It is very nice to see your young and beautiful faces in this audience. To begin with, I would like to thank all those who sent me their essays for the first lecture. It was very nice to realize that you (unlike the second year) prefer dialogue rather than my forced monologue. In general, I am very pleased with your works, despite the abundance of stylistic errors in them. I’ve already said that the teapot sounds proud, so don’t be ashamed of your mistakes. They must be eradicated! I would also like to thank everyone for the kind words addressed to me in your letters.
Now about our plans with you. Surely, many of you, going to my lecture, expected the most boring pastime of your life. Some were pleasantly surprised to see the opposite, some took it for granted. Regardless, our main goal for this semester is to learn the basics of literary analysis. Now many of you will exclaim: “This is where the boring stuff begins!” Here you, my friends, are making a significant mistake. It was no accident that I began my studies with film analysis. The fact is that literary analysis is practically no different from your previous work. Many people think that reading classics is boring. This misconception occurs, first of all, because you do not know how to “feel the work.” If in a film you perceive everything with your eyes, there is a certain intonation, gestures, and so on, then in a printed text you simply do not see this, hence all your problems. Of course, everyone has their own preferences in literature, but you should still be able to respect someone else's point of view, no matter how absurd it may seem to you. Lectures on the basics of literary analysis will undoubtedly seem more boring to you than Titanic, but they will become the very baggage with which all boring literature will turn into something more interesting and exciting. Knowing such concepts as style, literary direction, you will see all the beauty of Pushkin’s poetry, Tolstoy’s prose, you will understand that vulgarisms (rude and slang words) in Mayakovsky’s poetry are nothing more than aesthetic rudeness. The most important rule of literature is that no matter how absurd a point of view on a particular work has the right to exist.
However, let's get back to your writings. I liked most of the works; it is obvious that you have a certain base, but this is not enough for beautiful and competent speech. I believe that many of you still cannot explain to yourself the presence of my subjects at the magical university. I'll tell you this secret. The fact is that there is a magic word that you use all the time. Each of you probably had to prove something, explain something, but none of you practically thought about the fact that in many ways the outcome of your conversations depends on the literacy of speech, both stylistically and grammatically. The ancient Greeks felt the magic of words especially keenly; they taught a subject such as rhetoric in their academies. The science of eloquence, somewhat exaggerated, but still correct. Agree that it is much more pleasant to listen to a person who coherently expresses his thoughts, rather than muttering something unintelligible. In addition, as you know, most spells have a verbal formulation (either in the form of a poem or in the form of thoughtful prose). In senior years you will be taught to compose spells, therefore, the more successfully you comprehend literature, the easier it will be for you later.
A little earlier I mentioned stylistic errors in your writings. Let's take them apart. What is a stylistic or speech error? Somebody knows? Yes, Tinka, I’m listening to you carefully.
Stylistic errors called a violation of the laws of use of lexical units in speech, as well as shortcomings in the formation of syntactic structures.
Yep, that's absolutely right. Well done. So, a stylistic error is the incorrect use of a word and (or) incorrect construction of a sentence. Look at the blackboard. There is a summary table of the main errors with examples. Let's look at it (read the table and try to figure it out).
