1. If you solve the chronological crossword correctly (enter the years of events in the cells), then horizontally in the highlighted cells you will read the years of the beginning and end of the most important event French history. Record this event
1. The beginning of Magellan's expedition around the world. 2. The beginning of the Reformation. 3. Execution of Giordano Bruno. 4. Discovery of the New World by Columbus. 5. Augsburg religious world. 6. Edict of Nantes. 7. Defeat of the Invincible Armada
Religious wars in France
2. There were 4 errors in the diagram. Underline the elements of the diagram that contain errors. Write down the correct answers. Formulate and write the name of the scheme
Huguenot Wars
1) France
2) help from England and the princes of Germany
3) Catholics
3. Complete the task on the contour map "Reformation in Europe in the 16th century." (p.48 workbook): mark the territories of France where the struggle between Catholics and Protestants continued
4. Establish a correspondence between the rulers of France and the main events related to their reign by entering the corresponding numbers in the columns of the table. Be careful: several events may relate to the reign of one ruler. Fill in the blanks in the column "Rulers of France (1560-1643)". Fill in the blanks in the second column with the years of the relevant events.
A B IN 2, 5, 7 3, 4, 6 1, 8
5. Imagine that you are talking with the French king Henry IV. What do you think the answers to your questions might be? Write them down
Question: Your Majesty! How do you assess the Edict of Nantes?
Possible answer: The Edict of Nantes ended the Wars of Religion and also contributed to the strengthening of absolutism
Question: Sire! What activities need to be carried out for France to prosper?
Possible answer: Peasant uprisings must be eradicated
6. Solve the code and you will read the statement of the French king Henry IV. Answer the question in writing
1) Epoch in history spiritual development European peoples XIV-XVI centuries, associated with the rise of secular art, literature, and science in content. 2) Followers of one of the directions of Christianity (along with Catholicism and Orthodoxy). 3) Economic doctrine and economic policy, which are based on the idea of the need to predominate the export of goods abroad over their import
How do you understand the above statement?
To gain the French throne, Henry IV had to convert from Protestantism to Catholicism
7. Imagine that you are a contemporary of Cardinal Richelieu. Write about him and his activities on behalf of the provincial intendant or the conspirator's court aristocrat (your choice)
He has been head of the royal council since 1622 and de facto ruler of France since 1624. Helps strengthen absolutism. Deprived the Huguenots of political rights
Detailed lesson summary.
Lesson topic:
Lesson objectives:
To lead students to an understanding of the causes, goals, and results of the religious wars in France.
Develop the ability to work with a textbook, conceptual material, evaluate the activities of the ruler and provide a reasoned assessment historical event, work with documents, as well as chronological and cartographic skills.
Cultivate tolerance.
Detailed lesson summary.
Lesson topic:
"Religious Wars and Strengthening absolute monarchy in France"
Lesson objectives:
To lead students to an understanding of the causes, goals, and results of the religious wars in France.
Develop the ability to work with a textbook, conceptual material, evaluate the activities of the ruler and reasoned assessment of a historical event, work with documents, as well as chronological and cartographic skills.
Cultivate tolerance.
Lesson equipment:
Lesson type: combined lesson using multimedia presentation.
Lesson format: lesson presentation.
Teaching methods:verbal, visual.
Lesson plan:
Basic concepts and terms:
Edict, Huguenot, leader, mass, guarantor
During the classes
I.Organizational moment.
II. Repetition
1. Frontal survey:
by concept (students recall the basic concepts associated with the Reformation in Germany, England, Switzerland) slide1:
1.Reformation
2.Revolution
3. Protestants
4. Lutheran Church
5. Calvinist Church
6. Anglican Church
7. Puritans.
by date (remember the main events of the Reformation in Europe) slide2:
by name (remember the main ideologists of the Reformation and participants in the Counter-Reformation) slide 3
2. Working with the map:
show on the map the territories dominated by the Catholic Church; territories in which Protestant churches established themselves.
III. Learning new material.
1).Opening speech by the teacher:
Today in class I invite you to one amazing trip in a country that I associate with Versailles, the Louvre, Eiffel Tower. What country is it? Of course, this is France. At the end of the 15th century, when the unification of France was completed, it became the largest state in Europe in terms of population. The country had a population of 15 million.
Today you will learn about the features of the Reformation in France. Write down the topic of the lesson(slide 4 is shown) and pay attention to the main issues that you will get acquainted with in the lesson (children read out the lesson plan, express their opinions on the issues of the plan that are most interesting to them).
2). Work according to the lesson plan.
1.Spread of the Reformation in France. (5 slide).
