The purpose of the lesson: patriotic education of students based on local history material.
Lesson objectives:
Equipment: Posters depicting the coat of arms and flag of the city of Smolensk, the city anthem, projector, multimedia presentation “Smolensk region - pages of history”, video clip “Smolensk”.
Progress of the lesson
Slide 1
Smolensk is one of the most ancient cities of Rus'. It is older than Moscow, the same age as Kyiv and Novgorod. The first inhabitants on the territory of the Smolensk region appeared about 10 thousand years ago. These were wandering hunters. They lived in birth, but in search of food they moved from place to place. In addition, they were engaged in fishing and gathering. Slide 2
The tools of labor changed: from stone to iron and bronze. The way of life has changed. The nomadic way of life was replaced by a sedentary lifestyle, which contributed to the development of agriculture and cattle breeding. Already in the first millennium AD. There were fortified settlements on the territory of the Smolensk region.
It is not known exactly how Smolensk came into being. The first mention of Smolensk in written sources dates back to 863, although already at that time the city was “large and full of people.” One day, painted boats were sailing along the Dnieper River, and in them were the princes Askold and Dir with their warriors. And they saw that on the banks of the Dnieper there was beautiful city Smolensk
Rivers played an important role in the life of our ancestors. They protected from enemies, provided fish and water for cooking. It was possible to travel along the rivers by boats and conduct trade - the rivers were the main roads. So the Dnieper River was a waterway “from the Varangians to the Greeks” (from north to south). The city of Smolensk arose along this path. Where the rivers came close to each other, the ship's people pulled the boat out of the water and dragged it along the ground. Heavy boats rolled along wooden roundels. Slide 3
The city of Smolensk arose on an elevated place on the banks of the Dnieper River. This arrangement protected our ancestors from wild animals and enemies. Slide 4
The city of Smolensk had its own coat of arms. The coat of arms is distinctive sign, emblem of a country, city, etc. The coat of arms of the land of Smolensk was constantly changing, reflecting the history of the development of our region. Since 1998, the coat of arms of the Smolensk region looks like this: Slide 5
Shield The coat of arms of the Smolensk region has an upper edge with five teeth - this is a symbol of the Smolensk fortress wall, which played an important role in the history of Russia. The rounded base resembles the shields of Krivichi warriors.
The white field of the shield was not chosen by chance. White color was a symbol of the Western Russian lands, called White Russia. Smolensk is considered its ancient center, so it had the honorable right to decorate the coat of arms in white.
The shield depicts a cannon with the Gamayun bird sitting on it. A gun in the coat of arms of the Smolensk region indicates that the people of Smolensk often had to defend peace and happiness with weapons. Cannon - the readiness of Smolensk residents to be the first to engage in battle with the enemies. In addition, an artillery salute was fired for the first time in Rus' in Smolensk in 1393.
Bird Gamayun - a symbol of sensitivity, peace, happiness, miraculous strength, prosperity, wealth.
The shield decorates the top princely hat, indicating that the coat of arms belongs to the cabbage soup and originated from the Grand Duchy.
The color of the prince's cap is purple, the most honorable in heraldry, called the “king of flowers.”
On the sides there is a shield decorated with a ribbon of the Order of Lenin - the highest award of the USSR, which was awarded to territories, enterprises and individual citizens for outstanding services to the Motherland. This order is a tribute to the labor exploits of our fathers and grandfathers in the difficult post-war years.
The shield is decorated at the bottom an oak branch and a flax stalk, intertwined with the motto “An unbending spirit will overcome everything.”
An oak branch with acorns is a symbol of mature military valor and glory. Three acorns speak of the three most significant exploits of Russians on Smolensk land: in 1609-1611 - the war with the Poles, 1812 - the war with Napoleon’s army and 1941-1943 - the Great Patriotic War.
In the distant past, Smolensk was a border city.
He was in the west of Rus' and defended its western borders. Since ancient times, Smolensk has been called the key of all Russia. They said that the one who owned this key considered himself the master of the entire country.
Many times enemies dreamed of capturing our city, conquering and defeating the Smolensk people. Therefore, Smolensk had to be well fortified. The city was surrounded by a wooden fortress. Slide 6
Years passed. Military affairs developed, “weapons were improved. And the wooden structure could no longer withstand the onslaught of enemy cannons. Therefore, they began to build a stone wall around Smolensk.
The fortress was built by stone craftsmen who came to Smolensk from all sides of the Russian state. They worked in winter and summer, day and night. Slide 7
The construction was supervised by the famous Russian architect Fyodor Kon.
In 1991, a monument was erected to him near the Gromovaya Tower in Smolensk. Slide 8
The Smolensk fortress wall is a powerful defensive structure and a unique monument Russian architecture. The fortress included 38 towers. The height of the walls is from 13 to 19 meters, width up to 6 meters. Currently, 17 towers have been preserved.
Moving the hills to the head,
The ancient wall became silent.
And only the Dnieper region knows,
How much she saw.The dawn rays are like splashes,
They lie on her shoulder.
Wall, wall, wall of Smolensk!
I love you dearly.You, outlining steep slopes,
You stand like the glory of antiquity
You to Napoleon himself
Dispelled cool dreams.Here in '41 our grandfathers
Forgetting adversity and melancholy,
Fought with faith in Victory,
Closing the road to Moscow.On it, where the grass hangs in the cracks,
Fragments of fragments are visible.
