Only in the third quarter do ninth-graders become familiar with the topic “Types of subordination of subordinate clauses in complex sentences,” but they prepare for the exam from the beginning of the school year.
Let's try to figure out task 13 in the test part of the OGE. To observe, let us turn to the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Dear Lessons".
Let us recall the wording of this task: “Among the sentences___, find a complex sentence chomogeneous subordination. Write the number of this offer." Instead of words highlighted in bold style, there may be the following words: “ with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination" or " with sequential subordination».
Let's decide on symbols, which will help us in analyzing the structure of a complex sentence (abbreviated SPP). To highlight the main part we use square brackets, for the subordinate part - round brackets (). We will begin to draw up both linear and vertical proposal diagrams.
First, let's practice drawing up WBS diagrams with one subordinate clause. Please note that the position of the subordinate clause can be different: preposition, interposition and postposition. The prefixes in the word "position" already contain an indication of the place of the subordinate clause in the sentence.
Let's look at examples.
1. Preposition of the adverbial clause of the goal: (To make breathing easier) 1, [it always works in nightgown] 2 .
2. Interposition of the adverbial subordinate tense: [The next day in the evening, (when the clock showed five minutes to seven) 2, Alisa Osipovna came] 1.
3. Postposition of the adverbial subordinate tense: [Vorotov felt this strongly] 1, (when, having left the university with a candidate’s degree, he took up small scientific work) 2.
In the first example, we found the subordinate clause at the beginning of the sentence, in the second - in the middle, in the third - at the end of the sentence.
Let us explain that complex sentences in the text can have various cases of complications, and if you do not recognize them, you may get confused, so we will explain these complications in each example. Thus, in the third sentence the subordinate clause is complicated by a separate circumstance expressed participial phrase(abbreviated to DO).
Determine whether there are any types of complications in the following three examples. What position does the subordinate clause occupy in them?
2) Her facial expression was cold, businesslike, like that of a person who came to talk about money.
3) If this strange proposal had been made to a minor, she would probably have gotten angry and shouted.
You should have noticed that in the first two sentences the subordinate clause is in postposition, and in the last example it is in preposition.
So, let's test our powers of observation.
2. [The expression on her face was cold, businesslike, like a person] 1, (who came to talk about money) 2.
3. (If this strange proposal had been made to a minor) 1, [then, probably, she I'd be angry And shouted] 2 .
Linear circuits very comfortable.
Now let's find out what types of complications we encountered here. The first sentence has a separate application, expressed by a proper noun, and homogeneous predicates. In the second - isolated circumstance, expressed by comparative turnover, and homogeneous definitions are in the main part. And finally, the third sentence has an introductory word and homogeneous predicates in the main part.
We will not introduce all of these complications into the diagrams, since only homogeneous predicates play the main role in the structure of the IPP, but we will still keep them in mind.
Now let's get acquainted with the types of subordination in NGN, which have several subordinate clauses.
It is difficult to say exactly which type is more common; most likely, various combinations and mixed cases are possible, when several types of subordination can be in one SPP. But you won’t see such examples on the exam.
Let's analyze the proposal:
And he also asked her if she wanted tea or coffee, if the weather was good outside.
In this sentence, from the main part to two explanatory subordinate clauses we ask the same question “about what?”, these subordinate clauses can easily be swapped with each other, they are very similar to homogeneous members of the sentence and are connected to the main part using the conjunction LI.
[And he also asked her] 1, (would she like tea or coffee) 2 , (is the weather good outside) 3 .
To compare the two types of schemes, we offer both: linear and vertical.
SPP SCHEME with homogeneous subordination:
This method of subordination is usually called homogeneous. If there were more than two subordinate clauses with a similar structure, then one of the LI conjunctions would be omitted to avoid repetition. But it is very easy to restore it.
Let's consider another proposal:
Now we find the main and subordinate parts and draw up diagrams.
[One winter afternoon, (when Vorotov sat in my office and have worked) 2, the footman reported] 1, (that some young lady was asking him) 3.
SPP SCHEME with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination:
Here, from the main part, we ask two different questions: the footman reported “when?” and “about what?” The subordinate parts are no longer homogeneous, they have different meaning: one of them is adverbial tense, the other explanatory. This method is called parallel.
Now let's look at the last example.
Only once did bewilderment flash across her face when she learned that she had been invited to teach not children, but an adult, fat man.
We come to the conclusion that subordinate clauses also answer different questions: there was a flash of bewilderment “when?”, she found out “about what?”. We ask these questions not from the main part, but sequentially: from the first subordinate clause to the second subordinate clause.
[Only once did bewilderment flash across her face] 1, (when she found out) 2, (that she was invited to teach not children, A adult, fat man) 3 .
NGN SCHEME with sequential subordination:
This method of submission is called sequential.
For self-examination, we offer five suggestions. Please note that you may encounter a mixed type of subordination if there are more than two subordinate parts.
Self-test
1) Alisa Osipovna, with a cold, business-like expression, answered him that she had completed a course at a private boarding school and had the rights of a home teacher, that her father had recently died of scarlet fever, her mother was alive and making flowers...
