Sanskrit and Russian are very similar languages. When analyzing them, there is some surprise at the similarity of many words. There is no doubt that Sanskrit and Russian are very close in spirit languages. What is the main language?
A people that does not know its past has no future. In our country, for a number of specific reasons, knowledge about our roots, knowledge about where we come from was lost. The connecting thread that held all people together into a single whole was destroyed. The ethnic collective consciousness was dissolved in cultural ignorance.
Analyzing historical facts By analyzing the sacred scriptures of the Vedas, one can come to the conclusion that an ancient Vedic civilization previously existed. It can therefore be expected that traces of this civilization remain in cultures all over the world until today. And now there are many researchers who find similar features in the cultures of the world. The Slavs belong to the family of Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, or as they now call Aryan peoples. And their past has nothing in common with pagan or barbarian culture. Between the Russian and Indian souls there is such a significant similarity as an uncontrollable desire for spiritual horizons. This can be easily observed from the history of these countries.
We all know that speech is an expression of the culture of its speakers. Any speech is certain sound vibrations. And our material universe also consists of sound vibrations. According to the Vedas, the source of these vibrations is Brahma, who, through the utterance of certain sounds, creates our universe with all its types of living beings. The sounds emanating from Brahman are believed to be the sounds of Sanskrit. Thus the sound vibrations of Sanskrit have a transcendental spiritual basis. Therefore, if we come into contact with spiritual vibrations, then the program turns on in us spiritual development, our heart is cleansed. And this scientific facts. Language is a very important factor influencing culture, the formation of culture, the formation and development of a people.
In order to elevate a people or, on the contrary, lower them, it is enough to introduce the corresponding sounds or corresponding words, names, terms into the linguistic system of this people.
The first Italian traveler Philippe Sosetti, who visited India 400 years ago, addressed the topic of the similarity of Sanskrit with world languages. After his trip, Sosetti left a work on the similarity of many Indian words with Latin. The next was the Englishman William Jones. William Jones knew Sanskrit and studied a significant part of the Vedas. Jones concluded that Indian and European languages are related. Friedrich Bosch, a German philologist in the mid-19th century, wrote a work - a comparative grammar of Sanskrit, Zen, Greek, Latin, Old Church Slavonic, and German.
Ukrainian historian, ethnographer and researcher of Slavic mythology Georgy Bulashov, in the preface of one of his works where he analyzes the Sanskrit and Russian languages, writes - “all the main foundations of the language of tribal and tribal life, mythological and poetic works, are the property of the entire group of Indo-European and Aryan peoples. And they come from that distant time, the living memory of which has been preserved to this day in the most ancient hymns and rituals, the sacred books of the ancient Indian people, known as the Vedas.” Thus, by the end of the last century, research by linguists showed that the fundamental basis of the Indo-European languages is Sanskrit, the oldest of all modern dialects.
The Russian scholar folklorist A. Gelferding 1853 St. Petersburg in a book about the relationship of the Slavic language with Sanskrit, writes - “the Slavic language in all its dialects has preserved the roots and words that exist in Sanskrit. In this respect, the closeness of the languages being compared is extraordinary. The languages Sanskrit and Russian do not differ from each other in any permanent, organic changes in sounds. Slavic does not have a single feature alien to Sanskrit.
Professor from India, linguist, great expert in Sanskrit dialects, dialects, dialects, etc. Durgo Shastri, came to Moscow in his 60s. He didn't know Russian. But a week later he refused the translator, citing the fact that he himself understood Russians well enough, since Russians spoke corrupted Sanskrit. When he heard Russian speech, he said that - you speak one of the ancient dialects of Sanskrit, which used to be widespread in one of the regions of India, but is now considered extinct.
At a conference in 1964, Durgo presented a paper in which he gave many reasons that Sanskrit and Russian are related languages, and that Russian is a derivative of Sanskrit. Russian ethnographer Svetlana Zharnikova, Candidate of Historical Sciences. Author of the book - On the historical roots of North Russian folk culture, 1996.
Quotes - the vast majority of the names of our rivers can be simply translated from Sanskrit without distorting the language. Sukhona - from Sanskrit means easily overcome. Kubena – winding. Suda is a stream. Darida – giving water. Padma - lotus. Kama – love, attraction. There are many rivers and lakes in the Vologda and Arkhangelsk regions - Ganges, Shiva, Indigo, etc. The book contains 30 pages of these names in Sanskrit. And the word Rus comes from the word Russia - which in Sanskrit means holy or bright.
