Separation (separated by commas) circumstances depends, first of all, on the way they are expressed.
A) Circumstances expressed by gerunds
1. Circumstances expressed by gerunds, as a rule, are isolated regardless of the place they occupy in relation to the predicate verb:
For example: A grimy tractor driver is sleeping with his legs spread wide. Maria had dinner, spreading the tablecloth on the table.
If a circumstance expressed by a gerund and a participial phrase is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides:
For example: And then Ivan ran up to the river, leaving his tractor. The caterpillar, shuddering, pressed its paws.
Isolated circumstances, expressed by gerunds and participial phrases, are close in meaning to the secondary predicate, but they are never independent predicates! Therefore, they can be replaced by subordinate clauses or independent predicates.
For example: And then Ivan ran up to the river, leaving his tractor. – Ivan left his tractor and ran to the river. The caterpillar, shuddering, pressed its paws. – The caterpillar shuddered and pressed its paws.
1) Restrictive particles are only included inside a separate structure and are released along with it.
A spark flashed, illuminating the woman's face only for a second.
2) The participle and the participial phrase standing after the coordinating or subordinating conjunction / allied word are separated from it by a comma. Such a phrase can be torn away from the conjunction, rearranged to another place in the sentence, or removed from the sentence.
For example: She threw down her pencil and, leaning back in her chair, began to look out the window. “She threw down her pencil and began to look out the window;
3) The conjunction, allied word is not separated by a comma with the gerund and participial phrase in the event that the participial construction cannot be torn away from the conjunction, allied word, or removed from the sentence without destroying the structure of the sentence itself. This is most often observed in relation to coordinating conjunction"A".
For example: He tried to write letters unnoticed, and after writing, he hid them somewhere (impossible: He tried to write letters unnoticed, but hid them somewhere); but: He did not name the author of the letter, but, having read it, put it in his pocket. – He did not name the author of the letter, but put it in his pocket.
Two homogeneous gerunds or participial phrases connected by single coordinating or disjunctive conjunctions and, or, or, are not separated by a comma.
The waitress sat with her arms wrapped around the chair and her head resting on it.
If a conjunction connects not two gerunds, but other constructions (predicates, parts of a complex sentence, etc.), then commas are placed in accordance with the rules for placing punctuation marks for homogeneous members, in compound sentence etc.
For example: 1. I took the candy and, after looking, put it in my pocket. A single conjunction connects the predicates (took and put) and a comma is placed after the conjunction;
2. He slowed down, thinking about something, and, turning around sharply, called the watchman. A single conjunction connects two predicates (stopped and called). Circumstances - participial phrases refer to different predicates (slowed down, thinking about something; called, turning around sharply). Therefore, they are separated on both sides by commas from other members of the sentence.
2. Circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases are not isolated in the following cases:
An adverbial phrase is a phraseological unit:
For example: He ran headlong. He worked carelessly;
Note. Most often, the following phraseological units are not isolated in the texts: run headlong, work with your sleeves rolled up, work tirelessly, sit with your hands folded, work like a squirrel in a wheel, listen with bated breath, lie spitting at the ceiling, rush around without remembering yourself, spend the night without sleeping eyes, listen with open ears. But if such a phraseological unit is an introductory word (to be honest, frankly speaking, frankly speaking, in short, apparently), then it is separated by commas, for example: Apparently, he was not going to help me; In short, we will have to do it ourselves.
Before the gerund there is an intensifying particle and (not a conjunction!):
You can live without showing off your intelligence;
The gerund in modern Russian is never predicate, so the verb and the gerund cannot be homogeneous members!
The participle is part of a subordinate clause and has the conjunctive word which as its dependent. In this case, a comma only separates the main clause from the subordinate clause, and there is no comma between the gerund and the conjunctive word:
For example: They are standing in front of you the most difficult tasks, without solving which we will not be able to get out of a difficult situation;
The participial phrase includes the subject.
In this case, the comma only separates the entire phrase from the predicate, and the subject and the gerund are not separated by a comma. Such designs are found in poetic texts 19th century:
For example: A magpie perched on a spruce tree and was just about ready to have breakfast...; Example: A magpie, perched on a spruce tree, was about to have breakfast;
The participle acts as a homogeneous member with a non-isolated circumstance and is connected with it by the conjunction and:
For example: He walked quickly and without looking around.
3. Participle constructions and single participles that have lost their verbal meaning are not isolated. These are the most difficult cases for punctuation analysis. They demand special attention to the meaning of the gerund, to the context in which the gerund is used, etc.
Participles and adverbial phrases that have finally lost their verbal meaning, have become adverbs, or have acquired adverbial meaning in a given context are not distinguished:
For example: He looked at her without blinking (impossible: looked and did not blink); They drove slowly (impossible: they drove and were in no hurry); The bus walked without stopping (impossible: walked and did not stop); She answered standing (impossible: she answered and sat); He walked with his back straight (impossible: he walked with his back straight).
Such single participles, less often - participial phrases, are usually circumstances of the manner of action (answer the questions how? in what way?), merge with the predicate into one whole, are not separated from the predicate by a pause and most often stand immediately after the predicate:
For example: looked silently, looked smiling, listened with a frown, chatted without ceasing, walked bent over, walked stumbling, walked with a limp, sat with a ruff, walked with his head bowed, wrote with his head bowed, entered without knocking, lived without hiding, spent money without counting etc. .d
Often such gerunds can be replaced by adverbs, nouns with and without prepositions.
For example: He spoke about it angry. - He spoke about it with anger;
In all such uses, the gerund indicates not an independent action, but an image of the action expressed by the predicate.
For example, in the sentence: He walked upright - there is one action (walked), and the former gerund (straightened) indicates the mode of action - a characteristic posture when walking.
If in this context the verbal meaning is preserved, then a single participle or participial phrase is isolated. Usually in this case there are other circumstances with the predicate verb; The participle takes on the meaning of clarification, explanation and is intonationally highlighted.
For example: He walked without stopping. “He walked hurriedly, without stopping.
The increase in verbosity in gerunds can be facilitated by the degree of prevalence of gerunds.
For example: He sat waiting. – He sat waiting for an answer.
Former gerunds that have lost connection with the verb and have become function words are not isolated: starting from (meaning “from such and such a time”), proceeding from (meaning “based on”), depending on (meaning “in accordance with "):
For example: Everything has changed since last Tuesday; the report is compiled based on your data;
However, in other contexts the phrases can be isolated:
Isolation of circumstances
A turn of phrase starting with is isolated if it is in the nature of clarification, explanation and is not associated with the concept of time:
For example: This is confirmed by the history of many countries, starting with England and the USA;
The word beginning in such contexts cannot be eliminated without damaging the meaning of the sentence;
A phrase with words proceeding from is isolated if in meaning it correlates with the producer of the action, which can “come from something”:
For example: We compiled a report based on your data (we based on your data);
A turn of phrase with words, depending on one, is isolated if it has the meaning of clarification or accession:
For example: It was necessary to act selectively, depending on the circumstances (clarification, you can insert “namely”); depending on the time of year (annexation).
B) Circumstances expressed by nouns
1. The circumstances of the concession, expressed by nouns with the prepositions “despite”, “despite”, are always isolated. Such phrases can be replaced by subordinate clauses of concession with the conjunction although.
For example: Despite the cold spring, the harvest turned out to be excellent. – Although the spring was rainy, the harvest turned out to be excellent;
2. The following circumstances may be isolated:
Reasons with prepositions and prepositional combinations such as: thanks to, for lack of, as a result of, in view of, for lack of, according to, by virtue of, in connection with, due to, on occasion, etc. (can be replaced subordinate clause with the conjunction since).
For example: Petrovich, in agreement with the opinion of the boss, advised to return. - Since Petrovich agreed with the boss’s opinion, he advised him to return; The children, due to their young age, were not given any work. – Since the children were small, they were not given any work;
Concessions with prepositions in spite of, with (can be replaced with a subordinate clause with the conjunction although).
For example: His life, despite all his misfortunes, was easier than Anton’s life. – Although the situation was difficult, his life was easier than Anton’s;
Conditions with prepositions and prepositional combinations in the presence, in the absence, in the case, etc. (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with a conjunction if).
For example: The prisoners, in case of refusal, decided to go on a hunger strike. – If the prisoners are refused, they decided to go on a hunger strike;
Goals with prepositions and prepositional combinations in order to avoid (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with the conjunction so).
For example: to avoid damage, transport the goods by mail. – To avoid damage, transport the goods by mail;
Comparisons with the union are similar.
For example: Ivan Nikolaevich was born in the north of Russia, like his older brother Anton.
However, phrases with such prepositions and prepositional combinations may not be isolated.
More often, phrases that are located between the subject and the predicate are isolated:
Petrovich, in agreement with the boss’s opinion, advised them to return.
In addition, isolated phrases are usually common, that is, they contain a noun with dependent words:
Thanks to the good weather and especially holiday, our street came alive again.
As a rule, the indicated phrases at the end of the sentence are not isolated.
For example: The prisoners, on the orders of the warden, went to their cells. - The prisoners went to their cells on the orders of the warden.
In general, the isolation of phrases with the indicated prepositions and prepositional combinations is optional.
3. Circumstances expressed by nouns, without prepositions or with other prepositions, are isolated only if they acquire additional semantic load, have an explanatory meaning, or combine several adverbial meanings. For example: temporary and causal, temporary and concessional, etc.
For example: Vova, after receiving a decisive refusal, went home.
In this case, the circumstance combines the meanings of time and reason and answers the questions when did he leave? and why did you leave? The turnover is expressed by a noun with dependent words and is located between the subject and the predicate.
Isolated circumstances expressed by nouns are always highlighted intonationally. However, the presence of a pause does not always indicate the presence of a comma. Thus, the circumstances that appear at the beginning of the sentence are highlighted intonationally.
For example: I was in Moscow last year; Last year / I was in Moscow.
However, a comma is not placed after such a circumstance!
C) Circumstances expressed by adverbs
Circumstances expressed by adverbs (with dependent words or without dependent words) are isolated only if the author wants to draw attention to them or if they have the meaning of a passing comment.
For example: After some time, a boy in a white suit, with a head black as coal, ran out into the street, from nowhere.
1. Participial phrases, as a rule, are isolated, regardless of their location in relation to the predicate verb.
For example: Reaching for the beams, shaking their heads, schools of horses(Ser.); Without putting on a cap, went out onto the porch(Shol.); Having gotten drunk overnight, the forest sank and fell silent, drooping wet pine branches(Sparrow); Leaning back on a comfortable soft back chairs in a trolleybus, Margarita Nikolaevna was driving along Arbat(Bulg.); Lisa, looking at Nikolai Vsevolodovich, quickly raised her hand(Adv.); After[Anna] pushed off with sticks and ran through the thickets, leaving behind swirls of snow (Paust.).
Circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases have the additional meaning of predicativity, characteristic of the gerund as a verbal form. Therefore, gerunds and participial phrases are often perceived as additional predicates.
For example: My friend and I returned to our compartment. old lady, putting the book down and trying to ask something, didn’t ask and started looking out the window(Spread) (compare: The old woman put the book down and tried to ask something, but she never did..).
However, gerunds and participial phrases are not always able to be replaced by conjugated forms of the verb. They mean different signs actions and can be replaced by isolated participial phrases with additional adverbial meaning.
For example: Doctor, not knowing how to talk to crying women, sighed and walked quietly around the living room. “Doctor,” couldn't talk to crying women, sighed and quietly walked around the living room(Ch.).
It is the presence of an adverbial connotation of meaning that functionally brings together adverbial and participial phrases.
Many adverbial participles and adverbial phrases that have adverbial meaning can be compared with subordinate clauses complex sentences.
For example: Judging by his hesitant movements, by the expression of his gloomy face, which was dark from the evening twilight, he wanted to say something(Ch.) (compare: Judging by his hesitant movements...)
2. The participial phrase located after the coordinating conjunction, subordinating conjunction or allied word is separated from it by a comma, despite the absence of emphatic intonation(intonationally, the conjunction is included in the turnover).
For example: And Korney turned slightly on the beam and, watching with a thoughtful gaze the flashing horseshoes of the harness, starts talking(Boon.); The prince told me that he, too, would work and that, having earned money, we would go by sea to Batum(M.G.); In the pocket of his riding breeches, Sergei felt shag crumbs and, gently shaking its contents into your hand, rolled up a thick clumsy cigarette(Sparrow).
Depending on the context, the conjunction a can either be included in the participial construction or connect members of the main sentence.
For example: We must understand the essence of perestroika-consciousness, and having understood this, join in the active struggle for it. – We must understand the essence of the restructuring of consciousness, and, having understood this, we must not be content with just verbal calls for it.
3. When combining adverbial constructions, punctuation marks are placed in the same way as with homogeneous members of the sentence.
For example: He went, staggering and still supporting his head with the palm of his left hand, and with his right hand quietly tugging at his brown mustache (M.G.).
If adjacent participial phrases refer to different predicate verbs and conjunctions and are not included in their composition, then they stand out as independent constructions.
For example: He stood, leaning against a pile of tea cups, And, looking around aimlessly, drummed his fingers on his cane like a flute(M.G.) ( he stood and drummed).
Participial phrases located in different parts proposals are prepared independently.
For example: Sergey, after standing for another minute, slowly walked towards the pile of coal and, carefully laying out the overcoat on the floor, sat down on a large piece of anthracite(Sparrow) ( Sergei headed... and sat down); Pushing the door with your chest, Sergei jumped from the house and, not paying attention to the dry bushes tearing the body and the pine branches whipping in the face, ran, panting, forward into the very thicket of the forest(Sparrow) ( Sergei jumped and ran);Cars, tapping on the rail joints, lazily moved behind the locomotive and, clanking their buffers, became silent again(Sparrow) ( The carriages moved and became silent);Scattering, like a flying witch, smoky braids, crimson illuminated from below, the south-eastern express rushed in the distance, crossing the highway(Boon.) ( The South-Eastern Express was rushing along).
4. Restrictive particles only, only those standing before adverbial constructions, are included in their composition.
For example: So she lived without love, just hoping for her.
The same is true in the presence of comparative conjunctions that begin the adverbial construction. For example: Along the dark stairs... two walked, then three... hesitating and lingering everywhere, as if afraid to get down to business (Fed.).
5. Single gerunds are isolated while maintaining their verbal meaning. The conditions for their isolation are the same as for participial phrases.
For example: The waves played, and Shakro, sitting on the stern, disappeared from my eyes, sinking along with the stern, then rose high above me and, screaming, almost fell on me(M.G.); It's charming to lie face up, watching the stars light up(M.G.); Whispering, as if dancing, grandfather appeared(M.G.); At first, even in the car, we moved at walking speed, every now and then we scraped the differential and, backing away, went around stones(Hall.); The doors creaked and closed. Darkness filled the carriage. Only the moon, curious, looked out the window(Sparrow); Having gotten used to it, my eyes made out a pile of bodies on cement floor (Sparrow).
6. Single gerunds and participial phrases are not isolated:
1) if the gerund has lost its verbal meaning.
For example: Horses run slowly among green hilly fields(Boon.); Sergei lay motionless for a long time(Sparrow);
2) if d her participle is included in stable circulation: work tirelessly; run with your tongue out; run headlong; listen with bated breath; listen with open ears.
For example: In difficult days, he worked tirelessly with us(Nick.);
3) if adverbial participle or participial phrase is among homogeneous members sentences along with other parts of speech.
For example: He said in a whisper and without looking at anyone; Klim Samgin walked down the street cheerfully and without giving way to oncoming people (M.G.);
4) if the adverbial construction acts as an adverbial modifier of action and is closely adjacent to the predicate verb(its function is similar to that of an adverb).
For example: This exercise do while sitting on a chair; This exercise is done standing. Compare, however, with increased verbosity: The engineer, lying down, read his mining art(Fad.) ( the engineer lay and read).
7. Single gerunds may or may not be isolated, taking into account the context.
For example, when acquiring the meaning of clarification, the gerund is isolated: The children were constantly making noise, never stopping(compare: the children made noise incessantly).
The isolation or non-isolation of a gerund may depend on the meaning of the predicate verb (a non-isolated gerund can be replaced by an adverb).
For example: Shel do not stop (walked non-stop); I asked do not stop (the gerund denotes the second action - asked, but did not stop to do so).
The isolation or non-isolation of a gerund is also influenced by its location; compare: He walked along the garden path without looking back. - Without looking back, he walked along the garden path.
8. Isolation or non-isolation of a gerund may depend on its type. Thus, participles ending in -а, -я, more often express the meaning of the circumstance of the manner of action and therefore are not isolated.
For example: She came in smiling(compare: Smiling, she entered the room; She came in smiling at your secret thoughts ).
Participles ending in -в, -вшы, convey other shades of adverbial meanings (reason, time, concession), which contribute to isolation.
For example: She screamed, frightened; Frightened, she screamed.
9. Turns of phrases despite, in spite of, despite, based on, starting from, thanks to, after, performing the function of derived prepositions and prepositional combinations, are isolated or not isolated according to the conditions of the context.
Phrases with the words despite, in spite of, are isolated.
For example: Despite the bad weather, we set off; At the meeting they criticized regardless of faces; Sleepy, like a branch drowned in a pond of sleep, Ney carried in her arms a magnificently sleeping son, scattered despite its small size, heroic legs and arms(Color); Despite the doctors' ban, I wrote the story “Colchis” in Maleevka(Paust.); Science must be done with clean hands.
The phrase with the words despite is not isolated only in the case of a close semantic connection with the verb, and in postposition.
For example: He is did it despite doctors' ban (compare: Despite the doctors' ban, he did it).
Phrases with words starting from, depending on, after, acting in the meaning of prepositions, are not isolated.
For example: Let's act depending on the circumstances (compare: act according to circumstances);Starting Tuesday the weather changed dramatically(compare: The weather has changed dramatically since Tuesday); After some time Vesovshchikov came(M.G.).
If these phrases have the meaning of clarification or accession, then they are separated.
For example: We will act skillfully and quickly, depending on the circumstances; Last week, starting from Tuesday, the weather changed dramatically.
A turn of phrase with words based on can have two meanings: with increased verbality, when the action denoted by it correlates with the subject, it is isolated; in the absence of such a connection, it is not isolated.
For example: It turns out that we are not the only ones who suddenly discovered the need for new science– bionics, we strive to learn, understand and make the most advantageous use of the properties of living nature; our ancestors did this long before us, based on your knowledge and needs (Chiv.). Compare: He developed a house project. – The project has been developed based on planned cost.
The phrase with the word thanks is isolated or not isolated depending on the degree of prevalence and location.
For example: Thanks to the rains the ground was saturated with moisture. - Earth, thanks to the rains, soaked in moisture.
1. Circumstances expressed by nouns in the forms of indirect cases can be isolated for incidental explanation or semantic emphasis.
For example: And Natasha, with painful surprise, looked at the dressed-up people(Boon.); I walked and walked on the cold and damp sand, trilling with my teeth in honor of hunger and cold, and suddenly, in a vain search for food, going behind one of the stalls, I saw behind him a figure crumpled on the ground in a pathetic dress(M.G.); One of the spots, in the center of the pattern, looked very much like the head of the owner of the chair(M.G.); The small city, immersed in greenery, when looking at it from above, made a strange impression...(M.G.); The rafts sailed on among darkness and silence (M.G.); When evening came, I out of anger at your failures and at the whole world, decided on a somewhat risky thing...(M.G.); At night, against the stronger wind, the detachment was heading to the port to land(Plat.); In eleven years, during daily driving must have been through a lot interesting adventures (Ch.).
Such circumstances usually carry additional semantic load and are synonymous with verbal constructions (compare examples: ...because he was angry at his failures and at the whole world; ...as I drove every day).
2. Most often, explanatory adverbial members of a sentence contain derived prepositions and prepositional combinations (in spite of, in view of, in order to avoid, as a result of, on occasion, for the reason of, in the presence of, in accordance with, in contrast to, in contrast to, due to, due to absence, regardless of, etc.), manifesting their specific circumstantial meaning and giving them the form of turns.
For example: A rotten, gray-blue balcony from which, due to the lack of steps, it was necessary to jump, drowned in nettles, elderberries, euonymus (Bun.); Lonely and unnecessary because of this peace, the peaceful sound of chewing horses, due to the desert, imprinted in the darkness and there is silence again(Ser.); Metelitsa silently, mockingly stared at him, holding his gaze, slightly moving his satin black eyebrows and with his whole appearance showing that, no matter, what questions they will ask him and how they will force him to answer them, he will not say anything that could satisfy those asking(Fad.); But, contrary to possibility, the sun came out bright red, and everything in the world turned pink, turned red(Sol.).
Given the low prevalence of such sentence members, variations in their punctuation are possible, dictated by different word orders.
Phrases with derived prepositions and prepositional combinations are necessarily separated,if they are located between the subject and the predicate : breaking their direct connection and contributes to the release of revolutions. The same thing happens when the natural connection between the controlling and controlled words is broken. In other positions, especially in less common sentences, such phrases do not complicate the sentence with special emphatic intonations and may not be isolated (without a special task for this).
For example: To avoid gas leakage The faucet is turned off. – Disabled, to avoid gas leakage, tap; He did it out of habit. - He, by force of habit, did it; According to the order the group was disbanded. - Group, according to the order, disbanded; In the absence of corpus delicti the case was dismissed. - Case, for lack of corpus delicti, discontinued.
3. Circumstances expressed by nouns may be highlighted with a dash if there is a need for special emphasis on such circumstances.
For example: At our last meeting, Oleg asked to bring a general notebook with hard “crusts” - for taking notes while lying down (gas.); It[creative imagination] created science and literature. AND - at great depths– the creative imagination of at least Herschel, who discovered the majestic laws of the starry sky, and the creative imagination of Goethe, who created “Faust”, largely coincide with each other(Paust.); Poor poets - in lightning, in storms and thunder– sang inspired songs about the charm of friendship, noble impulses, freedom and courage(Paust.); Immediately after the birth of the boy, Dyakonov ordered Schwalbe to adopt him and give him the surname Koporsky at baptism - at the place of birth of the boy in the city of Koporye, near Oranienbaum (Paust.).
4. In special cases, for semantic emphasis, some circumstances expressed by adverbs may be isolated (with or without dependent words) . The conditions for their isolation are the same as those for circumstances expressed by nouns in indirect cases.
For example: He stood in front of me, listened and suddenly, silently, baring his teeth and squinting his eyes, rushed at me like a cat(M.G.); Misha put the book aside and, not immediately, quietly answered(M.G.); And so, unexpected for everyone, I passed the exam brilliantly(Cupr.).
Usually, when isolating circumstances expressed by adverbs, commas are used, however, as in other cases, in order to more strongly highlight the circumstances, dashes are possible.
For example: The boy sniffed in embarrassment and disbelief, but, realizing that there was nothing terrible, and everything, on the contrary, was turning out terribly fun, he wrinkled his nose so that his nose turned up, and also - quite childish- burst out mischievously and thinly(Fad.).
Isolated circumstances are expressed by participles or participial phrases.
1. The mother, looking sternly at her daughter, left the room.
2. The river, running onto the clayey bank, disappeared around the bend.
3. On opposite bank The lights flashed, flashing.
4. The terrace was surrounded by spreading trees, shielding vacationers from the sun.
5. Arriving early in July morning in this resort town, my friend and I went to the famous lake.
6. Expecting an unpleasant conversation, the boy timidly entered the room.
7. The red dog approached the little girl and licked her cheek.
8. Having opened the suitcase, the passenger was hastily looking for something.
9. Having dug up the beds, the schoolchildren planted different flowers in front of the school building.
10. Having returned home, the daughter went to bed.
First, let's figure out what a sentence is and what a separate circumstance is. A sentence is a group of interconnected words or one word that contains a specific meaning. A circumstance is a member of a sentence that answers the questions how? When? Where? where? and so on. An isolated circumstance is a circumstance limited by a comma or commas. Most often, isolated circumstances are an adverbial phrase or a separate participle.
Simple sentences are sentences that contain only one grammatical stem. Such proposals with isolated circumstances are often taken as complex sentences due to the presence of commas. But you need to be able to distinguish isolated circumstances from other grammatical bases.
In compound sentences, each part has equal value, and these parts are connected to each other by coordinating conjunctions.
IN complex sentence stands out main part and one or more subordinate clauses.
The isolation of circumstances is determined, first of all, by general conditions. However, particular and additional conditions are of considerable importance. Taking into account various conditions Three groups of isolated circumstances can be distinguished:
1) participles;
2) common circumstances;
3) clarifying circumstances.
1. The adverbial function is the main one for participles . Various relationships of gerunds with the predicate verb create shades of time, conditions, concessions, reasons, goals. The participle, fulfilling the function of adverbial circumstances, as a rule, does not lose the meaning of the process, which is the basis of an additional statement, an elementary message. This feature of the gerund as a specific verbal form is in itself a condition for isolation, regardless of the presence of explanatory words and its position in the text.
For example:
Mother stopped gasping for breath put her hands to her chest(M.G.);
Back at the hotel,Lopatin went to bed, I didn’t eat that day (Sim.);
Hares, fleeing from skiers, confused complex loops(Paust.)
The only reason for the non-isolation of the gerund is the loss of the verbal meaning of the action. It is observed, firstly, in phraseological units that have a frozen form of participial phrase, but denote a sign of action.
For example:
He minded his own business carelessly, because the hospital was still under construction(M.-S);
We headlong rushed over deep bumps and potholes(A.S)
Secondly, single gerunds with the meaning qualitative characteristics actions that are close in semantics to qualitative adverbs or prepositional case forms of a noun.
Exercise:
Compare:
Yakov Artamonov did not walk in a hurry, putting your hands in your pockets(M.G.) - walked leisurely;
Mother ran without looking back and cried while running(Ch.) - ran without looking back;
Birch foliage hanging without moving (Paust.) - hanging motionless, without movement
Here we observe a partial contextual transition of gerunds into adverbs.
2. Common Circumstances at unusual location relative to the word being defined (usually a predicate verb) are isolated. This is observed in the position before the predicate, at the absolute beginning or at the end of the sentence, as well as in the case of a distant (disconnected in other words) location relative to the main member of the sentence. Circumstances with the meanings of cause, condition, concession, time are isolated.
For example:
So we turned left and somehow, after a lot of trouble, reached a meager shelter, consisting of two saklyas(L.);
The ship began to move more carefully, for fear of running aground (Cupr.);
Olga Nikolaevna, with all your intelligence, sincerely believed that after the explanation they would become friends(Sh.)
Isolated circumstances of this group are characterized by the use of abstract nouns, which serve as the core of an additional message (see: troubles, fear, mind). Indicators of the corresponding adverbial meanings are prepositions (causal from, from, for, because of, in view of, thanks to; conditional at, in case; concessionary in spite of, in spite of, in spite of; temporary by, after, before, during and etc.).
3. Isolation of clarifying circumstances is caused by completely different conditions than for the previously considered members of the proposal. If there are two circumstances of the same category that explain the same word, they are not equal in relation to each other. One of them directly explains the word being defined, and the other is connected with this word through the first circumstance and clarifies its meaning.
For example:
Kovrin came to the Pesotskys in the evening, at ten o'clock (Ch.) - circumstance of time at ten o'clock explains, clarifies another circumstance - in the evening; at the same time, both of them define the verb-predicate arrived (arrived in the evening, arrived at ten o'clock)
The relation of clarification forms the basis of an additional statement contained in a separate circumstance. It must be emphasized that the mere presence of two circumstances of the same category does not predetermine the isolation of one of them. Only the meaning of clarification, realized intentionally by the speaker, determines isolation.
For example:
The next day one o'clock, Litvinov went to the Osinins(T.) - in this context, two circumstances could constitute a single adverbial group without clarification relations (the next day at one o'clock)
The clarification usually consists in the fact that a separate circumstance narrows and limits the scope of the concept designated by the member being clarified.
For example:
There, in the heights, the summer sun was already shining(Paust.);
Right, right from under the wheels of the cart, ran down a cliff(IN.);
Not too long ago last spring, one of my friends showed me a rather outlandish thing(Cupr.)
As a rule, isolated clarifying circumstances have a spatial or temporal meaning.
1.3.2.2.7.4 “Separate additions”
The complement, in its essence, is a secondary member of the sentence, very closely related semantically to the verb being explained, i.e. it does not have the first of the general conditions isolation (the possibility of semantic isolation). Those constructions, which in grammar are usually called isolated additions, are restrictive and emphatic phrases with different meanings - objective, subjective or even adverbial.
For example:
I bought everything except for the notebook;
Everyone returned except Petya;
I'm always here except Saturday;
Haven't been anywhere except Moscow
These constructions are similar to an object only in form - a noun in the form of the oblique case.
The condition for isolation is the restrictive-exclusive meaning of the phrase, which represents the basis of the additional statement.
Exercise:
Compare:
Everyone came running including neighbor. - Everyone came running including a neighbor who came running
The indicated meaning is expressed using prepositions except, apart from, instead of, including, excluding, along with and etc.
For example:
Russian literary nobles, with the exception of the omniscient Alexander Pushkin, did not pay attention to folklore, which is extremely rich in dramatic material(M.G.);
Except rivers, there are many canals in the Meshchora region(Paust.)
Comparative turnover
Specifics of this type isolated structures manifests itself both in meaning and in design; The conditions for their isolation are also special.
Comparison, assimilation as a specific meaning of a phrase is so strong and bright that it overlaps and obscures the meanings (features, circumstances) inherent in certain members of the sentence. This makes it difficult to attribute the comparative phrase to a certain type of secondary members of the sentence. It is more appropriate to see in it, first of all, a comparative phrase as a special syntactic phenomenon - a phrase with the meaning of a sign of an object, a sign of an action, etc.
For example:
Black, like resin, shadows lay on the grass(A. T.);
Even in big cities at this time it becomes quiet, like in a field (Paust.)
The meaning of the attribute of an object or action is expressed by comparing them (object, action, state, etc.) to others in quality, quantity, etc. The meaning of a comparative phrase depends on the word with which it is associated. But we must keep in mind that the comparative phrase, as a rule, is correlated not with one member, but with two or with the predicative basis of the sentence as a whole (cf.: black like resin - shadows like resin; quiet like in a field - in big cities like in a field).
The most striking formal indicators of comparative usage are special function words - comparative conjunctions (as if, as if, as if, exactly and etc.).
For example:
Behind, like a gigantic fire, forest warehouse burned(Cupr.);
The blades of grass spread along the bottom and constantly move, How alive(Sol.);
But suddenly the icy trees flashed with yellow fire, and often, like a hammer on an iron deck, anti-aircraft guns started firing(Paust.)
With forms comparative degree qualitative adjectives and adverbs use a phrase with a conjunction how; such a turn expresses comparison.
For example:
We need to understand- studying people is more difficult than studying books, written about people(M.G.)
In addition to conjunctions, comparative turnover can be formalized using prepositions that have a comparative-like meaning (like, like, like and etc.).
1. Among sentences 1 – 4, find a sentence with two separate circumstances. Write the number of this offer.(1) The distant mountains, enveloped in a bluish haze, floated and seemed to melt in languor. (2) A light wind stirred the thick grasses, full of colorful irises, porridge and some other countless yellow and white heads. (3) Our horses had only to turn their heads to grab, without even bending down, a bunch of lush grass from the interstice - and they ran on, waving the luxurious bouquets clutched in their lips. (4) Here and there small lakes suddenly opened up, like pieces of blue sky that fell to the ground and were set in emerald green... (Korolenko V.)
2. Among sentences 1-3, find a sentence with isolated circumstances. Write the number of this offer.
(1) The sun had already touched the water, and the shining strip it had laid on the sea began to turn pink. (2) Huge Earth, filled with grief and hatred, turned around, and with him the Black Sea rolled away from the rays of the sun. (3) A small, tiny boat, insistently humming its engines, climbed along the bulge of the Earth, stubbornly catching up with the sun, which was falling over the horizon. (Sobolev L.)
3. Among sentences 1-4, find a sentence with a separate circumstance, expressed by an adverbial phrase. Write the number of this offer.
(1) In the clearing, near a high ant heap, stood the Nanai boy Filka and beckoned her to him with his hand. (2) She approached, looking at him friendly. (3) Near Filka, on a wide stump, she saw a pot full of lingonberries. (4) And Filka himself is narrow hunting knife, made of Yakut steel, a fresh birch twig was cleared of bark. (Fraerman R.)
Dawn rises quietly through the gardens. Despite the retreat, the soldiers were in a cheerful mood. Give an example of a sentence with a separate circumstance.
1.What is separation? Which parts of the sentence are called isolated? 2.What are the conditions for the isolation of minor members of a sentence?3.What are the rules of punctuation when separating definitions and applications?
4.What are the rules of punctuation when isolating circumstances?
5.Which parts of the sentence are called clarifying?
6.With what intonation are the isolated parts of the sentence pronounced?
1) Which parts of the sentence are called isolated? 2) In what cases are definitions separated? 3) When are applications separated? 4) What are the conditions?contribute to the isolation of circumstances? 5) In what styles of speech are participial and adverbial phrases used? 6) What are the clarifying members of a sentence used for?
1. Among sentences 1-3, find sentences with isolated members. Write the number of this offer.(1) Along the banks of Staritsa there are sand dunes overgrown with Chernobyl grass and grass. (2) Grass grows on the dunes, it is called tenacious. (3) These are dense gray-green balls, similar to a tightly closed rose. (Paustovsky K.)
2. Among sentences 1-3, find a sentence with a separate agreed upon common definition. Write the number of this offer.
(1) Acquaintance always takes place according to a once and for all established custom. (2) First we light a cigarette, then there is a polite and cunning conversation aimed at finding out who we are, after which there are a few vague words about the weather. (3) And only after this the conversation can freely move on to any topic. (Paustovsky K.)
3. Among sentences 1-4, find a sentence with a non-isolated agreed upon common definition. Write the number of this offer.
(1) It rained in September. (2) They rustled in the grass. (3) The air became warmer from them, and the coastal thickets smelled wildly and pungently, like wet animal skin. (4) At night, the rains slowly rustled in the forests along remote roads leading to no one knows where, along the plank roof of the lodge, and it seemed that they were destined to drizzle all autumn over this forested country. (Paustovsky K.)
4. Among sentences 1-3, find a sentence with a separate non-extensive circumstance.
(1) If a writer, while working, does not see behind the words what he is writing about, then the reader will not see anything behind them. (2) But if the writer sees well what he is writing about, then the simplest and sometimes even erased words acquire newness, act on the reader with striking force and evoke in him those thoughts, feelings and states that the writer wanted to convey to him. (3) This, obviously, is the secret of the so-called subtext. (Paustovsky K.)
5. Among sentences 1-3, find a sentence with a non-isolated common agreed upon definition. Write the number of this offer.
(1) People say about blind rain falling in the sun: “The princess is crying.” (2) Drops of this rain sparkling in the sun look like large tears. (3) And who should cry such shining tears of grief or joy if not the fairy-tale beauty princess! (Paustovsky K.)
6. Among sentences 1-4, find a sentence with separate additions. Write the number of this offer.
(1) All this is only a tiny part of what can be said about rain. (2) But this is enough to be indignant at the words of one writer, who told me with a sour grimace: (3) “I prefer living streets and houses to your tiresome and dead nature. (4) Apart from troubles and inconveniences, rain, of course, brings nothing.” (Paustovsky K.)
7. Among sentences 1-4, find a sentence with a common application. Write the number of this offer.
(1) Next to the lightning, in the same poetic row stands the word “dawn” - one of the most beautiful words in the Russian language. (2) This word is never spoken loudly. (3) It is impossible to even imagine that it could be shouted. (4) Because it is akin to that established silence of the night, when a clear and faint blue shines over the thickets of a village garden. (Paustovsky K.)
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