2) She apologized and said that she could only study for half an hour, since she would go straight from class to the ball.
3) And Vorotov, looking at her embarrassment, realized how dear the ruble was to her and how hard it would be for her to lose this income.
4) She, apparently, did not want her gentlemen to know that she had students and that she gave lessons out of necessity.
Clue!
Here the conjunctions are highlighted in color, and all complications are in italics:
1. [Alice Osipovna with cold, businesslike answered him with an expression] 1, (that she completed a course in a private boarding school) 2 and (has the rights of a home teacher) 3, (that her father recently died of scarlet fever) 4, (her mother is alive ) 5 and (makes flowers) 6...
2. [She apologized And said] 1, (that he can only study for half an hour) 2, (since he will go straight from class to the ball) 3.
3. [And Vorotov, looking at her embarrassment, understood] 1, (how dear the ruble was to her) 2 and (how hard it would be for her to lose this income) 3.
4. [Hey, apparently, didn’t want] 1, (for her gentlemen to know) 2, (that she has students) 3 and (that she gives lessons out of necessity) 4.
Now let's re-read the entire story.
For an educated person, ignorance of languages is a great inconvenience. Vorotov felt this strongly when, having left the university with a candidate’s degree, he began doing small scientific work.
It's horrible! - he said breathlessly (despite his twenty-six years, he is plump, heavy and suffers from shortness of breath). - It's horrible! Without tongues I am like a bird without wings. Just quit your job.
And he decided at all costs to overcome his innate laziness and study French and German languages and began to look for teachers.
One winter afternoon, when Vorotov was sitting in his office and working, the footman reported that some young lady was asking him.
Ask,” said Vorotov.
And a young lady, exquisitely dressed in the latest fashion, entered the office. She introduced herself as a teacher French, Alisa Osipovna Anket, and said that she was sent to Vorotov by one of his friends.
Very nice! Sit down! - said Vorotov, gasping and covering the collar of his nightgown with his palm. (To make it easier to breathe, he always works in a nightgown.) - Pyotr Sergeich sent you to me? Yes, yes... I asked him... I'm very glad!
While negotiating with Mlle Anket, he looked at her shyly and curiously. She was a real, very graceful Frenchwoman, still very young. Judging by her pale and languid face, short curly hair and unnaturally thin waist, she could be given no more than 18 years old; looking at her broad, well-developed shoulders, beautiful back and stern eyes, Vorotov thought that she was probably at least 23 years old, perhaps even 25; but then again it began to seem that she was only 18. The expression on her face was cold, businesslike, like that of a person who had come to talk about money. She never smiled, did not frown, and only once did bewilderment flash across her face, when she learned that she had been invited to teach not children, but an adult, fat man.
So, Alisa Osipovna,” Vorotov told her, “we will study every day from seven to eight in the evening. As for your desire to receive a ruble per lesson, I have nothing to object to. For a ruble - so for a ruble...
And he also asked her if she wanted tea or coffee, whether the weather was good outside, and, smiling good-naturedly, stroking the cloth on the table with his palm, he friendly inquired who she was, where she graduated from her course and how she lived.
Alisa Osipovna, with a cold, businesslike expression, answered him that she had completed a course in a private boarding school and had the rights of a home teacher, that her father had recently died of scarlet fever, her mother was alive and making flowers, that she, Mlle Anket, was studying in a private school until lunchtime. boarding house, and after lunch, until the evening, walks around good houses and gives lessons.
She left, leaving behind a light, very delicate smell women's dress. Vorotov did not work for a long time, but sat at the table, stroking the green cloth with his palms and thinking.
“It’s very nice to see girls earning a piece of bread for themselves,” he thought. - On the other hand, it is very unpleasant to see that poverty does not spare even such graceful and pretty girls as this Alisa Osipovna, and she also has to fight for existence. Trouble!..”
He, who had never seen virtuous French women, also thought that this elegantly dressed Alisa Osipovna, with well-developed shoulders and an exaggerated expression thin waist, in all likelihood, besides lessons, he is doing something else.
The next day in the evening, when the clock showed five minutes to seven, Alisa Osipovna came, pink from the cold; She opened the Margot, which she had brought with her, and began without any preamble:
French grammar has twenty-six letters. The first letter is called A, the second B...
“I’m sorry,” Vorotov interrupted her, smiling. - I must warn you, mademoiselle, that for me personally you will have to slightly change your method. The fact is that I know Russian, Latin and Greek languages... studied comparative linguistics, and it seems to me that we can, bypassing Margot, directly start reading some author.
And he explained to the French woman how adults learn languages.
“One of my acquaintances,” he said, “wanting to learn new languages, put the French, German and Latin gospels in front of him, read them in parallel, and painstakingly parsed every word, and so what? He achieved his goal in less than one year. We will do the same. Let's take some author and read.
The Frenchwoman looked at him in bewilderment. Apparently, Vorotov’s proposal seemed very naive and absurd to her. If this strange proposal had been made to a minor, then she would probably have gotten angry and shouted, but since there was an adult and very fat man here, who could not be shouted at, she just shrugged her shoulders barely noticeably and said:
As you wish.
Vorotov rummaged through his bookcase and took out a tattered French book from there.
