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During the reign of Emperor Nicholas I, the Russian Empire experienced its golden age. Let's take a look at the works of art dedicated to this sovereign. Sofia Bagdasarova says.
On the “Portrait of Paul I with his family”, the future emperor is depicted in the company of his parents and brothers and sisters. No one then knew what fate awaited this boy in a white suit with a blue belt, clinging to his mother's knees. After all, he was only the third son - and only a series of accidents and unsuccessful marriages of older brothers secured the throne for him.
Gerhardt Franz von Kugelgen. Portrait of Paul I with his family. 1800
A.Rockstuhl. Nicholas I in childhood. 1806
Nicholas became emperor at the age of 29, after the death of his elder brother Alexander I and the abdication of the next in line, Constantine. Like all men of his kind, he was very passionate about military affairs. However, for a good sovereign of that era, this was not a drawback. And the form suited him very well - like his older brother, he was considered a real handsome man.
V. Golike. Portrait of Nicholas I. 1843
P. Sokolov. Portrait of Nicholas I. 1820
“... Thirty-two years old, tall, lean, had a wide chest, somewhat long arms, an oblong, clean face, an open forehead, a Roman nose, a moderate mouth, a quick look, a sonorous voice, suitable for a tenor, but spoke somewhat pattering. In general, he was very well built and dexterous. There was no arrogant importance or windy haste in the movements, but some kind of genuine severity was visible. The freshness of the face and everything in it showed iron health and served as proof that youth was not pampered and life was accompanied by sobriety and moderation. In physical terms, he was more excellent than all the men from the generals and officers that I have ever seen in the army, and I can truly say that in our enlightened era it is the greatest rarity to see such a person in the circle of the aristocracy.
"Notes of Joseph Petrovich Dubetsky"
Of course, Nikolai also loved horses, and he was also affectionate with the “retired”. From his predecessor, he inherited two veterans of the Napoleonic War - the gelding Tolstoy Orlovsky and the mare Atalanta, who received a personal royal pension. These horses took part in the funeral ceremony of Alexander I, and then the new emperor sent them to Tsarskoye Selo, where the Pensioner's stables were built and a cemetery for horses was created. Today there are 122 burials there, including Flora, Nikolai's favorite horse, on which he rode near Varna.
Franz Krueger. Emperor Nicholas I with retinue. 1835
N. E. Sverchkov. Emperor Nicholas I on a winter trip. 1853
The painting by Grigory Chernetsov depicts a parade on the occasion of the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1830-1831. The emperor is depicted among about 300 characters in the picture (almost all are known by name - including Benkendorf, Kleinmichel, Speransky, Martos, Kukolnik, Dmitriev, Zhukovsky, Pushkin, etc.). The defeat of this rebellion was one of those military operations of the Russian state that gave it a gloomy reputation in Europe.
“Then it was in England that the newspapers strongly attacked Nikolai Pavlovich, which seemed very funny to him. One evening, having met Gerlach, he told him and the Prussian diplomat Kanitz that in the English parliament he was compared with Nero, they called him Cannibal, and so on. and that all English dictionary turned out to be insufficient to express all the terrible qualities that distinguish the All-Russian emperor. Lord Durgam, an English diplomat who arrived in Russia, was in an awkward position, and Emperor Nicholas jokingly said: “Je me signerai toujours Nicolas canibal” (translated from French “I will now sign Nicholas the cannibal”).
Alexander Brikner. "Russian court in 1826-1832"
The emperor was suspected of a strong addiction to the opposite sex, but, unlike his predecessor and heir - Alexander I and Alexander II, brother and son, he never flaunted his connections, did not honor anyone with recognition as an official favorite and was extremely delicate and respectful towards his wife. At the same time, according to the memoirs of Baron Modest Korf, “Emperor Nicholas was generally very cheerful and lively in disposition, and even playful in a close circle.”
V. Sverchkov. Portrait of Nicholas I. 1856
A.I. Ladurner. Emperor Nicholas I at the ball. 1830
“When talking to women, he had that tone of refined politeness and courtesy, which was traditional in the good society of old France and which Russian society tried to imitate, a tone that has completely disappeared in our days, without being, however, replaced by anything more pleasant or more serious.
