How to use the table?
It is necessary to start the definition from the first paragraph, comparing the characteristics given in it with the characteristics in another paragraph, indicated by a number in brackets. By comparing the signs, we decide which one is more suitable. If the signs of the first point are suitable, move on to the second. If, on the contrary, the signs of the point indicated by the number in brackets are suitable, then the definition begins with this and the following points, skipping all the previous ones.
Table for identifying grape pests by the nature of damage to the bush
1(8)
. Kidneys are damaged in the spring.
2(5)
. The kidneys have wide holes eaten away, often with torn edges. The damage is caused by beetles with a short and thick rostrum, fused elytra, and rounded shoulders. Skosari.
3(4)
. All legs are the same length; the head and pronotum are relatively small; femora without ring of scales; elytra shiny with rows of dots; the body, legs and antennae are black. Hind tibia with deep notch; length 6-12 mm. Crimean mower.
4(3)
. The elytra are deeply wrinkled and tuberous, with groups of pearlescent golden scales; legs and antennae are red; length 8.5-11 mm. Turkish mower.
5(2)
. A narrow, deep canal has been eaten away in the kidney. The long-proboscis weevil often eats away the eyes before the buds open; the body is shiny, blue or green, up to 5.5-9.0 mm long. Pear or grape pipe maker.
6(7)
. The pest's entrance hole with a spider web or small excrement can be seen on the bud. The caterpillar is gray or dirty green, the head is black. Body length up to 10 mm. Grape leaf roller.
7(6)
. The buds dry out and die; damaged by sucking small (up to 1.5 mm) elongated insects with 2 pairs of narrow fringed wings. Thrips.
8(1)
. The generative and vegetative parts of the plant are damaged.
9(17)
. Inflorescences and clusters are damaged.
10(11)
. Damaged inflorescences are combined with leaves, the damage is caused by a grayish-green caterpillar with a black head. Grape leaf roller.
11(10)
. The pedicels of buds and flowers, entangled in cobwebs, are often gnawed, with a caterpillar between them. The stalks are gnawed, together with the berries are tangled in a web, there is a caterpillar inside the damaged berries or in the cobwebs. The caterpillar's head and chest shield are yellow-brown, the body is yellowish-green with sparse light hairs; length 12 mm. Bunch leaf roller.
12(10)
. The head and chest shield are black, the body is light-colored or reddish, with dark setaceous scutes, length 12-14 mm. Biennial leaf roller.
13(14)
. Green bunches with a sooty coating, insects on the ridges and pads, covered with powdery secretions, the berries dry out or wrinkle. Grape mealybug.
14(13)
. There are small brownish galls on the ridges; sometimes there is a pink mosquito larva inside. Grape gall midge.
15(16)
. Relatively deep cavities are eaten away on ripening and ripe berries, damaged by adult hymenoptera insects, the body is yellow-black, the abdomen is pendulous. The head is reddish-yellow, the body is black with yellow and rufous patterns, body length is 25-30 mm. Hornet.
16(15)
. The head is black with yellow, the body without a red pattern; length 15-20 mm. German wasp.
17(9)
. The vegetative parts of the plant are damaged.
18(35)
. Leaves and young shoots are damaged.
19(20)
. The leaves are cut off, only stumps remain, the damage is caused by a beetle with a large head and well-developed jaws; the body is convex and shortened, 24 mm long. The nibbled leaves are carried away. Kravchik-golovach.
20(21)
. The leaves are rolled up in the shape of a tube or cigar, damaged by beetles of bright metallic color, the rostrum is long, the antennae are not cranked. Tube screwer.
21(22)
. The leaves are eaten away from the edges in an irregular pattern; the notches often reach the thick veins. Large short-proboscis weevils cause damage. Skosari.
22(23)
. Rough deep eating from the edges is combined with holey. The damage is caused by large lamellar beetles. Marble Khrushchev.
23(24)
. Sixteen-legged caterpillars damage them. The hairs are not feathery and are located on dark warts in a star-shaped manner. The body is gray-yellow above, light below, 12-20 mm long. Older caterpillars eat holes or eat leaves from the edges, leaving veins. Grape moth.
24(25)
. The caterpillar is velvety brown above, with black warts, the side stripes are lemon yellow, with orange warts and tufts of black hairs, the head and legs are black; length 35 mm. American white butterfly.
25(26)
. The damage is caused by a ten-legged slender caterpillar; Eating from the edges is combined with perforating. Grape moth.
26(27)
. Several leaves are united by a web. There are holes in the woven leaves, the petioles are gnawed, and the caterpillar damages them. Grape leaf roller.
27(28)
. Among the leaves, pulled together by a web or rolled into a tube, there is a caterpillar. The caterpillar's body is greenish, the head is greenish-brown, body length up to 20 mm. Comb or polyphagous leaf roller.
28(29)
. The leaves are mined. The serpentine part of the mine is strongly sinuous, with large excrement, a spot irregular shape; the caterpillar is green, the head and pronotum are brown. Body length up to 4 mm. Grape leaf miner.
29(30)
. There are small light dots on the leaves that merge into spots, the leaves turn gray and die; damaged by greenish, small (2.5-3 mm) insects, head and scutum with dark spots; elytra with red stripes. Grape leafhopper. Possible damage by other leafhopper species.
30(31)
. Galls on the underside of the leaf, pinkish, round, inside are yellow larvae with piercing-sucking oral apparatus or eggs. Vine phylloxera (leaf form).
31(32)
. On the underside of the leaves there are felt spots that are whitish, brownish, or reddish. On the upper side there are small swellings and bulges of various sizes; damage flares with two pairs of legs. Grape felt mite (itch).
32(33)
. On the leaves there are small, discolored necrotic spots or other acarinous tissue lesions. Ticks.
33(34)
. Young shoots are damaged. Shoots are damaged under shelters after planting or in schools. Plants are gnawed at the horse's neck. Gnawing owls.
34(33)
. The shoots of grape seedlings are gnawed or the pest's entrance hole is visible in the root part. Click beetles and darkling beetles.
35(18)
. Trunks, skeletal branches and roots are damaged.
36(40)
. Trunks and skeletal branches are damaged.
37(39)
. The damage is caused by larvae with an elongated body, narrowing towards the rear end. Under the bark and in the wood of the trunks there are wide passages clogged with stubs in the form of shavings. On the surface of the trunk there are round flight holes of the beetle. They damage larvae with a more or less flattened body, an expanded chest, and short or absent legs. Mustache. Grapes are damaged by: large fruit barbel, variable, polyphagous, etc.
38(37)
. The passages inside the trunks are slightly flattened and filled with drill flour. Flight holes of beetles on the bark are elliptical in shape.