Is this any good? - he asked.
Doesn't matter.
In that case, let's get started. God bless. Let's start with the title... Memoires.
Memories,” mlle Anket translated.
Memories... - Vorotov repeated. Smiling good-naturedly and breathing heavily, he fiddled with the word memoires for a quarter of an hour and the same amount with the word de, and this tired Alisa Osipovna. She answered questions sluggishly, was confused and, apparently, did not understand her student well and did not try to understand. Vorotov asked her questions, and meanwhile he looked at her blond head and thought: “Her hair is not naturally curly, it curls. Marvelous! He works from morning to night and still manages to curl his hair.”
Exactly at eight o'clock she got up and, saying the dry, cold “au revoir, monsieur” (goodbye, sir - French), left the office, and that gentle, subtle, exciting smell was left behind. The student again did nothing for a long time, sat at the table and thought.
In the days that followed, he became convinced that his teacher was a sweet, serious and neat young lady, but that she was very uneducated and did not know how to teach adults; and he decided not to waste time, part with her and invite another teacher. When she came for the seventh time, he took an envelope with seven rubles from his pocket and, holding it in his hands, became very embarrassed and began like this:
Sorry, Alisa Osipovna, but I have to tell you... I’ve been put in a difficult situation...
Looking at the envelope, the Frenchwoman guessed what was the matter, and for the first time during all the lessons, her face trembled, and the cold, businesslike expression disappeared. She blushed slightly and, lowering her eyes, began nervously fingering her thin gold chain. And Vorotov, looking at her embarrassment, realized how dear the ruble was to her and how hard it would be for her to lose this income.
“I have to tell you...” he muttered, becoming even more embarrassed, and something sank in his chest; he hastily put the envelope in his pocket and continued:
Sorry, I... I'll leave you for ten minutes...
And pretending that he did not want to refuse her at all, but only asked permission to leave her for a while, he went into another room and sat there for ten minutes. And then he returned even more embarrassed; he realized that this departure of his a short time she could explain it in her own way, and he felt awkward.
Lessons started again.
Vorotov worked without any desire. Knowing that no good would come of the lessons, he gave the Frenchwoman complete freedom, without asking her anything or interrupting her. She translated, as she wanted, ten pages into one lesson, but he did not listen, breathed heavily, and with nothing to do, looked at her curly head, then at her neck, then at her delicate white hands, inhaling the smell of her dress...
He caught himself thinking bad thoughts, and he felt ashamed, or he was touched, and then he felt sadness and annoyance because she behaved with him so coldly, matter-of-factly, as with a student, without smiling and as if afraid that he might touch to her by accident. He kept thinking: how could he instill confidence in her, get to know her briefly, then help her, let her understand how badly she teaches, poor thing.
Alisa Osipovna once came to class in an elegant pink dress with a small neckline, and such a scent came from her that it seemed as if she was shrouded in a cloud, as if you only had to blow on her and she would fly or dissipate like smoke. She apologized and said that she could only study for half an hour, since she would go straight from class to the ball.
He looked at her neck and at her back, bare near the neck, and it seemed to him that he understood why French women have a reputation for being frivolous and easily falling creatures; he was drowning in this cloud of aromas, beauty, nudity, and she, not knowing his thoughts and probably not at all interested in them, quickly turned over the pages and translated at full speed:
“He was walking on the street and met a gentleman of his acquaintance and said: “Where are you rushing, seeing your face so pale, it hurts me.”
Memoires had long been finished, and now Alice was translating some other book. Once she came to class an hour earlier, excusing herself by saying that she had to go to the Maly Theater at seven o’clock. After seeing her off after class, Vorotov got dressed and also went to the theater. He went, as it seemed to him, only to relax and have fun, and he had no thoughts about Alice. He could not allow a serious person, preparing for an academic career, difficult to climb, to give up his job and go to the theater only to meet there with an unfamiliar, not smart, little intelligent girl...
But for some reason, during intermissions, his heart began to beat; without noticing it, the boy ran around the foyer and along the corridors, impatiently looking for someone; and he became bored when the intermission ended; and when he saw the familiar pink dress and beautiful shoulders under the tulle, his heart sank, as if from a premonition of happiness, he smiled joyfully and for the first time in his life experienced a jealous feeling.
Alice was walking with some two ugly students and an officer. She laughed, spoke loudly, apparently flirted; Vorotov had never seen her like this. Obviously, she was happy, content, sincere, warm. From what? Why? Because, perhaps, these people were close to her, from the same circle as her... And Vorotov felt a terrible gap between himself and this circle. He bowed to his teacher, but she nodded coldly to him and quickly walked past; she, apparently, did not want her gentlemen to know that she had students and that she gave lessons out of necessity.
After meeting at the theater, Vorotov realized that he was in love... During the next lessons, devouring his graceful teacher with his eyes, he no longer fought with himself, but gave full speed to his pure and impure thoughts. Alisa Osipovna’s face never ceased to be cold, at exactly eight o’clock every evening she calmly said “au revoir, monsieur,” and he felt that she was indifferent to him and would remain indifferent and his situation was hopeless.
