The central figure in the history of the first half of the 20th century, the main instigator of the Second World War, the perpetrator of the Holocaust, the founder of totalitarianism in Germany and in the territories it occupied. And it's all one person. How Hitler died: did he take poison, shoot himself, or die a very old man? This question has been troubling historians for almost 70 years.
The future dictator was born on April 20, 1889 in the city of Braunau an der Inn, which was at that time in Austria-Hungary. From 1933 until the end of World War II, Hitler's birthday was a public holiday in Germany.
Adolf's family was low-income: mother - Clara Pelzl - a peasant woman, father - Alois Hitler - was at first a shoemaker, but eventually began to work in customs. After the death of her husband, Clara and her son lived quite comfortably, dependent on relatives.
From childhood, Adolf showed a talent for drawing. In his youth, he studied music. He especially liked the works of the German composer W. R. Wagner. Every day he visited theaters and coffee houses, read adventure novels and German mythology, liked to walk around Linz, adored picnics and sweets. But the most favorite pastime still remained drawing, which later Hitler began to earn his living.
During the First World War, the future Fuhrer of Germany voluntarily joined the ranks of the soldiers of the German army. At first he was a private, later - a corporal. During the fighting he was wounded twice. At the end of the war, he was awarded the Iron Cross, first and second class.
Defeat German Empire Hitler took 1918 as a knife in his own back, because he was always confident in the greatness and invincibility of his country.
After the failure of the German army, he returned to Munich and joined the German armed forces - the Reichswehr. Later, on the advice of his closest comrade E. Röhm, he became a member of the German Workers' Party. Instantly pushing its founders into the background, Hitler became the head of the organization.
About a year later, it is renamed the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (German abbreviation - NSDAP). It was then that Nazism began to emerge. The program points of the party reflected the main ideas of A. Hitler to restore the state power of Germany:
The assertion of the supremacy of the German Empire over Europe, especially over the Slavic lands;
Liberation of the country's territory from foreigners, namely from Jews;
Replacing the parliamentary regime with one leader who would concentrate power over the entire country in his hands.
In 1933, these points will find their place in his autobiography "Mein Kampf", which means "My struggle" in German.
Thanks to the NSDAP, Hitler quickly became famous politician whose opinion other figures began to reckon with.
On November 8, 1923, a meeting was held in Munich at which the leader of the National Socialists announced the beginning of the German revolution. During the so-called beer putsch, it was necessary to destroy the treacherous power of Berlin. When he led his like-minded people to the square to storm the administrative building, german army opened fire on them. At the beginning of 1924, a trial of Hitler and his associates took place, they were given 5 years in prison. However, they were released after only nine months.
Due to their prolonged absence, a split occurred in the NSDAP. The future Fuhrer with his allies E. Rehm and G. Strasser revived the party, but not as a former regional, but as a national political power. In early 1933, German President Hindenburg appointed Hitler to the post of Reich Chancellor. From that moment on, the Prime Minister began to implement the program points of the NSDAP. By order of Hitler, his comrades Rehm, Strasser and many others were killed.
Until 1939, the millionth German Wehrmacht split Czechoslovakia, annexed Austria and the Czech Republic. Having secured the consent of Joseph Stalin, Hitler launched a war against Poland, as well as England and France. Having achieved successful results at this stage, the Fuhrer entered the war with the USSR.
The defeat of the Soviet army at first led to the seizure by Germany of the territories of Ukraine, the Baltic states, Russia and other union republics. A regime of tyranny was established on the annexed lands, which had no equal. However, from 1942 to 1945, the Soviet army liberated its territories from the German invaders, as a result of which the latter were forced to retreat to their borders.
A common version of the following events is Hitler's suicide on April 30, 1945. But did it happen? And was the leader of Germany at all in Berlin at that time? Realizing that the German troops would be defeated again, he could leave the country before Soviet army will capture her.
Until now, for historians and ordinary people interesting and mysterious is the mystery of the death of the German dictator: where, when and how Hitler died. To date, there are many hypotheses about this.