Like on a chronicle page
Read the history of the country.
Since ancient times, the name of the warrior city has been established behind Smolensk, and behind the Smolensk lands - “the western gate of Moscow”. The origin of these names is easy to explain by looking at a map of the country.
The Smolensk region is located on important western routes of our Motherland. Smolensk is located approximately 400 kilometers southwest of Moscow.
The history of the city of Smolensk and the Smolensk region is closely connected with the fate of the entire Russian state. For many centuries, the Smolensk land was the scene of a fierce struggle with enemies rushing towards Moscow. It was here, near the walls of Smolensk, that the enemy more than once received a decisive rebuff.
1. War with Poland 1609–1611.
Seven years after the completion of construction, the strength and inaccessibility of the fortress in Smolensk were tested in practice. In the autumn of 1609, a large Polish army led by King Sigismund III crossed the Russian border and headed towards Moscow. But its advance was stopped near Smolensk, whose garrison offered heroic resistance to the enemy.
The heroic defense of Smolensk lasted almost 2 years. As a result of continuous fighting, the ranks of Smolensk residents thinned out every day. The city ran out of bread and salt and lacked clean drinking water.
The inhabitants of the city vowed to die, but not to surrender. Neither famine nor epidemic could break the courage of the defenders of Smolensk.
Smolensk fell, but its heroic defense remained in the memory of Russians for a long time. The enemy was stopped and detained at the walls of our city for almost 2 years.
For more than 40 years, Smolensk was part of the Polish state.
2. Patriotic War of 1812.
Slide 9
At the beginning of the 19th century, Smolensk again served as a shield for Russia. This time she was threatened by the French army led by Emperor Napoleon. He wanted to defeat the Russian army, capture Moscow and bring Russia to its knees. The main direction of advance of the French troops was Moscow. The path to Moscow lay through Smolensk.
The battle for Smolensk lasted three days: August 4, 5 and 6, 1812 . The position of the city's defenders was critical. It seemed that the Russians could not withstand such an onslaught. But the French attacks were repulsed. The city did not give up. For this, Napoleon ordered the burning of Smolensk.
In 1812, Smolensk burned twice: during the assault and during the withdrawal of French troops. After the liberation, Smolensk was difficult to recognize. The city was burned and destroyed.
3. The Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945.
A severe test befell the Russian people in the summer of 1941. On June 22 our country was attacked fascist Germany led by Adolf Hitler. Hitler, like Napoleon, wanted to conquer the whole world and conquer Russia.
Like all people, the people of Smolensk stood up to defend their Fatherland. Thousands of our fellow countrymen volunteered to go to the front in the first days of the war.
In July 1941, the famous Battle of Smolensk began. It had historical meaning. The enemy was detained on the main direction to Moscow. The Soviet Guard was born near the city of Yelnya.
In the fall of 1941, under enemy pressure, our troops were forced to leave the Smolensk region. The Nazis ruled here for more than two years. Slide 10
Residents of cities and villages went into the forests and united in partisan detachments. There were more than 120 of them operating in the Smolensk region.
During the war, children also fought alongside adults.
In the fall of 1943, our army launched a major offensive in the Smolensk direction. In September 1943, our troops approached Smolensk. The enemy clung to every street, to every house. But nothing stopped our soldiers. Having burst into the central part of the city, our soldiers hoisted a red banner on the building of the Smolensk hotel. On the evening of September 25, 1943, volleys of artillery pieces announced the liberation of Smolensk.
Our state highly appreciated the feat of ancient Smolensk: two Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree. In 1985, the city of Smolensk was awarded the title “Hero City”.
Poem by Vladimir Firsov.
No wonder the country is proud of you,
Your enviable fate,
The Hero star suits you.
Salute of Victory over you.
Shine for centuries and be at peace
Under a sky of peaceful blue,
Immortal worker and warrior,
Moscow's half-brother.
Today we got acquainted with some pages of the history of our regional city of Smolensk. Every year our Smolensk becomes more and more beautiful.
SOURCES:
Lesson summary
According to the ABC of the Smolensk region:
“The history of the emergence of the city of Smolensk. Symbols of my hometown."
Spent
Primary school teacher:
Marchenkova Olga Pavlovna
G. Smolensk
2016
« Main city our ancestors."
Goals and objectives:
To form children's ideas about the historical roots of the city (about the history of the city).
Cultivate a feeling of attachment to your hometown, admiration for its beauty and grandeur.
Arouse a sense of pride in your city and interest in its history.
Teach children the ability to work with a map of Smolensk, find their home, location of the school (center).
Introduce children to the coat of arms and flag with their history and origin.
Correct the processes of thinking and perception.
Methods and techniques:
conversations, stories about the city, looking at maps, photo albums, presentation “Favorite city on the Dnieper.”
Used Books:
During the classes:
1.Introductory conversation
Hello wow guys! You and I are starting very interesting and educational activities who will introduce you to our hometown.
What is the name of the city we live in?
What do the people who live in our city call themselves?
On what river is Smolensk located?
Do you know why our city is called that?
In today's lesson we will learn why our city is called Smolensk, when and how it arose; We will find out what the coat of arms and flag of the city are and get acquainted with the symbols of our city of Smolensk.
So, are you ready to start our journey?
A long time ago, in the country where we live, there were no rich cities, no stone houses, or even large villages. And then there lived the people from whom we come. These people were called Slavs. “And from those Slavs the Slavs spread throughout the land and began to be called by the places where they settled.” And so the Krivichi, our ancestors, settled near the Dnieper River. And Smolensk became their main city.
Smolensk is one of the most ancient cities of Rus'. It recently turned 1150 years old. It is older than Moscow, the same age as Kyiv.
In those distant times, people kept records, chronicles, in which they carefully recorded everything that happened in their city and in other cities. So in one chronicle the following mention of the city was found: “Once painted boats were sailing along the Dnieper River, and in them were the princes Askold and Dir with their warriors. They saw that on the banks of the Dnieper there was a beautiful and large city called Smolensk. And they said that that city was “great and many people.”
How do you understand this?
Yes, it was large in size and had many inhabitants. Such a mention of our city was found in 863 and from that moment on the age of Smolensk is considered.
Why is Smolensk called Smolensk?
Now you will understand everything! Our city was in very convenient location. The Dnieper River, which was large and full-flowing in those days, flowed nearby, and another Dvina River was located not far away; there were many forests and lakes around, the land was fertile and gave a rich harvest. Various merchant ships sailed along these two rivers. These ships carried many goods from all over the world. Smolensk was the first Russian city to which they sailed, because... was on the western border of the Russian state. So, it was here that merchants and other seafaring travelers repaired and “tarred” their boats. After all, before, boats and large ships were built from wood, and so that the wood did not get wet and rot from being in the water for a long time, it was caulked with resin - it was pitched. Namely, we have developed such an art. It is believed that this is why the city got its name Smolensk.
Smolensk in those days was, as we have already said, a large and fairly strongly fortified city. It stood on the high bank of the Dnieper on seven hills, and its main part was surrounded by a fairly reliable fortress. Outside the walls of the fortress there were houses of rich and noble people, various workshops, hospitals, shops, church buildings and much more that the city could not do without. On the other side lived ordinary townspeople and peasants. In the event of an enemy attack, they hid behind the walls of the fortress and helped repel the enemies.
In the beginning, our city, although it was very large, was built mainly from wood, i.e. everyone is home and outbuildings They were wooden and, of course, low. Only a few houses were made of stone, the houses of wealthy merchants. And the fortress itself, surrounding the city, was wooden. Often, after battles or fires, which were not uncommon, the walls of the fortress had to be repaired or even rebuilt. Only much later was a real stone fortress wall built, but we will talk about it in the next lesson.
There were many lakes, rivers, forests and fields around the city
What do you think our ancestors, those people who lived on Smolensk land in ancient times, did?
That's right, our ancestors were engaged in many crafts, as well as agriculture and cattle breeding. They grew oats, wheat, flax, and barley in the fields. They raised cows, horses, sheep, and pigs. For domestic animals, grass was cut and hay was dried. Forests surrounded our city everywhere. Dense, impenetrable. There were many animals in them - bears, moose, wild boars, foxes, wolves, beavers and many others. Hunting occupied an important place in the lives of townspeople. Many lakes and rivers contributed to the development of fishing. Rivers played an important role in the life of the people of our city. They protected from enemies, provided fish and water for cooking. It was possible to travel along the rivers by boats and conduct trade - the rivers were the main roads.
How do you like our journey into the distant past of Smolensk?
What interesting things have you learned now?
2.Practical work
And now I will introduce you to the map of our city.
What is a card? And why is it needed?
That's right, a map is the location of something drawn on paper. In our case, this is a map on which we will see where our city is located, which cities are located next to it, and also consider a map of the city itself.
Working with cards.
Okay guys, now you can safely go to independent travel, because with a map you definitely won’t get lost.
3. Acquaintance with the flag and coat of arms of Smolensk
But today I also want to tell you that every city since ancient times has had its own coat of arms and flag.
What it is?
A flag is a symbol or sign made of fabric. It is usually mounted on a wooden pole. Flags are symbols of unity and power. The very idea of a flag originated in ancient times. Hunters and warriors wanted to recognize both friends and enemies from afar in order to be prepared in advance for battle or a friendly conversation. The main thing the flag was needed for was to gather and pull together its warriors for protection from enemies. The flags were various types, size and color. Each determined the character of the warrior. On the flag they painted animals that the warrior wanted to be like, plants that, in their opinion, protected them from defeat. The color was also chosen depending on the intentions - dark colors- this is a threat, bright ones - victory or good intentions.
Let's look at the flag of the city of Smolensk. The red flag of Smolensk is divided into three parts by three yellow stripes. The color red is a symbol of the battlefield - after all, our city has survived many terrible and long wars. In addition, the red color symbolizes fearlessness, courage, perseverance, and heroism. The yellow stripes on the flag speak of its centuries-old glory and greatness. Also, these stripes tell us that our city is not just a city, but a hero city! This title was awarded to it after the Great Patriotic War for the special heroism and fortitude of its inhabitants.
The coat of arms is a distinctive sign, the emblem of the city. Coats of arms were created according to special rules; they could tell everything about a city or person in the form of various objects and details. How rich it is and in what way, what merits it has, what are the occupations of its inhabitants.
Let's look at the coats of arms of our city in the past and present. Initially, the coat of arms depicted a cannon and the bird of paradise Gamayun. The cannon threatened the enemies, and the bird spoke of the Smolensk residents’ dreams of a wonderful life, and was also a symbol of peace and miraculous power.
And this is what our coat of arms looks like now. Look, the cannon and the Gamayun bird remain on the coat of arms. Monomakh's hat speaks of the greatness of the city and recognition of its merits by the entire country. Two banners and St. George's ribbons They tell us about the heroism of the Smolensk people. The star is the star of the hero city. Below we see a motto ribbon with the words “Glorified by the Fortress.”
What do you think this means?
4. Final part.
Well done boys! You were great travelers today. Did you enjoy our trip? What new things have you learned? What can you tell your moms and dads today?
In conclusion, let's watch the video “My beloved Smolensk”
The city of Smolensk is the regional center of the Smolensk region. The population is 356,000 people. The city is located in the western part of Russia. The distance from Moscow to Smolensk is 400 kilometers.
Smolensk is ancient, located on the Dnieper River. Since ancient times, representatives of Slavic tribes - Smolyans - lived here. This Slavic tribe lucky, the city, which was located on the rivers, was doomed to wealth. Trade here was brisk. Trade ships coming from one river were transported overland to another, thereby connecting a variety of cultures.
So in Byzantium, for example, Smolensk was very famous. The Byzantines considered him rich and big city. Remember Askold and Dir? Varyagov, who came to Rus', together with Rurik. So, when they sailed along the Dnieper with a squad, they did not risk taking Smolensk, and captured the less protected Kyiv.
In 882, Prince Oleg left Novgorod and sailed along the Dnieper towards Kyiv. Along the way, he subjugated the cities he came across along the way. Smolensk was no exception and in 990 baptized the city's inhabitants.
When Vladimir the Red Sun died, strife began in Rus'. So Svyatopolk killed his brother Boris. Prince Gleb, who ruled after learning of his brother’s death, rushed to Kyiv. On the way, he was overtaken by the killers of Svyatopolk. Gleb could have resisted his brother’s troops, but did not want to. The prince did not want to shed brotherly blood. Gleb’s squad succumbed to his mood and, as a result, became completely timid. Prince Gleb was hacked to death by his own cook, by order of Svyatopolk’s people.
Four years passed, and Gleb’s brother was able to find his body. The body turned out to be incorruptible, many miracles and healings took place over it. At the site of Gleb's murder, the Boris and Gleb Monastery was erected.
In 1238, the Tatar-Mongol hordes of Batu organized another campaign against Rus'. Batu's troops were approaching Smolensk. The townspeople were unaware of the danger threatening them. They say that one of the residents of Smolensk, named Mercury, fervently prayed in the Assumption Cathedral in front of the icon of the Mother of God Hodegetria. Suddenly, Mercury heard a voice that reported that there were hordes of enemies not far from Smolensk. Mother of God, promising her help, ordered Mercury to go out at night and attack Batu’s troops. Mercury did not disobey and, going out at night, killed many Tatar-Mongols. Early in the morning, Batu’s army retreated. Mercury, who accepted death, was canonized. Smolensk escaped ruin and submitted to the khan only in 1274.
In 1404, the city of Smolensk was attacked by the Lithuanians. The city was under siege for three months. Prince Yuri of Smolensk decided to go to Moscow for help. Smolensk was surrendered by traitors. For 110 years, the ancient Russian city was under Lithuanian rule. The Smolensk clergy, however, continued to be under the authority of the Moscow Metropolitan. The population felt a spiritual connection with the rest of the Russian people. Soon, the Catholics of Lithuania began to oppress the Orthodox inhabitants in every possible way. The oppression of the Orthodox became a reason for Moscow to go to war for Smolensk. So the city again became part of the Russian state. This happened in 1514.
Construction began in 1593 Smolensk fortress. Until this point, the city was surrounded only by an oak wall. The city was located on the western borders of Rus', and its proximity to Poland and Lithuania simply obliged to turn the city into an impregnable fortress. This was done; construction was completed in 1602. During the years of troubles, Smolensk had to maintain an almost two-year siege by Polish troops. Unfortunately, the traitors who participated in the construction of the fortress surrendered weak points in the wall to the Poles. Polish invaders broke into the city. The streets of Smolensk turned into a battlefield. There were fights on every street. The townspeople, who could not hold weapons in their hands, locked themselves in the Assumption Cathedral, built back in 1103. When the Poles began to storm the cathedral, residents discovered gunpowder in the basements. The cathedral was blown up. The Poles were horrified by what they saw. For 43 years the city was in the power of the Poles. In 1654, Smolensk was returned to the Russian state.
In 1812, the residents had a hard time. Napoleon's troops, entering Russian soil, immediately found themselves near Smolensk. As a result of long battles, the Russian army managed to gain time. This is a considerable merit of the general, Dokhturov, Neversky. The heroic defense of the inhabitants did not allow Napoleon to burst into the borders with lightning speed. Russian Empire. The route of retreat of Napoleon's troops again lay through Smolensk. The city has had a hard time over the years. After Napoleon's invasion, the city's population was only 6,000 people. The city fell into disrepair. Russian emperors did a lot to restore Smolensk after the war.
The city remembers its heroes. On Dzerzhinskaya Street there is a park in memory of heroes. In this square there are busts of the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812, and a monument with the inscription “Grateful Russia to the heroes of 1812.”
Smolensk today is a developed industrial center. The following factories operate in the city: Izmeritel, Iceberg, Iskra, Kristall, Sharm, and others. The city actively trades its products with the neighboring, friendly state of Belarus.
What can you see in Smolensk? The city itself is a historical and cultural monument of Russian history. How much have these walls seen? Unfortunately, due to frequent attacks by enemies, many sights have not been preserved. While on a tourist trip to Smolensk, be sure to visit the churches of the city: the Church of Peter and Paul, the Church of the Archangel Michael, the Church of St. John the Theologian.
As in any old Russian city, there are many monasteries here, be sure to visit Spaso-Preobrazhensky Avraamiev Monastery. You should not ignore the Assumption Cathedral, the same one that was blown up by the townspeople during the Polish intervention. Today it has been restored. It is also worth visiting the Talashkino Museum; it houses various paintings and antiques. There are in Smolensk and Art Gallery, here is a collection of paintings by Russian and foreign artists. You can just walk around the city and enjoy it. Walk along the central streets, where ancient buildings have been preserved, there are shops and food outlets. In the Smolensk region there is the Smolensk Poozerye park. Here cleanest lakes And beautiful nature. There is also an estate in the park.
monument to the heroes of the war of 1812 photo
The city of Smolensk is very hospitable. The people here are kind and intelligent. It feels like the border is close, there are many citizens of Belarus in Smolensk.
Hotels in Smolensk: “Patriot” (on Kirova Street), “Usadba” (Bakunina Street), “Smolensk” (Glinka Street), “New Hotel” (Gubenko Street), “Central” (Lenin Street), “ Medlen" (Rumyantseva St.), "Russia" (Dzerzhinsky St.).
Section 1. SURNAME AS A SPECIAL TYPE OF NAMING OF A PERSON: Section 2. HISTORY OF SURNAMES OF THE SMOLENSK REGION IN THE ETHNOSOCIAL ASPECT:
§ 1. Historical and geographical sketch of the Smolensk region (you are now on this page)
§ 3. Surnames of the Smolensk nobility:
3.3. Smolensk noble families in the historical and cultural area:
Section 3. SURNAME OF MODERN SMOLENSCHIA:
§ 1. Surnames formed from rare forms of baptismal names:
§ 2. Surnames formed from non-baptismal names:
§ 7. Structural features read Smolensk surnames1. EMPHASIS IN SURNAMES
2. DECLINATION OF SURNAMES
LITERATURE
LIST OF DICTIONARIES AND ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF SOURCES AND ABBREVIATIONS
INDEX OF SURNAME read
Smolensk The fortress wall with the Veselukha tower in 1912
Author of the photo: S. M. Prokudin-Gorsky
The history of the formation and development of surnames in the Smolensk region can only be objectively presented against the background of the history of the development of this territory.
The history of the Smolensk region, according to scientists, includes several periods: 1) from ancient times to 1404, i.e. the time when the Lithuanian prince Vytautas conquered Smolensk, 2) Lithuanian - from 1404 to 1514, the time of the liberation of Smolensk lands and their entry into the Moscow state, 3) Moscow - from 1514 to 1611, the year the region was captured by the Poles, 4) Polish - from 1611 to 1654 (and individual territories - until 1686), 5) Great Russian - until 1812, when the entire Smolensk region was engulfed in the Patriotic War, devastated and devastated (Bugoslavsky, 1914, p. 1). The periodization can be continued: 1) the period from 1812 to 1861, the year of the abolition of serfdom, 2) pre-revolutionary (from 1861 to 1917), 3) post-revolutionary (from 1917 to the present).
Let us point out right away that it is not easy historical destinies region (it is well known that Smolensk is a “key city”, an “outpost of Moscow”, on its coat of arms there is a phoenix bird, which revived the city from the ashes more than 20 times) are directly reflected both in the geography of the Smolensk region, and in the history of Smolensk dialects and Smolensk family systems.
It is interesting to note that in its heyday - the 12th century - the Smolensk Principality in its territory was twice the territory of the modern Smolensk region, and included part of the Mogilev, Vitebsk, Moscow, Kaluga, Bryansk, Pskov, Oryol and Tver lands. But by the beginning of the 15th century, the principality had lost its former power, noticeably narrowed its territory and was conquered by Lithuania. In the 15th century, a new rise of the Smolensk region began as part of the Lithuanian state: Vyazemsky, Dorogobuzh, Belsky, Gzhatsky, Velikiye Luki and some other territories returned to it. However, starting from the second half of the century, the Russians conquered the lost regions one after another, the integrity of the Smolensk region was again violated, and by 1514, when Grand Duke Vasily Ivanovich finally annexed the Smolensk principality to Moscow; it included approximately the same lands as at the beginning of the century.
The 16th century, the period when the Smolensk region became part of the Moscow state, was a century of strengthening borders and expanding the territory of the Smolensk region. Thus, from 1596, an original document has been preserved - “The Case of the Construction of the Fortress Wall” - which allows not only to fully imagine all the stages of the construction of this unique structure, “the necklace of all Great Rus'”, but also to determine the territorial boundaries: preserved in the Case document containing a list of villages in the Smolensk region.
However, from the beginning of the 17th century, the Smolensk land was again invaded - this time by the Polish. It was during this “Polish” period that the closest ties between Smolensk residents and Belarusians, Ukrainians and Poles developed. The entire territory of the region became part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
After the new annexation of the Smolensk region to Muscovite Rus' Eternal peace In 1686, the Smolensk land received territorial integrity and certain borders for some time. First Peter I, and then Catherine II tried to strengthen and legitimize the borders of the province, which remained in place until the revolution of 1917. The Smolensk region included ancient lands, such as Belsky, Vyazemsky, Gzhatsky, Dorogobuzhsky, Dukhovshchinsky, Elninsky, Krasninsky, Porechsky, Roslavlsky, Smolensky, Sychevsky, Yukhnovsky districts.
We do not set out to indicate in detail, year by year, the annexation or secession from the Smolensk region of some small specific territories: we will give only a particular example.
The regional center of Krasny, which was an appanage city since 1155 under Prince Rostislav the Great, then became a shtetl, a workers' settlement, and is now an urban-type settlement, has changed hands more than once. Its name also changed - Red - Red - Red.
Some territorial changes in the region took place throughout the 19th century and until the mid-30s of the 20th century: some areas were part of the Smolensk region, then left it, the border with neighboring Belarus and Russian regions (Tver, Kaluga, Pskov, Bryansk) changed more than once ). In the 30s of the twentieth century, the process of “cutting and sewing” the territory, the justification for which was, as they said then, “the adaptation of old administrative-territorial units to new economic and political needs,” separated some historically Smolensk and important regions from the Smolensk region (Belsky and Yukhnovsky).
As we see, the history of the Smolensk region is complex and contradictory. More than once or twice, Smolensk lands changed hands, falling into the cycle of military and political events, changing borders and administrative designations.
How does the history of the region and its geographical position on the development of the region's family system?
Even during the era of the existence of the Smolensk Principality, trade relations with the Baltic states and German lands developed (let us point out the letters of the 12th–14th centuries, which are well known to historians and linguists). The study of anthroponymy of that period indicates a fairly wide interaction between the anthroponymic vocabulary of the Smolensk region and the designated territories.
The Lithuanian period in the history of the Smolensk region is assessed ambiguously by researchers, but in linguistic terms we immediately note that the 15th century did not seriously influence the Smolensk dialects of the past. Although it cannot help but be said that such a long period of inclusion of the Smolensk region, together with other Western Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian lands, into one state, naturally, should have had an impact on the naming of the Smolensk people. In our opinion, this is primarily due to the migration of the population of the Lithuanian-Russian territories. In addition, according to A.I. Sobolevsky, “Smolensk was a mediator between Russia and the rest of Europe; European education and culture flowed into Smolensk and further into Rus' in a wide stream” (1909, p. 109).
But the Polish period had a very serious impact on the fate of the Smolensk region. Smolensk, the center of the region, presented a terrible picture after its capture by the Poles. The city was empty and was a destroyed, uninhabited space, surrounded by a wall (Pisarev, 1898, p. 46). This space began to be rebuilt and populated by new people, immigrants from Lithuania and Poland. A new class was formed - the petty bourgeois landowners. The Russian language was abolished from office work; all documents were drawn up in Polish or Latin. Thus, the presence of the Smolensk region as part of the Polish-Lithuanian state, according to language historians, had a serious impact on both the fate of the Smolensk dialect of that time and the naming of the inhabitants of the region.
After the final annexation of Smolensk to Moscow in 1654, the reorganization of the region began. Immigrants from various Russian regions poured in in a wide stream. Many Moscow service people, clerks, and scribes appeared. A policy was pursued of assimilation of a special privileged class of nobility - the Smolensk gentry - with the newcomers.
Until 1812, connections between the Smolensk region and the Baltic states, Polish and German lands were still active, trade was developing as the borders became secure. In 1708, the Smolensk voivodeship was transformed into a province, and since 1719 the province became the province of Riga with 5 large counties according to the number of main cities. At this time, there was a large number of mixed marriages, which undoubtedly affected both ethnic composition edge, and on its anthroponymy. In 1775, the Smolensk province was again formed with 12 counties, but trade was declining, the importance of the region was falling, and population migration was noticeably decreasing, which led to a certain stabilization of the residents' names.
Here we will limit ourselves to a relatively detailed description of individual historically difficult periods in the destinies of the Smolensk region, which introduced certain, sometimes quite serious changes in the development of the anthroponymic system of the region. Although we will immediately point out that subsequent eras had their own characteristics: as already noted, until the 30s of the twentieth century there was no complete completion in the formation of the territorial borders of the Smolensk region; serious extralinguistic factors were the October Revolution of 1917, the Great Patriotic War and some other events . Limitations in the description are associated primarily with the volume of work, as well as with the fact that early XIX century, the corpus of surnames of the Smolensk region was basically formed - this is the main component of the three-part formula for naming a Russian person. But, of course, everything historical factors, which influenced the development of the family system of the Smolensk region in the period after 1812, are taken into account by us.
Currently, the territory of the Smolensk region includes 25 districts: Velizhsky, Vyazemsky, Gagarinsky, Glinkovsky, Demidovsky, Dorogobuzhsky, Dukhovshchinsky, Elninsky, Ershichsky, Kardymovsky, Krasninsky, Monastyrschensky, Novo-Duginsky, Pochinkovsky, Roslavlsky, Rudnyansky, Safonovsky, Smolensky, Sychevsky, Temkinsky, Ugransky, Khislavichsky, Kholm-Zhirkovsky, Shumyachsky, Yartsevsky.
The Smolensk region neighbors the Bryansk, Kaluga, Moscow, Pskov, Tver regions of Russia, the Vitebsk and Mogilev regions of Belarus.
Special mention should be made of the former Belsky district, which is currently included as a district in the Tver region. In the history of the region, this territory, originally Smolensk, has changed its administrative affiliation more than once. No exception is Lately, when the Belians raised the issue of transferring to the Smolensk region (1992), which has not yet been resolved, but a positive result is possible.
Test
Subject: History and culture of Smolensk and the Smolensk region.
Option No. 4
Completed by: Elena Valerievna Tretyakova
1st year, group No. 16-29730/1-1
Checked by: Ph.D., Associate Professor. Demochkin Andrey Vasilievich
Smolensk
year 2012
Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov and his estate in Khmelit.
In the 16th century The village belonged to the Buinosov-Rostov princes. At the end of the 17th century. Khmelita was owned by S.F. Griboedov, whose conflict with the Streltsy subordinates became the detonator for the “Khovanshchina” - a major Streltsy revolt of 1682 against the rule of Princess Sophia. Since 1747, the estate was owned by the Life Guards captain-lieutenant of the Preobrazhensky regiment Fyodor Alekseevich Griboyedov, the grandfather of the famous playwright. Under F.A. Griboyedov, construction of the main house began in 1753, and the Kazan Church was erected in 1759. Four outbuildings and outbuildings are already shown on the general survey plans of 1778. Two parks - regular and landscape - are mentioned in notes to the plans drawn up a little later. In 1789, behind the lake, the Alekseevskaya Church was erected (not preserved), more original and harmonious than the Kazan Church. The core of the Alekseevskaya Church was a two-height rotunda with a faceted helmet-shaped dome, crowned by a gently sloping conical roof over a low attic tier. The high entablature was supported by semi-columns that separated the openings on 12 axes. The lower windows in Baroque frames with pediments were high arched, the upper ones were round. A low square passage connected the temple with a stocky three-tiered bell tower under a wide and high spire on a four-pan roof. Baroque plastic decor emphasized the squat bell arches and large round windows in the middle tier. There was also a third church at the estate - the wooden Assumption Church, built in a small cemetery, not far from Kazanskaya, to the southwest of it and which existed until 1836. In the 1790-1810s. (until 1812), in their childhood and teenage years, A.S. stayed here every summer. Griboyedov (his mother, Anastasia Fedorovna, was the daughter of Fyodor Alekseevich). Khmelite impressions were reflected in the work of A.S. Griboyedov - most of all in the comedy "Woe from Wit". According to legend, the poet’s uncle A.F. Griboedov served as the prototype for Famusov, and his son-in-law I.F. Paskevich-Erivansky is the prototype of Skalozub. Here A.S. Griboyedov met the future Decembrist I.D. Yakushkin.
During the Patriotic War of 1812, Napoleon’s closest associate, Viceroy of Naples and Both Sicilies, Marshal of France Murat, stayed in Khmelite along with the occupying forces. During the retreat of the French troops, a mounted partisan detachment of Major General I.M. was stationed in Khmelite. Begicheva.
The main part of the estate 18 beg. 19th century had a symmetrical axial layout. From the west, from the river valley. Vyazma, there was a view of the main building, the stepped terraces in front of it and the churches. The upper terrace, with four two-story wings in its corners, served as the front courtyard. In the middle of its long eastern side stood a large manor house. On the other side of the house there was a square regular park with a main alley along the axis of the house and the entire ensemble. The alley ended in a rectangular dug pond. To the north, the park turned into a landscape one; this part was much larger in area and had its own pond with an island in the middle.
Around 1836, the main house was completely remodeled, and the refectory at the Kazan Church was expanded. The baroque decoration of the facades of the manor house is being trimmed down and replaced with empire style. A strongly extended four-column portico with a triangular pediment appears in front of the front facade, and a wooden belvedere is built above the house. The southeastern wing, which remained until the 20th century. one-story, connected to the main house by a gallery from the 1780s.
Starting from the 2nd third of the 19th century. Khmelita quickly changed owners - first it passed into the hands of representatives of the female line of the Griboyedov family, and in 1869 it was sold to the Sychev merchant Sipyagin. By the end of the 19th century. “The house was in terrible condition, no one had lived in it for many years. Everything was neglected. The northern wing was demolished, the upper floor of the southern wing was destroyed. In the hall, grain was drying on the floor, rye was growing from the holes in the parquet.” But at the same time, the estate then preserved “an ancient park, magnificent cattle and grain yards and a lot of other buildings. In addition, there were 5,000 acres of fields and forests, two lakes, a pond.” Count P. A. Heyden bought this estate in 1894, when all the furniture in the huge house (with 8 children's rooms, 53 other rooms and an art gallery) was sold, and the new owners had to buy it again. Before the October Revolution, the estate was owned by V.P. Heyden-Volkov, under whom in 1912 a second floor was built above the gallery and the south-eastern wing. Then, during the construction of a silo, they came across the foundations of a house in which actors and gypsies who made up a theater choir used to live. Among the estate buildings that disappeared by the 1910s was a carpentry workshop that made furniture. Apparently, already from the 1880s. A “cheese factory” appeared in the estate, owned by the Swiss Schildt, who initially settled with cheese production in the nearby Lobanov-Rostovsky estate “Torbeevo” (in the territory of the present Novoduginsky district). Around 1910, after a fire at the Heyden estate “Glubokoye” (Pskov province), 130 paintings collected by Prince N.N. were transported from there to Khmelita. Dondukov-Korsakov, when he headed the Academy of Arts. Among the paintings were works by Giorgione, Guido Reni, Raphael Mengs, Camille Corot and other famous masters.
In 1918, the main building housed People's House- with a theater, reading room, tea room. It was closed in 1919, and things, paintings and the library were transferred to museums and collections in Smolensk, Vyazma and Moscow. During the Nazi occupation, the main house was occupied by the headquarters of Nazi troops and received three holes from our artillery shells. In Soviet times, two outbuildings were dismantled and the Kazan Church was mutilated beyond recognition, destroying the refectory and bell tower. Two other temples were demolished to the ground. Since the 1970s The architectural buildings of the estate are being restored. A great contribution to it was made by the employee of the Moscow restoration workshops, and later the director of the museum in this estate, V.E. Kulakov. The research and preparation of design drawings was carried out by Moscow architect-restorer M.M. Ermolaev. The restoration of the disappeared manor buildings continues. Among them is a stable with a baroque frame of round windows on the sides of a large entrance arch. The platbands have a stepped top and a light rectangular projection of the apron under the lower horizontal edge. Part of the walls of the stable were made of logs, with brick frame pillars in a measured rhythm. Currently, the estate has preserved the main house, gallery and south-eastern wing, the south-western wing recreated by restorers, the eastern and western service buildings to the south-east of the main house, the Kazan Church, and the remains of a regular park.
Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka in Novospassky
Museum-Estate of M.I. Glinka in Novospassky is the only memorial museum of the great composer, the founder of Russian classical music. Novospasskoye is a truly fabulous corner of Smolensk land, located on the banks of the Desna River. Glinka spent 12 years of his childhood here and came here several times as an adult.
The estate's landscape park is unique and inimitable: numerous flower beds, cascades of ponds, gazebos, a mill, a greenhouse, the island of Muses and Amur's Meadow. The basis of the exhibition was made up of authentic objects from the family home in Novospasskoye and memorial items donated by the composer’s relatives.
A landmark of the estate is the current ancestral church of the Glinka family. Every year at the end of May - beginning of June a music festival named after M.I. is held in the Smolensk region. Glinka, the completion of which traditionally takes place in Novospassky.
The Novospasskoe estate, or more precisely, the Shatkova wasteland, as it was originally called, came into the possession of the Glinoks - the descendants of the old Polish noble family, from which in 1655 a branch of Smolensk nobles sprang off - in 1750. The small wooden house in which the composer was born was built at the end of the 18th century by M.I.’s grandfather. Glinka - retired major N.A. Glinka. At the same time, in 1786, the stone estate Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior was built, after which the village was named Novospasskoye. On an unnamed stream flowing into the Desna, a cascade of ponds was built, and a small park was laid out on both sides, which subsequently expanded significantly. For him, father M.I. Glinka - retired captain Ivan Nikolaevich Glinka (1777-1834), to whom the estate passed in 1805 - specially ordered seedlings and bulbs of rare plants and flowers from St. Petersburg, Riga and even from abroad.
The manor church was built by Glinka's grandfather in the provincial baroque style. The composer's parents are buried near the church. In 1812, a detachment of French soldiers, having occupied Novospasskoye, tried to rob the church, but the peasants, led by priest I. Stabrovsky, the first teacher of M.I. Glinka - locked themselves in the temple and successfully fought off the enemy. The French robbed the estate and the priest's house, but the church remained untouched.
The Church of the Savior was famous for its bells. The largest of them weighed 106 pounds. Its sound could be heard ten miles around. By order of the owner of the estate, this bell was rung all day long when the news arrived about the victory over Napoleon and the expulsion of the enemy from Russia.
The bells of the Novospasskaya Church miraculously survived the communist pogroms. In 1941, a priest and several laymen removed the bells and sank them in the Desna. One of the locals reported this to the fascists. They grabbed the priest and began to torture him, dousing him in the cold cold water and demanding that he indicate the place where the bells were hidden - the non-ferrous metal was needed for the victory of the Third Reich. The priest died under torture - the Nazis froze him alive. After the war, one of the Novospassk bells was found and is now in the Smolensk museum.
Mikhail Ivanovich grew up in a large family, he had six sisters and two brothers. The soul of the family was mother Evgenia Andreevna. She lived in Novospassky for 49 years, carefully raising her children. The most beloved and dearest to the mother was the eldest son Mikhail.
Young Glinka was brought up according to the methods of that time. He had a French governess who taught him to read and write. An architect hired by the estate taught drawing. Glinka became interested in geography early, starting to travel using books and maps, and they determined his future interest in travel.
His nanny Avdotya Ivanovna had a great influence on the future composer. She especially eagerly sang Russian songs to the boy and told fascinating tales, managing to instill in him a love for his native folklore. Glinka always remembered her warmly, and, undoubtedly, much of what he heard from his nanny in childhood sank deeply into his soul.
The manor house in Novospasskoye was built by I.N.
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