Sometimes in the middle of a lesson he began to dream, hope, make plans, mentally composed a love declaration, remembered that French women are frivolous and pliable, but it was enough for him to look at the teacher’s face for his thoughts to instantly go out, like a candle goes out when there is a wind in the countryside. you take it out to the terrace. Once he, drunk, lost in delirium, could not stand it and, blocking her path when she was leaving the office after class in the hallway, choking and stuttering, began to declare his love:
You are dear to me! I... I love you! Let me speak!
And Alice turned pale - probably from fear, realizing that after this explanation she would no longer be able to come here and receive a ruble for a lesson; she made frightened eyes and whispered loudly:
Oh, this is impossible! Don't talk, please! It is forbidden!
And then Vorotov did not sleep all night, tormented by shame, scolding himself, thinking intensely. It seemed to him that with his explanation he had insulted the girl, that she would no longer come to him.
He decided to find out her address in the address table in the morning and write her a letter of apology. But Alice came without a letter. At first she felt awkward, but then she opened the book and began to translate quickly and smartly, as always:
- “Oh, young master, don’t tear up these flowers in my garden that I want to give to my sick daughter...”
She still walks today. Four books have already been translated, but Vorotov knows nothing except the word “memoires,” and when he is asked about his scientific work, he waves his hand and, without answering the question, starts talking about the weather.
Complex sentences may have not one, but several subordinate clauses.
Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are of two main types:
1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main clause;
2) the first subordinate clause is attached to the main clause, the second - to the first subordinate clause, etc.
I. Subordinate clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.
1. Complex sentences with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
With this subordination, all subordinate clauses refer to one word in the main clause or to the entire main clause, answer the same question and belong to the same type of subordinate clause. Homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions or without conjunctions (only with the help of intonation). Connections of homogeneous subordinate clauses with the main clause and among themselves resemble connections homogeneous members offers.
For example:
[I came to you with greetings, to tell you], (that the sun has risen), (that it fluttered with hot light across the sheets). (A. Fet.)
[That, (who lives real life), (who has been accustomed to poetry since childhood),forever believes in the life-giving, full of reason Russian language]. (N. Zabolotsky.)
[At the end of May, the young bear was drawn to her native place], (where she was born) And ( where the months of childhood were so memorable).
In a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination, the second subordinate clause may lack a subordinating conjunction.
For example: ( If there is water) And ( there won't be a single fish in it), [I won't trust the water]. (M. Prishvin.) [ Let's shudder], (if suddenly a bird flies up) or ( elk will trumpet in the distance). (Yu. Drunina.)
2. Complex sentences with heterogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses (or with parallel subordination). With this subordination, the subordinate clauses include:
a) to different words of the main sentence or one part to the entire main sentence, and the other to one of its words;
b) to one word or to the entire main sentence, but answer different questions and are different types subordinate clauses.
For example: ( When I have a new book in my hands), [I feel], (that something living, speaking, wonderful came into my life). (M. Gorky.)
(If we turn to the best examples prose), [then we'll make sure], (that they are full of true poetry). (K. Paustovsky.)
[From the world (which is called nursery), the door leads into space], (where they have lunch and tea) (Chekhov).
II. Complex sentences with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
This type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses includes those in which subordinate clauses form a chain: the first subordinate clause refers to the main clause (clause of the 1st degree), the second subordinate clause refers to the subordinate clause of the 1st degree (clause of the 2nd degree), etc.
For example: [ The young Cossacks rode vaguely and held back their tears.], (because they were afraid of their father), (who was also somewhat embarrassed), (although I tried not to show it). (N. Gogol)
The specificity of subordinate parts is that each of them is subordinate in relation to the previous one and main in relation to the following one.
For example: Often in the fall I closely watched the falling leaves to catch that imperceptible split second when the leaf separates from the branch and begins to fall to the ground.(Paustovsky).
With sequential subordination, one clause can be inside another; in this case there may be two nearby subordinating conjunction: what and if, what and when, what and so how, etc.
For example: [ The water came down so scary], (What, (when the soldiers ran below), raging streams were already flying after them) (M. Bulgakov).
There are also complex sentences with combined type subordination of subordinate clauses.
For example: ( When the chaise left the yard), [he (Chichikov) looked back and saw], (that Sobakevich was still standing on the porch and, it seemed, was looking closely, wanting to find out), (where will the guest go). (Gogol)
This is a complex sentence with parallel and sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
A comma is placed between homogeneous subordinate clauses not connected by coordinating conjunctions.
For example: I realized that I was lying in bed , that I'm sick , that I was only delirious.(Cupr.)
I envy those who spent their lives in battle , who defended a great idea.(EU)
We remember the great hour when the guns fell silent for the first time , when all the people met victory both in the cities and in every village.(Isak.)
Comma not placed between homogeneous subordinate clauses connected by a single connecting conjunction (regardless of whether there is a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word with both subordinate clauses or only with the first).
For example: I believe that nothing passes without a trace and that every smallest step we take matters for our present and future life.(Ch.)
The militia brought Prince Andrei to the forest where the trucks were parked and where there was a dressing station.(L.T.)