The damage is caused by a legless whitish larva, the prothorax is greatly expanded, the head is small; on the last segment there are 2 toothed processes. Body length up to 20 mm. Vine narrow-bodied borer.
39(37)
. Larvae with other symptoms cause damage. The larvae are C-shaped, with three pairs of legs, and hairy. The body is somewhat widened in front. Always only in wood. False bark beetles. The most common species are the grape borer and other species.
40(36)
. Roots are damaged.
41(42)
. There are thickenings on the root lobes and small roots. Beak-shaped thickenings on young roots - nodosites - Grape phylloxera (root form).
42(43)
. The thickenings on the roots are nodular, bead-shaped, with small worms inside. Root nematode (eelgrass).
43(44)
. Woody roots are damaged. On the roots there are tuberosity swellings and relatively deep cracks. Grape phylloxera (root form).
44(45)
. The roots are eaten by beetle larvae with three pairs of legs. Longitudinal wounds have been eaten away, mainly on the main root extending from the root stem; Often the gnaws are very deep, especially from the root collar of seedlings. Large light fleshy larvae of lamellar beetles damage. Marble Khrushchev.
45(46)
. Wounds on the roots are in the form of winding grooves or spiral-shaped. The damage is caused by small bark beetle larvae. Grape dropsy.
46
. The roots are chewed by weevil larvae. The larvae are legless, white, the body has brown bristles, and the head is light brown. Body length up to 12 mm. Skosari.
Grapes, in general, are considered to be quite hardy and easy to grow plants. However, there are insects and diseases that are very dangerous for it. Therefore, it is worth preparing in advance for possible troubles by familiarizing yourself with the most famous pests.
Did you know? Statistical studies conducted by scientists show that the grape harvest from pests decreases annually by at least a third, and if proper measures are not taken to prevent diseases, losses can reach half the harvest. We are, of course, talking about professional vineyards, while on a summer cottage improper care for grapes can completely destroy not only the crop, but also the plant itself.
One potential risk is off-target mutation, where technology makes a genetic change in an unintended location. If gene editing is like word processing, off-target mutations are like deleting or replacing the wrong word. In some cases, changes outside the target may be negligible. Critics worry that in worst-case scenarios, these editing errors could result in a plant that produces unexpected allergens or toxins.
The resistance of grapes to pests and diseases directly depends on the crop variety, however, the main enemies of all types of grapes are common, the difference is only in the degree of manifestation of disease symptoms and the duration of the treatment procedure.
- a tiny insect that eats the leaves of grapes, as well as many other plants. In appearance, this bug looks like a jumping cockroach reduced to 0.5 cm in size.
With the onset of spring, it eats up young shoots and grape leaves, causing a serious blow to the plant, after which it lays from one to three dozen eggs on the back of healthy leaves. The hatched larvae immediately begin to eat the green grapes, causing even more damage to the plant.
Experts disagree on the risks. Similar studies in plants are limited.
Then there is the question of using gene drives to change entire populations of insects in the wild, and whether these changes will be controlled. There may be a solution, albeit an imperfect one. This may control the population, but as the authors note, "any environmental changes induced in the intervening period will not necessarily be reversed."
An effective means of combating with grape flea is "Karbofos" or others chemicals similar action, with the help of which spraying of the blossoming buds of grapes is carried out. The procedure should be repeated as new holes appear on the leaves, indicating pest activity.
This pest is a small bright red butterfly, barely visible to the naked eye, which begins the hunting season on young grape leaves in late spring and, like the grape flea beetle, lays eggs on the back side of the plant leaf.
Another issue is gene flow, in which genes move between different populations. This can be a particular problem for crops. For example, a concern is whether a crop engineered to resist disease or environmental stress might overlap with a succulent wild counterpart, making the weed even harder to control. But if gene editing makes it faster and cheaper to bring crops to market, it could be used on varieties that do.
Tiny caterpillars that appear later (they can be seen by looking through the leaf in the sun) “mined” the leaves with specific oval passages filled with waste from their vital activity, as a result of which the leaf loses color, withers and falls off.
Mining moth causes great damage to the plant, the yield is reduced, and the berries lose their quality. An unpleasant property of the insect is that during the season it produces not one, but two generations of offspring.
It may also be more difficult for scientists to determine whether those genes have migrated into wild populations, Ellstrand adds, if the gene-edited plant has only subtle genetic changes and contains no trace of the biological tools that created it.
But if you care, this is a matter of human values. Do chemical pesticides or genetically modified crops pose a greater risk to people and the environment? This depends in part on how individual products are made and used and whether they affect unintended targets in the environment. But experts believe that new technology worth exploring.
Struggle with leafminer moths in the cold period of time, when it has not yet begun to eat the plant, it can limit itself to digging up the summer cottage and destroying the remains of vegetation in which the insect can overwinter.
However, if in the spring the first narrow light stripes (“mines”) are found on the leaves, more will be needed. radical methods struggle. Like the grape flea beetle, they will help you get rid of the leaf miner insecticides for grapes.
To the extent that the technology is safe, we should be open to using the technology. She swings open heavy door into a small, brightly lit room with metal stands. Under a microscope, grape cells look like lump porridge dolls. “Each of these little seeds,” she says, “can potentially grow into a plant.”
And if the gene-editing process works and the world prepares, each of those grains could contain new genetic material to grow generations of mold-resistant, pesticide-resistant grapes. During feeding, phylloxera secretes Chemical substance, which causes plant tissue to grow near the feeding site, resulting in characteristic galls. Phylloxera is an indirect pest of grapes, damaging the grapes by feeding plant sap from the roots, leaves and tendrils but not causing actual damage to the fruit.
Preparations containing the plant poison pyrethrum work well against this insect, but they must be handled very carefully, since, firstly, the substance is very harmful not only to the moth, but also to humans, and secondly, the leafminer moth very quickly acquires immunity to similar to poisons.
If the infection is not very serious, you can try to do without special chemicals for grapes. Thus, insect eggs are destroyed using products containing paraffin.
It is often called the "smoldering insect", the sucking insect, or the "vine bug". Ground feeding by phylloxera occurs primarily on foliage, but it can also occur on stems and tendrils if population densities are high. French hybrids and several North American varieties are very susceptible to gall formation. While the plant sap in the leaves provides nutrition for the insect, the affected areas of the leaf also provide protection. Leaf galls are hollow, dimensional tumors of plant origin, usually red or green, that form on the undersurface of a leaf as a result of growth causing a chemical secreted by the phylloxera insect.
In addition, before spraying the grapes with poison, you can try to apply mechanical means: carefully inspect the plant and remove infected leaves, using various adhesive films and similar products against adult insects.
-a sedentary insect that is very difficult to get rid of. This is largely due to its specific white fluff, with which the pest envelops itself, protecting it from the effects of poisons and attacks from natural enemies.
Once attached to a leaf or young grape branch, the cushion plant will continuously suck the juice from it throughout its life using a special piercing proboscis. As a result, the plant weakens and loses resistance to diseases, and productivity decreases.
Unlike root feeding, leaf feeding occurs from within the gall. The hollow, thick-walled leaf yolk provides an ideal incubation chamber for eggs and a barrier to the harsh environment of insecticides, as well as kill, predators and disease. Infected roots swell to form root galls while the phylloxera continues to feed on the outer surface swollen area. Large galls on older roots are often attacked by root rot, which usually results in first decline and then death of the vine, three or four years after phylloxera infestation.
The eggs laid by insects (there can be more than two thousand of them per year) hatch into young animals, which in the first days of life do not yet have resistance to chemical influences, so the effectiveness of insect control directly depends on the attentiveness of the gardener.
Destroy the pad can be done mechanically by removing the testicles and adults with a coarse brush. In more complex cases, use "Nitrafen" or "Dimethoate" (the first is used in early spring, the second - after the leaves appear).
In Ontario vineyards, grape phylloxera is present in most root systems but does not have lethal effects due to low winter temperatures that prevent phylloxera from becoming overly abundant. The root form is currently classified as a minor pest in Ontario. Adult females grape phylloxera, both root and leafy, have wingless and oval sizes from 7 mm to 0 mm and a width of about 5 mm. The leaves are bright yellow to orange when young adults become brown as they age.
On the roots they are pale green, light brown or orange. Newly laid eggs are oval, bright yellow, approximately 4 mm long. And 2 mm wide. Right before hatching. the eggs become dark yellow with two visible red spots at one end. Developing nymphs are similar in size to eggs. Nymphs progress through 4 developmental stages before reaching the adult stage. The winged adult female, emerging from the soil in late summer and early fall, is orange with a gray-black head and thorax with two pairs of lightly veined wings.
A small nocturnal butterfly that gets its name from the way the caterpillars move: the insect at this stage of development does not have legs on its abdomen, so they move, bending in an arc and straightening again, as if measuring distance with spans.
The span is an outdated concept corresponding to a measure of length from large to index finger a person placed on a horizontal surface in the shape of a gate.
Phylloxeras overwinter on the roots, like impons. In spring, when soil temperatures rise. nymphs begin to feed on root sap and mature into adults in 15-20 days. Spring and summer lactating adults, which are strictly female, reproduce without male fertilization. One woman can produce 100 to 150 eggs in about 45 days. New nymphs move to other root areas and begin to feed and cause gall production. When they mature, they will begin to produce the next generation of eggs.
Five to nine overlapping generations may occur during the growing season. The feeding cycle of phylloxera leaves begins later in the growing season. Winged adult females lay eggs on the top vine. The eggs hatch to produce wingless male and female phylloxera. Mating occurs and one egg in each female is deposited under the bark of the vine. This egg is the overwintering stage of the phylloxera leaf infection cycle.
Insect caterpillars are hairless and have a color that is invisible against the background of foliage and plant stems, especially when they “stand” motionless on a branch with their body raised.
Moths spend the winter hidden in the bark. After warming, the butterfly begins to actively eat the buds, damaging them and causing serious harm to the plant, hence the second word in the name of the pest.
The overwintered egg under the bark hatches in early spring when the grape buds break dormant and begin to open. The wingless female nymph crawls towards the new shoot to the point of growth. From the upper surface of a young, unexpanded leaf, the nymph begins to feed on plant fluids, inserting its stylet into the tissue of leaf cells. As the leaf expands, a leaf gall develops around the phylloxera, forming a pea-sized hollow growth on the lower surface of the leaf in which feeding continues.
If the nymph begins to feed on a mature leaf, the results are incomplete gall formation. This first generation of adult females causes the first appearance of leaf galls in mid-May. The Phylloxera gall pattern on the lower surface of the leaf is cut to reveal the adult males and eggs.
Due to this insect control should be carried out precisely at the moment when the buds bloom. Preparations for protecting grapes from the bud moth are the same insecticides as in the case of other pests of this plant.
is a very large gray butterfly, distinguished by the variegated colors of its front wings. This butterfly hides its eggs in cracks discovered by insects in the bark of plants. During the season, one individual lays up to eight hundred eggs, from which reddish caterpillars hatch with unpleasant smell(hence the name of the insect).
Together, they bite into the bark of a grape or other crop, make tunnels there and remain for the winter. After warming, each individual begins to make its own passages up to half a meter long in the shoots. Collectively, these holes can destroy the plant.
Drawing of Phyllocera nymphs emerging from gall through an exit hole on the upper surface of a leaf. The tip of a grape arrow is attacked by phylloxar nymphs. New leaf galls become visible on the lower surface of the leaf. Phylloxera nymphs on the upper surface of the leaf begin to feed and form galls on the young, unexpanded leaf. When the female reaches maturity, 10-15 days after the start of feeding, and when the production of bile is complete, the eggs are deposited within the bile. Up to 200-300 eggs can be deposited by the female within 30-40 days.
Caterpillar activity can be detected by dying areas of bark, from under which a mixture of rotting plant pulp and insect excrement is released. Having seen such a sign, the vine must be cut below the dead area and removed or burned.
As pest control Another method is also used: the passage is expanded artificially, for example, using a long piece of wire, then an insecticide solution is injected into the hole using a syringe, after which the entrance is sealed with clay.
When the eggs hatch, new nymphs immediately emerge from the gall through a small exit hole on the upper surface of the leaf. Nymphs crawl from the gall leaves to the stem. Many of the nymphs climb up the shoot, again to feed on the unexpanded leaves at the point of shoot growth and begin to form their own galls. Other nymphs crawl or are blown by the wind to other shoots on the vine and form galls there. This new formation of leaf galls represents an injury caused by the second type of phylloxera in which the third generation of eggs are deposited.
Grape borer called a medium-sized green bug with an elongated body. Damage to grapes is caused equally by both the adult insect and its larvae, which gnaw holes in the shoots, remaining there until spring.
This pest prefers weaker plants to healthy plants, and as a result of its impact, the leaves of the grapes dry out, the stems wither, and the yield is significantly reduced.