IN early XVI century, Calvinism began to spread in France. And who in France sympathized with Protestantism?/The first point of the plan is studied by independent work students with a textbook p. 118-119. As they work, students fill out a table in their notebooks, which when completed looks like this:
Spread of Calvinist doctrine in France
Segments of the population supporting Calvinism | Reasons why Calvinism spread among the population of France |
Representatives of the ancient nobility | Discontent with the strengthening of royal power and loss of political independence |
Part of the nobility | The nobility, especially the impoverished ones, wanted to take over the wealth of the church |
Some of the townspeople, especially in Southern France, and the first bourgeois entrepreneurs | They wanted to return the ancient city liberties. Entrepreneurs were attracted by the Calvinist ethic, the desire to accumulate money, to live modestly, to have a cheap church |
Some of the peasantry | The transition to the Calvinist camp was an expression of protest in a religious form against the extortions of lords and catholic church |
As a result, by the end of the first quarter of the 16th century, France found itself split into two hostile camps - Catholics and Protestants. The Catholics were supported by the French kings from the Valois dynasty. The north of France remained on the side of the Catholic Church, and the south of France became Protestant.
Protestants in France were called Huguenots (“comrades” who took a common oath). This is how the Reformation entered France.
The concept is written down in a notebook.
Huguenots - These are French Calvinists.
2. The beginning of religious wars(slide 6) The study of the second and third points of the plan is carried out by a combination different techniques: reflections, plot narrative story by the teacher, personification, conversation with the class.
At this time there was no strong royal power in France. Representatives of the Valois dynasty succeeded each other on the throne, but there was not among them a person with a statesmanlike mind. Among the relatives of the kings, the all-powerful Duke of Guise stood out, who was called the “uncrowned king of Paris.” It is with the name of this man that the beginning of the religious wars in France is associated. In March 1562, Guise, traveling with his retinue through the town of Vassy, carried out a bloody massacre of peaceful Huguenots. The incident in Vassi became the reason for the start of the religious wars, which lasted more than thirty years (1562-1598).
The date of religious wars is recorded in the notebook.
1562-1598 - religious wars in France.
Now let us turn our attention to the legal status of Catholics and Huguenots. The Huguenots had no rights. Beginning in the 20s of the 16th century, they were subjected to severe persecution. The king himself was on the side of the Catholics.
From 1560 to 1574, France was ruled by a king from the Valois dynasty, Charles IX. The problems facing the country did not interest him. During his childhood, the country was ruled by Queen Mother Catherine de Medici./Student's message about Catherine de Medici/.
To develop in students the ability to evaluate political figures from the position of their contemporaries, the characterization of a statesman given by a French thinker and humanist of the 16th century was included in the content of the story. Michel Montaigne.
“Virtue in politics is a virtue with numerous bends, angles and turns... It is motley and artificial, not straight and clear, not constant, not entirely innocent. He who walks in a crowd must be able to lean aside, press his elbows , retreat or go forward, even be able to turn away from the path of the righteous, depending on what he encounters: he must be guided not by his own desires, but by the desires of his neighbor, not by his own proposals, but by what is offered to him, depending on the era, from people, from deeds."
Catherine de Medici had the qualities that Montaigne wrote about. She also sought to preserve the unity of a nation split into hostile factions. The Queen was the embodiment of the strengths and weaknesses of her contemporaries. She's like everyone else people XVI c., did not attach much importance human life. Therefore, the Queen Mother’s methods did not really confuse her contemporaries. State interests forced Catherine de Medici to sometimes resort to murder, but in cases where she had no other choice.
Religious wars pushed the country down the path of disaster. Catholics created their own brotherhoods, organized numerous processions and killed the Huguenots. The Huguenots were not so cruel; in captured cities they plundered churches, but did not kill anyone.(slides 7 and 8 are shown).
? Have you ever come across the expression “Bartholomew’s Night” in Everyday life? What does it mean? Now we will find out what events this “catchphrase” is associated with.What was the situation in Paris on the eve of St. Bartholomew's Night? Was it only religious hostility that spilled out in this bloody event, or was it added to by the general bitterness of the townspeople?
The leaders of the Huguenots were Admiral Coligny and King Henry of Bourbon of Navarre. Charles IX, in order to reconcile Catholics and Huguenots, decided to marry his sister Margaret to Henry. The wedding was scheduled for August 1572. On this occasion, all the Huguenot leaders with their retinues gathered in Paris. Catholic leaders did not want to allow the Huguenots to gain influence. They decided to take advantage of the fact that all the Protestant leaders had gathered in Paris and destroy them. First, an attempt was made on the life of one of the Huguenot leaders, Admiral Coligny. He was wounded by a shot from around the corner, but survived.
To restore those distant events, let's turn to a fragment from the book by I. Klul “Catherine de Medici” (Rostov-on-Don, 1997).
“When Henry of Guise drove through the popular quarters, he saw how excited and hostile the Parisian people were towards the Huguenots. This crowd was for him better protection from the severity of the king... He knew how easy it was to inflame the passions of this crowd, driven to fanaticism by the numerous priests of churches and monasteries. On these hot August days, Protestant nobles poured into the city for Margarita's wedding; they were placed mainly in the Louvre and in the vicinity of the palace, but also in the suburb of Saint-Germain. The Parisians looked closely at these Huguenots, yesterday's enemies who today surround the king. They are surprised and outraged that they mixed with Catholics. The overpopulated city is seething: all the free houses, inns, and taverns have been occupied by grooms, footmen, and soldiers. To the permanent urban population in large quantities The poor, driven out of the villages by hunger, joined.