Main types of stylistic errors
| Nature of the error | Example | Which is correct? | A comment |
| Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it | Along with Pavel and Nilovna’s spiritual growth, their speech grows. | Simultaneously with the spiritual growth of Pavel and Nilovna, their speech develops. | Have you heard of speech growing? If yes, then tell me how to plant it, what to feed it and how its growth is measured? A ruler or what? Exactly. Thus, in in this case the word “grow” is used in an unusual meaning, since it is not applicable to speech. |
| Violation of lexical compatibility | Comparisons play a special role in Yesenin’s poems. | Comparisons play a special role in Yesenin’s poems. | I know that you can play a role, get a role in a play, but I don’t know what it means to “have a role.” Like this? Besides, forgive me, but in such cases I like to ask my students a somewhat vulgar question: what and how do you have it? |
| Pleonasm or using an extra word | He was indignant with indignation. | He was indignant. He was indignant. |
To be indignant and indignant are synonyms, so why use several synonyms in a row at once? Brevity is the soul of wit. |
| Tautology - the use of words with the same root nearby or closely | The story "Mumu" tells... | The story “Mumu” tells... | In my opinion, there is nothing to comment on here. |
| Replays | I recently read a book. This book is called "Heart of a Dog". This book tells an interesting story... | I recently read one interesting book, which is called “Heart of a Dog.” This book tells an interesting story... | Take a look for yourself! Book, book, in a book? Is it beautiful? |
| Use of a word (expression) of a different stylistic connotation | The trustee of charitable institutions sucks up to the auditor. | The trustee of charitable institutions curries favor with the auditor. | I think everything is clear here. In analytical literary work, it is not recommended to use words of a colloquial nature. That is, it is better to use the word degenerate than fool, although the meaning is the same. Unity of style is an important component of any work. If you neglect style, you will end up with a “leopard-print” essay, spot on, so to speak. Here there will be an analytical approach, and there - a tavern approach. Is it good? |
| A mixture of styles from different historical eras | The heroes wore chain mail, trousers and mittens. | The heroes wore chain mail, armor, and mittens. | No comments. |
| Poverty and monotony of syntactic structures | The man was dressed in a burnt-out quilted jacket. The padded jacket was roughly mended. The boots were almost new. The socks are moth-eaten. | The man was dressed in a roughly darned, burnt padded jacket, although the boots were almost new, the socks were moth-eaten. | This mistake is the scourge of all students who do not want to use phrases and complex syntactic structures, preferring simple three-word sentences to them. For an essay written in this style, any university in Russia will give you two marks, without reading the work to the end. |
| Bad word order | There are many works telling about the author’s childhood in world literature. | In world literature there are many works telling about the author’s childhood. | Despite the comma, when reading the first version you get the feeling that the author spent his childhood in world literature. To be honest, it’s quite difficult for me to imagine this. As you can see, the meaning of a statement sometimes depends on the order of words. |
| Stylistic and semantic inconsistency between parts of a sentence | Red-haired, fat, healthy, with a shiny face, the singer Tamagno attracted Serov as a person of enormous internal energy. | The enormous internal energy that attracted Serov to the singer Tamagno was also reflected in his appearance: massive, with wild red hair, and a face bursting with health. |
Here is a list of the main stylistic errors found in the Russian language:
In order to do well study, students should pay more attention teaching.
Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it:
Wrong: jargon words, you need to read a lot.
Right:To be literate and have great stock words, you need to read a lot.
Violation of lexical compatibility: cheap prices vm. low prices, increase level of well-being vm. promotion level of well-being(“level” can be increased or decreased, but not increased or decreased); This plays big meaning
vm. This It has big meaning
or This plays big role
(meaning combines with verb have, play combined with role).
Using an extra word ( pleonasm
): Arrived feathered birds
vm. The birds have arrived; He was indignant with indignation
vm. He was indignant. or He was indignant.
Use of cognate words next to or close to each other in a sentence ( tautology): IN story"Mu Mu" is told…
vm. The story “Mumu” tells...; IN image Nilovny depicted…
vm. In the image of Nilovna is presented...
Lexical repetitions in the text.
Examples
I recently read one interesting book. This book called “Young Guard”. This book is interesting is told...
Better: I recently read an interesting book called “The Young Guard”. It tells...
In order to do well study, students should pay more attention teaching.
Better: To achieve success, students must pay more attention to classes.
The use of a word (expression) of inappropriate stylistic connotation. Thus, in a literary context, the use of slang, colloquial, and abusive language is inappropriate; in a business text, colloquial words and expressive words should be avoided.
Example: sucks up to the auditor.
Better: Trustee of charitable institutions ingratiates himself before the auditor.
Mixing vocabulary from different historical eras:
Wrong: The heroes wear chain mail, trousers, mittens.
Right: The heroes wear chain mail, armor, gauntlets.
Poverty and monotony of syntactic structures.
Example: The man was dressed in a burnt quilted jacket. The padded jacket was roughly mended. The boots were almost new. The socks are moth-eaten.
Better: The man was dressed in a roughly darned, burnt padded jacket. Although the boots were almost new, the socks turned out to be moth-eaten.
Bad word order.
Example: There are many works telling about the author’s childhood in world literature.
Better:In world literature there are many works that tell about the author’s childhood.
Stylistic and semantic inconsistency between parts of a sentence.
Example: Red-haired, fat, healthy, with a shiny face, the singer Tamagno attracted Serov as a person of enormous internal energy.
Better: The enormous internal energy that attracted Serov to the singer Tamagno was also reflected in his appearance: massive, with wild red hair, and a face bursting with health.
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Particular attention should be paid to numerous stylistic errors: repetitions, incorrect word usage, tautology, poor sentence construction, etc.
Tautology
Excessive repetitions of identical words with the same root lead to a violation of the logic of the statement:
Document execution form (document form); bring the defendant to justice (hold the enterprise accountable); disproportionality of the amount of accrued interest (disproportionality of accrued interest); taxation with tax (taxation, collection of tax); investment project for design and construction (investment in design and construction); manufacturing finished products(product manufacturing); therefore, it follows from the materials of the case (thus, it follows from the materials of the case); indexation of wages to the price increase index (indexation taking into account, using the price increase index).
Misuse of words
These circumstances cannot serve as a basis for exempting the defendant from paying ( Right
— payment) for services.
Pay ( Right
— pay) the bill; payment ( Right
- payment) of a sum of money.
In the examples given, the peculiarities of word formation become clear when a word with a new meaning is created with the help of a new prefix. It should be distinguished by meaning: to pay (rent, work, services) - to give money for something;
pay (amount, penalty, tax, state duty) - make a payment in compensation for something;
pay (fee, advance) - give payment for something to someone;
pay - on a bill, for something (for a product).
In addition to the incorrect use of words (not according to the concept, but according to the definition), there is another common error in the sentence.
A subordinate clause with the conjunction WHICH must stand immediately after the word to which it refers (not the account, according to which, but the definition, according to which), therefore in this case it is advisable to break the complex sentence into two simple ones:
Paragraph 6 of Article 11 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation contains a definition of the concept of “account”. According to this definition...
At the court hearing, the plaintiff's representative supported the arguments of the complaint based on the reasons set out in it, and the defendant's representative asked to leave them in force, pointing to the legality and validity of the court's decision.
The meaning of the proposal is completely distorted: the representative asked to leave the arguments of the complaint in force... You should be especially careful when constructing complex sentences with adverbial and other phrases. The author of the text meant to leave the decision in force:
At the court hearing, the representative of the plaintiff supported the arguments of the complaint for the reasons set out in it, and the representative of the defendant, pointing out the legality and validity of the court decision, asked to leave it in force.
She also supported O.P. Ivanov’s claim to determine the procedure for communicating with children, considering it optimal and respecting the rights and interests of children.
Order cannot respect or disobey rights, since it is an inanimate noun. Among other things, the author unjustifiably applied reverse order words, which also led to a breakdown in semantic connections.
Possible variant:
Ivanova O.P. also supported the claim to determine the order of communication with children. In her opinion, this order is optimal and meets the interests of children.
Otherwise, additional leave does not achieve its significance, and the meaning of providing additional leave is lost.
It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of having no meaning (meaning) and not achieving the goal.
Possible variant:
Otherwise, providing additional leave does not make sense.
The foregoing allows the court to come to the conclusion that it is possible to correct Petrov I.P. without isolation from society with the imposition of punishment in the form of correctional labor.
One of the possible options: Based on the foregoing, the court came to the conclusion that it was possible to correct Petrov I.P. without isolation from society and to impose a punishment in the form of correctional labor.
Replays
The plaintiff believes that the court, having examined the case materials, rightfully established that the amount of the debt is 200,000 rubles.
In this sentence we are dealing not only with the repetition of the subordinating conjunction that, connecting the parts complex sentence, but also, as a consequence, with an unsuccessful syntactic construction, which is easy to fix:
According to the plaintiff, the court, having examined the case materials, lawfully established the amount of debt, which is 200,000 rubles.
The letter addressed to the chairman directly states a request to give instructions on the execution of contracts for the above-mentioned persons.
One of the acceptable options
:
In the letter addressed to the chairman, a direct request was made to give instructions to draw up contracts for the above-mentioned persons.
In the agreements in question, the named persons are not named as parties.
Option:
In the agreements under consideration, the persons mentioned (indicated) are not named as parties. Paragraph 4 of Article 176 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation provides for the right of the taxpayer to reimburse the amounts of value added tax provided for in Article 171 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation no later than three months from the date of submission of the tax return... and documents provided for in Article 165 of the Code.
Option:
Paragraph 4 of Article 176 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes the right of the taxpayer to reimburse the amounts of value added tax provided for in Article 171 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, no later than three months from the date of submission of the tax return... and the documents listed in Article 165 of the Code.
Paragraph 3 of this article establishes that the use of a simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting individual entrepreneurs provides for the replacement of the payment of income tax established by law... with the payment of the cost of a patent...
The word established is used a second time due to the fact that the author sought to reproduce the text of the law as completely as possible. Therefore, it is advisable to replace this word where it appears for the first time:
Paragraph 3 of this article defines...
By virtue of paragraph 3 of this article...
According to paragraph 3 of this article...
The enterprise filed a petition to change the subject of the claim and asked to oblige the Internal Revenue Service to credit the enterprise for VAT for December.
If the word enterprise is not used at the end of the sentence, the meaning will not change:
The enterprise filed a petition to change the subject of the claim and asked to oblige the Internal Revenue Service to offset VAT for December.
Repetitions of words are undesirable within not only a sentence, but also a paragraph. Exceptions are keywords on which the meaning of the statement directly depends.
This delay forced the plaintiff to turn to the services of a pawnshop, in connection with which he also asked to recover the damages caused. He also made demands for interest.
Possible variant:
This delay forced the plaintiff to turn to the services of a pawnshop, in connection with which he also asked to recover corresponding damages. In addition, Petrov I.P. filed a demand for the collection of interest. The court reasonably rejected the Internal Revenue Service's claim for the collection of a fine for committing an administrative offense. In violation of the requirements of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the RSFSR, the inspection report does not contain a note explaining to the defendant his rights and obligations. These violations indicate that the plaintiff, when considering the materials of the case of an administrative offense, violated the procedure for bringing to responsibility, which resulted in a violation of the rights of the person brought to administrative responsibility.
Numerous repetitions of cognate words within a paragraph and a separate sentence make it difficult to perceive the text. Since the phrase administrative offense refers to legal terms, you should look for options for replacing other words, as well as rebuild the last sentence:
The court justifiably refused to satisfy the Inspectorate of Taxation's claim for the collection of a fine for committing an administrative offense. Contrary to the requirements of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the RSFSR, the inspection report does not contain a note explaining to the defendant his rights and obligations. The plaintiff's failure to comply with the procedure for bringing to administrative liability when considering the case materials led to a violation of the rights of the entrepreneur.
The amount was debited from a current account opened in an open joint stock company"Inkombank".
One of the acceptable options:
The amount was debited from the current account in the open joint-stock company Inkombank.
During the trial, it was established that during the period of work of the plaintiff, the defendant delayed the payment of wages, and upon dismissal, payment was not made in a timely manner.
Sometimes, to eliminate such errors, it is enough to get rid of unnecessary words, but the meaning of the sentence will not change:
During the trial, it was established that the defendant delayed the wages due to the plaintiff, and upon his dismissal, did not make payments on time.
To avoid repetitions, you should not overload sentences with unnecessary words that do not contain information and are not important for the perception of meaning.
The criminal case was initiated on August 3, 2002.
Right:
The criminal case was initiated on August 3, 2002.
From the documents available in the case, as well as the testimony of a witness - the former chief accountant of the defendant, it is clear that the enterprise worked only to fulfill government orders, in particular the Ministry of Defense, had no other income, and was financed only from the budget.
In addition to repeating a word only in a sentence, there is another common error. The words work and fulfill are synonyms, they are close in meaning, so their simultaneous use leads to a violation of the logic of the statement. The proposal should be restructured:
From the documents available in the case, as well as the testimony of a witness - the former chief accountant of the defendant, it is clear that the enterprise carried out only government orders, in particular the Ministry of Defense, had no other income, and was financed only from the budget.
The plaintiff filed a lawsuit against the defendant for divorce.
This sentence also violates the logic of the statement - of course, a claim can only be addressed to the defendant. In addition, the words plaintiff and lawsuit have the same root. In such cases, instead of the words plaintiff, defendant, the names of the parties should be used, for example:
E.T. Petrov filed a lawsuit against SV. Petrova about divorce.
At the same time, the court was not provided with evidence that Ivanov S.A. left the scene of an accident, and therefore there are no signs of an offense in his actions.
The sentence is overloaded with complex conjunctions.
One of the possible options:
The court was not provided with evidence that Ivanov S.A. left the scene of an accident, so there are no signs of an offense in his actions.
Stringing cases
The accumulation of identical case forms makes it difficult to understand the text. In such cases, verbal nouns are replaced by infinitive or other constructions, common phrases are replaced by subordinate clauses, and unnecessary words are eliminated.
The fact is confirmed by the pledge agreement reviewed by the court.
In addition to stringing instrumental cases, an error was made in word formation (reviewed).
Possible variant:
The fact is confirmed by the pledge agreement examined at the court hearing.
Taking into account the court’s acceptance of this claim by the defendant, O.P. Ivanova’s demands to determine the children’s place of residence must be satisfied.
This sentence is a rare example of alternating five words in a row in the genitive and instrumental cases, which makes the text difficult to understand.
Possible variant:
Taking into account the fact that the court accepts the recognition of the claim by the defendant, the requirements of Ivanova O.P. on determining the place of residence of children are subject to satisfaction.
The fact of using a faulty one cash register when making monetary settlements with the population, the entrepreneur is established by the court and confirmed by the case materials.
In this sentence, three words in a row are used in the instrumental case. It is preferable to change it to the following:
The fact that an entrepreneur used a faulty cash register when making cash payments to the population was established by the court and confirmed by the case materials.
This act cannot be considered as evidence of a change in the will of the lessor in relation to the agreement within the framework of the brought claim.
The meaning of a sentence in which five words are used in a row in genitive case, is practically not perceived. It is unclear what exactly the author of this text wanted to say.
One of the options:
This act cannot serve as evidence that, within the framework of the brought claim, the lessor’s intentions regarding the contract have changed.
Violation of the word order in a sentence can lead to double interpretation of the meaning
The court ordered the tax inspectorate to return from the budget of the Moscow Industrial Bank JSCB 850 rubles of unjustifiably written off penalties.
In this case, the word order should be changed:
The court ordered the tax inspectorate to return to JSCB Moscow Industrial Bank 850 rubles of unjustifiably written off penalties from the budget.
The buyer must enter into a purchase and sale agreement for premises with an organization as directed by the seller.
In this case, it is unclear what exactly the seller is pointing at:
The buyer must enter into a contract for the purchase and sale of premises with the organization specified by the seller.
Or the Buyer must enter into a purchase and sale agreement with the organization for the premises specified by the seller.
Violation of the order of words in a sentence leads to a breakdown of semantic connections between words
The representative of the enterprise asked to leave the appealed judicial acts unchanged, and the cassation appeal - without satisfaction, pointing out their legality and validity.
Due to the incorrect order of words in a sentence, its meaning is completely distorted. Isolated circumstance, expressed participial phrase, must come after the words to which it refers:
The representative of the enterprise, pointing out the legality and validity of the appealed judicial acts, asked that they be left unchanged and the cassation appeal not satisfied.
The tax authority received information from the taxpayer about opening an account...
Possible variant:
Information about opening an account was received from the taxpayer to the tax authority...
This violation resulted in incorrect reflection of value added tax in the accounting accounts and in reporting.
Possible variant:
This violation resulted in incorrect reflection of value added tax in accounting accounts and reporting.
The tax inspectorate filed a claim for the recovery of 650 rubles. fine for failure to submit income certificates for 2001 individuals.
Possible variant:
The tax inspectorate filed a claim for the recovery of 650 rubles. fine for failure to provide certificates of income of individuals for 2001.
From the content of this norm it follows that a missed procedural period can be restored by the arbitration court only upon the application of a person participating in the case to restore the specified period.
Possible variant:
From the content of this norm it follows that a missed procedural period can be restored by an arbitration court only upon the application of a person participating in the case.
The court found that the plaintiffs have the right to additional leave as employees engaged in work with harmful conditions labor, in the amount of 12 days.
In addition to breaking semantic connections, there are other errors in the sentence, in particular repetition of cognate words (workers, work) and incorrect use of words (vacation... in quantity).
Possible variant:
The court found that due to harmful working conditions, the plaintiffs have the right to additional leave of 12 days.
The suspect purchased at least 12.536 grams of heroin, which is a narcotic drug in especially large quantities.
Possible variant:
The suspect purchased heroin, which is a narcotic drug, in a particularly large amount - 12.536 grams.
Inversion
In official documents, which include court documents, inversion is inappropriate - the reverse order of words in a sentence. This technique is used in fiction(in the author's remarks, descriptions, etc.), as well as in colloquial speech. Unjustified inversion is a stylistic error common in court documents.
The dismissal of workers was carried out due to staff reduction; the witness was among the last to quit. The defendant did not have any property; he rented the premises. For a long time, wages were not indexed; only the established salary and bonuses were paid based on the employee’s contribution and the availability of money in the current account.
It is recommended to use direct word order, when the subject (who, what?) precedes the predicate (what is doing, what will he do?), and the main members of the sentence are secondary:
The dismissal of workers was carried out due to staff reduction, and the witness was among the last to quit. The defendant did not have his own property, so he rented premises. Wage was not indexed for a long time, employees were paid only the established salary and bonuses depending on their labor contribution and the availability of money in the organization’s current account.
If a person strives to fully master all the capabilities of a language, to belong to an elite type of speech culture, then he must master all styles of speech, and not only avoid spelling, punctuation, spelling, etc., but also stylistic errors. If a person strives to fully master all the capabilities of a language, to belong to an elite type of speech culture, then he must master all styles of speech, and not only avoid spelling, punctuation, spelling, etc., but also stylistic errors. Stylistic errors are, on the one hand, the use of inappropriate words in a given style. linguistic means, and on the other hand, a violation of the requirements of clarity, accuracy, brevity, richness and expressiveness. Stylistic errors are, on the one hand, the use of linguistic means inappropriate in a given style, and on the other hand, a violation of the requirements of clarity, accuracy, brevity, richness and expressiveness.
Among the errors associated with poor mastery of the resources of the Russian language, the most common are the following: Type of error Examples Unmotivated repetition in a narrow context of the same word or words with the same root. The builders worked at the construction site for a month. Onegin received a superficial education at home. Onegin only knew how to speak French and dance the mazurka. Pleonasms, that is, phrases containing a semantically unnecessary component. Every minute of time is precious (a minute is related to the concept of time). The competition is scheduled for the month of April (the word April already contains the concept of a month). Tautology, that is, identity: a) repetition of what was said in other words; Copyright words are the words of the author. The blow was sudden and unexpected. b) repetition of words with the same root. Connect together; getting closer and closer; move further and further away. Verbosity caused by the use of universal words, that is, words that are used in the most general and vague meanings (case, fact, question, task, etc.). The matter of increasing discipline was discussed at a meeting of the plant's board. Verbosity caused by splitting the predicate, that is, replacing the verb with a combination of a verb with the broadest and most indefinite meaning (raise, provide, receive, etc.) and a verbal noun (if this is not dictated by the specifics of the style). Wed: The workers decided to repair the tractor in as soon as possible. – The workers decided to repair the tractor as soon as possible. The use of cliches, that is, hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. The theme of human loneliness in this world runs like a red thread throughout the novel. They gave their lives for the bright future of humanity.
Among the errors associated with an insufficiently developed linguistic stylistic sense, the most common are the following: Type of error Examples Stylistically unmotivated use of expressive means (epithets, comparisons, etc.). Zhukovsky's ballad rings like a bell. Teachers' herculean efforts have borne fruit: student achievement has clearly increased in the past year. Mixing different styles of vocabulary, in particular, unmotivated use of colloquial or book vocabulary. Andrei Bolkonsky is a man with progressive views. Secular society is not related to him (the word is not motivated not only in meaning, but also stylistically - it refers to colloquial vocabulary). Cacophony, which is created by the accumulation of vowels, sibilants, etc. And Andrei Bolkonsky... This greatest work, depicting the best people of that time, who devoted their lives to the struggle for a bright future for humanity. Violation of the overall functional and stylistic integrity of the work. For example, the topic of an essay requires an emotional expression of one’s impressions, and it is embodied in a dry scientific or clerical style.
Various types stylistic errors can be played out in speech, in particular, in literary texts. Thus, in “The Tale of the Troika” by A. and B. Strugatsky, the passion of officials for drawing up unnecessary memos and instructions is ridiculed. There was a notice on the elevator door stating that “sleeping and jumping is not allowed.” In this case, not only the absurdity of the content of the instructions is played out, but also the clerical technique of splitting the predicate: sleep - practice sleeping, jump - practice jumping. Stylistic errors are quite common in both formal and informal speech. Many of them become so typical that we hardly notice them. That is why it is necessary to carefully monitor your speech, and from this point of view, Stylistic errors are called violations of the laws of use of lexical units in speech, as well as shortcomings in the formation of syntactic structures. A stylistic error is the incorrect use of a word and (or) incorrect construction of a sentence. Here is a summary table of the main stylistic errors with examples. And below are the most common stylistic mistakes:Here
To avoid pleonasm, it is necessary to cut off everything unnecessary. It is enough to follow the simplest rule: if any word can be deleted from the text without reducing the quality (in every sense), then this should be done. Below are several examples (words that can and should be removed are highlighted in bold): The examples in the table show... (Examples show...); After updating an already existing object... (After updating an object...); An operation is the way an action is performed... (Operation is a way of performing an action...); A method is a certain set of operations... (A method is a set of operations...); Building a model in accordance with known rules... (Building a model according to the rules...); In order to provide... (To provide...).
3. Tautology. A tautology is a definition that repeats something previously said in a different form. Tautology is easily detected when reading the text aloud. Overused words usually include which, so, and can. In general, there must be very serious reasons for the same word to appear twice in the same paragraph. A good example tautologies:Tautology Incorrect: Along with these features, there are a number of others... Correct: Along with these features, there are others. Choice of plural and singular forms. Often there are problems with using a single or plural. IN Lately Coordination by meaning is increasingly used: if a single whole is meant, then it is used singular, and if you need to emphasize individual objects, plural. Examples of correct use are combinations: Two or more options; Three or more forms; Select any field or number (the gender is the same); Select any number or number (different gender); There are several options; There are some options.
5. Coordination of words in a sentence. Errors in word agreement in sentences often occur, especially when it comes to controlling verbs. Below are some examples: Incorrect: This section talks about opening, working with, and saving a document; Correct: This section describes the procedures for opening, saving, and working with documents. False: In order to remain in the lead, choice is critical correct system test color printing; Correct: To remain a leader, it is important to choose the right color proofing system. 6. Creation of verbal nouns. You should be careful when creating verbal nouns. Many of the mechanically created words are not in the dictionary, and their use is considered illiterate (arrange ordering, not ordering; collapse collapsing, not collapsing, etc.). In addition, a passion for verbal nouns worsens the style (opening a file is like discovering America).
7. Stringing identical shapes. You should avoid stringing together identical case forms, for example with the words so and which: Incorrect: To perform the task of arranging value indices... True: To arranging value indices... Incorrect: In order to avoid the possibility of danger... Correct: To avoid danger... Incorrect: Gas causing global warming, which poses a real threat... Correct: A gas that causes global warming, which poses a real threat. A stylistic error can also be an oxymoron (a combination of words with the opposite meaning), unless the contradiction is deliberately used to create a special stylistic effect. oxymoron
Stylistic-syntactic errors in the Russian language Stylistic-syntactic errors are a violation of the connection between the members of a sentence. Stylistic-syntactic errors are a violation of the connection between members of a sentence. 1. Disruption of communication between members simple sentence: 1. Disruption of connection between members of a simple sentence: Disruption of connection between subject and predicate Incorrect: The viewing exhibition is open daily. Correct: The viewing exhibition is open daily. Incorrect: Several guys came out of the forest. Correct: Several guys came out of the forest. Incorrect: Connections with revolutionaries: Nikolai Ivanovich, Sasha, Sophia and others had a huge influence on Pavel’s worldview. Correct: Communication with revolutionaries: Nikolai Ivanovich, Sasha, Sophia and others had a huge influence on Pavel’s worldview. Disruption of the connection between the subject and the predicate Incorrect: The viewing exhibition is open daily. Correct: The viewing exhibition is open daily. Incorrect: Several guys came out of the forest. Correct: Several guys came out of the forest. Incorrect: Connections with revolutionaries: Nikolai Ivanovich, Sasha, Sophia and others had a huge influence on Pavel’s worldview. Correct: Communication with revolutionaries: Nikolai Ivanovich, Sasha, Sophia and others had a huge influence on Pavel’s worldview.
Case inconsistency of names Incorrect: He had never seen such eyes, as if sprinkled with ashes, filled with inescapable melancholy. Correct: He had never seen such eyes, as if sprinkled with ashes, filled with inescapable melancholy. Homogeneous members must agree in case with the generalizing word Incorrect: The meeting was attended by delegates from the following countries: England, France, Italy. Correct: The meeting was attended by delegates from the following countries: England, France, Italy. Combination of an infinitive and a noun as homogeneous members: Incorrect: This book taught me honesty, courage and respect for friends. Correct: This book taught me honesty, courage and respect for friends.
Common dependent word homogeneous members proposals that have different management Incorrect: The trust organized and manages the enterprises. Correct: The Trust organized the enterprises and manages them. Violation of word order when using double comparative conjunctions Incorrect: The masses not only create material wealth, but also great cultural treasures. Correct: The masses create not only material wealth, but also great cultural treasures. Omitting required words Incorrect: Vladik somehow nailed the board and ran to volleyball. Correct: Vladik somehow nailed the board and ran to play volleyball. Violation of sentence boundaries (the rule is not strict, violations can be dictated by stylistic features) Example: The hunter put down his gun and tied up the dog. And he went to the beast. Better: The hunter put down his gun, tied the dog and went to the beast.
2. Disruption of communication between members of a complex sentence: Cluttering a complex sentence subordinate clauses Example: Doctors believe that the disease is so serious that they have to fear for the patient’s life. Better: Doctors consider the disease so serious that they have to fear for the patient’s life. Variation in the parts of a complex sentence Incorrect: The report puts forward two propositions: 1) everything higher value gains strengthening of the moral foundations of society; 2) the role of broad layers of the intelligentsia in this work. Correct: The report puts forward two points: 1) strengthening the moral foundations of society is becoming increasingly important; 2) broad layers of the intelligentsia play a major role in this work (or: it is necessary to involve broad layers of the intelligentsia in this work). Mixing the main and subordinate clause Incorrect: The last thing I will focus on is the question about Lensky. Correct: The last thing I will dwell on is the question of Lensky.
Incorrect combination of simple and complex sentences Incorrect: The play exposes " dark kingdom"and how Wild and Boars treat people who depend on them cruelly. That's right: The play exposes the “dark kingdom”, shows how Wild and Boars cruelly treat people dependent on them. Incorrect combination of participial phrase and subordinate attributive clause Incorrect: On Manilov’s table there was a book open on the same page and which he had never read. Correct: On Manilov’s table there was a book open on the same page that he had never read. Separating a subordinate attributive clause with the word which from the defined noun Incorrect: From the conversation between Lisa and Sophia, we learn about Chatsky, who grew up in this house, who (the house or Chatsky?) is now traveling somewhere. Correct: From the conversation between Lisa and Sophia, we learn about Chatsky, who grew up in this house, and is now traveling somewhere.
Unjustified repetition of identical conjunctions Example: Some critics believed that the author was so young that he was unlikely to be able to convincingly solve the problem posed. Better: Some critics believed that the author was so young that he was unlikely to be able to convincingly solve the problem posed. Unlawful collision of close relatives subordinating conjunctions Example: He thought that we misunderstood him. Better: He thought we misunderstood him (or He thought we misunderstood him). Incorrect use of conjunctions and allied words Incorrect: The issue was discussed at a meeting where a corresponding decision was made. Correct: The issue was discussed at a meeting at which a corresponding decision was made. Mixing direct and indirect speech Incorrect: Korchagin firmly states that I will definitely go over to the Budenovites. Correct: Korchagin firmly declares that he will definitely go over to the Budenovites (or Korchagin firmly declares: “I will definitely go over to the Budenovites”).