The life cycle repeats as the shoot grows and the season progresses. Therefore, early generations of phylloxera leaves can usually be distinguished by the arrangement of galls along the shoot, with the youngest generation closest to the growing point. Five to seven generations may occur during the season, which begin to overlap with a third generation, making it difficult to distinguish between generations by mid-summer. As many as 200 phylloxera galls can be found on a leaf during severe infestations. In the fall, some hatching nymphs migrate, are blown by the wind, or fall to the ground and crawl up to the root system to hibernate during the winter.
Struggle with grape borer it is carried out in the same way as with other pests: the affected shoots should be cut back to living tissue and destroyed, after which the plant is treated with insecticides.
Vital activity of the arachnoid grape mite(itching) appears already in early spring, when light spots form on the outside of young leaves, which subsequently dry out, and the inside of the leaf becomes covered with a specific substance resembling felt. This is the tick's habitat.
As the insect grows, the felt becomes darker, and eventually the stain covers the entire leaf, after which it curls and withers. During the season, the mite can produce up to a dozen new followers, and each new insect, piercing the leaf, sucks the juice from it and devours the tissue.
Grape phylloxera causes indirect damage to susceptible grapevines. When leaves become infected, severely wilted leaves become damaged and rolled, resulting in reduced leaf surface area. Leaf gamma tissue can contain up to 90% less chlorophyll than healthy leaf tissue, indicating reduced photosynthesis. Loss of carbohydrates due to severe infestations can result in low fruit sugar levels at harvest. The vine may also be unable to adequately store carbohydrates as food reserves that would otherwise promote winter hardiness and provide energy for new growth the following spring.
If itching appears on grapes, you should resort to the following agrotechnical measures: struggle, such as pruning a damaged vine or spraying grapes with colloidal sulfur, “Fitoverm” or other preparations of a similar effect.
The fight against mites on grapes can be ineffective, since it is very difficult to remove the insect from the protective felt. Spraying is recommended to be carried out in hot weather, then the poison vapors “break through” the web and destroy the insect.
Did you know? If you treat grapes with an insecticide like Omite, designed specifically to combat mites, predatory types of mites will still survive, after which they will easily devour the rest. This trick can significantly reduce the number of sprayings, and sometimes a single treatment is enough.
leaf roller – an insect that can destroy a huge number of crops. Among the main enemies of grapes, the most dangerous are the grape moth (it devours buds and flowers, as well as berries: they dry out or, on the contrary, rot), biennial and, in fact, grape leaf rollers.
All such pests overwinter in the bark, therefore the main method of struggle with them is the removal and burning of old tree skin in early spring. After this, spraying is carried out with preparations common to combating all grape pests.
Treatment scheme grapes depends on the type of pest. So, two-year-old leaf roller destroyed by spraying three times (two weeks after each of the two generations of butterfly flight and the third time - two weeks after the second treatment).
It is also destroyed by spraying three times: two weeks after the first summer of butterflies, immediately before flowering and two weeks after the summer of the second generation.
To combat grape budworm Two sprays are enough: before and after swelling of the buds. In winter, to destroy the insect, you can treat the bushes where the pest was previously noticed with a powerful stream of Nitrofen.
At the same time, the support for the grapes is also sprayed; pests can also overwinter in it. Leafworm caterpillars can also be destroyed with biological poisons.
Important! All spraying of grapes should be stopped no later than 30 days before the bunches appear.
They are called scale insects small pests sucking juice from plants.
Dangerous for grapes mealybug,more precisely, its female is a pink or yellow insect covered with a white coating similar to flour. The larvae of this pest are capable of forming entire colonies, settling on branches and leaves, sucking the juice from them. As a result, the grapes turn yellow and dry out.
A sign of damage is a clearly visible white coating and sticky discharge, which is subsequently affected by sooty fungus.
Scale insects on grapes are less dangerous in the early stages of infection, since fight him You can mechanically remove insects and powdery secretions with a cloth soaked in a soap solution.
After this, it is enough to treat the grapes three times with a weekly interval with an alcohol tincture of calendula, spray with garlic or tobacco infusion, cyclamen decoction, or soapy water.
If the infection is serious, it is necessary to use phytoferm, biotlin, mospilan or other drugs of the same group, if necessary, alternating them with each other.
Preventive actions can help prevent infection. Therefore, the vineyard should be kept clean, dried shoots and leaves should be destroyed. In addition, regular washing of the leaves can protect against pest damage.
This small black bug with a glossy back is capable of destroying a dozen swelling buds. Up to one and a half hundred individuals can settle on one bush, and they can lay the same number of larvae in one square meter of area.
During the day, insects are in the ground (the pest also overwinters there), and they go out hunting at night. The larvae destroy grape roots.
To exterminate beetles grapes are sprayed with Chlorophos, and sticky traps are also used. The natural enemies of the beetle are birds, including farm birds.
– This is an insect that sucks liquid from the leaves of some grape varieties, leaving visible black spots on them in the spring. Thrips are not a common pest and their appearance on grapes is very rare, due to a combination of factors favorable to the insect.
In the hot season, it is quite difficult to notice traces of thrips activity. Leaves look healthy external signs there are no lesions. Just on inside The leaf blade shows small single or grouped pale bubbles.
If you cut the sheet at the place of such swelling, you get the impression that the plate has simply grown in width. In fact, this is the result of damage to the leaf by thrips, which pierce the plate and drink juice from it, thereby infecting it with various infections, of which they are carriers.
Thrips infestation of grapes is sometimes confused with activity leaf mites. A characteristic difference is the presence of characteristic dark traces of blockage of blood vessels in the form of a mesh. At first they can only be seen on the leaves, but as the disease progresses, the ovaries and bunches of grapes are also affected.
Plants damaged by thrips develop poorly and become deformed, so get rid of the pest necessary through general treatment with insecticides mixed with fungicides. Spraying is carried out in the spring, as soon as the grapes produce the first young shoots, and re-treatment is usually no longer required.
This microscopic aphid appeared in vineyards relatively recently, no more than one and a half hundred years ago. It feeds exclusively on grapes and poses no danger to other crops. At the same time, according to generally accepted opinion, it is considered the most dangerous and difficult enemy of vineyards to breed, affecting huge areas with lightning speed.
Did you know? Phylloxera has destroyed more than two-thirds of the vineyards around the globe in a relatively short period of time.
Phylloxera uses everything in grapes: from the roots to the very tips of the leaves, and each part of the plant has its own “fans” among insects. For example, phylloxera is presented in such forms as root (the most dangerous), leaf, winged, sexual, etc.
The insect's homeland is North America, and it is American grape varieties that are more susceptible to damage by this pest than others; they are also its main carriers.
Unlike Americans, phylloxera begins to eat European grape varieties from the roots, however, if you do not intervene in time, it quickly moves to the upper parts of the plant, from which at the end of summer it again descends to the roots, taking on a root form, or becoming winged (with the wind spreads over vast areas).
In addition, the pest passes from plant to plant through labor tools, human hands, with the help of animals and birds, and also flows down with wastewater.
The best way to avoid phylloxera infection- give preference to European grape varieties and grow them in sand, since the pest feels especially good on wet soil.
For prevention Grape grafting is also used on varieties that are resistant to this pest and are not afraid of rotting: in this case, when the rootstock is infected with phylloxera top part grapes suffer slightly.
If the grapes are still affected by the pest, the plant is sprayed"Aktellik", "Zolon", "Confidor", "Mitak" or other insecticides. Primary treatment is carried out when a pair of leaves appears on the shoot, usually in the first half of May. The second spraying is carried out at the end of May, and the last application is carried out towards the end of June.
These small blood-sucking pests are dangerous to the vineyard both in adulthood and in the form of larvae. They move onto the grapes from other plants when leaves appear on the vine (insects can be seen with the naked eye by slightly shaking the vine).
On the affected leaves, the ends begin to curl due to dehydration and their shape is lost, and given that the insect lays larvae on the back side of the leaf, it is somewhat more difficult to notice them.
Cicadas are dangerous not so much to the leaves as to the fruits of the grapes: by biting into the berry, the insect infects it with bacteria, and such grapes can no longer be eaten.
Upon careful examination of the sheets, you can notice small pimples on the reverse side, in which the cicada larvae themselves can be distinguished at the last stages of maturation.
Wasps They feed themselves and feed their offspring with ripening grapes, causing enormous damage to the harvest. By biting through the berries, this insect creates excellent conditions for pathogenic bacteria and fungi that are actively developing in the affected fruits.
Wasp control you need to start at the end of spring, when they switch from eating protein to sweets.
There are many types of this struggle: traps with sweet bait or meat, spraying grapes with any kind of chemical to control pests, or destroying nests, which can be easily found by tracking where the wasps fly from in the morning and where they return in the evening. It is best to do this after sunset, having previously protected yourself from possible bites.
Very in an effective way is to install traps from cans or bottles. Making small holes, we fill the cavity with jam or syrup, some pour in already poisoned sweets. Wasps fly in and land on the liquid, sticking to it. You can also wrap the grapes in a net, thereby blocking the insect's access to it.
Important! Wasps live in large families and their nests can be located within a 20 m radius of each other, so the destruction of one nest is likely tofullywill not get rid of this problem. The fight must continue in various types until the insects find another place for a treat.
Grapes have a huge number of pests, in addition to those described above. The fight against them can be quite effective, but it is much more correct and productive to prevent infection by means of preventive treatment of the plant and compliance with all conditions for its cultivation.
Many farmers believe that the key to a healthy vineyard is preventive chemical treatments of the vines, even those varieties that are considered pest-resistant. However, regardless of whether you agree to such treatment or not, before the plant becomes sick, it is necessary to keep the vineyard clean, carefully and regularly inspecting the leaves to identify the first signs of damage.
Diseased shoots and dried roots must be destroyed immediately, and fallen leaves must be removed at the same time. Such simple measures will allow you to avoid unnecessary material waste and effort, and will also ensure a rich harvest of grapes without treatment with chemicals unsafe for humans.
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Phylloxera- is the most dangerous quarantine pest of grapes. Phylloxera was brought to Europe along with oidium-resistant hybrid varieties from the eastern United States in 1858-1862. This pest was first discovered in greenhouses in London, and soon in France, from where it, along with planting material, migrated to Spain and Portugal. Switzerland, Italy and even North African countries. All European vineyards were in the grip of phylloxera.
At the end of the 60s of the 19th century, the nursery of entrepreneurs Schmidt and Gaate in Erfurt (Germany) supplied seedlings to South coast Crimea. Thus, the Tessel farm near Cape Foros became a victim of phylloxera. In the 80s, it was discovered in the Sukhumi region and Kutaisi, from where it spread throughout Georgia and Azerbaijan. And later this pest spread throughout the vineyards of Kuban, Moldova, and in the 90s of the same century, Ukraine. Assessing this pest as extremely dangerous, the Russian scientist Tairov (now his name is assigned to the Institute of Viticulture in Odessa) wrote: “The world does not know a more terrible and persistent pest cultivated plants than phylloxera. Living underground, on the roots of the grapevine, this microscopic aphid persistently carries out its destructive work, moving from bush to bush, from vineyard to vineyard, from country to country, bringing devastation and disaster everywhere.”
Over the course of 36 years, phylloxera destroyed six million hectares of European vineyards and became a national disaster in many countries.
Phylloxera is a greenish-yellow aphid, a small sucking insect that is easily visible through a magnifying glass. The body is oval, slightly flattened, reaching a length of 1.5 mm. Lives only in the vineyard. There are five main forms: leaf, root, nymph, winged and sexual (male and female). The most common forms are leaf and root.
On American grape varieties and hybrids - direct producers - phylloxera has a full development cycle with a set of all five forms.
The leaf form develops only on the leaves of grapes of American varieties and hybrids - direct producers; it does not affect the leaves of European varieties. Aphids have a proboscis with which they inject roots and leaves and feed on cell sap. Under the influence of injections, galls in the form of warts are formed on the underside of the leaf; the larvae in them turn into an adult insect, which lays up to 600 eggs. During the summer, phylloxera produces up to eight generations.
The root form extends to both American varieties and hybrids and European ones. It can be easily detected in July-August when examining the roots at a depth of up to half a meter. The larvae pierce the root with their proboscis and release saliva with enzymes, under the influence of which the root tissues grow, forming tumors. In this case, characteristic swellings in the form of nodules or beaks appear on the fibrous roots. Such roots are unable to absorb nutrients from the soil and die off after two to three weeks. Nodules form on thick, perennial roots; when they crack, wounds appear, into which infection easily penetrates, causing destruction of the roots and their death.
In the galls on the leaves, the phylloxera larva develops into a female, which lays eggs, and after a few days new larvae appear. Starting from the second generation, some of the larvae descend into the root zone, forming the root form of phylloxera. They overwinter as larvae of the first and second instars and fertilized eggs. If galls are numerous, they severely deform the leaf, disrupting its photosynthesis. The leaf becomes like a bunch. Damaged bushes are stunted in growth. Thinning and short-noded shoots are observed, leaves decrease in size, and yield decreases. Gradually the bushes die.
American varieties and hybrids - direct producers - have adapted to coexist with phylloxera (this phenomenon is called tolerance - tolerance). Their roots and the roots of others resistant varieties At the site of the puncture by the pest, a cork layer is formed. It isolates damaged tissue and prevents rotting. This property of the roots prevents phylloxera from feeding and limits its reproduction.
Structural loose soils are the most favorable for the pest. Unfavorable are structureless heavy loams, clayey and similar soils. Vineyards growing on sand are free from phylloxera.
Most often, healthy grape bushes become infected with winged phylloxera aphids. Such aphids crawl to the top of the shoot of an infected bush and from there scatter to other bushes. Going down the trunk and using the passages between lumps of earth, insects penetrate to the roots and settle on them. Aphids also spread with planting material (layers, seedlings, cuttings), migration of larvae from bush to bush, and are carried by agricultural equipment, clothing, shoes, wind, water, birds and animals.
Control measures. To the great regret of all winegrowers, radical ways to combat phylloxera have not yet been invented; as a rule, these are preventive measures. Let's look at the most important ones. First of all, planting material (especially seedlings) must be purchased in phylloxera-free areas. An amateur winegrower must remember that this insidious pest of vineyards is always nearby. Grow grapes on sand, but if the soil is not sandy, then some winegrowers practice this technique. When planting a seedling after placing the roots on fertilized soil in landing hole, a pipe with a diameter of 15-20 cm and a length equal to the depth of the hole is put on the stem. Fine-grained sand is poured into the pipe, the hole around the pipe is filled fertile soil and watered. After this, the pipe is removed, and the rootstock of the young bush is, as it were, in sandy insulation. This technique does not provide a 100% guarantee, but it greatly reduces the likelihood of phylloxera penetrating the root system.
Insulation of seedlings with sand (sand shell): 1 - pipe; 2 - sand; 3 - fertile soil.
Transition to new complex-resistant varieties with varying degrees of resistance to phylloxera and the use of new hybrids Save Villar.
One of the most reliable ways to prevent phylloxera is considered to be the grafting of European varieties onto American rootstocks (Cober 5BB, Riparia Glouar, Riparia x Rupestris), the roots of which are resistant to decay processes and, even despite infection with phylloxera, do not die and are almost not suppressed. Such bushes produce high yields and are durable. Winter flooding is also used - the vineyard is flooded with water for 40-60 days.
The fight against the leaf form of phylloxera is as follows: when leaves with phylloxera galls are found, they must be torn off and destroyed, and the infected areas must be sprayed as the pest develops at the moment the larvae of each generation emerge from the galls. The following preparations are used to treat grape bushes against the leaf form: Zolon, Mitak, Confidor, Actellik. The rates and methods of use of each insecticide are described in the instructions supplied with the preparations.
The main danger of phylloxera is that all methods of protecting grape plants from it are preventive and do not provide sufficient effect.
Radical measures today are uprooting bushes. Subsequent planting of grapes in place of uprooted ones is allowed no earlier than 5-6 years.
Leaf form of phylloxera: 1 - adult female; 2 - gall in section.
Khrushchi cause the greatest harm on sandy and sandy loam soils. Khrushchev larvae gnaw through the underground parts of cuttings in the school and young plantings. Two adult beetle larvae can completely destroy young bushes on one square meter. About ten species of beetles have been identified on the territory of Ukraine. The most common of them is marble. In addition to the marbled beetle, there are hairy and white beetles, and on chernozems - May beetle and corn dung beetle.
Control measures. During planting, the bottom and walls of the planting pits are dusted with benzophosphate.
Common spider mite refers to polyphagous pests. Damages more than 200 plant species, including grapes. It got its name because its habitat is always covered with cobwebs. Settles on the underside grape leaf and feeds on the contents of its cells. Leaves damaged by spider mites turn yellow, and in colored varieties they turn red: first along the main veins, and then over the entire surface. Subsequently, the leaves turn brown, dry out and fall off. As a result, the harvest is lost, the sugar content of the berries decreases, the growth of bushes decreases, and the ripening of shoots worsens.
The degree of mite infestation varies among different grape varieties. The most severe damage is observed in varieties with medium and weak leaf pubescence. The size of the female mite is 0.6-0.7 mm, the male one is 0.3-0.5 mm. The body color is yellowish-green with dark spots on the back. It overwinters under the bark of grape bushes, in cracks of pillars, under clods of earth in the stage of adult fertilized females.
In early spring, females settle on the buds and, after they bloom, move to the leaves. Soon they begin to lay eggs (up to 100 each), attaching them to leaf hairs or spider webs. The eggs hatch into larvae after 7-10 days, depending on the weather. They soon develop into adult females, who lay eggs again. During the summer, the spider mite produces up to 12 generations. One generation develops in 2-3 weeks (Fig. 55).
Control measures. Due to the fact that in early spring, before the leaves appear on the grapes, the mite can develop on weeds, the soil in the vineyard must be kept in a state of black steam. In early spring, before the buds open, the bushes are sprayed with DNOC (150 g per 10 liters of water). In the second half of June, spraying is carried out in those places where there were foci of spider mites in the previous year. Subsequent treatments are carried out in July-August; in places where the pest appears, immediately after its detection, the treatment is repeated after 7-10 days. The bottom part of the sheet is processed. The best poison for controlling ticks is phosphamide (20 g per 10 liters of water). Spraying is carried out no later than three weeks before harvest. Neoron is also used for summer spraying; dosages are indicated on the instructions included with the packages.
Grape itch. A microscopic mite that lives on leaves. Signs: on the upper side of the lower side there are depressions covered with gray
If the leaves are severely damaged, the bushes are depressed, and the quantity and quality of the harvest decreases. The mite overwinters under the scales of grape buds. During bud break, it moves to young leaves. During the growing season it can produce up to 12 generations.
Control measures. Infected bushes from last year are treated with 2% immediately after bud break. colloidal sulfur (200 g per 10 liters of water). Pollination with powdered sulfur gives good results; the tested new drug Neoron also showed high efficiency in the fight against grape itch. In vineyards where preventive treatments against mildew and oidium are carried out, this pest practically does not settle.
Bunch leaf roller is a butterfly with a wingspan of 10-14 mm. The egg is yellowish, transparent, flattened. The caterpillar is light green, very mobile. The pupa is brownish-yellow, 5-6 mm long. It overwinters in the pupal stage in cracks in the bark of grapes, stakes, and in the soil near the trunks. The flight of butterflies begins at an air temperature of 14-19°C and lasts up to 30 days. The female lives 3-4 days, during which time she lays up to 100 eggs, from which caterpillars hatch after 7-10 days. Gives three generations during the growing season.
Caterpillars of the first generation feed on buds, flowers or young ovaries of grapes, gnawing them. Caterpillars of the second and third generations feed on green and ripe berries, entwining them with webs. In wet years, such berries rot, resulting in a yield loss of up to 50 percent. Grape varieties with dense clusters are more damaged.
Grape budworm. A butterfly with a wingspan of 25-30 mm. The wings are dark brown with a copper sheen. The caterpillar is dirty green in color with a black head. The pupa is first greenish, then brown. Has one generation. Caterpillars overwinter in cobwebby cocoons under bark and plant debris. The emergence of caterpillars from their wintering place begins in April. First, the caterpillars penetrate the swollen buds, eating them, then move on to young shoots, leaves, inflorescences and berries. When the caterpillars multiply en masse, only petioles remain from the leaves, and the bushes become bare. Not only the crop dies, but also the ripened vine. Pupation of the caterpillars occurs after 40-50 days in a nest of leaves. Butterflies fly out after 20 days and live 4-5 days. Females lay eggs in clusters on the upper side of leaves. Fertility up to 400 eggs. Damages more than 60 species of herbaceous, tree and shrub plants, but prefers grapes most of all.
Control measures. Good lighting and ventilation of the bushes, the use of a high agricultural background, collection and ventilation of plant residues from the vineyard, autumn processing wood and soil. Catching butterflies during flight with jars and plastic bottles hung on trellises, half filled with kvass, compote, spoiled jam, diluted with water. At a temperature of 15-16°C after the caterpillars hatch, the grape bushes are treated with arrivo, sherpa, fastak, insegar, etc.
In the spring, after the bushes are opened, the trunks and sleeves are cleaned of exfoliated old bark, which must be burned, after which the wood and soil are treated with DNOC (150 g per 10 liters of water - once every three years).
Biennial leafroller. The caterpillars of this pest damage inflorescences, young ovaries and grape berries. One caterpillar of the first generation destroys 40-50 buds, the second - up to 50 berries. Various microorganisms develop on damaged flowers, buds, berries and bunches, causing rotting of individual berries, and then the bunches.
The biennial leaf roller is a grayish-yellow butterfly with a wingspan of 15-16 mm. The caterpillar is brownish-red in color, up to 15 mm long. The pupa is yellowish-brown, 5-7 mm long. It produces two generations over the summer. Overwinters in the pupal stage in a cobwebby cocoon on bushes under old peeling bark and in cracks wooden supports. The butterfly flies out in May. The female lays up to 80 eggs on the buds of the inflorescences. After 6-7 days, caterpillars emerge from them and damage the buds, flowers, and ovaries. At this time, the caterpillar entwines the inflorescence with a web and makes a nest in which it pupates. 7-10 days after pupation, the second generation butterfly flies out.
At this time, the berries are the size of a pea. The butterfly lays eggs on the berries, which the caterpillar then feeds on. Optimal temperature for propagation of leaf rollers 18-25°C. Control measures are the same as for other types of leafrollers.
Krawczyk- a beetle 14-25 mm long, with a large head and highly developed jaws, black, does not fly. It overwinters in uncultivated areas, in earthen burrows at a depth of 50-60 cm. At the end of April, females lay eggs in the soil, arranging a special cell for each, filling it with leaves to feed the future larva. Fertility - 6-12 eggs.
The larvae appear after 10-12 days, after which they pupate and turn into adult beetles in mid-summer. Krawczyk causes great harm vineyards In one day, the beetle damages up to ten shoots, and with strong development of the pest, up to 30 percent can be destroyed. young plantings.
Control measures. The same chemicals are used that are used to spray potatoes: Sherpa, Arrivo, Decis, Fastak, etc.
Grape pipe inverter- a beetle up to 10 mm long, shiny in color. The larva is legless and up to 8 mm long. The pupa is covered with hairs, white, 5-6 mm long. The beetle overwinters in the soil. In the spring it comes out and begins to eat the buds on the grapevine. With the appearance of leaves, it gnaws grooves on their upper side. The female rolls tubes from the leaves into which she lays up to 15 eggs.
The larvae emerge from the eggs in 7-10 days; after a month they go into the soil to a depth of 5-6 cm, where they pupate. Then beetles appear and overwinter in the soil.
Control measures. Spring digging of the soil. During the period of mass distribution of beetles (June), the same drugs are used to destroy leaf rollers.
Grape mealybug- quarantine pest. A small oval-shaped insect, 3-4 mm long, covered with powdery fluff. Larvae and eggs overwinter under the bark of grape bushes and in cracks in wooden supports. Gives 3-4 generations per year. Until autumn, one female hatches up to two million scale insects. All above-ground parts of the grapes are damaged. The scale insects accumulate on the veins of the leaves, on the ridges and pads of the berries, causing them to dry out and the leaves to fall off.
The control measures are the same as for grape worm.
Medvedka- a pest of agricultural crops. It has an elongated body up to 40 mm, brown above, brown-yellow below. The wings are well developed, the elytra are shortened. The larva is similar to the adult, but without wings and is smaller in size. Adults or older larvae overwinter in manure, humus and soil, climbing to a depth of one meter. In spring they move to the upper soil horizons and colonize predominantly wet areas. While making passages, the mole cricket gnaws the roots of plants encountered on its way. It poses a particular danger to grape seedlings and saplings, as well as young vineyards.
Control measures. I think that everyone who is in one way or another connected with work in the garden or summer cottage knows this insidious pest in person and has repeatedly taken measures to combat mole crickets, so there is no point in dwelling on this.
Corn beetle- a beetle of dark brown and black color, 22-24 mm long. It overwinters in the soil and comes to the surface in spring (April-May). Lays eggs in May-June. From mid-June, larvae hatch from the eggs, overwinter and continue their development the following year. In the second year, the larvae pupate and young beetles emerge from them in late July - early August. Both the beetle and the larva are harmful. The latter gnaws deep furrows on the roots of grapes and often gnaws through the roots of seedlings or planted cuttings, as a result of which the plant dies.
Control measures. Digging the soil between the rows during the egg-laying period (May-June). Manual collection and destruction of beetles.
Grape bud mite. Invisible to the naked eye, as it has a size of 0.1-1.15 mm. Females spend the winter in ocelli. The first broods damage the wintering eyes. They live in the eyes all summer. During the growing season they produce up to ten generations. The bud mite causes significant damage to vineyards in warm winters. Most of the affected varieties are those that do not have complex resistance.
Control measures. In the fall, before covering, the bushes are treated with iron sulfate (400 g per 10 liters of water), in the spring, before buds open, with the preparation DNOC (150 g per 10 liters of water).
Pestryanka. A small dark blue butterfly, a dirty yellow caterpillar 12-20 mm long. It overwinters in the caterpillar stage under the bark of old wood, in cracks of wooden supports and in the remains of weeds. In early spring, before the eyes open, it moves onto the bushes and eats up the buds. With the appearance of young leaves, it eats them too. The pest mainly harms vineyards only in the spring. During mass reproduction, it exposes the bushes.
Control measures. Cleaning wood from old bark in the fall before covering the bushes for the winter, spraying iron sulfate in the spring, before buds open, with DNOC (once every three years).
Fall armyworm and wireworm. Caterpillars and larvae eat away buds on young bushes, as well as on cuttings in shrubs covered with soil.
In case of massive damage to plantings by winter armyworms and wireworms in the root zone of viticulture, the upper eyes of newly planted bushes, as well as cuttings in shrubs, should not be hilled up. In a grafted culture, where the upper eyes of the planted cuttings are hilled, the mounds and ridges must be periodically checked and the pests located there must be destroyed.
Olenka- a medium-sized beetle. Appears in late April - early May.
Eats up grape inflorescences. The fight against this pest involves manual collection and destruction of beetles.
Turkish mower- a black beetle 8-13 mm long. Damages buds, shoots, leaves and roots. In June, the mower lays eggs. Until November, one beetle lays up to 600 eggs. Larvae emerge from the laid eggs and live in the ground at a depth of 10-13 cm. After 4-10 months they pupate, and by September the beetles emerge from the pupae. Beetles overwinter under a layer of plant debris, under clods of earth. They live up to three years. Slashers do not have wings and therefore spread by crawling and carrying along with parts of the vine, bunches of grapes and equipment.
Control measures. Autumn digging of the soil, treatment with iron sulfate before covering the bushes for the winter, in the spring before buds open, treatment with DNOC (once every three years). During the growing season, drugs are used to combat the Colorado potato beetle (Arrivo, Sherpa, Decis, etc.). Collect beetles in the spring when they appear and destroy them. The listed control measures are also used against the Crimean and golden mower.
Root-knot nematode. A mature female nematode has a pear-shaped body of a worm, the anterior end of which is elongated into an elongated appendage. Males are oblong thin worms up to 1.5 mm long.
The root-knot nematode lives inside fibrous roots. Females lay up to 500 eggs. The hatched larvae climb into fibrous roots, as a result of which swellings - galls - form on their tissues. After 20-40 days, nematodes form from the larvae. In one season, up to 5-7 generations are born.
Control measures. Six months before planting grapes, the soil is fumigated.
Grape mosquito. In the first half of May, females lay eggs (one at a time) on leaves and inflorescences. The flight of mosquitoes usually begins simultaneously with the beginning of oviposition. After 8-10 days, larvae emerge from the eggs and bite into the veins of the leaf. A swelling forms on the underside of such a leaf, turning into a gall. At first, the galls are light greenish in color, and then turn brown.
Galls also affect the ridges and stalks of the inflorescence. After two weeks, a pink larva emerges from the gall, falls to the ground and forms a cocoon. In dry weather, the mosquito produces one generation. It usually reproduces in neglected vineyards.
Control measures. Annual thorough digging of the soil in the vineyard destroys the pupae overwintering in the soil.
Grasshoppers. Some species of grasshoppers (Crimean wingless, Crimean dark wingless) damage leaves, young shoots and buds of grapes. Grasshopper eggs are found in the soil during the winter. In March-April, larvae emerge from the eggs, which after three months turn into grasshoppers. Females begin laying eggs at the end of July and continue until September. By October, the grasshoppers die.
Control measures. Keeping vineyards and surrounding areas free of weeds. If grasshoppers are detected, the bushes are treated with the same preparations as potatoes for the Colorado potato beetle.
buffalo cicada. Adult insects are green, 8-10 mm long. The hind legs are jumping. The eyes are bulging, the wings are membranous, covered on top with a hard shield. The pronotum is in the form of a bashlyk, on its sides there are outgrowths resembling the horns of a buffalo, hence the name. The eggs are dirty white and are placed in groups in cuts in the bark made by the female. Cicada larvae have spine-like growths on their bodies.
The cicada damages wood and shoots, as well as young seedlings, not during feeding, but when laying eggs. The female makes paired cuts in the bark with her ovipositor, resulting in the formation of wounds 5-10 mm long. The bark at the site of damage dies, sap flow is disrupted and often such branches, leaves and clusters die. Larvae and adult insects feed on the sap of herbaceous plants. In May, the formation of larvae in the eggs begins, which hatch in June. Egg laying begins in August and continues until October. Reproduces in one generation.
Control measures. Digging the soil in the fall. Carefully remove weeds, especially in June when the cicada larvae hatch. Planting onions and garlic between rows.
Measures against rodents. When grapevines are covered dry for the winter, mice cause significant damage to the grapes, gnawing out young vines and eyes, and sometimes old wood. To scare away mice (before covering the bushes), use sawdust, ash, peat chips moistened with an aqueous solution of creolin (500 g per 10 liters of water). You can use an infusion of dry medicinal mint. The moistened substrate crumbles under the covered vine.
Protecting berries from birds and wasps. During the ripening period, when the berries begin to soften, the offspring of chicks intensively accumulate, which need not only vitamins, but also water. Birds do not feed on grape seeds. If you hang drinkers with water on the treetops, the birds may not touch the berries at all. As a preventative measure, you can hang threads on the trellises on both sides where there are bunches, this will scare away the birds. And since the berries remain undamaged by the birds, then the wasps will not touch them.
Wasps immediately attack berries that are cracked and damaged by birds, causing the fruit to rot. Grape varieties with thin skins are damaged. Ripe grapes cannot be kept on the bushes. If it is necessary to preserve the bunches on the bushes, they must be protected with paper caps. The holes in the trellis tubes must be closed to prevent wasp nesting. To distract wasps from the vineyard, plastic bottles half filled with kvass, sweet water, diluted spoiled jam, compote, etc. are hung on the site (in the tree crowns). Wasps crawl into bottles and drown. In this way, codling moths, garden pests, are simultaneously destroyed. To avoid poisoning from chemically treated grapes chemical measures Wasp control is not used, as they attack ripening and ripe berries.
Preventive measures that increase grape resistance to diseases and pests. For planting, you should use only those varieties that have increased resistance to dangerous diseases and pests, or varieties with complex resistance.
Timely and competent care of the vineyard. Removal from the vineyard and subsequent destruction of the affected parts of the plant, sweeping of fallen leaves and all plant debris, cleaning of perennial wood from wintering stages of pests, weed control, autumn digging of rows.
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