The capital of Germany, a bunker under the Reich Chancellery - it is here, as is commonly believed, that A. Hitler shot himself. He made the decision to commit suicide on the afternoon of April 30, 1945, in connection with the end of the assault on Berlin by the army of the Soviet Union.
Close people of the dictator and his companion Eva Braun claimed that he himself fired a pistol into his mouth. The woman, as it turned out a little later, poisoned herself and the shepherd with potassium cyanide. Witnesses also reported what time Hitler died: the shot was fired by him between 15:15 and 15:30.
Eyewitnesses of the picture accepted the only thing, in their opinion, correct solution- burn the corpses. Since the territory outside the bunker was continuously shelled, Hitler's henchmen hastily carried the bodies to the surface of the earth, doused them with gasoline and set them on fire. The fire barely flared up and soon went out. The process was repeated a couple of times until the bodies were charred. In the meantime, the artillery shelling intensified. The footman and Hitler's adjutant hurriedly covered the remains with earth and returned to the bunker.
On May 5, the Soviet military discovered the dead bodies of the dictator and his mistress. Their attendants hid in the premises of the Reich Chancellery. The servant was captured for interrogation. Cooks, lackeys, guards and the rest claimed to have seen someone being taken out of the dictator's private quarters, but the USSR intelligence never received clear answers to the question of how Adolf Hitler died.
A few days later, the Soviet secret services located the corpse and proceeded to its immediate examination, but it also did not give positive results, because the remains found were mostly badly burned. The only way of identification was only the jaws, which are well preserved.
Intelligence found and interrogated Hitler's dental assistant, Ketty Goizerman. From specific dentures and fillings, the Frau determined that the jaw belonged to the late Fuhrer. Even later, the Chekists found a prosthetist, Fritz Echtmann, who confirmed the words of the assistant.
In November 1945, Arthur Axman, one of the participants in that very meeting held on April 30 in the bunker, was detained, where it was decided to burn the bodies of Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun. His story in detail coincided with the testimony given by the servants a few days after such a significant event in the history of the end of World War II - the fall of the capital Nazi Germany Berlin.
Then the remains were packed in boxes and buried near Berlin. Later, they were dug up several times and buried again, changing their location. Later, the government of the USSR decided to cremate the bodies and scatter the ashes to the wind. The only thing that was left for the KGB archive was the jaw and part of the skull of the former Fuhrer of Germany, which was hooked by a bullet.
The question of how Hitler died, in fact, is still open. After all, could the witnesses (mostly allies and assistants of the dictator) give false information in order to lead the Soviet special services astray? Certainly.
That is exactly what Hitler's dentist's assistant did. After Katty Goizerman was released from Soviet camps She immediately withdrew her information. This is first. Secondly, according to Soviet intelligence officials, the jaw may not belong to the Fuhrer, as it was found separately from the corpse. One way or another, but these facts give rise to attempts by historians and journalists to get to the bottom of the truth - where Adolf Hitler died.
Exists a large number of hypotheses about the flight of the German dictator from the besieged Berlin. One of them is the assumption that Hitler died in America, where he escaped with Eva Braun on April 27, 1945. This theory was provided by British writers D. Williams and S. Dunstan. In the book Gray Wolf: The Escape of Adolf Hitler, they suggested that in May 1945, the Soviet secret services found the bodies of the Fuhrer's doubles and his mistress Eva Braun, and the real ones, in turn, left the bunker and went to the city of Mar del Plata, Argentina.
The deposed German dictator, even there, cherished his dream of a new Reich, which, fortunately, was not destined to come true. Instead, Hitler, by marrying Eva Braun, gained family happiness and two daughters. The writers also named the year in which Hitler died. According to them, it was February 13, 1962.
The story seems absolutely meaningless, but the authors call to remember the year 2009, in which they conducted research on the skull found in the bunker. Their results showed that the part of the head that was shot through belonged to a woman.
The British consider the interview of the Soviet Marshal G. Zhukov dated June 10, 1945, as another confirmation of their theory, where he reports that the corpse that the USSR intelligence found in early May of that year might not have belonged to the Fuhrer. That there is no evidence to state exactly how Hitler died.
The military leader also does not exclude the possibility that Hitler could be in Berlin on April 30 and fly out of the city at the last minute. He could choose any point on the map for subsequent residence, including South America. Thus, it can be assumed that Hitler died in Argentina, where he lived for the last 17 years.
There are suggestions that Hitler died at the age of 95. This is reported in the book "Hitler in Brazil - his life and death" by the writer Simony Rene Gorreiro Diaz. In her opinion, in 1945 the deposed Fuhrer managed to escape from besieged Berlin. He lived in Argentina, then in Paraguay, until he settled on Nossa Señora do Livramento. This small town is located in the state of Mato Grosso. The journalist is sure that Adolf Hitler died in Brazil in 1984.
The ex-Führer chose this state, as it is sparsely populated and Jesuit treasures are allegedly buried in its lands. Colleagues from the Vatican informed Hitler about the treasure, presenting him with a map of the area.
The refugee lived in complete secrecy. He changed his name to Azholf Leipzig. Diaz is sure that he chose this surname for a reason, because his favorite composer V. R. Wagner was born in the city of the same name. Kutinga became a cohabitant, a black woman whom Hitler met upon arrival in do Livramento. The author of the book published their photo.
In addition, Simony Diaz wants to match the DNA of things that a relative of the Nazi dictator from Israel provided to her and the remains of Ajolf Leipzig's clothes. The journalist hopes for test results that may support the hypothesis that Hitler actually died in Brazil.
Most likely, these newspaper publications and books are just speculations that arise with each new historical fact. At least that's what I like to think. Even if this did not happen in 1945, it is unlikely that we will ever know what year Hitler actually died. But we can be absolutely sure that death overtook him in the last century.
Fuhrer and Imperial Chancellor (dictator) of Germany (1933-1945).
Fuhrer (leader) of the National Socialist Party (since 1921), head of the German fascist state (in 1933 he became Reich Chancellor, in 1934 he combined this post and the post of president). Established a regime of fascist terror in the country.
The immediate initiator of the outbreak of the Second World War. With the onset of Soviet troops, he committed suicide. Hitler was born on April 20, 1889. Hitler was born from his father's third marriage. In 1895, at the age of 6, Adolf entered the public school in the town of Fischlham, near Linz. Two years later, being a very religious woman, his mother sent him to Lambach, to the parochial school of a Benedictine monastery, after which, as she hoped, her son would eventually become a priest. But he was expelled from school, caught smoking in the monastery garden. The family then moved to Leonding, a suburb of Linz, where the young Adolf immediately excelled in his studies. He stood out among his comrades for his perseverance, turning out to be a leader in all children's games. In 1900-1904 he attended a real school in Linz, and in 1904-1905 in Steyr. IN high school his successes were very mediocre. At 16, Adolf dropped out of school. For two years he did nothing, wandering the streets or spending time in the library reading books on Germanic history and mythology. At the age of 18 he went to Vienna to enter the Academy there. fine arts. He entered twice - once he did not pass the exam, the second time he was not even allowed to take it. He was advised to enter the architectural institute, but for this it was necessary to have a matriculation certificate. In December 1908, his mother died, which was a huge shock in his life. For the next five years, he worked odd jobs, alms, or sold his sketches. In February 1914, Adolf Hitler was called to Austria to undergo a medical examination for fitness for military service . But, as "too weak and unfit for military service," he was released. When the war broke out in August 1914, he turned to the King of Bavaria with a request to enlist in his army. He was assigned to the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment, recruited mainly from student volunteers. After only a few weeks of training, he was sent to the front. At first he was an orderly, and then for almost the entire war he performed the duties of a messenger, delivering reports and orders from the headquarters of the regiment to the front line. During the four years of the war, he participated in 47 battles, often finding himself in the thick of it. Was wounded twice. On October 7, 1916, after being wounded in the leg, he was admitted to the Germis hospital near Berlin. Two years later, 4 weeks before the end of the war, he was struck by gases and spent three difficult months in the infirmary. He received his first award - the Iron Cross of the II degree - in December 1914, and on August 4, 1918 he was awarded the Iron Cross of the I degree, which was a rare award for a simple soldier in the imperial German army. Hitler received this last award by capturing an enemy officer and 15 soldiers. On June 12, 1919, he was seconded to short-term courses of "political education" that functioned in Munich. After completing the courses, he became an agent in the service of a certain group of reactionary officers who fought against leftist elements among the soldiers and non-commissioned officers. He compiled lists of soldiers and officers involved in the April uprising of workers and soldiers in Munich. He collected information about all kinds of dwarf organizations and parties regarding their worldview, programs and goals. And reported all this to the management. On September 12, 1919, Hitler was sent to a meeting at the Sternekkerbräu pub. The meeting discussed a pamphlet by engineer Feder. spiced with chauvinism, hatred of the Treaty of Versailles, and most importantly, anti-Semitism, seemed to Hitler quite a suitable platform. He spoke, was successful. And the leader of the party, Anton Drexler, invited him to join the WAP. After consulting with his superiors, Hitler accepted this proposal. Hitler with all his oratory ardently rushed to win popularity for Drexler's party, at least within the boundaries of Munich.In the autumn of 1919, he spoke at crowded meetings three times.In February 1920, he rented the so-called front hall in the beer house "Hofbräuhaus" and gathered 2000 listeners.
ioner, in April 1920, Hitler gave up the earnings of a spy. In January 1921, Hitler had already filmed the Krone circus, where he performed to an audience of 6,500 people. Gradually, Hitler got rid of the founders of the party. Apparently, at the same time he renamed it the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany, abbreviated NSDAP. Hitler obtained the position of the first chairman with dictatorial powers, expelling Drexler and Scharer. Instead of collegial leadership in the party, the principle of the Fuhrer was officially introduced. By the end of 1923, Hitler was convinced that the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse, and that right now he could carry out the "march on Berlin" he had promised and overthrow the government of "Jewish-Marxist traitors." With the support of the army, he was going to bring Germany under Nazi control. Hitler initiated General Erich Ludendorff, a veteran of World War I, an extreme reactionary and militarist, into his plans, well-known among the people and the army. Hitler and Ludendorff tried to take advantage of the uncertainty of the political situation and organized an attempted coup d'état in Munich on November 8, 1923. Two days after the unsuccessful "march on Berlin," Hitler was arrested by the police. On April 1, 1924, he and two accomplices were sentenced to five years in prison, plus the time they had already spent in prison. Ludendorff and other participants in the bloody events were generally acquitted. Hitler spent only 9 months in Landsberg prison. He was provided with a comfortable cell where he could reflect on his mistakes. He had breakfast in bed, spoke to his cellmates and walked in the garden - all this was more like a sanatorium than a prison. Here he dictated to Rudolf Hess the first volume of Mein Kampf, which became the political bible of the Nazi movement. By 1939, this book had been translated into 11 languages, and the total circulation was more than 5.2 million copies. The fee made Hitler a rich man. Hitler left the Landsberg fortress on December 20, 1924. The pinnacle of Hitler's success in that period was the first party congress in August 1927 in Nuremberg. In 1927-1928, that is, five or six years before coming to power, heading a still relatively weak party, Hitler created a "shadow government" in the NSDAP - Political Department II. Goebbels was the head of the propaganda department since 1928. No less important "invention" of Hitler were the Gauleiters in the field, that is, the Nazi bosses in the field in individual lands. In the elections to the Reichstag in 1928, the Nazis received only 12 seats, while the Communists - 54. In 1929, with the onset of the economic depression, Hitler formed an alliance with the nationalist Alfred Hugenberg to oppose the "Jung Plan" for reparations. Through the Hugenberg-controlled newspapers, Hitler was able from the start to reach out to a wide national audience. In addition, he had the opportunity to communicate with a huge number of industrialists and bankers, who easily provided his party with a solid financial foundation. In the 1930 elections, the NSDAP won over 6 million votes and won 107 seats in the Reichstag, thus becoming the second largest party in the country. The number of Communist representatives rose to 77. Hitler's scandalous tactics could not fail to attract the attention of German voters to him. After Braunschweig joined Germany on February 25, 1932, Hitler decided to test the strength of his party in the struggle for the presidency. The aged Paul von Hindenburg had support among socialists, Catholics and Labor. There were two other candidates: army officer Theodor Duisterberg and communist leader Ernst Thalmann. Hitler carried out a powerful election campaign and won over 30% of the vote, thus depriving Hindenburg of an absolute majority. On final stage elections, April 10, 1932, the popular war veteran still managed to regain victory with 53% of the vote (Hindenburg - 19359650; Hitler - 13418011; Thalmann - 3706655). In the Reichstag elections in July 1932, the Nazis won 230 seats and became the largest political party Germany. In November, Hitler suffered a brief setback when the number of Nazi deputies dropped to 196, while
how the number of communists in the Reichstag increased to 100. It was at this time that the bloody clashes in the streets between the Brownshirts and the Rot Front reached their peak. On January 30, 1933, the 86-year-old President Hindenburg appointed the head of the NSDAP, Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Germany. On the same day, superbly organized stormtroopers concentrated on their assembly points. In the evening, with torches lit, they passed by the presidential palace, in one window of which stood Hindenburg, and in the other - Hitler. Already at the first meeting on January 30, a discussion took place of measures directed against the Communist Party of Germany. Hitler spoke on the radio the next day. "Give us four years. Our task is to fight against communism." Hitler fully took into account the effect of surprise. He not only prevented the anti-Nazi forces from uniting and consolidating, he literally stunned them, took them by surprise and very soon defeated them completely. This was the first Nazi blitzkrieg on their own territory. From the rule of law, Germany has become a country of total lawlessness. During the same 1933, Hitler gradually prepared himself to subjugate both industry and finance, to make them an appendage of his military-political authoritarian state. Already in 1935, Hitler concluded with England the notorious "Navy Agreement", which gave the Nazis the opportunity to openly create warships. In the same year, universal conscription was introduced in Germany. On March 7, 1936, Hitler ordered the occupation of the demilitarized Rhineland. The West was silent, although it could not help but see that the dictator's appetites were growing. In 1936, the Nazis intervened in the Spanish Civil War - Franco was their protege. On March 11, 1938, Nazi troops entered Austria in a victorious march. On March 15, 1939, the Nazis took over. On August 23, 1939, Hitler signed a non-aggression pact with Soviet Union and thereby secured a free hand in Poland. The German people, according to Hitler's theory, were humiliated by the victors in the First World War and, under the conditions that arose after the war, could not successfully develop and fulfill the mission assigned to them by history. For development national culture and increasing sources of power, he needed to acquire additional permanent space. And since there were no free lands, they should have been taken where the population density is low and the land is used irrationally. Such an opportunity for the German nation was available only in the East, at the expense of territories inhabited by peoples less valuable in racial terms than the Germans, primarily the Slavs. The first major defeat of the Wehrmacht in the winter of 1941/1942 near Moscow had a strong impact on Hitler. Since 1943, all of Hitler's activities were in fact limited to current military problems. He no longer made far-reaching political decisions. Almost all the time he was at his headquarters, surrounded only by the closest military advisers. In the summer of 1944, he considered it possible, steadfastly holding positions on the Soviet-German front, to thwart the invasion of Europe that was being prepared by the Western Allies, and then use the situation favorable for Germany to reach an agreement with them. But this plan was not destined to be realized. The Germans failed to throw into the sea the Anglo-American troops that had landed in Normandy. The failed assassination attempt on Hitler on July 20, 1944, committed by a group of opposition-minded German officers, was used by the Fuhrer as a pretext for an all-encompassing mobilization of human and material resources to continue the war. By the autumn of 1944, Hitler managed to stabilize the front, which had begun to fall apart in the east and west, restore many defeated formations and form a number of new ones. He again thinks about how to cause a crisis in his opponents. In the West, he thought, it would be easier to do this. The idea that came to him was embodied in the plan of the German performance in the Ardennes. However, all the calculations were not justified. Western allies, although they experienced some shocks from unexpected German offensive, didn't want to have th
anything in common with Hitler and the regime he led. They continued to work closely with the Soviet Union, which helped them get out of the crisis caused by the Wehrmacht's Ardennes operation by launching an offensive ahead of schedule from the Vistula line. By the middle of spring 1945, Hitler no longer had any hope for a miracle. On April 22, 1945, he decided not to leave the capital, stay in his bunker and commit suicide. The fate of the German people no longer interested him. The Germans, Hitler believed, turned out to be unworthy of such a "brilliant leader" as he, therefore they had to die and give way to stronger and more viable peoples. IN last days April, Hitler was only concerned with the question of his own fate. He feared the judgment of the peoples for the crimes committed. He was horrified by the news of the execution of Mussolini along with his mistress and the mockery of their corpses in Milan. This end terrified him. Before his death, on the night of April 29, he arranged a marriage with his long-term mistress Eva Braun. On April 30, both of them committed suicide, and their corpses, on the orders of Hitler, were burned in the garden of the Reich Chancellery, next to the bunker, where the Fuhrer spent the last months of his life.
For the largest group of researchers, Hitler appears to be a morally devoid diabolical genius who brought Western civilization to the brink of an abyss, almost destroying it before. Only on him, they argue, lies the entire responsibility for the horrors and barbarism of the Third Reich. Being a man with a disturbed psyche, he found in the exhausted state of mind of the German people, who survived the shock of defeat in the 1st World War, a reflection of his own unhealthy psyche, extreme frustration and hostility. All his life, being an Austrian, he stubbornly personified himself with the German people and, exciting them with his hypnotic oratorical abilities and vicious propaganda, found in this an outlet for his own hatred and ambition. His intuitive understanding of the German spirit was extraordinary. Hitler achieved the astonishing success - which no one before him or since succeeded in - instilling a monstrous tyranny in a people who in the past had made such a huge contribution to European culture. A combination of circumstances elevated him from a street speaker to the pinnacle of power in Germany. To overthrow him - it took the unification of all the forces of the world.
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) - a great political and military figure, the Reich Chancellor of Germany, the founder of the totalitarian dictatorship of the Third Reich, the main ideologist of National Socialism.
Adolf Hitler was one of the most famous bloody dictators of all time. world history. He was distinguished by extremely nationalistic views, pursued a corresponding policy in Germany and dreamed of conquering the whole world. Hitler is the founder of the theory of fascism, he ordered the creation of fascist concentration camps, where people of the “wrong” nationality (mostly Jews) ended up, where they were tortured and killed. Hitler unleashed the Second World War, conquered several countries and reached the USSR.
Hitler was born in a small town on the border of Austria and Germany in ordinary family. As a child, he did not show military talents and did not excel at school. Hitler was not taken to the university, he tried twice to enter the Academy of Arts in the art department.
At a young age, unable to study further, Hitler voluntarily joined the army, from where he was immediately sent to the front. It was during the war that the birth of many political ideas took place in it, which later formed the basis of the theory of National Socialism. Hitler performed well in the army and quickly rose up the career ladder, reaching the rank of corporal, and also receiving several awards.
In 1919, Hitler returned from the war and joined the German Workers' Party, where, as quickly as in the war, he gained confidence and moved up the career ladder. Already in 1921, Hitler became the head of the party thanks to the skillful policy he carried out during the political and economic crisis in Germany. Since that time, Hitler began to actively promote nationalist ideas in society and reform the political system of Germany, using the party apparatus and military experience.
Shortly thereafter, Hitler, who was one of the main organizers of the Bavarian putsch, is arrested. In prison, Hitler wrote his most famous work, Mein Kampf (My Struggle). In this work, he sets out his own views on the future of the world and Germany, as well as the theory of the supremacy of one race (Aryan) over others, saying that it is Germany and the Germans who should become the head of the world in the future. This work is the most striking expression of all the nationalist ideas of Hitler, which guided him in politics and military affairs.
In 1933, Hitler's path to world domination began. This year he was appointed Chancellor of Germany. Hitler received this post thanks to the economic reforms carried out, which allowed Germany to get out of the serious crisis that the country fell into after.
Having taken the post of Reich Chancellor, Hitler began to actively pursue a nationalist policy:
In the same period, Adolf Hitler passed a law according to which he became a dictator in Germany for the next four years and had unlimited sole power. Germany has become a country of the Third Reich - a new political system based on nationalism and terror.
Germany alone was not enough for Hitler, so in 1938 he began to conquer the world. The first to fall were Austria and Czechoslovakia, which became part of Germany. Shortly thereafter, World War II broke out, during which Hitler managed to advance to the borders of the USSR and attack the country. lasted four years, but did not yield to Germany, the USSR. Russian troops expelled Hitler's army from their territories and marched all the way to Berlin, capturing it.
IN last years During the war, Hitler and his wife Eva Braun were in a special bunker from which the army was controlled. Upon learning that Berlin surrendered Soviet troops, Hitler, unable to survive such a shame, committed suicide.
This happened in 1945. According to generally accepted data, he shot himself, but there is an opinion that Hitler could have taken an ampoule of poison.
The essence of Hitler's policy was racial discrimination and the superiority of one race over another. This is what guided the dictator in the internal and foreign policy, creating a completely new political and administrative system, where everything was based on unconditional submission and fear. According to Hitler's idea, Germany (and with it the whole world) was to turn into a state where people of the "correct" race rule, and the rest are in their unconditional submission, like slaves.
However, it is also worth noting that Hitler, despite his nationalist orientation, carried out a number of very successful economic and political reforms. Under him, Germany was able to overcome the devastating consequences, establish production, raise industry (it was reoriented to the military) and, in general, improve its well-being.
Thanks to Hitler's policies before the war, Germany was able to get back on its feet and gain some stability.
Germany under Hitler:
However negative consequences there were more. Hitler unleashed the Second world war, which had a negative impact not only on other countries, but also on Germany itself, and also killed and tortured millions of people in concentration camps.
Hitler is considered the most brutal and bloody dictator of the 20th century.
Both of Adolf Hitler's parents came from the rural area of Waldviertel in Austria, near the Czech border. Hitler's father, Alois, was born on June 7, 1837, to an unmarried 42-year-old Maria Anna Schicklgruber. Alois' father (Adolf Hitler's grandfather) is unknown. It was rumored that he was the son of a wealthy Jew, Frankenberger, for whom Maria Anna worked as a servant-cook. When Alois was almost five years old, a certain Johann Georg Hiedler married Maria Schicklgruber. The surname Hiedler (in ancient metrics was also written as Hüttler) sounded unusual for an Austrian and resembled a Slavic one. Five years later, Maria, Adolf Hitler's grandmother, died. Stepfather Johann Georg abandoned his stepson, and Alois was raised by his stepfather's brother, Johann Nepomuk Hidler, who had no sons. At the age of 13, Alois ran away from home and first got a job as an apprentice shoemaker in Vienna, and after 5 years - in the border guard. He quickly moved up in the ranks and soon became a senior customs inspector in the town of Braunau.