In the early 60s of the 20th century, Indian Sanskrit scholar Durga Prasad Shastri visited Russia. After two weeks he told the translator (N. Gusev): Stop translating! I understand what you are saying. You are speaking here some corrupted form of the Sanskrit! (No need to translate! I understand what you are saying. You are speaking a modified form of Sanskrit!). Returning to India, he published an article about the closeness of Russian and Sanskrit. Sanskrit scholar Durga Prasad Shastri: You speak a modified form of Sanskrit!“If I were asked which two languages of the world are most similar to each other, I would answer without any hesitation: Russian and Sanskrit. And not because some words are... similar... Common words can be found in Latin, German, Sanskrit, Persian and Russian... What is surprising is that our two languages have similar word structure, style and syntax. Let's add even greater similarity of grammar rules. This arouses deep curiosity among everyone familiar with linguistics...
“When I was in Moscow, at the hotel they gave me the keys to room 234 and said “dwesti tridsat chetire.” In bewilderment, I could not understand whether I was standing in front of a nice girl in Moscow or whether I was in Benares or Ujjain somewhere two thousand years ago. In Sanskrit 234 it will be “dwishata tridasha chatwari”. Is greater similarity possible? There are hardly two other different languages that have preserved their ancient heritage - such close pronunciation - to this day. “I had the opportunity to visit the village of Kachalovo, about 25 km from Moscow, and was invited to dinner by a Russian peasant family. An elderly woman introduced me to the young couple, saying in Russian “On moy seen i ona moya snokha” (He is my son and she is my daughter-in-law).
“How I wish that Panini, the great Indian grammarian who lived about 2600 years ago, could be here with me and hear the language of his time, so wonderfully preserved with all the minutest subtleties!
« Russian word seen (son) is son in English and sooni in Sanskrit... The Russian word snokha is the Sanskrit snukha, which can be pronounced the same as in Russian. The relationship between a son and his son’s wife is also described by similar words in two languages...
"Here's another Russian expression: To vash dom, etot nash dom (That is your house, this is our house). In Sanskrit: Tat vas dham, etat nas dham... Young languages of the Indo-European group, such as English, French, German and even Hindi, which directly goes back to Sanskrit, must use the verb is, without which the above sentence cannot exist in any of these languages. Only Russian and Sanskrit do without the linking verb is, while remaining completely correct both grammatically and ideomatically. The word is itself is similar to est in Russian and asti in Sanskrit. And even moreover, Russian estestvo and Sanskrit astitva mean “existence” in both languages... Not only the syntax and word order are similar, the very expressiveness and spirit are preserved in these languages in an unchanged initial form...
“European and Indian languages do not have such means of preserving ancient language systems, as in Russian. It's time to step up the study of the two largest branches of the Indo-European family and open up some dark chapters ancient history for the benefit of all peoples."
The call of this scientist inspired a few researchers to delve deeper into the ancient connection of the Russian north, the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans, with the modern cultures of Europe and Asia.
Russian language – Sanskrit (transcription in Russian letters)
hell(b) – hell (eat, swallow)
artel – arati (root, “rta” - “order”)
pampering, childishness - balatva (childhood)
white, light – balaksha
shine – bhlas
god (merciful) - bhaga
goddess, maiden – devi, devika
cheerful - bhadra
fear – bhaya, bhiyas
to be afraid - bhi, bhyas
abuse, battle - wound
brother - bhratr, bhratra
brotherhood - bravery
take - bhr
to dream - bhraj
eyebrow – bhruva
wake up, wake up - budh
gurgle, dive, sink – blu
Buran – Bhurana
bus (fog) – busa
be – bhu
being - bhavaniya, bhavya
vaga (weight, heaviness) – vakha (carrying a load)
shaft - shaft
roller - roll
vapa (paint, decoration) – vapus (beauty)
cook – var (water)
varok (pen for cattle) – vara (fence)
you - you
know, introduction (knowledge) – type, ved, veda, vedana
vedun - vedin
widow – vidhava
spring – vasanta
the whole (village) – vish
all is vishwa
wind (blowing) – vata(r), vayu
hanging loop
broadcasting (speech) – vachana
broadcast – vach
winnow – va
twirl - lie, jew's harp
water – udan, var, beer
to lead, to lead – wad
carry (on a cart) – wah
wolf - lie
wave, excitement - valana
hair - shaft
question (to ask) – prashna, prachchh
gate, turn - vartana
rider – sadin
always - garden
fall out - avapad
put up, remove – vishtha
knit with a loop - vesht
blather (talk) – vak
guess - bastard (speak at will)
to vomit, to vomit (V. Dal) – gal (to pour out)
gat (path) – gati (walking)
to say, to sound - khlas
drive, beat – ghana
dialect - gavi
mountain gir, weights gir, giri
burning, flame ghrini ghrini
burn ghri ghri
throat gala gala
rob, grab, rake in - grab
mane, scruff - mane
give, give - yes, give
giving - come on
press, compel – dubh
tribute, gift - given
giver - dada, dadi
hole - dara
hole - jerk
food (eating) – ada, adana
eat, eat - hell
sting – jal (edge)
wife - Jani
alive - jiva
life (belly) – jivatva
live - live
(out)lived, old – jita
dawn (praised) – jarya
call - hwa, hwe
anger, potion – hell
call, title - hwana
earth - hema
winter - Hima
winter, snowy – chemistry
know - jna
knowledge - jnana
noble (known) – jnata
expert - janaka
ruin, ruin - crap
yoke, yoke - south
silt – silt (soil)
exterminate, kill – corpse
so – itas
tub - kanduka (capacity)
show (say) – kath
how, which, who
whine - kan
karuna (bird of sadness) – karuna (sorrowful)
touch, feel – chup
cough - cough
wedge, stake
when - when
goat – meka, bukka
stake, pole – khila
Kopanka, pond - kupaka
clumsy – kharva
braid (hair) – kesha
which is Katara
wallet - cat
fasten - klrip
multiple - multiple
peasant - krshaka
scream - krka (throat)
blood - kravis
bloody - bloody
crumble - crumble
twisted - kruncha
(o)round – krukta
(to) crash – crash
naked - naked
sky – nabha
heaven – nabhasa
no – ned
low beads - niche
lowland – nikhina
low - nothing
to die, to perish – nikun (to finish)
thread - thread
to be quiet, to be silent - nikship
new – nava
novina (of the moon) – navina
us, our – us
nail – nagha
nose – nasa
night - nakta
both are ubha
fire - agni
sheep - avika
eye – aksha
awn – asthi
fall - fall
burned (burning) – palita
dad - dad (protector)
pair (other) – couple
graze – pash
pekota, heat - paka
foam - phena
first – purva (primordial)
dog - dog (hungry, eating)
oven - pach
baking – pachana
write - write
drink, feed – pi, pa
drunk - pita
swimming - swimming
splash - splash
float, float - float
floating (raft) – rogue
full – purna
foremother - foremother
nice, cute - priya
awaken (sya) – prabudh
bend - prajna
recognize - prajna
stretch - forward, str
space – prastara
heat, warm up - pratap
stretch out – pratan
sprinkle prish prish
against – prati
chill out - cool off
stick - prani
path - patha
traveler – pathika
swell, grow - push
rejoice - hrad
dispel, whirl – whirlwind
wound - corvid
s, so – sa
plant, sit - garden
myself, most - myself
swara (cry, noise) – swara
sparkle - sparkle
light, whiteness – shevit (svit)
light, white – shveta (light)
yours - sva
property - matchmaker
brother-in-law - matchmaker
father-in-law, mother-in-law – svakr (learn, acquire)
heart - hard
seven (1 l.un.h.) – asmi
seed, grain – hirana
fortitude – shila (strength)
storyteller - kahala
clump, mix - pile
pour out, spew out – srij
glorification - shravanii
rumors (fame) – shrava
listen, hear – shru
mortal – March
death - death, marana
laugh - media
snow – snekhya (slippery)
daughter-in-law - snusha
cathedral, meeting - sabkha
meeting (general opinion) – samvacana
salty, bitter – sola
ooze, pour out – sich, sik
sokha – spkhya (coral stick)
sleep - swap (Hindi - “sleep”
sprinkle - sprsh
sleeping – supta
camp, parking lot - sthana
(to) reach, ascend – stigh
pillar – stambha, stabh
stand – stha
essence, truth - satyam
dry - shush, sush
drying - drying, drying
son – sunu, suna
Why do Russians speak Sanskrit?
July 2, 1872 in the town of present-day Kargopol Astrakhan region Alexander Hilferding, diplomat, politician, Slavic scholar, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, died of typhoid fever. He was one of the first in Russia to study Sanskrit and the connection of this ancient Indian literary language with Slavic languages. The statement of the philologist and Indologist Friedrich Maximilian Müller still remains relevant: “If I were asked what I think biggest discovery XIX century in the study of the ancient history of mankind, I would give a simple etymological correspondence - Sanskrit Dyaus Pitar = Greek Zeus Pater = Latin Jupiter. Meanwhile, the largest percentage of words similar in structure, sound and meaning to Sanskrit vocabulary are found in Slavic languages, and only then in all other European languages. This conclusion was made, for example, by the wonderful Russian Slavist Alexander Fedorovich Hilferding. “The closeness is extraordinary.” Svetlana Zharnikova lists about 80 hydronyms of the Murmansk, Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions that have Sanskrit roots. Among them are Garava: gara - “drink”, va - “similar”. That is, “drink-like.” Or Moksha: maksuyu - “fast”. Or Tara: tara - “crossing”.
Georgy Stepanov
Sanskrit is a historical Indo-Aryan language, the religious language of Hinduism and other Indian religions, one of the 22 official languages India. Its position in South and Southeast Asian culture can be compared to Latin or Greek in Europe, it significantly influenced most modern Indian languages.
Before classic shape Sanskrit is known as Vedic Sanskrit, it is the oldest and most archaic extant form, the old core dating back to around 1500 BC.
The collection of Sanskrit literature includes a rich tradition of poetry and drama, as well as scientific, technical, philosophical and Hindu religious texts. Today, Sanskrit is still widely used as the ceremonial language of Hindu religious rituals in the form of hymns and mantras. Colloquial Sanskrit is used in several traditional institutions in India and there are some attempts at its wider revival.
Sanskrit is a member of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages. Its closest ancient relatives are the Iranian languages: Old Persian and Avesta.
To explain character traits, common to Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages, scholars have proposed migration hypotheses suggesting that the original speakers who formed Sanskrit arrived in what is now India and Pakistan from the northwest in the early second millennium BC. Among the evidence in favor of such a theory is the close relationship of the Indo-Iranian languages with the Baltic and Slavic languages, vocabulary exchange with non-Indo-European - Finno-Ugric languages. Some scholars remain committed to the so-called "Out of India Theory", which argues that the Indo-Aryans were the original inhabitants of India.
The earliest Sanskrit texts are considered to be some mandalas of the Rig Veda, which may have been discovered in the Punjab region and dated to the mid-to-late second millennium BC. But no written evidence of this early period survives. Scientists are also confident that the existence of oral transmission of texts is genuine: they were reliably literary, correct pronunciation was considered the most important factor for the effectiveness of religious rituals.
Since the time of the late Rigveda (from the 4th century BC), Sanskrit continued to develop in the Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, Brahmanas and Upanishads. During this time, the prestige of the language, its authority when used for sacred purposes, strengthened.
The term “Sanskrit” did not previously mean the name of a specific language that distinguishes it from others, but rather as a special refined and perfect manner of speaking. Knowledge of Sanskrit was a sign of social class and level of education in ancient India, the language was taught mainly to members of the upper castes through the closed study of Sanskrit grammar. Sanskrit was the language of scientists Ancient India, along with it there were Prakrits (local dialects), which developed first into Middle Indian dialects, and ultimately into modern Indo-Aryan languages.
Sanskrit, as defined, developed from an earlier "Vedic" form. The beginning of Vedic Sanskrit can be dated around 1500 BC. (accepted date of origin of the Rig Veda). Scholars have often considered Vedic Sanskrit and classical "Panini" Sanskrit as separate "dialects". Although they are very similar, they differ in a number of significant aspects of phonology, vocabulary, grammar and syntax. Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, big collection hymns, spells (Samhitas), theological discussions, religious and philosophical disputes (Brahmanas, Upanishads), which are the earliest religious texts of the Hindu religion. Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Rigveda Samhita to be the earliest, written by many authors over the centuries and transmitted first orally. The end of the Vedic period is marked by the writing of the Upanishads, which form the final part of the Vedic literary collection. According to the current hypothesis, Sanskrit in its Vedic form survived until the middle of the first millennium BC.
For nearly two thousand years, the existing cultural order influenced all of South Asia, Inner Asia, South- East Asia, and to a certain extent to East Asia. A significant form of post-Vedic Sanskrit came from the Hindu epics - Ramayana and Mahabharata. There were four main dialects of classical Sanskrit: Northwestern, also called Northern or Western, literally "middle of the country", Eastern and Southern.
How and when Sanskrit became a “dead” language is not known exactly, but the process was similar to the decline of Latin. Both languages died slowly, first as a means of literary expression and much longer retaining importance for learned debate. Both have been the subject of periodic renewals or forced rebirths, and both have come to be used within the narrow confines of religion and clergy, despite centuries of use in secular society.
Decline in popularity Sanskrit in literary and political circles, is most likely the result of the weakening of the political institutions that support it, as well as the increasing competition of local languages vying for literary and cultural dignity.
compiled by S.V. Efimovsky
The “New Sanskrit-Russian Dictionary”, which began to be created as a simple electronic assistant for the compiler when translating Sanskrit texts, in the present, 1st edition, contains 81,372 dictionary entries (what is in English dictionaries denoted by the term “entry”), of which more than 1250 are non-derivative verbs. Each word of the “New...” dictionary was typed by the compiler in Devanagari and (Latin) transliteration fonts, for which the fonts deva.ttf (Devanagari) and deva_trn.ttf (Latin transliteration) were used. Technical terms when describing verbs are typed in deva_trn.ttf font (i.e., only Latin transliteration). Words in the dictionary are given in alphabetical order, according to the Sanskrit Matrix (given in the introduction). The names in the dictionary are given in stem form. For derived verbs, only present forms are given. The forms of many nominative verbs (in present) are given. For each of the non-derivative verbs, the forms of present, passive, simple future tense, future-2, conditionalis, perfect, aorist (all in the 3rd person singular), as well as forms of causative, desiderative and intensive verbs formed from the given verb are given. non-derivative verb (all in the 3rd person singular). For each non-derivative verb, the forms of the infinitive and gerunds are given, as well as the forms of stems for many types of participles formed from this verb (more than 12 types). The total number of parameters that describe a non-derivative verb exceeds 20. To describe the types of participles, the dictionary has introduced an original system of their designation. Such a detailed and structured database when describing non-derivative verbs in such a quantity in one dictionary, especially when describing the forms of participles, is unique and has not previously been found in European dictionaries. For comparison, V. A. Kochergina’s “Sanskrit-Russian Dictionary” contains about 30,000 dictionary entries, of which about 800 are non-derivative verbs, and the total number of parameters describing the verb does not exceed 10. “New...” The dictionary has a brief outline of the mythology of Hinduism, without an understanding of which (mythology), as well as without an understanding of Sanskrit grammar, it is very difficult to translate Sanskrit texts. The introduction provides Short story its creation, and also a diagram of its structure is described. The dictionary is provided with a list of used abbreviations and symbols. The list of cited literature contains 27 titles.
https://book-markt.ru/e-store/books/143/2717
My congratulations to Sergei Efimovsky, a Russian scientist and Sanskrit expert!
Wonderful, my dear friend! There is no doubt that your courageous undertaking to form and design a Sanskrit-Russian dictionary is a gigantic task and a courageous work.
There are many dictionaries of different languages both in our country and around the world, and each of them has its own personality and peculiarity. Your work is certainly worthy of praise, thanks to its system of classification and construction of dictionary material, in accordance with the needs and tastes of not only a wide range of readers, but even specialists who sometimes need help in their Everyday life and activities.
Your work will be useful to medical students, as well as to many other people involved in the most various types activities, from women housewives to admirers of the arts and sciences. Your book will be a real help, friend and advisor for anyone and everyone who decides to become an attentive reader. I know you as a person of strict discipline and high human qualities.
Let me wish you and your book best wishes. Let her shine among her own kind, as the Sun shines among the nine planets. Fine! Thank you!
Sanskrit, one of the main ancient Indian languages of the Indo-European language family, which received literary treatment. Distributed in Northern India from the 1st century. BC e. It is distinguished by a strictly normalized grammar and a unified system of rules. Sanskrit is opposed to Prakrits as a language brought to formal perfection (samskrta, literally - processed), the Vedic language, archaic and little unified, as well as other ancient Indian dialects that gave rise to Prakrits. Works of fiction, religious, philosophical, legal and scientific literature are written in Sanskrit, which have influenced the culture of Southeast and Central Asia and Western Europe.
Note: If you do not display certain characters of the Sanskrit language, then you need to change the encoding or browser.
Sanskrit(written in Sanskrit): संस्कृतम्
Sanskrit influenced the development of Indian languages (mainly in vocabulary) and some other languages that found themselves in the sphere of Sanskrit or Buddhist culture (Kavi language, Tibetan language). In India, Sanskrit is used as the language of humanities and worship, in narrow circle- as a spoken language. There are epic Sanskrit (the language of the Mahabharata and Ramayana, archaic and less normalized), classical Sanskrit (the unified language of extensive literature, described by ancient Indian grammarians and occupying a central place among other types of Sanskrit), Vedic Sanskrit (the language of later Vedic texts, influenced by contemporary Sanskrit), Buddhist hybrid Sanskrit and Jain Sanskrit (Middle Indian languages of Buddhist, respectively Jain texts).
Sanskrit uses different types scripts dating back to Brahmi: Kharosthi, Kushan script, Gupta, Nagari, Devanagari, etc. Phonetics and phonology are characterized by three pure vowels ("a", "e", "o"), two phonemes having vowel and consonant allophones (i /y, u/v), and two smooth ones (r, l), which could act in a syllabic function. The consonant system is highly ordered (5 blocks - labial, anterior lingual, cerebral, posterior lingual and palatal phonemes; each block is formed by the opposition of voiced/voiceless and aspirated/unaspirated). Prosodic features are characterized by differences in the place of stress, pitch stressed syllable and longitude - brevity. Numerous sandhi rules determine the behavior of phonemes at the junctions of morphemes and words. Morphonological feature - the presence of 3 types of roots depending on the number of vowels. The morphology is characterized by an eight-case name system, 3 genders and 3 numbers. The verb has a developed system of tenses and moods.
Syntax depends on the nature of the texts: in some there is a wealth of inflectional forms, in others they are dominated by Difficult words, analytical forms of time and voice. The vocabulary is rich and stylistically diverse. The study of Sanskrit in Europe began at the end of the 18th century. Acquaintance with Sanskrit played a role in the early 19th century. a decisive role in the creation of comparative historical linguistics.
| Vowels(vowels) | अ | आ | इ | ई | उ | ऊ | |
| a | aa | i | ii | u | uu | ||
| ए | ऐ | ओ | औ | ||||
| e | ai | o | au | ||||
| ऋ | ॠ | ऌ | ॡ | ||||
| RRi | RRI | LLi | LLI | ||||
| First group(sparsha) | |||||||
| Consonants(consonants) | Deaf | Voiced | Nasals | ||||
| क | ख | ग | घ | ङ | Rear lingual(Guttural) | ||
| ka | kha | ga | gha | ~Na | |||
| च | छ | ज | झ | ञ | Palatal(Palatal) | ||
| ca | cha | ja | jha | ~na | |||
| ट | ठ | ड | ढ | ण | Cerebral(Cerebral) | ||
| Ta | Tha | Da | Dha | Na | |||
| त | थ | द | ध | न | Dental(Dental) | ||
| ta | tha | da | dha | na | |||
| प | फ | ब | भ | म | Labial(Labial) | ||
| pa | pha | ba | bha | ma | |||
Second group of consonants non-nasal sonants (antaHstha) |
|||||||
| य | र | ल | व | ||||
| ya | ra | la | va | ||||
Third group of consonants noisy fricatives (uShman) |
|||||||
| श | ष | स | ह | ||||
| sha | Sha | sa | ha | ||||
In Sanskrit there are special symbols for the so-called weakened consonants:
| Devanagari | Latin | Russians | Internal |
| अ | a | A | a^ |
| आ | a_ | A_ | a~ |
| इ | i | And | i^ |
| ई | i_ | And_ | i~ |
| उ | u | at | u^ |
| ऊ | u_ | y_ | u~ |
| ऋ | r. | ri | r` |
| ॠ | r._ | pp | R |
| ऌ | l. | l. | l~ |
| ॡ | l._ | l._ | L |
| ए | e | uh | e^ |
| ऐ | ai | ah | y~ |
| ओ | o | O | o^ |
| औ | au | aw | w~ |
| ं | m~ | m~ | x |
| ः | h. | h. | q` |
| क | k | ka | k |
| ख | kh | kha | k^ |
| ग | g | ha | g |
| घ | gh | gha | g^ |
| ङ | N. | N. | N |
| च | c | cha | c |
| छ | ch | hha | c^ |
| ज | j | ja | j |
| झ | jh | jha | jh |
| ञ | n~ | n~a | n~ |
| ट | t. | t.a | t` |
| ठ | t.h | t.ha | t~ |
| ड | d. | Yes | d` |
| ढ | d.h | d.ha | d~ |
| ण | n. | on | n^I |
| त | t | that | t |
| थ | th | tha | t^ |
| द | d | Yes | d |
| ध | dh | dha | d~ |
| न | n | on | n |
| प | p | pa | p |
| फ | ph | pha | p^ |
| ब | b | ba | b |
| भ | bh | bha | b^ |
| म | m | ma | m |
| य | y | ya | y |
| र | r | ra | r |
| ल | l | la | l |
| व | v | va | v |
| श | s` | sha | s^ |
| ष | s`. | sh.a | s~ |
| स | s | sa | s |
| ह | h | ha | h |
| Devanagari | Latin | Russians | Internal |
| ़ | nukta | nukta | x` |
| ा | a_ | ahh | a` |
| ि | i | And | i |
| ी | i_ | II | i` |
| ु | u | at | u |
| ू | u_ | uh | u` |
| ृ | r | R | r` |
| ॄ | rr | pp | R` |
| े | e | uh | e |
| ै | ai | ah | y` |
| ो | o | O | o |
| ौ | au | aw | w` |
| ् | halant | virama | a |
The endings: न and क - attached to the base of the word, change its meaning in the first case to a certain “totality”, and in the second case they indicate belonging to something.
जन
jana- Human.
जनन
janana - creation, creation.
जनक
janaka- creator, creator.
गण
gan.a - a bunch of.
गणन
gan.ana - check.
गणक
gan.aka - mathematician.
राजीव
rājiva blue lotus
राजन्
rājan raja, king
महा
mahā (combined with other words) big, strong, noble.
महाराज mahā-rāja maharaja, great king. A more significant or more respectful title than simply राजन् rājan.
िपतर्
pitar father.
मातर्
mātar mother.
सुत
suta son.
सुता
sutā daughter.
In Sanskrit the prefix सु su- gives the word the highest degree of quality.
That's why:
सुजन
good man.
सुसुत
good son.
A careful examination of Hindi and Sanskrit reveals that the only difference is that in Sanskrit all words are written in one line, and in Hindi they are separated by a space. Therefore, you can combine the study of these two languages and consider them as a whole.
Consonants that do not cause difficulties:
J M P B K T D N L R V G H J S W W X
य म प ब क त द न ल र व ग च ज स श ष ह
Note: Ш and Ш are two different sounds, but the difference in their pronunciation is practically insignificant.
PH BH KH GH HH JH TH DH
फ भ ख घ छ झ भ ध
Consonants (only in Hindi), which are used to transcribe borrowed words: ZF (the spelling is no different from DZH and PH) except for the dot at the bottom:
Cerebral:
T TX D DH R RH
ट ठ ड ढ ड़ ढ़
Cerebral have no analogues in the Russian language, so they can simply be classified as one of the spelling options for the letters already discussed above.
Another “inconvenience” of the Sanskrit and Hindi alphabets is that they have several phonetic variants of the H sound:
ङ ञ ण
So, the final version of the correspondences of the Russian-Devanagari alphabet:
A अआ
|
DH धढ
|
R रड़
|
अ|प| - |a|a| Unstressed a (schwa), like o in water.
आ|पा - |ā|A| like the shock and in dog, stick, only long.
इ|पि| - |i|i| More closed than Russian and shorter.
ई|पी| - |ī|I| Long version of the previous one.
उ|पु| - |u|u| Like Russian u, short.
ऊ|पू| - |ū|U| Long version of the previous one.
ऋ|पृ| - |R| Like the English r in red, bread.
ॠ|पॄ| - |RR| double version of the previous one.
ऌ|पॢ| - |LR| L with tongue curved back. Exotic sound, found in Telugu, Norwegian.
ॡ|पॣ| - |LRR| A double version of the previous one.
ए|पे| - |e|e| diphthong like a in English bane. (ee).
ऐ|पै| - |ai|ai| Diphthong like i in English mite (ai).
ओ|पो| - |o|o| Diphthong like o in English bone (ow).
औ|पौ| - |au|au| Diphthong like ou in English house (ау).
प्रेम (prem) - Love(Sanskrit)
Devanagari alphabet
Indian alphabets, including Brahmi, Devanagari and others, are the only ones in the world where the order of signs is not random, but is based on an impeccable phonetic classification of sounds. This sets them apart from all other alphabets, imperfect and chaotically constructed: ancient Greek, Latin, Arabic, Georgian, etc.
We do not know of any centuries-long development of the Devanagari script in India itself. This letter is considered a divine revelation. Indian Brahmin priests claim that Sanskrit is the language spoken by the Indian gods. According to one legend, Shiva presented sacred sounds. From them Sanskrit was later created.
According to another legend, the ancient enlightened yogis, who listened to their bodies in silence, caught fifty different vibrations that emanated from the chakras, and each of these subtle vibrations became one of the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet, that is, Sanskrit is internal energies expressed in sounds. For example, many people know the sacred sound OM in the East, which is also a mantra, and at the same time a letter of the Devanagari alphabet.
The Sanskrit word “Devanagari” itself is translated differently by different experts:
- writing "in the dialect of the Devas
" or " spoken by the Devas ( over)";
- "writing of the city of the gods"
, writing of the Heavenly City (Deva-Nagari).
Devas
- these are demigods, half-people (what tales, legends and traditions of not only the Indian epic report
). Devas appear in human form. Can also be translated as divine, (same root words "diva ny", "y diva ative")
"Naga"
Nagas are a people of snake people who, according to legend, lived in India in ancient times. Nagas could be gods, demigods, or close associates of gods.
"Ri"
- (same root wordrewhose) speech, writing, law, order, ritual.
Thus, we get Deva-Naga-Ri" - the Divine Nagas letter (or speech).
It's funny, isn't it? Nagas are a people considered a mythical fiction, and their writing is a completely material object that has existed for 5000 years. And this despite the fact that in the legends of the ancient Indians many other mythical races are mentioned: Siddhas, Charans, Gandharvas, Rudras, Apsaras, Uragas, Guhyakas and Vidyadharas, Danavas, Nagas, Maruts, Rakshasas, Nairrits, intelligent monkeys and others. But the fact is that the Indians themselves consider the Nagas to be their ancestors and still worship them. In many temples scattered throughout India from north to south, we find images of snake people from the Naga family.
The cult of snakes is also found in some myths, which are given in the collection of ancient Mayan religious texts, the Book of Chilam-Balam. It says that the first inhabitants of Yucatan were the Snake People. It is also interesting that in the Old Testament tradition the biblical serpent-tempter is called “nachash” in Hebrew, in With in Anskrit the sound of snake is "naga", and in some Indian dialects (Achuar and Auahun): “napi” and “naka-naka”.
There is another translation option for the word Devanagari. It is the language of communication between Nagas and Devas. Nagas are the indigenous inhabitants of our planet, they represent the Lunar Dynasty. Virgos, representatives of the Solar dynasty, are aliens. Thus, the sounds and script of Devanagari formed the basis of the language in which the gods and intelligent beings, the former inhabitants of our planet, communicated.
Is Sanskrit the language of the Naga snake people?
All of the above is confirmed by the following interesting observations. Experts involved in the study of fonts and alphabets believe that when writing symbols or letters, the image of a mouth making a sound from left to right is almost universally accepted (except for the letters “O” and “Ö"
,
drawn from the front).
Let us assume that each Devanagari sign represents, as in Cyrillic and other alphabets, a schematic representation of the mouth and organs of speech at the moment of pronouncing a sound. This results in a schematic side view of the mouth. The upper palate is a horizontal line, the lower jaw is a vertical line. The mouth is always open. At the same time, teeth in this font are not depicted in any character. And some of the letters are either greatly distorted, or represent the mouth positions not of a human being, but perhaps of Naga, the serpent-man, since these symbols depict a long tongue forked at the end.
The language of the creators of Devanagari did not contain a single dental letter. It can be assumed that these creatures had no teeth at all. This is exactly how Indian sculptures depict nagas.But in Sanskrit and Hindi there are many sounds, with exhalation through the nose, and not through the mouth, i.e. aspirated sounds ha, dha, jha, bhra, etc. For other human languages this phenomenon is extremely rare. Why complicate things so much when our mouth and lips allow for so many different pronunciation variations? Moreover, in classical Sanskrit, these same “exhalation” sounds are also pronounced through the mouth, but with aspiration. It seems that the creators of the language did not have such a mobile mouth, but the nasopharynx was overdeveloped.
In India, the strange custom of cutting the base of the tongue is still widespread. Many yogis use special training to stretch their tongue in length (sometimes even very much). Mentions have been preserved of brahmins cutting the tongue lengthwise in ancient times so that it resembled a snake's.
Why such seemingly very artificial operations? This, of course, is just a hypothesis, but isn’t it for the completely pragmatic, rational purpose of making it easier to speak the Naga language? Perhaps people sought to speak the Naga language correctly, and for this purpose changed their speech organs.
If we look at the map of the distribution of such languages with aspirated sounds, we will find that the language of the Nagas, Snake People and Dragons was distributed in Southeast Asia (Hindustan, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan, Korea). This fact is consistent with the legends of the mentioned countries that these intelligent beings, representatives of the Lunar Dynasty, lived in this territory. And as the legends say, they taught the first people to read and write, agriculture, craft and other knowledge. They also conveyed intimate knowledge about the structure of the world and man, so that man could develop and improve...