When the rain began to fall and everything around sparkled, we followed the path... came out of the forest.(M.P.).
When repeating coordinating conjunctions, a comma is placed between subordinate clauses.
For example: Everyone found out that the lady had arrived, and that Kapitonich let her in , and that she is now in the nursery...(L.T.).
Unions either... or when connecting predicative parts of a complex sentence, they are considered repeating, and homogeneous subordinate clauses are separated by a comma, which is placed before or.
For example: Whether there were weddings in the city, or someone cheerfully celebrating name days, Pyotr Mikhailovich always talked about it with pleasure.(Writing).
If not homogeneous subordination subordinate clauses are separated or separated by commas.
For example: As soon as the heat passed, the forest began to get cold and dark so quickly that I didn’t want to stay in it.(T.)
Anyone who has not experienced the excitement of the barely audible breathing of a sleeping young woman will not understand what tenderness is. (Paust.).
With sequential and mixed subordination, a comma is placed between subordinate clauses according to the same rules as between the main and subordinate clauses.
For example: If only our wanderers could be under their own roof , if only they could know , what happened to Grisha.(Necr.)
Helen smiled with such a look , who spoke , that she did not allow the possibility , so that anyone can see her and not be admired.(L.T.)
Any , who in life fought for the happiness of being yourself , knows , that the strength and success of this struggle depend on confidence , with which the seeker goes to the goal(M.P.)
A comma is placed between two adjacent subordinating conjunctions or between a conjunctive word and a subordinating conjunction, as well as when a coordinating and subordinating conjunction meets, if the internal subordinate clause is not followed by the second part of the double conjunction this or that.
For example: The bear fell in love with Nikita so much that , When he went somewhere, the animal anxiously sniffed the air.(M.G.)
We were warned that , If If the weather is bad, the excursion will not take place.
The night is over and , When the sun rose, all nature came to life.
The removal of the second (internal) part here does not require the restructuring of the first subordinate part.
If the subordinate clause is followed by the second part of a complex conjunction then, so, then a comma is not placed between the preceding two conjunctions.
For example: The blind man knew that the sun was looking into the room and that if he stretched his hand out the window, dew would fall from the bushes.(Cor.)
I thought that if at this decisive moment I did not out-argue the old man, then later it would be difficult for me to free myself from his tutelage.(P.).
Removing or rearranging the subordinate clause (if he reaches out his hand through the window and if at this decisive moment I don’t argue with the old man) is impossible, since parts of the double conjunction something will be nearby.
Between the subordinate clause (group of subordinate clauses) and the subsequent one main part offers Maybeput a dash , if a subordinate clause or a group of subordinate clauses preceding the main clause is pronounced with logical emphasis on an informatively important word and with a deep pause before the main part (usually this is how subordinate explanatory clauses are distinguished, less often - conditional, concessive, etc.).
For example: Where did Nelidova go?- Natasha didn’t know(Paust.); And if you look at them for a long time– the rocks began to move and crumble(Ast.); Did he call them, did they come on their own?– Nejdanov never found out...(T.).
A dash is placed also between the subordinate clause and main parts in similarly constructed parallel complex sentences.
For example: He who is cheerful laughs, he who wants will achieve it, he who seeks will always find!(OK.).
A dash is placed after the subordinate clause standing before the main clause, if it contains the words this, here, and also if the subordinate clause is an incomplete sentence.
For example: That she is an honest person is clear to me.(T.)
What he found in her is his business.
Where is he now, what is he doing - these are the questions that I could not answer.
I answered something that - I don’t know myself(compare full - what did I answer).
A dash is placed between subordinate clauses in the absence of an adversative conjunction or the second part of a comparative conjunction between them.
For example: Artistry is so that every word is not only in place - so that it is necessary, inevitable and so that there are as few words as possible(Black).
A dash is placed to clarify the nature of the subordinate clause.
For example: Only once did she perk up - when Mika told her that ditties were sung at yesterday's wedding.(R. Zernova)
A dash is placed to enhance the interrogative nature of the sentence while emphasizing the unusual location of the subordinate part before the main one or the intonation separation of the main part from the subsequent subordinate clause.
For example: What is influence?- You know?; Are you sure – is this necessary?
A dash is also placed when there are an abundance of commas, against which the dash acts as a more expressive sign.
For example: But we gained experience , and for the experience , as the saying goes , no matter how much you pay, you won’t overpay.
Comma And dash as a single punctuation mark, they are placed in a complex sentence before the main part, which is preceded by a number of homogeneous subordinate parts, if the breakdown of the complex sentence into two parts with a long pause before the main part is emphasized.
For example: Wherever I am, whatever I try to have fun with , – all my thoughts were occupied with the image of Olesya.(Cupr.)
Who is to blame and who is right? , - It’s not for us to judge.(Kr.)
The same sign is also placed before a word repeated in the same part of a sentence in order to connect with it a new sentence or the next part of the same sentence.
For example: I knew very well that it was my husband, not some new person unknown to me, but a good man , - my husband, whom I knew as myself.(L.T.)
And the idea that he can be guided by this interest, that in order to sell this forest he will seek reconciliation with his wife , – this thought offended him.(L.T.)