This huge number of impoverished population witnesses the fraternization of nobles - Catholics and Protestants and observes the magnificent celebrations on the occasion of the wedding of Margaret and Henry. The poor see beautifully dressed ladies and courtiers passing along the wooden walkways. The echoes of feasts and tournaments are heard in the back alleys: the time has come for fanatical preachers to stir up popular discontent against the Protestants. Calls for murder are heard from everywhere. It is clear to everyone: a riot is being prepared. On Friday, after the assassination attempt on Coligny (Catherine de Medici participated in the preparation of the assassination attempt, since the admiral was not only a Protestant, but also a political opponent who called on the king to enter the war with powerful Catholic Spain, which was contrary to the beliefs of the Queen Mother), news of this spreads throughout the city like a powder drive. The townspeople close their shops, arm themselves, and gather in their neighborhoods. The mayor and city elders give the order to the militia: under the command of their captains, appear at the city hall “secretly, without attracting anyone’s attention.” They must be on standby to hold back the fanatical and hungry crowd and prevent both looting and violence, and the complete sack of the city by enemy troops, which respectable merchants so fear.
Catherine de Medici... had no doubt that the failed assassination attempt (on Coligny) would certainly be followed by the arming of the Protestants. She consults with her associates. Since war became inevitable after the admiral was wounded, she was the first, and after her everyone else came to the conclusion that it was better to start the battle in Paris... During dinner with the queen, the Gascon nobleman Pardalian loudly said that those responsible for the assassination attempt on the admiral would receive what they deserved . Catherine decides to act that same night. Since there were too many intended victims, the king’s consent had to be obtained.”
On the night before the feast of St. Bartholomew (August 24), gangs of murderers formed by the Parisian merchant foreman organized a massacre of the Huguenots. The houses where the Huguenots were located were secretly marked with crosses. In the Abbey of Saint-Germain, the bell rang - it was a call for violence. The night of St. Bartholomew has begun. Crowds of “good Catholics,” directed by Duke Henry of Guise, broke into the houses of the Huguenots. Many were caught in their beds, the poor people did not suspect anything. Houses were robbed and Huguenots were killed. Neither women nor babies were spared. Admiral Coligny was killed and his corpse was dragged through the streets and then hanged on the gallows. And King Charles IX himself, standing at the palace window, shot at the unfortunate people from an arquebus. The massacre continued for three days. There was no salvation anywhere. The carnage then spread to the provinces. Contemporaries believed that up to 30 thousand people were killed in total
/Students write down the date of “Bartholomew’s Night” in a notebook/
1572 – “Bartholomew’s Night” in France.
4.War of the Three Henrys(slides 10,11)
After the death of Charles IX, the French crown passed to Henry III, who was unable to rule the country. The Catholics were led by Henry of Guise, and the Protestants by Henry of Navarre. A struggle for the throne developed between them. Henry of Guise developed a plan to kidnap Henry III and tonsure him as a monk. Upon learning of this, Henry III ordered the death of Henry of Guise. But the Catholics could not forgive him for this, and in the summer of 1589 an attempt was made on Henry III’s life, and before his death he bequeathed the throne to Henry of Navarre, but at the same time said that Paris would not accept the Huguenot. Henry Navarre also understood that the country would not accept a Protestant king.
“Paris is worth a mass,” said Henry of Navarre, who became the French king Henry IV; he converted to the Catholic faith for the second time.
Mass - Catholic worship.
? Do you think Henry of Navarre did the right thing by converting to the Catholic faith? Why?
Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598 - a document regulating the political and religious rights of the Huguenots; religious tolerance was proclaimed in the camp.
Work is being organized with the document “Edict of Nantes”
Textbook, p. 125-126
5. “The Good King” Henry IV of Navarre(slide 12)
Henry IV was the first king of the Modern Age who placed the task of creating a strong united state above issues of religion.
? Why do you think he was nicknamed "The Good King"? /Independent work with the textbook p. 122-123, read the paragraph “The Good King”./
6.Richelieu's reign(slide 13).
On question 6, work in groups is organized. Groups receive memos “Assessing the activities of the ruler.”
1. Years of reign.
2.What goals did you set for yourself?
3.What methods did you use to achieve your goal?
4.What were the consequences of his actions?
5.Your assessment of the ruler’s activities.
Students work with the document “Political Testament” of Richelieu independently. /textbook, p.126-127/
The grades submitted by the students are listened to and the conclusion is read out.
Summing up the lesson.
? What new did you learn in class today?
CONCLUSION: The Reformation and religious wars in France had their own characteristics: the nobility and townspeople took the greatest part in them. The country managed to get out of this period of disasters, having achieved the introduction of religious tolerance and the creation of an absolute monarchy. France has become the strongest state in Europe
IV. Consolidation studied material.
Who are the Huguenots?
When did the religious wars begin in France?
When did the religious wars in France end?
What document was signed in 1598?
V. Summing up the lesson, grading.
VI.Homework:paragraph 14, questions at the end of the paragraph.
/slide 14 allows you to comment on homework./
VII. Reflection. "I. We. Case. »students write “+” or “-” on a pre-prepared table on the board
Grade " " / /
Head of practice
teacher of history and social studies MBOU secondary school No. 10 M.A. Stepykina.
Questions at the beginning of a paragraph
When did France become centralized state?
France became a centralized state under Louis XI in the second half of the 15th century
Questions at the end of the paragraph
Question 1. Who and why sympathized with Protestantism in France? Who spoke for the Catholic Church?
In France, Protestantism was sympathized with by representatives of the ancient nobility, dissatisfied with the strengthening of royal power, impoverished nobles who, following the example of Germany, would not be averse to seizing the wealth of the church, townspeople of Southern France (primarily entrepreneurs) dissatisfied with war taxes, peasants dissatisfied with seigneurial and church taxes .
The Catholic Church was supported by supporters of strong royal power, as well as by the inhabitants of Northern France, who suffered less from the price revolution and the difficult Italian wars.
Question 2. How did the Huguenots act?
At first, the Huguenots simply gathered for secret meetings, sang religious hymns, and prayed. Then they moved on to an active struggle against the Pope and his bishops: they created secret printing houses where they printed leaflets outlining the teachings of Luther and Calvin, which were distributed throughout the country. The Huguenots sent their priests - pastors - throughout the country.
Question 3. Name the reasons for the religious wars in France.
The cause of the religious wars was the split of the country into Catholics and Protestants, while the Huguenots considered it their duty to convert everyone to the “true” faith, and the royal power perceived the Huguenots as a threat to the unity of the kingdom.
Question 4. Think about what caused the events of St. Bartholomew’s Night. Who is responsible for these actions?
The events of St. Bartholomew's Night were caused by the reluctance of a number of Catholic leaders in the world to deal with the Huguenots. The unsuccessful assassination attempt on the Huguenot leader Admiral Coligny, who had more influence on the weak-willed king, frightened the Queen Mother Marie de' Medici. Fearing the revenge of the Huguenots and taking advantage of the discontent of the Catholic Parisians, she decided to launch a surprise attack on the Huguenots. Thus, all responsibility falls on the Queen Mother and the weak King Charles IX, who was convinced of the need to get rid of the “eternal rebels”
Question 5. Using the material from the paragraph and the document, tell us how Henry IV achieved reconciliation between Catholics and Huguenots. Determine the meaning of the Edict of Nantes.
Henry IV was able to achieve reconciliation when France was already tired of long and bloody religious wars. Huguenot Henry agreed to convert to Catholicism in order to gain the support of Northern France, which would not accept a heretic king. Having taken the throne, he did not persecute the Catholic nobles; on the contrary, he showered them with favors. To end religious wars and achieve the unity of the country, the king in 1598 issued the Edict of Nantes, a document regulating the political and religious rights of the Huguenots. And although the Catholic religion was declared the state religion, religious tolerance was proclaimed in the country
Question 6. Highlight and write down in your notebook the activities of Henry IV that ensured the success of his reign.
Henry IV contributed to the restoration of France after difficult religious wars: he made peace with Spain, forbade arresting peasants for debts and taking away their livestock, patronized the development of industry and trade (he opened numerous royal manufactories and participated in the creation of merchant companies), lowered taxes, improving the lives of the population.
Assignments for the paragraph
Question 1. Prove that the religious wars brought disaster to France and the French people.
Religious wars were a huge disaster for France; fanaticism and intolerance led to the death of tens of thousands of French people and to the economic ruin of the kingdom.
Question 2. Compare the activities of Elizabeth Tudor in England and Henry IV in France.
Henry IV, like Elizabeth Tudor, tried to strengthen royal power by ending religious strife, took care of the economic prosperity of their countries, and encouraged the development of industry and trade (they opened manufactories and created merchant companies). At the same time, unlike England, Henry IV proclaimed religious tolerance and prohibited the infringement of Huguenots when performing religious rites, entering the educational institutions, when holding public office, while in England Catholics did not have the right to do so.
Question 3. How do you understand the words of Cardinal Richelieu: “My first goal was the greatness of the king, my second goal was the power of the state”?
Cardinal Richelieu's words mean that, first of all, he sought to strengthen royal power as opposed to large feudal lords who tried to weaken central power and influence state affairs. Cardinal Richelieu continued the policy of centralizing power in the hands of the king: he severely punished aristocrats and removed officials if they showed self-will, banned duels between nobles - blood must be shed for the king, transferred local power to officials - intendants, who were appointed by the government and reported to it. Only after the strengthening of absolute royal power did Richelieu resolve state issues of an economic and foreign policy nature.
Question 4. Assess the activities of Cardinal Richelieu. In what literary works is it described? If you have read these works, remember how you assessed the actions of the cardinal. Has your assessment changed now?
Under Cardinal Richelieu, an absolute monarchy emerged in France. The activities of the cardinal are described in Dumas’s novels “The Three Musketeers”. When I read these works, I perceived Cardinal Richelieu as a negative character who intrigued and plotted against the king and the musketeer. Now the assessment has changed, because... Cardinal Richelieu did everything only for the benefit of the king and the state, fighting against those who wanted to weaken them, for example, the Duke of Buckingham.
Questions about the document
1. Highlight the provisions that give Huguenots equal rights with Catholics.
Huguenots were allowed to live in all cities of France, were guaranteed religious freedom (protection from oppression and persecution), free religion, and were guaranteed the right to education, treatment and holding public office.
Cardinal Richelieu completed the centralization of France, raised the authority of royal power, subordinated the private interests of the nobles to the interests of the state, and raised the prestige of France in the international arena.
Confused Events civil war in France in the 16th century can be summarized as follows:
1. After the peace concluded in 1576 at Beaulieu on conditions very favorable to the Huguenots, the Catholic opposition, under the leadership of Henry of Guise, organized itself into the (first) League, or Holy Alliance, who proclaimed as his motto the fight against the Huguenots and the strengthening of royal power. When the Estates General, meeting in Blois in December 1576, demanded the restoration of the religious unity of the kingdom, Henry yielded, canceled the edict signed at Beaulieu, and resumed the civil war. The conditions of the peace concluded after certain successes of the Catholics in Bergerac/Poitiers (September 14 - 17, 1577) were very unfavorable for the Huguenots.
2. Even before the Night of St. Bartholomew, a group was formed from moderate representatives of both faiths that sought to ensure political and legal recognition of the coexistence of various faiths and the stabilization of royal power. This group has been around since the mid-80s. called "politicians". For a long time it was believed that the leading figure of this group could be recognized as Anjou, who sometimes collaborated with “politicians.” In fact, the “Monsieur,” this “eternal conspirator,” had no political foresight at all. Anjou never really participated in the struggle of “politicians”, much less was he the leader of this struggle. His death on June 10, 1584 was the impetus for the beginning of the state crisis. For several years already, the country, which had lived in relative peace, was shocked by an indisputable state-legal fact: the Huguenot leader Navarre moved to first place among the heirs to the throne.
3. In the face of the threat of the crown of France passing to the heretic (who had returned to his heresy again!), irreconcilable Catholics organized the League (second) for the defense of the Holy Catholic Church under the leadership of the Guise brothers, entered into an alliance with Spain and proclaimed Cardinal Charles de Bourbon heir to the throne. Henry was ready to make concessions, but 66-year-old Catherine fought like a lioness for several more weeks. However, her strength also came to an end, and on July 7, 1585, she signed the Edict of Nemours, which, under threat of death, prohibited the practice of Protestantism and all Huguenot activities in France. This edict meant not just defeat for Catherine - it was complete surrender. Until now, in all negotiations, she had managed to defend the role of an arbitrator for the king. In Nemours, she submitted to the dictates of the rebels. She had to renounce the policy of national unity, the principle of religious freedom, which she had defended for 25 years.
The natural consequence was the removal of Navarre on July 18 from his legal right to inherit the throne. On September 9, 1585, he was excommunicated by Pope Sixtus V. The outbreak of the “War of the Three Henrys” led to the growing isolation of the king. Heinrich Guise forced him to endure more and more humiliations. After Joyeuse fell in the Battle of Coutras (October 20, 1587), where Navarre was victorious, Epernon became the king's closest adviser. The fact that Henry III managed to bribe the auxiliary troops of Navarre, the Swiss and German reiters to retreat, did little to change his desperate situation - now he was reproached for having prevented the League troops from winning an easy victory by his actions. In Paris, where he had been since 23.12, it was restless. The atmosphere became tense from day to day; it was fueled by high prices and interruptions in the food supply, for which, naturally, the king was blamed. Fearing unrest. Henry forbade the Duke of Guise to appear in the city. When the “King of Paris,” as he had long been called, finally arrived, the population greeted him enthusiastically. Any action against the rebellious leader of the League could cause an uprising in Paris and endanger the life of the king; Henry therefore refrained from taking any action. Why he brought the few troops remaining at his disposal into the city in the early morning of 12.05 is not entirely clear; the excited population attacked the Swiss and partially destroyed them. Barricades were erected throughout the city. Paris was in revolt. The king was trapped (12.05 day of barricades).
In such a hopeless situation, Catherine once again resorted to the art of reasonable diplomacy. She tried to take the initiative into her own hands through negotiations in order to achieve several goals at once. First, she went to the Duke of Guise, and heard from him that, in his opinion, the king's abdication of the throne could be the only way to save his life. Many times the Queen Mother had to shuttle between the Louvre and the Hotel Guizov, acting as a mediator in negotiations between the “King of Paris” and the King of France, to gain time by covering the escape of her son, who, under the protection of loyal troops, left Paris with his closest advisers on the evening of 05/13/1588 G.
After this successfully completed action, Catherine turned to a new project, which attracted her with possible remote political consequences: she wanted Henry III to adopt the son of her daughter Clotilde, the Marquis de Pont-à-Moissons, who was both the nephew of the king and the Guise brothers, and thereby retain the throne for the Valois dynasty. For this plan to have any hope of success, a victory for the Guises was required.
The unexpected alliance between de Guise and Catherine was directed primarily against their common enemy Epernon: for the League, as the king’s closest adviser, he was the devil incarnate, and Catherine was threatened with the loss of her influence over her son. Her practical Machiavellianism led her to an alliance with the strongest, so as not to be subject to him. In fact, she managed to convince Henry that Epernon was interfering with a possible reconciliation. Reluctantly, the king removed 07/22 Epernon and his brother from almost all their duties.
Now, it seemed, the path to the mutual understanding so passionately desired by Catherine was open. True, this time it was achieved at the expense of the king, who in the summer of 1588 was only a pawn in the hands of the League. He was forced to confirm the undivided dominance of Catholicism in France and promote Guise to lieutenant general of the kingdom. The final chord in this policy of constant humiliation and emasculation of royal power sounded in October, in Blois, when the Estates General surpassed themselves with their outrageous demands.
In the autumn of 1588, French royal power sank to the lowest point in its history. It seemed that the path to changing the ruling dynasty in favor of the Guises, who considered the Carolingians their ancestors, was clear. In the Guise camp they openly talked about the fact that Henry, like the last of the Merovingians, Childeric, would have liked to go into a monastery, and Catherine-Marie de Montpensier, the warlike sister of the Guises, wore scissors on display on her belt, which she was going to make for Henry III “third crown”, that is, cutting off the tonsure.
Undoubtedly, the defeat of the Spanish Armada in August 1588 inspired Henry to break the vicious circle in which he found himself because of the League. He took his first step in early August, when, at the insistence of Catherine, he met with Guise in Chartres; he had to put on a good face bad game, as if there was no “day of barricades” at all. The second step followed on 8.09: he replaced Chancellor Cheverny and the ministers Bellevre, Villeroy, Brulard and Pinard with others, among whom there were even two members of the League. The only one who was able to correctly assess this “ministerial revolution” was Catherine. She understood that the disgrace into which the ministers had fallen meant the end of her power.
Henry could not forgive his mother for having achieved his official reconciliation with the “King of Paris.” After the humiliations he suffered, he could no longer follow the policy of Catherine, who always sought a compromise. The replacement of ministers was an act of emancipation of the 37-year-old king from his lifelong mother, who had been striving for power, which happened somewhat belatedly, but now irrevocably. From now on he will rule at his own discretion, wrote Henry Nunzio. Catherine was deeply wounded; but the die was cast: for three decades, France’s policies were largely determined by her, and in the last four months events passed her by.
Heinrich carefully prepared the third step from 12/18. Without consulting Catherine, on December 23-24, 1588, he ordered the death of Henri and Louis de Guise as rebels. He had no choice, he explained to Catherine, if he wanted to preserve royal power, state, honor and even his life.
The contender for the throne nominated by the League was arrested, and on April 3, 1589, Henry agreed on an alliance with Navarre, directed against Paris and other cities that had joined the “Holy Alliance,” which all, without exception, rebelled against the king. The execution of the Guise brothers erected a wall between Henry and the League, and nothing could destroy it. In Paris, a revolutionary city government was formed under the leadership of representatives of 16 districts, which was supported by the Sorbonne and parliament. Although the formal removal of the king was not yet feared, university theologians had already hastened to release their subjects from the oath of allegiance to the king and crossed out his name from the rule performed during the mass. Jean Boucher composed a letter “De justa Henrici tertii abdicatione e Francorum regno”, which spoke about the possibility and even necessity of tyrannicide.
The head of this revolutionary government of the “16” was the Duke of Mayenne, the brother of the murdered. The executive power and the supreme command of the troops were in his hands. Created at his insistence, the General Council of the Association of Catholics sought to achieve the right to make decisions on state issues and thereby represented a real alternative government. On March 13, 1589, Mayenne took the oath before Parliament as lieutenant general of the royal state and the crown of France. Now he became the head of the revolutionary government.
Both holders of legitimate power, Henry III and Navarre, only became closer together: the famous meeting in the park of Plessis-le-Tours (04/30/1589) was followed by a joint campaign against rebellious Paris (from May to July 1589). Despite the success under Senlis Bonneval, the outcome of this life-and-death struggle was by no means a foregone conclusion when, on August 1, 1589, Henry III, excommunicated by the pope in May and removed from the reign of the sovereign, became the victim of an assassination attempt. Mortally wounded, he recognized the urgently summoned legitimate heir to the throne of Navarre as his successor and asked everyone present to immediately take an oath of allegiance to him. After the assassination attempt by the Dominican monk Jacques Clement, what many had feared since 1584 happened: a Protestant became king of France.
05/31/1585 Catherine expressed concern that lasting peace in France is impossible until Navarre re-integrates into the Catholic faith. On his deathbed, Henry III predicted to his successor, who was also there, that he, as king of France, would have to face many obstacles if he did not decide to change his religion. This statement shows a reasonable assessment of the current political and religious situation. It took Henry IV four years to come to the same conclusion.
Thus, in the last hours of his life, Henry III appears as a true politician, who for 38 years had proven himself to be a capable student of his mother. His actions deserve a much deeper assessment than what has existed for centuries. As the often cited statement of Pierre d'Estoile says, Henry III would have been a wonderful ruler “if he had reigned in a more favorable century.” Paying tribute to this king, let’s say that Henry III was born in an extremely difficult time, when the sovereign had the opportunity only to adhere to a centrist position between the extremists of both sides in order to protect the country and the crown from disasters. After the execution of the Guise brothers and an agreement with Navarre, the fall of Paris, expected in the summer of 1589, would mark the beginning of the final turning point in the civil war. Even 31.07 Henry, looking from Saint-Cloud towards Paris, thought that he would be in the city earlier than its rebellious inhabitants believed. The assassination attempt changed everything and prolonged the civil war for years.
The long religious wars dealt a terrible blow to previously prosperous France. Agriculture, trade and manufactures fell into decline. Arable land stood abandoned. A plague epidemic broke out in some provinces. Gangs of robbers terrified people. The robbers were often joined by bankrupt nobles, as well as soldiers and officers who were left without work or livelihood after the end of the wars. The peasant communities themselves defended themselves as best they could from the bandits. Sometimes the peasants, armed, rebelled and refused to pay taxes to the lords and the state. Henry IV, being an intelligent and far-sighted ruler, made concessions to calm down the dissatisfied and restore order in his kingdom. He forgave the peasants for tax arrears and armed uprisings. The first minister and loyal assistant to the king, Sully, improved the tax system, while some taxes levied on peasants were reduced. In France, there was a legend about the “good King Henri” (Henry IV), who made sure that every peasant ate chicken on Sundays. However, reality did not correspond to the idyllic picture that remained in people's memory. While some taxes were reduced, others, on the contrary, increased. The restoration of order everywhere led to stricter collection of taxes.
In May 1610 King Henry IV was assassinated in Paris. The fanatical Catholic Ravaillac attacked him in the street and stabbed him to death. The heir to the throne, who became King Louis XIII , I was only 9 years old at that time. Queen Mother Maria de Medici did not have political talents and relied entirely on people from her inner circle to govern the state. France became the scene of a power struggle between warring factions of nobles. King Louis XIII was little involved in state affairs and entrusted the care of them to his first minister, Cardinal Richelieu. (1586-1642). It was outstanding statesman. He had an extraordinary mind, creative imagination, common sense and ambition. Richelieu received the post of first minister with an extensive program of action. His plans included the struggle for the supremacy of France in Europe, but on this path he had to overcome the resistance of various sections of the French population, primarily Protestants and aristocrats.
Having finally overcome internal resistance to his centralizing policy, Richelieu began to pursue an active foreign policy, directed primarily against the domination of the Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs in Europe. That is why France supported their opponents in the Thirty Years' War.
In the fierce struggle with the Habsburgs for European dominance, the French monarchy itself was changing. Previously, it was believed that the king was always obliged to respect and observe the customs of the country. New circumstances led to the fact that the power of the king increased, and the importance of customs decreased. To wage a grueling war required many soldiers and a lot of money. This means that a strong government was needed, capable of forcing subjects to submit to the will of the monarch in everything and pay continuously growing taxes. And it was necessary that people with power locally, in provinces and cities, strictly carry out the orders received from the center. Over time, people’s minds develop the idea that there are state interests that must be served by sacrificing their private interests, for example, Cardinal Richelieu understood his life as serving the state interests of France.
Lesson type: combined.
Lesson objectives:
Required equipment and materials:
Lesson plan:
I. Checking homework.
II. Learning new material.
III. Consolidation.
During the classes
I. Checking homework.
Teacher: Before moving on to the topic of the lesson, let's review what we learned in previous lessons.
A) Explain the terms and concepts:
B) Prove that the Reformation strengthened royal power in England.
C) Determine the sequence of events:
II. Learning new material.
Teacher's opening remarks: At the end of the 15th century. France has become the largest country in Europe in terms of population. The country had a population of 15 million.
(Slide 6) Updating previously acquired knowledge.
(Slide 7) Working with text and completing tasks.
Assignment for students: read the text pp. 118-199, who do you think was dissatisfied with the strengthening of royal power in France? Identify the reasons why Calvinism has become popular among various segments of the population.
(Slide 8) Working with the map “Religious Wars in France.”
Question: Which region of France had the most supporters of the Reformation?
(Slide 9) Working with concepts. Notebook entry: Huguenot Protestants in France.
The French kings did not accept the ideas of the Reformation, because... they were accustomed to associate the French throne with the foundations of the Catholic confession. Accordingly, they themselves could not accept Protestantism, but the king could not allow the presence of two Christian communities, since this would undermine the foundations of French statehood.
Religious wars began in France in 1562, when the Duke of Lorraine Henry of Guise, passing by the town of Vassy, attacked the Huguenots who were performing religious services. About 20 people were killed and about 100 were wounded. Slide 10.
Notebook entry: 1562 - the beginning of the religious wars. (Slide 11)
France was divided into two camps: Catholics and Huguenots. (Slide 12-13)
Student report on the religious wars in France.
Assignment for students: what did the religious wars lead to in France?
(Slide 14) In 1570, peace was concluded in Saint-Germain and the king signed an edict of reconciliation.
(Slide 15) Protestant worship was allowed everywhere. The Huguenots received the right, along with Catholics, to hold government positions; they owned four fortresses, including the port of La Rochelle. But the peace did not last long.
(Slides 16-19) As a sign of reconciliation, it was decided to unite the royal family of France with the leader of the Huguenots, King of Navarre, Henry of Bourbon. The wedding of Henry of Bourbon and Marguerite Valois, sister of Charles IX.
Student's report about the events of St. Bartholomew's Night.
Conclusion. The religious wars were a huge disaster for France, fanaticism and intolerance led to the death of tens of thousands of French people. Their victims will be the last king from the Valois dynasty, Henry III and the leader of the Catholics, the Duke of Guise. (Slide 20)
After the death of Charles IX, the French crown passed to the youngest of the brothers, Henry.
Student's message about Henry III.
(Slide 21-23) To stop religious wars and achieve the unity of the country, the king in 1598 issued the Edict of Nantes, a document regulating the political and religious rights of the Huguenots. And although the Catholic religion was declared the state religion, religious tolerance was proclaimed in the country.
Read the document pp. 125-126 and draw a conclusion about the significance of the adoption of the Edict of Nantes.
(Slide 26) Student report about Henry IV.
After the death of Henry IV, the nobility made an attempt to weaken royal power.
(Slide 26-27) The crown passed to the young son of Henry IV, Louis XIII, on whose behalf his mother Maria de Medici first ruled. Her will was not enough to resist the nobility, who demanded lucrative positions and pensions from her. The treasury was empty, the country was on the brink of disaster.
In such a situation, Cardinal Richelieu became the king's first minister in 1624. (Slide 28-29)
(Slide 30) Assignment: read the document “Richelieu’s Political Testament.” (Appendix 2)
Question: what tasks did Richelieu set for himself, becoming the second person in the state after the king?
(Slide 31) Assignment for students: identify Richelieu’s activities aimed at strengthening the state.
But, as often happens, in France they did not like the man who returned her power. And Richelieu was devoted to his country; before his death he said: “I had no other enemies except the enemies of the state.”
Conclusion. The Reformation and religious wars in France had their own characteristics: the greatest part in them was taken by Cardinal Richelieu nobles and townspeople. The country managed to get out of this period of disasters, having achieved the introduction of religious tolerance and the creation of an absolute monarchy. France became the strongest state in continental Europe.
III. Consolidation of the studied material.
Solve the test.
1. Religious wars in France took place in ... years:
A) 1524-1526;
B) 1566-1609;
B) 1562-1598;
D) 1589-1600.
2. A particularly important decree of the king is called:
A) compromise;
B) theses;
B) guarantor;
D) edict.
3. During the religious wars in France, a new royal dynasty came to the throne:
A) Valois;
B) Bourbons;
B) Tudors;
D) Habsburgs.
4. Supporters of the Reformation in France were called:
A) Puritans;
B) Huguenots;
B) papists;
B) royalists.
5. The principle of religious tolerance during the Reformation was proclaimed by the document:
A) “Bloody legislation”;
B) Charter of the Jesuit Order;
B) Edict of Nantes;
D) “12 articles.”
6. As a result of the activities of Cardinal Richelieu:
A) royal power increased;
B) the position of the Huguenots strengthened;
C) France’s position in the international arena has weakened;
D) the country was split into separate feudal estates.
IV. Reflection.
Teacher: What was the topic of our lesson?
What new did you learn in class today, what did you learn?
How did the Reformation affect the development of France?
How do you evaluate your activities in class?
Homework:§ 14 (oral). Compose a characterization of the personalities of Henry IV and Cardinal Richelieu.
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