… The timbre of his voice was also extremely pleasant. I must therefore confess that my heart was captivated by him, although in my convictions I remained decidedly hostile to him.Anna Tyutcheva. "Secrets of the royal court (from the notes of the maid of honor)"
Alas, unlike the priest, Nikolai did not order a classic family portrait. The emperor with his wife, six of his seven children (except for his daughter, who was married abroad) and son-in-law can be seen in a costumed portrait with the mysterious name "Tsarskoye Selo carousel". Members of the emperor's family, dressed up as medieval knights and their beautiful ladies, are depicted here in a skit from a masquerade tournament that was indulged in the residence.
Horace Vernet. Tsarskoye Selo carousel. 1842
George Doe. Portrait of Grand Duchess Alexandra Feodorovna with children.1821–1824
The emperor, like other members of the dynasty, considered it his duty to personally patronize the Petersburg educational establishments- First of all, the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens and the Naval Cadet Corps. In addition to duty, it was also pleasure. Among children growing up without parents, Nikolai could really relax. So, bald (like Alexander I), he was smart all his life and wore a toupee - a small wig. But when his first grandson was born, as one former cadet recalled, Nikolai came to the corps, threw a pad from the bald head into the air and told the children who adored him that since he had now become a grandfather, he would no longer put on dumb ones.
P. Fedotov. Nicholas I and institute girls
“The sovereign played with us; in an unbuttoned frock coat, he lay down on a hill, and we dragged him down or sat on him, tightly next to each other; and he shook us like flies. He knew how to instill love for himself in children; was attentive to employees and knew all the cool ladies and uncles, whom he called by their first and last names.
Lev Zhemchuzhnikov. "My Memories from the Past"
In the painting by Villevalde, the emperor is depicted in the company of the painter himself, the heir (the future Alexander II), as well as a marble bust of his elder brother. Nikolai often visited the workshop of this battle artist (as evidenced by another portrait, which clearly shows the enormous growth of the king). But Nicholas' favorite portrait painter was Franz Kruger. There is a bitter historical anecdote about their communication, which characterizes the gloomy mood of the ruler in recent years.
The death of the emperor, whose strength was undermined by the unsuccessful Crimean War, shocked his contemporaries. The maid of honor Anna Tyutcheva, the daughter of the poet, recalled how she went to dine with her parents and found them under a very strong impression. "It's as if we've been told that God is dead," her father had said at the time, with his characteristic brilliance.
Vasily Timm. Emperor Nicholas I on his deathbed. 1855
“The university watchman Vasily was in awe of Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich and praised everything in him, even his homely lifestyle. “The old man is not a fan of all these overseas wines and various tricks; but just like that: before dinner, he knocks over a glass of simpleton, that's all! He likes to eat buckwheat porridge straight from the pot ... ”- he narrated with confidence, as if he himself had seen it. “God forbid, the old man will collapse,” he said, “what will happen then?” “The sovereign is dead,” I only had time to say, when Vasily seemed to be numb in front of me, muttered angrily: “Well! Now it's all going to waste!"
"Memories, thoughts and confessions of a man living out his life as a Smolensk nobleman"
The future Emperor Nicholas I, the third son of Emperor Paul I and Empress Maria Feodorovna, was born on July 6 (June 25, Old Style), 1796, in Tsarskoye Selo (Pushkin).
As a child, Nikolai was very fond of military toys, and in 1799 for the first time he put on the military uniform of the Life Guards Horse Regiment, of which he was the chief from infancy. To serve, according to the traditions of that time, Nikolai began at the age of six months, when he received the rank of colonel. He was prepared, first of all, for a military career.
Baroness Charlotte Karlovna von Lieven was engaged in the upbringing of Nikolai, since 1801 General Lamzdorf was entrusted with the supervision of the upbringing of Nikolai. Among other teachers were the economist Storch, the historian Adelung, the lawyer Balugyansky, who failed to interest Nikolai in their subjects. He was good at engineering and fortification. Nicholas's education was limited mainly to the military sciences.
However, the emperor young years he drew well, had a good artistic taste, was very fond of music, played the flute well, was a fine connoisseur of opera and ballet art.
Having married on July 1, 1817, the daughter of the Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm III, the German princess Friederike-Louise-Charlotte-Wilhelmine, who converted to Orthodoxy and became Grand Duchess Alexandra Feodorovna, Grand Duke lived happy family life without taking part in public affairs. Prior to his accession to the throne, he commanded a division of the Guards and served (since 1817) as an inspector general for engineering. Already in this rank, he showed great concern for military educational institutions: on his initiative, company and battalion schools were established in the engineering troops, and in 1819 the Main Engineering School (now the Nikolaev Engineering Academy) was established; It was his initiative that the "School of Guards Ensigns" (now the Nikolaev Cavalry School) owes its appearance.
An excellent memory, which helped him to recognize by sight and remember by name even ordinary soldiers, won him great popularity in the army. The emperor was distinguished by considerable personal courage. When a cholera riot broke out in the capital, on June 23, 1831, he rode in a carriage to the crowd of five thousand that had gathered on Sennaya Square and stopped the riots. He also stopped the unrest in the Novgorod military settlements, caused by the same cholera. The emperor showed extraordinary courage and determination during the fire of the Winter Palace on December 17, 1837.
The idol of Nicholas I was Peter I. Extremely unpretentious in everyday life, Nicholas, already an emperor, slept on a hard camp bed, hiding himself in an ordinary overcoat, observed moderation in food, preferring the simplest food, and hardly drank alcohol. He was very disciplined, worked 18 hours a day.
Under Nicholas I, the centralization of the bureaucracy was strengthened, a code of laws was drawn up Russian Empire, new censorship regulations were introduced (1826 and 1828). In 1837, traffic was opened on the first Tsarskoye Selo railway in Russia. The Polish uprising of 1830-1831, the revolution in Hungary of 1848-1849 were suppressed.
During the reign of Nicholas I, the Narva Gates, the Trinity (Izmailovsky) Cathedral, the buildings of the Senate and the Synod, the Alexandria Column, the Mikhailovsky Theater, the building of the Nobility Assembly, the New Hermitage were erected, the Anichkov Bridge was reconstructed, the Annunciation Bridge across the Neva (Lieutenant Schmidt Bridge), the end pavement was laid on Nevsky prospect.
An important aspect of the foreign policy of Nicholas I was the return to the principles Holy Union. The emperor sought a favorable regime for Russia in the Black Sea straits, in 1829 peace was concluded in Andrianopol, according to which Russia received the eastern coast of the Black Sea. During the reign of Nicholas I, Russia participated in Caucasian war 1817-1864, Russian-Persian war of 1826-1828, Russian-Turkish war 1828-1829, Crimean War 1853-1856.
Nicholas I died on March 2 (February 18, O.S.), 1855, according to the official version - from a cold. He was buried in the Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress.
The emperor had seven children: Emperor Alexander II; grand duchess Maria Nikolaevna, married Duchess of Leuchtenberg; Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, married Queen of Württemberg; Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna, wife of Prince Friedrich of Hesse-Kassel; Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich; Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich; Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich
The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources
Emperor Nicholas 1 is a complex and controversial personality in many respects. If earlier in history lessons he was presented as a rude paramilitary man, a lover of severe punishments and a fan of discipline, now his character has been rethought. Become known facts which characterize the king as a decent and honest person, an officer in the best sense of the word, whose every act was aimed at the good of the country. Let's get acquainted with the personality and activities of Nicholas 1.
Nicholas I was born in Tsarskoye Selo in 1796. Not being the first and even the second son of Emperor Paul I, he was not the heir to the throne, but fate decreed otherwise.
When the future emperor was less than five years old, his father died as a result of an insidious conspiracy, so the elder brother, Alexander I, took up the upbringing of the boy. , which could not but affect the personality of Nicholas 1. Later, he himself realized with horror his lack of education, but state and family affairs did not make it possible to catch up.
He ruled the country for 30 years, while trying with all his might to retain unlimited power. During these years, the secret police (Third Division) was founded, the purpose of which was to spy on the ideas prevailing in society. Under Nikolai Pavlovich, autocracy reached its apogee, the tsar opposed any free-thinking coming from the West. Little was done to improve the life of the serfs: now they could not be sent to hard labor, and the farmers themselves got the opportunity to redeem the land. It is clear that only a very small part of the serfs could afford such a thing.
Personality features of Nicholas 1 should be described against the background of those historical events that took place in Russia during the years of his life and reign.
The coming of the emperor to power took place during the bloody events, which could not but affect his character. Perhaps that is why, fearing to become a victim of another coup and repeat the fate of his father, he acted very hesitantly and could not cancel serfdom. The elder brother, Alexander I, died suddenly, the second son of Paul, Constantine, voluntarily renounced the throne. Therefore, Nicholas 1, being mentally unprepared for this, was forced to become Russian emperor, making a colossal leap from a strict and disciplined military official to the ruler of the whole country.
The personality of Nicholas 1 could not but be reflected in an amazing combination of events (the death of an older brother and the abdication of the middle one), in connection with which he, the third child, received unlimited power. He believed that God himself had chosen him for great deeds, and by his policy he tried his best to keep order in the country.
Sources that have come down to us describe the appearance of Emperor Nicholas 1 as follows:
He looked very noble, giving the impression of a real Russian tsar. As a clothing, he, according to the tradition of those years, wore military uniforms, richly decorated with gold embroidery. In her memoirs, Nikolai's daughter recalled that the uniform was also his favorite home clothes for him - old, shabby and without an epaulette, but comfortable for work.
The tutor of the king was the German Lamzdorf, a very strict and even tough person, it was under his influence that the character of the future monarch was formed. From childhood, rudeness was present in the personality of the king. He did not pay attention to getting an education, but he excelled in drawing.
The mentor used severe measures against the king, up to corporal punishment, and even once beat his pupil very badly, wanting to break his will. But Nikolai Pavlovich did not obey, already at an early age showing his characteristic stubbornness and self-will.
A description of the personality of Emperor Nicholas 1 will be incomplete without mentioning his hobbies:
From childhood, in the personality of Nicholas 1, a trait was determined that he retained throughout his life - incredible accuracy, bordering on pedantry. He was strict with his subordinates and demanded from them the impeccable implementation of laws and regulations.
Also with early years the future emperor was distinguished by perseverance and perseverance. It is known that the king never smoked or drank alcohol, hated bad habits in his subjects.
Describing the personality of Nicholas 1, one cannot fail to mention the secrecy of the character of the autocrat, which was always emphasized by his contemporaries. Faced with the problem of the free-thinking of the nobility, which resulted in the Decembrist uprising, he ceased to trust even his entourage. However, innate discipline forced the emperor to completely concentrate all state affairs in his own hands.
Long years of military service could not but be reflected in the personality traits of Nicholas 1, which is why he was best suited to military ranks. The emperor is also known for his amazing capacity for work, he worked 18 hours a day.
Ruthlessness in general was not inherent in the king, but, being a strong and strict man, he, often against his will, could severely punish those who were a danger to political system and Russia as a whole. Each of his actions was weighed and justified in his own way.
In short, the personality of Nicholas 1 is best manifested in the way he ruled the country. The emperor was absolutely sure that a firm monarchical power was what Russia needed, therefore he was very strict with everyone who tried to somehow change the ancient form of government.
And if his older brother, Alexander I, was fond of the ideas of socialism and even wanted to try on European theories for Russian reality, then Nicholas was convinced that the country needed an autocratic monarch, strong and decisive. He ascended the throne at the age of 29, already a mature person, with formed views and convictions, and at the same time did not expect at all that one day he would become emperor. It is this fact that explains the inconsistency of the character and policy of the king. He was not ready for the responsibilities that fell on him, but considered it his duty to help Russia solve the problems that were tearing it apart from the inside.
An assessment of the personality of Nicholas 1 would be incomplete without mentioning his relationship with his wife, Alexandra Fedorovna, and children. He sincerely loved and protected his wife, he was strict with children, but fair. The marriage produced seven children: four daughters and three sons.
In an effort to teach wisdom to his second son Constantine, he gave him instruction. Here are her main points:
This speaks volumes. Being a straight and decent person, he wanted to instill these qualities in his children.
Of particular interest is how Tyutcheva explains the inconsistency of the personality of Nicholas 1. The maid of honor of the Empress describes the tsar as an honest person, sincerely convinced that his every act is for the good of Russia. He considered himself the chosen one of God and had no doubts about his mission: to protect Russia from the influence of liberalism. Nicholas took his duty very seriously and tried with all his might to justify the trust placed in him. The emperor spoke rather skeptically about his accession, emphasizing that he did not take the throne himself, this place was granted to him by God's will. And, although it is almost worse than the galley, he will honestly do his duty.
Lack of education and complete unpreparedness for the royal throne made him largely limited. He did not recognize new trends in politics, but he cannot be called completely conservative, since he was very supportive of the development of technology.
To understand the personality of Emperor Nicholas 1, consider a few interesting facts:
These facts speak of the inconsistency of the personality of Nicholas 1. He tried to maintain peace and tranquility in Russia, was strict with those who violated the law and discipline, but the country needed something completely different, so his reign did not leave any tangible results.
Named after Nicholas I
Nicholas Square in Kazan
Nicholas Hospital in Peterhof
Monuments of Nicholas I:
St. Petersburg. Equestrian monument on St. Isaac's Square. Opened June 26 (July 8), 1859, sculptor P. K. Klodt. The monument has been preserved in its original form. The fence surrounding it was dismantled in the 1930s, recreated again in 1992.
St. Petersburg. Bronze bust of the Emperor on a high granite pedestal. It was opened on July 12, 2001 in front of the facade of the building of the former psychiatric department of the Nikolaev military hospital, founded in 1840 by decree of the Emperor (now the St. Petersburg District Military Clinical Hospital), 63 Suvorovsky pr. granite pedestal, was opened in front of the main facade of this hospital on August 15 (27), 1890. The monument was destroyed shortly after 1917.
St. Petersburg. Gypsum bust on a high granite pedestal. Opened on May 19, 2003 on the front staircase of the Vitebsk railway station (Zagorodny pr., 52), sculptors V. S. and S. V. Ivanov, architect T. L. Torich.
Velikiy Novgorod. Image of Nicholas I on the monument "Millennium of Russia". Opened in 1862, sculptor - M. O. Mikeshin.
Moscow. Monument to the "Creators of Russian Railways" near the Kazansky railway station - a bronze bust of the emperor, surrounded by well-known figures in the railway industry of his reign. Opened August 1, 2013.
The bronze bust of Emperor Nicholas I was inaugurated on July 2, 2015 on the territory of Nikolo-Berlyukovsky monastery in the village of Avdotyino, Moscow region (sculptor A. A. Appolonov)
St. Nicholas Cathedral city of Starobelsk. In 1859, a place was determined for the construction of the temple - between Malaya Dvoryanskaya and Cathedral, Classical and Nikolaevskaya streets. The temple was built in the Baroque style and solemnly consecrated in 1862. The temple is considered an architectural monument of the 19th century and is protected by the state.
memorial plaques
Moscow. Bas-relief in the building of the Leningrad railway station.
St. Petersburg. Memorial plaque on the building of the Moscow railway station (to the left of the southern entrance to the light hall).
Movie incarnation
The first films where the image of Tsar Nicholas I appeared were silent
1910 - "The Life and Death of Pushkin"
1911 - "Defense of Sevastopol"
1918 - "Father Sergius" (Vladimir Gaidarov)
1926 - "Decembrists" (Evgeny Boronikhin)
1927 - "The Poet and the Tsar" (Konstantin Karenin)
1928 - "Secrets of an ancient family", Poland (Pavel Overllo)
1930 - "White Devil" Germany (Fritz Alberti)
1932 - "Dead House" (Nikolai Vitovtov)
1936 - "Prometheus" (Vladimir Ershov)
1943 - "Lermontov" (A. Savostyanov)
1946 - "Glinka" (B. Livanov)
M. Named in the films "Taras Shevchenko" (1951), "Belinsky" (1951), "Composer Glinka" (1952)
Milivoje Zhivanovich "Hadji Murat - the white devil" (Italy-Yugoslavia, 1959)
V. Strzhelchik "Dream" (1964), "Third Youth" (1965), "Green Carriage" (1967), "Father Sergius" (1978)
S. Polezhaev "Mistake of Honore de Balzac" (1968)
V. Zakharchenko "Wake up Mukhin!" (1967)
Vasily Livanov - "Star of Captivating Happiness" (1975)
Yuri Bogatyrev - "Nose" (1977), "And I'm with you again" (1981)
S. Baikov - Chokan Valikhanov (1985)
Maris Liepa - "Lermontov" (1986)
Yuri Yakovlev - "Lefty" (1986)
Valery Doronin - "The Last Road" (1986)
E. Romanov - "The Bay of Happiness" (1987)
Mikhail Boyarsky - "Crazy" (1991)
Boris Plotnikov - "Griboedovsky Waltz" (1995)
Y. Makarov "Russian Ark" (2002), "Pushkin. The last duel "(2006)
M. Basharov "Satisfaction" (2005)
V. Verzhbitsky "Poor Nastya" (2003-2004), "One Night of Love" (2008)
N. Tokarev - "Northern Sphinx" (2003)
Andrey Zibrov - "Death of Vazir-Mukhtar" (2010)
Sergey Druzhko - “The Romanovs. Film seventh "(2013)
V. Maksimov - “Duel. Pushkin - Lermontov "(2014)
Dmitry Naumov - "Fort Ross: In Search of Adventure" (2014)
Nikita Tarasov - "Monk and the Demon" (2016)
Ivan Kolesnikov - "Union of Salvation" (2019)
Emperor of Russia Nicholas I
Emperor Nicholas I ruled Russia from 1825 to 1855. His work is controversial. On the one hand, he was an opponent of the liberal reforms that were the goal of the Decembrist movement, he implanted a conservative and bureaucratic mode of action in Russia, created new repressive government bodies, tightened censorship, abolished the freedoms of universities. On the other hand, under Nicholas under the leadership of M. Speransky, work was completed on the drafting of a new legislative code, the Ministry of State Property was created, whose activities were aimed at changing the situation of state peasants, secret commissions developed projects for the abolition of serfdom, there was an increase in industry, with the bureaucracy and the nobility, a new class of people began to take shape - the intelligentsia. At the time of Nicholas, Russian literature reached its peak: Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Nekrasov, Tyutchev, GoncharovThe years of the reign of Nicholas I 1825 - 1855
Nicholas set himself the task of not changing anything, not introducing anything new in the foundations, but only maintaining the existing order, filling in the gaps, repairing the dilapidated state of affairs with the help of practical legislation, and doing all this without any participation of society, even with the suppression of social independence, by government means alone; but he did not remove from the queue those burning questions that were raised in the previous reign, and, it seems, understood their burning even more than his predecessor. Thus, a conservative and bureaucratic mode of action is the characteristic of the new reign; to support the existing with the help of officials - this is another way to designate this character. (V. O. Klyuchevsky "Course of Russian History")
Nikolai was brought up somehow, not at all according to the program of Rousseau, like the older brothers Alexander and Konstantin. Prepared himself for a very modest military career; he was not initiated into questions of higher politics, they did not give him participation in serious state affairs. Until the age of 18, he did not even have certain official occupations at all; only this year he was appointed director of the engineering corps and they gave him one guards brigade to command, therefore, two regiments
in the summer of 1831 in St. Petersburg, at the height of the cholera epidemic, rumors appeared among the townspeople that the disease was brought by foreign doctors who spread the infection in order to plague the Russian people. This madness reached its climax when a huge excited crowd turned up on Sennaya Square, where a temporary cholera hospital stood.
Bursting inside, people smashed glass in windows, broke furniture, expelled hospital servants and beat local doctors to death. There is a legend that the crowd was calmed down by Nikolai, who reproached her with the words “shame on the Russian people, forgetting the faith of their fathers, to imitate the riot of the French and Poles”
At the beginning of his reign, the emperor was horrified when he learned that he had carried out 2,800,000 cases in all offices of justice alone. In 1842, the Minister of Justice submitted a report to the sovereign, which indicated that 33 million more cases had not been cleared in all official places of the empire, which were set out on at least 33 million written sheets. (Klyuchevsky)
Self leading the most important things, entering into their consideration, the emperor created His Majesty's Own Chancellery, with five departments, reflecting the range of affairs that the Emperor directly wanted to manage.
The first department prepared papers for a report to the emperor and monitored the execution of the highest orders; the second department was engaged in the codification of laws and was under control until his death in 1839; the third department was entrusted with the affairs of the high police under the control of the chief of gendarmes; the fourth department managed charitable educational institutions, the fifth department was created to prepare a new order of management and state property
Working for several years, this committee worked out projects for the transformation of both central and provincial institutions, prepared a draft of a new law on estates, which was supposed to improve the life of serfs. The Estates Act was submitted to the State Council and approved by it, but was not made public because the revolutionary movements of 1830 in the West inspired fear of any reform. In the course of time, only a few measures from the drafts of the "Committee of December 6th, 1826" were implemented in the form of separate laws. But on the whole, the committee's work remained without any success, and the reform projected by it did not
Under Nicholas I, cadet corps and military and naval academies, the Construction School in St. Petersburg, and the Land Survey Institute in Moscow were established; several women's institutes. the Main Pedagogical Institute for the preparation of teachers was resumed. Boarding houses with a gymnasium course for the sons of nobles were founded. The position of men's gymnasiums was improved
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Orthodoxy - without love for the faith of the ancestors, the people will perish
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Autocracy - The main condition for the political existence of Russia
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Folkness - preservation of the inviolability of folk traditions
According to him, the management of universities passed to the trustees of educational districts subordinate to the Ministry of Public Education. The Council of Professors lost its independence in educational and scientific affairs. Rectors and deans began to be elected not annually, but for a four-year term. Rectors continued to be approved by the emperor, and deans by the minister; professor - trustee
Under the influence of the Ministry, “chambers” of state property began to operate in the provinces. They were in charge of state lands, forests and other property; they also watched over the state peasants. These peasants were arranged in special rural societies (which turned out to be almost 6,000); a volost was composed of several such rural communities. Both rural societies and volosts enjoyed self-government, had their own “gatherings”, elected “heads” and “foremen” to manage volost and rural affairs, and special judges for court.
The self-government of state peasants subsequently served as a model for privately owned peasants when they were freed from serfdom. But Kiselev did not limit himself to concerns about the self-government of the peasants. The Ministry of State Property has taken a number of measures to improve economic life the peasantry subordinate to him: the peasants were taught better ways farms that provided grain in lean years; landless were given land; started schools; gave tax benefits, etc.
Two directions of diplomacy of Nicholas I: the decomposition of Turkey for the sake of Russia inheriting the straits and its possessions in the Balkans; fight against any manifestations of revolutionism in Europe
The foreign policy of Nicholas I, like any policy, was characterized by unscrupulousness. On the one hand, the emperor strictly adhered to the provisions of legitimism, in everything and always supporting the official authorities of states against dissidents: he severed relations with France after the revolution of 1830, severely suppressed the Polish liberation uprising, took the side of Austria in its affairs with rebellious Hungary
In 1833, an agreement was reached between Russia, Austria and Prussia, which entailed the incessant intervention of Russia in the affairs of Europe with the aim of "supporting power wherever it exists, reinforcing it where it weakens, and defending it where it is openly attacked »
On the other hand, when it seemed profitable, Nicholas unleashed a war against Turkey, protecting the Greek rebels, although he considered them rebels.
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War with Persia (1826-1828)
It ended with the Turkmanchay peace treaty, which confirmed the terms of the Gulistan peace treaty of 1813 (the accession of Georgia, Dagestan to Russia) and fixed the transition to Russia of part of the Caspian coast and Eastern Armenia
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War with Turkey (1828-1829)
It ended with the Peace of Adrianople, according to which Russia passed most of the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the Danube Delta, the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, Imeretia, Mingrelia, Guria, the Erivan and Nakhichevan khanates, Moldavia and Wallachia, Serbia was granted autonomy in the presence of Russian troops there
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suppression Polish uprising (1830-1831)
As a result, the rights of the Kingdom of Poland were significantly curtailed, the Kingdom of Poland became an inseparable part Russian state. The previously existing elements of Polish statehood were abolished (the Sejm, a separate Polish army and etc.)
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Khiva campaign (1838-1840)
The attack of a detachment of the Separate Orenburg Corps of the Russian Army on the Khiva Khanate in order to stop the Khiva raids on Russian lands, the release of Russian prisoners in Khanate of Khiva, ensuring safe trade and exploration of the Aral Sea. The trip ended in failure
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2nd Khiva campaign (1847-1848)
Russia continued to pursue a policy of advancing deep into Central Asia. In 1847-1848, a detachment of Colonel Erofeev occupied the Khiva fortifications of Dzhak-Khodzha and Khodzha-Niaz.
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War with Hungary (1849)
Military intervention in the Austro-Hungarian conflict. The suppression of the Hungarian liberation movement by the army of General Paskevich. Hungary remained part of the Austrian Empire