A dash is placed after the comma that closes the subordinate clause, including before the word this.
For example: The best he could do , - leave on time; The only thing I like here , - This is an old shady park.
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Indicate the type of sentence based on emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.
4. Draw up a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) questions from the main to the subordinate clauses, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is a verb), characterize the means of communication (conjunctions or allied words), determine the types of subordinate clauses (definitive, explanatory and etc.).
5. Determine the type of subordination of subordinate clauses (homogeneous, parallel, sequential).
Sample analysis of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
1) [Look at the pale green sky strewn with stars,(on which there is neither a cloud nor a spot),and you will understand], (why summer warm air immovable), (Why nature on guard) (A. Chekhov).
[...noun, ( on which…), And verb], ( Why…), (Why…).
(Declarative, non-exclamative, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination: 1st subordinate clause - attributive clause (clause depends on the noun sky, answers the question which on which); 2nd and 3rd subordinate clauses - explanatory clauses (depending on the verb you'll understand, answer the question What?, are joined by the conjunction word why)).
2) [Any Human knows], (what should he do?, (what separates him from people), otherwise), (what connects him to them) (L. Tolstoy).
[...verb], ( What…., (What…), otherwise), (What…).
(Declarative, non-exclamative, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with sequential and parallel subordination: 1st subordinate clause - explanatory clause (depending on the verb knows, answers the question What?, joins by union What), 2nd and 3rd clauses - pronominal clauses (each of them depends on the pronoun That, answers the question which (That)?, is added by a conjunctive word What).
There does not have to be one subordinate clause in an IPP. There may be several of them. Then it is worth considering all the options for what kind of relationship develops between subordinate clauses and the main one.
It is also worth clarifying that the scheme of a complex sentence can be not only linear ( horizontal), as in the examples above. Flowcharts ( vertical).
So, for several subordinate clauses the following cases are possible:
Homogeneous submission. All subordinate clauses relate to the main clause (or to some word in its composition). In addition, they answer one question. And subordinate clauses are connected to each other according to the same principle as homogeneous members of a sentence.
The children stamped their feet with impatience and couldn’t wait until it was time to set off, when they would finally see the sea, when everyone could run around along the shore to their heart’s content.
Parallel subordination. All subordinate clauses refer to the main clause. But they answer different questions.
When it was her turn to choose, Olya took the box that came to her hand first.
Consistent submission. One subordinate clause is attached to the main clause (it is called a subordinate clause of the first degree). Another subordinate clause, of the second degree, is added to the subordinate clause of the first degree. By the way, with this type of subordination one subordinate clause can be included in another.
The guys decided that they would all cope with it themselves. challenging task, which Misha courageously decided to put on his shoulders.
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence
A reasonable question may arise as to why all these NGN schemes are needed. They have at least one application purpose - a mandatory part parsing of a complex sentence is to draw up its diagram.
In addition, the diagram of a complex sentence will help to correctly analyze it for parsing.
SPP parsing diagram includes the following task items:
Determine whether the sentence is based on the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative or motivating.
What - according to emotional coloring: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
To prove that a sentence is complex, you need to define and indicate the grammatical basics.
Indicate what type of connection between parts of a complex sentence is present: conjunction, intonation.
Indicate the type of complex sentence: complex sentence.
Indicate how many simple sentences are included in a complex one, and by what means subordinate clauses are attached to the main one.
Label the main and subordinate parts. In the case of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses, they should be designated by numbers (degrees of subordination).
Indicate which word in the main sentence (or the entire sentence) is associated with the subordinate clause.
Note the way of connecting the predicative parts of a complex sentence: a conjunction or a conjunctive word.
If there are any, indicate indicative words in the main part.
Indicate the type of subordinate clause: explanatory, attributive, connecting, adverbial.
And finally, draw up a diagram of a complex sentence.
Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses There are two main types: 1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main clause; 2) the first subordinate clause is attached to the main clause, the second - to the first subordinate clause, etc.
I. Subordinate clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can be homogeneous And heterogeneous.
1. Homogeneous subordinate clauses, like homogeneous members, have same value, answer the same question and depend on one word in the main clause. Homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions or without conjunctions (only with the help of intonation). For example:
1) [But sad to think], (which is in vain was us youth is given), (What cheated to her all the time), (that deceived us she)... (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (conjunction What),(union What),(union What)...
2) [Dersu said], (What these are not clouds, but fog) So what Tomorrow it will be a sunny day and even hot) (V. Arsenyev).[verb], (what) and (what).
The connection of homogeneous subordinate clauses with the main clause is called homogeneous subordination.
It should be borne in mind that with a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, it is possible to omit a conjunction or conjunction in the second (third) subordinate clause, for example:
(Where is the cheerful the sickle was walking) And ( the ear fell), [now everything is empty] (F. Tyutchev).(where) and ("), ["].
2. Heterogeneous subordinate clauses have different meanings, answer different questions or depend on different words in a sentence. For example:
(If I have hundred lives), [ they wouldn't satisfy all thirst for knowledge], ( which burns me) (V. Bryusov)- (union If),[noun], (v. word which).
The connection of heterogeneous subordinate clauses with the main clause is called parallel subordination.
II. The second type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are those in which the subordinate clauses form a chain: the first subordinate clause refers to the main clause (clause of the 1st degree), the second subordinate clause refers to the subordinate clause of the 1st degree (clause of the 2nd degree) etc. For example:
[She was horrified"], (When found out), (that the letter was carried father) (F. Dostoevsky)- , (With. When verb.), (p. What).
This connection is called consistent submission.
With sequential subordination, one clause can be inside another; in this case, two subordinating conjunctions may appear side by side: What And just in case And when that And because etc. (for punctuation marks at the junction of conjunctions, see the section “Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with two or more subordinate clauses”). For example:
[The water collapsed so scary], (what, (when the soldiers fled below), after them already were flying raging streams) (M. Bulgakov).
[uk.sl. so + adv.], (what, (when),").
In complex sentences with three or more subordinate clauses, there may be more complex combinations of subordinate clauses, for example:
(Who in young age didn't connect yourself with strong connections with an external and wonderful cause, or at least with simple, but honest and useful work), [ he can count your youth lost without a trace], (as if cheerfully she neither passed) and how many would pleasant memories she neither left).
(who), [pronoun], (however), (however). (Complex sentence with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination).
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Indicate the type of sentence based on emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.
4. Draw up a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) questions from the main to the subordinate clauses, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is a verb), characterize the means of communication (conjunctions or allied words), determine the types of subordinate clauses (definitive, explanatory and etc.).
5. Determine the type of subordination of subordinate clauses (uniform, parallel, sequential).
Sample analysis of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
1) [You look at the pale green sky, strewn with stars, (on which there is not a cloud or spot), and you'll understand], (why is summer warm air immovable), (why nature is on guard) (A. Chekhov).
[noun, (sel. on which), verb.], (sel. Why),(sel. Why).
will determine. will explain. will explain.
Declarative, non-exclamative, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination: 1st subordinate clause - attributive clause (clause depends on the noun sky, answers the question which?, on which); 2nd and 3rd subordinate clauses - explanatory clauses (depending on the verb you'll understand answer the question What?, join with a conjunctive word Why).
2) [Any the person knows], (what should he have to do not that, ( what divides him with people), otherwise), ( what connects him with them) (L. Tolstoy).
[verb], (conjunction What locality, (village) What), place.), (s.ate.what).
will explain. local-determined local-determined
Declarative, non-exclamative, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with sequential and parallel subordination: 1st subordinate clause - explanatory clause (depending on the verb knows answers the question What?, joins the union What), 2nd and 3rd clauses - pronominal clauses (each of them depends on the pronoun That, answers the question which one?, joins with a conjunctive word What).
Non-union complex sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of conjunctions or allied words: [Habit from above to us given]: [replacement happiness she](A. Pushkin).
Meaningful relationships between simple sentences in allied ones and are expressed differently. In allied sentences, conjunctions take part in their expression, so the semantic relationships here are more definite and clear. For example, union So expresses the consequence because- the reason, If- condition, however- opposition, etc.
The semantic relationships between simple sentences are expressed less clearly than in a conjunction. In terms of semantic relationships, and often in intonation, some are closer to complex ones, others - to complex ones. However, it is often the same non-union complex sentence in meaning it can be similar to both a compound and a complex sentence. Wed, for example: The spotlights came on- it became light all around; The spotlights came on and it became light all around; When the spotlights came on, it became light all around.
Meaningful relations in non-union complex sentences depend on the content of the simple sentences included in them and are expressed in oral speech intonation, and in writing various signs punctuation (see section “Punctuation marks in non-union complex sentence »).
IN non-union complex sentences possible the following types semantic relations between simple sentences (parts):
I. Enumerative(some facts, events, phenomena are listed):
[I_ did not see you for a whole week], [I haven't heard you for a long time] (A. Chekhov) -, .
Such non-union complex sentences approach complex sentences with a connecting conjunction And.
Like the compound sentences synonymous with them, non-union complex sentences can express the value 1) simultaneity listed events and 2) their sequences.
1) \ Bemep howled plaintively and quietly], [in the darkness the horses neighed], [from the camp swam tender and passionate song- thought] (M. Gorky) -,,.
stirred ], [fluttered up half asleep bird] (V. Garshin)- ,.
Non-union complex sentences with enumerative relations may consist of two sentences, or may include three or more simple sentences.
II. Causal(the second sentence reveals the reason for what is said in the first):
[I unhappy]: [every day guests] (A. Chekhov). Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex subordinates with subordinate clauses.
III. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the first):
1) [Items were lost your form]: [ everything merged first into a gray, then into a dark mass] (I. Goncharov)-
2) [Like all Moscow residents, yours Father is like that]: [I would like he is a son-in-law with stars and ranks] (A. Griboyedov)-
Such non-union sentences are synonymous with sentences with an explanatory conjunction namely.
IV. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the word in the first part that has the meaning of speech, thought, feeling or perception, or a word that indicates these processes: listened, looked, looked back and so on.; in the second case we can talk about skipping words like see, hear and so on.):
1) [Nastya during the story I remembered]: [from yesterday remained whole untouched cast iron boiled potatoes] (M. Prishvin)- :.
2) [I came to my senses, Tatyana looks]: [bear No]... (A. Pushkin)- :.
Such non-conjunctive sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with explanatory clauses (I remembered that...; looks (and sees that)...).
V. Comparative and adversative relations (the content of the second sentence is compared with the content of the first or contrasted with it):
1) [All happy family looks like and each other], [each unhappy family but in my own way] (L. Tolstoy)- ,.
2) [Rank followed to him]- [he suddenly left] (A. Griboyedov)- - .
Such non-union complex sentences synonymous compound sentences with adversative conjunctions a, but.
VI. Conditional-temporary(the first sentence indicates the time or condition for the implementation of what is said in the second):
1) [Do you like to ride] - [love and sleigh carry] (proverb)- - .
2) [See you with Gorky]- [talk with him] (A. Chekhov)--.
Such sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with subordinate clauses of condition or time.
VII. Consequences(the second sentence states the consequence of what is said in the first):
[Small the rain is falling since morning]- [it's impossible to get out] (I. Turgenev)- ^TT
Having subordinate elements, they are divided into several groups. There are three of them in total. In speech there may be a complex expression with a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, heterogeneous (parallel) and sequential. Further in the article we will consider the features of one of these categories. What is a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses?
Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses (examples of such constructions will be given below) is an expression in which each part refers to the main element or to a specific word in it. Last option occurs if the additional component distributes only a certain part of the main one. Sentences with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses have a number of features. Thus, the spreading elements are of the same type, that is, they answer the same question. They are usually connected to each other by coordinating conjunctions. If they have an enumeration value, then the connection is non-union, just like with homogeneous members. This, in general, is what homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses means.
1. The quiet boys looked after the car /1 until it drove away beyond the intersection /2, until the dust it raised dissipated /3, until it itself turned into a ball of dust /4.
Once in the hospital, he recalled how they were suddenly attacked by the Nazis, and how everyone was surrounded, and how the detachment managed to get to their own.
3. If the conjunctions “whether... or” are used as repeating constructions (in the example it can be changed to whether), the homogeneous clauses associated with them are separated by a comma.
It was impossible to tell whether it was a fire or whether the moon was beginning to rise. - It was impossible to understand whether it was a fire, whether the moon was beginning to rise.
A sentence with numerous homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses is found in several variants. So, maybe together, for example. For this reason, when performing analysis, you do not need to immediately compose general scheme or rush to add punctuation marks.
Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses is analyzed according to a certain scheme.
1. Isolating grammatical basics, count the number simple elements included in the structure.
2. They designate all and allied words and, based on this, establish subordinate clauses and the main clause.
3. The main element is defined for all additional ones. As a result, pairs are formed: main-subordinate.
4. Based on construction vertical diagram the nature of the subordination of subordinate constructions is determined. It can be parallel, sequential, homogeneous, or combined.
5. Under construction horizontal diagram, based on which punctuation marks are placed.
Example: The dispute is that if your king is here for three days, then you are unconditionally obliged to carry out what I tell you, and if he does not stay, then I will carry out any order that you give me.
1. This complex sentence contains seven simple ones: The dispute is /1 that /2 if your king will be here for three days /3 then you are unconditionally obliged to carry out what /2 what I tell you /4 and / if he does not stay /5 then I will carry out any order /6 that you give me /7.
1) the dispute is;
2) if your king will be here for three days;
3) something... you are unconditionally obliged to do that;
4) what will I tell you;
5) if he doesn’t stay;
6) then any order will be carried out by me;
7) which you will give me.
2. The main clause is the first (the dispute is), the rest are subordinate clauses. Only the sixth sentence raises the question (then I will carry out any order).
3. This complex sentence is divided into the following pairs:
1->2: the dispute is that... then you are unconditionally obliged to do this;
2->3: you are unconditionally obliged to do this if your king is here for three days;
2->4: you are unconditionally obliged to do what I tell you;
6->5: I will carry out any order if it does not remain;
6->7: I will carry out any order you give me.
In the example given, it is somewhat difficult to understand what type of sixth sentence it is. In this situation, you need to look at the coordinating conjunction “a”. In a complex sentence, it, unlike the subordinating connective element, may not be located next to the sentence related to it. Based on this, it is necessary to understand what simple elements this union connects. For this purpose, only sentences containing oppositions are left, and the rest are removed. Such parts are 2 and 6. But since sentence 2 refers to subordinate clauses, then 6 must also be like that, since it is connected with 2 coordinating conjunction. It's easy to check. It is enough to insert a conjunction that has a sentence of 2 and connect it with 6 with the main one related to 2. Example: The dispute is that any order will be carried out by me. Based on this, we can say that in both cases there is a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, only in 6 the conjunction “what” is omitted.
It turns out that this sentence is complex with homogeneously related subordinate clauses (2 and 6 sentences), in parallel (3-4, 5-7) and sequentially (2-3, 2-4, 6-5, 6-7). To place punctuation marks, you need to determine the boundaries of simple elements. In this case, the possible combination of several unions at the border of proposals is taken into account.