Alois Hitler, father of Adolf Hitler
In the spring of 1876, Nepomuk, who wanted to have a son, even if it was not his own, adopted Alois, giving him his last name. It is not known for what reason she was slightly changed during adoption - from Hiedler to Hitler. Six months later, Nepomuk died, and Alois inherited his farm worth 5,000 florins. Lover of love affairs, the father of Adolf Hitler then already had an illegitimate daughter. Alois first married a woman who was 14 years older than him, but she divorced him when he entered into a love affair with the cook Fanny Matzelsberger. In addition, Alois was attracted by the granddaughter of his adoptive father Nepomuk, sixteen-year-old Clara Pelzl, who was formally his cousin's niece. In 1882, Fanny gave birth to a son from Alois, named after his father, and then a daughter, Angela. Alois was married to Fanny, but she died in 1884.
Even before that, Alois entered into a love affair with the calm, gentle Clara Pelzl. In January 1885, he married her, having received special permission from Rome for this, since the new wife was formally his close relative. In the coming years, Clara gave birth to two boys and one girl, but they all died. On April 20, 1889, Clara's fourth child, Adolf, was born.
Clara Pelzl-Hitler - mother of Adolf Hitler
Three years later, Alois was promoted, and Adolf Hitler's parents moved from Austria to the German city of Passau, where the young Fuhrer forever mastered the Bavarian dialect. When Adolf was almost five years old, his parents had another child - the son of Edmund. In the spring of 1895, the Hitler family moved to Havefeld, a village fifty kilometers southwest of Linz. The Hitlers lived in a peasant house with a field of almost two hectares and were considered wealthy people. Soon parents gave Hitler to primary school, whose teachers later recalled him as "a student with a lively mind, obedient, but playful." Even at this age, Adolf showed his oratory skills and soon became a ringleader among his peers. At the beginning of 1896, a daughter, Paula, was also born in the Hitler family.
House in Braunau, where Hitler's family lived and he was born
Alois Hitler retired from customs, leaving behind the memory of a diligent employee, but a rather arrogant man who loved to be photographed in official uniform. Because of his inclinations as a family tyrant, he came into sharp conflict with his eldest son and namesake. At the age of 14, Alois Jr. followed his father's example and ran away from home. The Hitler family moved again - to the town of Lambach, where they settled in a good apartment on the second floor of a spacious house. In 1898, young Adolf graduated from school with twelve "units" - the highest mark in German schools. In 1899, Hitler's father bought a cozy house in Leonding, a village on the outskirts of Linz.
Adolf Hitler in 1889-1890
After the flight of Alois Jr., his father began to drill Adolf. He also thought about running away from the family. Already at the age of eleven, Adolphe strove for leadership. In a photograph from that year, he sits among his classmates, towering over his comrades, with his chin up and his arms folded across his chest. Adolf showed a talent for drawing. The young Fuhrer was very fond of war games and Indians, he read books about Franco-Prussian War.
Adolf Hitler with classmates (1900)
In 1900, Adolf Hitler's brother, Edmund, died of measles. Adolf dreamed of becoming an artist, but in 1900 his parents sent him to the Linz real school. The big city made a strong impression on the boy. He did not study particularly well, especially in natural science subjects. Among classmates, Adolf Hitler became the leader. “Two extremes of character merged in him, the combination of which is extremely rare for people - he was a calm fanatic,” one of his fellow students later recalled.
On January 3, 1903, the head of the Hitler family, Alois, died of a stroke in a pub. His widow began to receive a good pension. Family tyranny is now a thing of the past. Adolf studied worse and dreamed of becoming a great artist. His older half-sister Angela married Leo Raubal, a tax inspector from Linz. “He lacked self-discipline, he was wayward, arrogant and quick-tempered ... He reacted very painfully to advice and comments, while at the same time demanding from his classmates unquestioning obedience to him as a leader,” one of his Linz students recalled about the then Adolf Hitler teachers. The Hitler boy was very fond of history, especially stories about the ancient Germans. The last, fifth grade, Adolf was already finishing at a real school in Steyr, forty kilometers from Linz. