main clause. It should be borne in mind that when homogeneous subordination subordinate clauses, it is possible to omit a conjunction or conjunction in the second (third) subordinate clause.
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive). 2. Indicate the type of sentence based on emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
Much more often in texts there are sentences of three or more parts in which several subordinate clauses are used. We use arrows to show where exactly we are asking the question to the subordinate clause (from the end of the previous part, from the beginning or from the middle). From this diagram it is clear that the second part breaks the first, since the question is asked from the middle of the main sentence. In this example, the homogeneity of the parts is established simply: between them there is the union AND, while in both parts the union HOW is repeated. Pay attention to punctuation with homogeneous clauses. In previous sentences, subordinate clauses were joined using the same conjunctions.
And on this day, when the count had already left, Alexander tried to find a moment to talk with Nadenka alone (A. Goncharov). Having said hello, dad said that he would beat us up in the village, that we had stopped being little and that it was time for us to study seriously (L.N. Tolstoy).
It consists of three ordinary sentences: the 1st is the main one, the others are additional clauses. In this sentence there is a combination of subordinating conjunctions at the junction of sentences 2 and 3 (which is the case). In addition, the coordinating conjunction a, which refers to sentence 6, comes before sentence 5, forming a combination of conjunctions with the subordinating conjunction in that case (and in that case). By general rules they must be separated by commas, but what follows is the 2nd part of the double conjunction in that case... What are the rules for placing punctuation symbols in a complex sentence? What are the conditions for the inevitable division of a compound conjunction in a complex sentence? Where can I find exercises on the topic “Complex sentences”?
Read the sentence carefully, identify the grammatical basics in it and indicate the boundaries of the predicative parts ( simple sentences). Establish semantic connections between parts: to do this, first find the main one, then ask question(s) from it to the subordinate clause(s). 2. The sentence consists of five parts, connected using a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses. 13. Analyze complex polynomial sentences with subordinating connection. I'm trying to instill a love for complex sentences and children. I say that you can give one sentence for analysis and understand how well the student knows Syntax.
First, let's practice drawing up IPS diagrams with one subordinate clause. The prefixes in the word “position” already contain an indication of the place of the subordinate clause in the sentence. Let us explain that complex sentences there may be various cases of complications in the text, and if you don't recognize them, you may get confused, so we will explain these complications in each example. If there were more than two subordinate clauses with a similar structure, then one of the LI conjunctions would be omitted to avoid repetition. Why? Because, perhaps, these people were close to her, from the same circle as her... And Vorotov felt a terrible gap between himself and this circle. Four books have already been translated, but Vorotov knows nothing except the word “memoires,” and when he is asked about his scientific work, he waves his hand and, without answering the question, starts talking about the weather.
You will learn about all this in the lesson. Exercises, tests and simulators must be completed not only in order to master the topic, but also as a means of repeating the “Complex Sentence” section. We ask a question from the main part: sad to think about what? that youth was given to us in vain. The 1st subordinate clause is explanatory. One more question from the main one: what kind of thirst? which burns me – adjective attribute. But we are already asking the question from the subordinate measure and degree. We ask questions: which one? who in his youth did not bind himself with strong ties to an external and wonderful cause, or at least to honest and useful work - a pronominal clause. The next question: can he consider his youth lost without a trace, no matter what? no matter how merrily she passed - a subordinate clause of concession.
Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses There are two main types: 1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main sentence; 2) the first subordinate clause is attached to the main clause, the second - to the first subordinate clause, etc.
I. Subordinate clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can be homogeneous And heterogeneous.
1. Homogeneous subordinate clauses, like homogeneous members, they have the same meaning, answer the same question and depend on one word in the main clause. Homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions or without conjunctions (only with the help of intonation). For example:
1) [But sad to think], (which is in vain was us youth is given), (What cheated to her all the time), (that deceived us she)... (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (conjunction What),(union What),(union What)...
2) [Dersu said], (What these are not clouds, but fog) So what Tomorrow it will be a sunny day and even hot) (V. Arsenyev).[verb], (what) and (what).
The connection of homogeneous subordinate clauses with the main clause is called homogeneous subordination.
It should be borne in mind that with a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, it is possible to omit a conjunction or conjunction in the second (third) subordinate clause, for example:
(Where is the cheerful the sickle was walking) And ( the ear fell), [now everything is empty] (F. Tyutchev).(where) and ("), ["].
2. Heterogeneous clauses have different meanings, answer different questions, or depend on different words in a sentence. For example:
(If I have hundred lives), [ they wouldn't satisfy all thirst for knowledge], ( which burns me) (V. Bryusov)- (union If),[noun], (v. word which).
The connection of heterogeneous subordinate clauses with the main clause is called parallel subordination.
II. The second type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are those in which the subordinate clauses form a chain: the first subordinate clause refers to the main clause (clause of the 1st degree), the second subordinate clause refers to the subordinate clause of the 1st degree (clause of the 2nd degree) etc. For example:
[She was horrified"], (When found out), (that the letter was carried father) (F. Dostoevsky)- , (With. When verb.), (p. What).
This connection is called consistent submission.
With sequential subordination, one clause can be inside another; in this case, two subordinating conjunctions may appear side by side: What And just in case And when that And because etc. (for punctuation marks at the junction of conjunctions, see the section “Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with two or more subordinate clauses”). For example:
[The water collapsed so scary], (what, (when the soldiers fled below), after them already were flying raging streams) (M. Bulgakov).
[uk.sl. so + adv.], (what, (when),").
In complex sentences with three or more subordinate clauses, there may be more complex combinations of subordinate clauses, for example:
(Who in young age didn't connect yourself with strong connections with an external and wonderful cause, or at least with simple, but honest and useful work), [ he can count your youth lost without a trace], (as if cheerfully she neither passed) and how many would pleasant memories she neither left).
(who), [pronoun], (however), (however). (Complex sentence with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination).
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Indicate the type of sentence based on emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.
4. Draw up a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) questions from the main to the subordinate clauses, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is a verb), characterize the means of communication (conjunctions or allied words), determine the types of subordinate clauses (definitive, explanatory and etc.).
5. Determine the type of subordination of subordinate clauses (uniform, parallel, sequential).
Sample analysis of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
1) [You look at the pale green sky, strewn with stars, (on which there is not a cloud or spot), and you'll understand], (why is summer warm air immovable), (why nature is on alert) (A. Chekhov).
[noun, (sel. on which), verb.], (sel. Why),(sel. Why).
will determine. will explain. will explain.
Declarative, non-exclamative, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination: 1st subordinate clause - attributive clause (clause depends on the noun sky, answers the question which?, on which); 2nd and 3rd subordinate clauses - explanatory clauses (depending on the verb you'll understand answer the question What?, join with a conjunctive word Why).
2) [Any the person knows], (what should he have to do not that, ( what divides him with people), otherwise), ( what connects him with them) (L. Tolstoy).
[verb], (conjunction What locality, (village) What), places.), (s.ate.what).
will explain. local-determined local-determined
Declarative, non-exclamative, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with sequential and parallel subordination: 1st subordinate clause - explanatory clause (depending on the verb knows answers the question What?, joins the union What), 2nd and 3rd clauses - pronominal clauses (each of them depends on the pronoun That, answers the question which one?, joins with a conjunctive word What).
Non-union complex sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of conjunctions or allied words: [Habit from above to us given]: [replacement happiness she](A. Pushkin).
The semantic relations between simple sentences in conjunctions and are expressed in different ways. In allied sentences, conjunctions take part in their expression, so the semantic relationships here are more definite and clear. For example, union So expresses the consequence because- the reason, If- condition, however- opposition, etc.
The semantic relationships between simple sentences are expressed less clearly than in a conjunction. In terms of semantic relationships, and often in intonation, some are closer to complex ones, others - to complex ones. However, it is often the same non-union complex sentence in meaning it can be similar to both a compound and a complex sentence. Wed, for example: The spotlights came on- it became light all around; The spotlights came on and it became light all around; When the spotlights came on, it became light all around.
Meaningful relations in non-union complex sentences depend on the content of the simple sentences included in them and are expressed in oral speech intonation, and in writing with various punctuation marks (see section “Punctuation marks in non-union complex sentence»).
IN non-union complex sentences possible the following types semantic relations between simple sentences (parts):
I. Enumerative(some facts, events, phenomena are listed):
[I_ did not see you for a whole week], [I haven't heard you for a long time] (A. Chekhov) -, .
Such non-union complex sentences approach complex sentences with a connecting conjunction And.
Like the compound sentences synonymous with them, non-union complex sentences can express the value 1) simultaneity listed events and 2) their sequences.
1) \ Bemep howled plaintively and quietly], [in the darkness the horses neighed], [from the camp swam tender and passionate song- thought] (M. Gorky) -,,.
stirred ], [fluttered up half asleep bird] (V. Garshin)- ,.
Non-union complex sentences with enumerative relations may consist of two sentences, or may include three or more simple sentences.
II. Causal(the second sentence reveals the reason for what is said in the first):
[I unhappy]: [every day guests] (A. Chekhov). Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex subordinates with subordinate clauses.
III. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the first):
1) [Items were lost your form]: [ everything merged first into a gray, then into a dark mass] (I. Goncharov)-
2) [Like all Moscow residents, yours Father is like that]: [I would like he is a son-in-law with stars and ranks] (A. Griboyedov)-
Such non-union sentences are synonymous with sentences with an explanatory conjunction namely.
IV. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the word in the first part that has the meaning of speech, thought, feeling or perception, or a word that indicates these processes: listened, looked, looked back and so on.; in the second case we can talk about skipping words like see, hear and so on.):
1) [Nastya during the story I remembered]: [from yesterday remained whole untouched cast iron boiled potatoes] (M. Prishvin)- :.
2) [I came to my senses, Tatyana looks]: [bear No]... (A. Pushkin)- :.
Such non-conjunctive sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with explanatory clauses (I remembered that...; looks (and sees that)...).
V. Comparative and adversative relations (the content of the second sentence is compared with the content of the first or contrasted with it):
1) [All happy family looks like and each other], [each unhappy family but in my own way] (L. Tolstoy)- ,.
2) [Rank followed to him]- [he suddenly left] (A. Griboyedov)- - .
Such non-union complex sentences synonymous compound sentences with adversative conjunctions a, but.
VI. Conditional-temporary(the first sentence indicates the time or condition for the implementation of what is said in the second):
1) [Do you like to ride] - [love and sleigh carry] (proverb)- - .
2) [See you with Gorky]- [talk with him] (A. Chekhov)--.
Such sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with subordinate clauses of condition or time.
VII. Consequences(the second sentence states the consequence of what is said in the first):
[Small the rain is falling since morning]- [it's impossible to get out] (I. Turgenev)- ^TT
Lecture 75 Types of subordination of subordinate clauses
This lecture discusses the main types of complex sentences with several subordinate clauses.
This lecture discusses the main types of complex sentences with several subordinate clauses.
Lecture outline
In lectures 73 and 74 we talked about complex sentences and different types of subordinate clauses, but mostly we paid attention only to sentences with one subordinate clause. Much more often in texts there are sentences of three or more parts in which several subordinate clauses are used.
Depending on how these subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause, complex sentences (CSS) are divided into:
1) SPP with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses;
2) SPP with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses;
3) SPP with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses;
4) SPP with various types subordination of subordinate clauses.
Let's analyze the proposal:
We use arrows to show where exactly we are asking the question to the subordinate clause (from the end of the previous part, from the beginning or from the middle). In this sentence, we ask a question to both subordinate clauses from the end of the previous part.
Let's look at a few more sentences with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
From this diagram it is clear that the second part breaks the first, since the question is asked from the middle of the main sentence.
I would like to draw attention to another type of complex sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses. This case is quite complicated, so pay special attention to it.
[I thought] 1, (that later it would be difficult for me to free myself from his guardianship) 2, (if at this decisive moment I did not argue with the old man) 3.
Now try to draw diagrams of several sentences yourself. To do this you need to drag various elements from bottom margin to the table.
1) She wrote to him that she decided to speed up her departure from Dresden, because her aunt’s health had completely improved.
2) Mechik could not believe that Levinson was really the way Chizh portrayed him.
3) She looked at him as one looks at a person in whom they saw something that they had long expected.
About homogeneous we say subordination of subordinate clauses if in a complex sentence all subordinate clauses
Let's look at a few examples.
In other cases, the homogeneous nature of the subordinate clauses may not be so obvious:
[She went with him, pleased] 1, (that she pleased him) 2 and (now she can stay on the shore and take a break from the babysitting of the bored Pavlik) 2.
Between homogeneous subordinate clauses there is a connecting conjunction, but in the second subordinate clause the conjunctive means (the conjunction THAT) is omitted, but it can easily be restored:
[For the medieval reader it is primarily important] (what the work is dedicated to) and (by whom it was created).
Now try to assemble complex sentences with uniform subordination of subordinate clauses from scattered simple sentences. Pay attention to the meaning of the sentence.
Parallel (non-uniform) subordination of subordinate clauses occurs in two cases:
Let's look at both cases with examples.
(Since we never kept birds) 1, [then I realized] 2, (that this cage belongs to the new tenant) 3.
In this sentence, the main part is the second part, both subordinate clauses depend on the same word, but at the same time they are different in meaning: part 1 is a subordinate clause of reason, and part 3 is an explanatory clause. Let us now depict this proposal schematically.
Please note that the scheme is very similar to the scheme of a complex sentence with homogeneous subordinate clauses, but the questions asked are different.
Now consider a sentence with subordinate clauses that are identical in meaning, but refer to different words of the main part.
Both subordinate clauses in this sentence are explanatory, connected by the same conjunctions, but at the same time depend on different words.
Indicate the numbers of complex sentences with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. If the answer is incorrect, be sure to read the pop-up comment.
| Date: 2010-05-22 10:47:52 | Views: 25279 |
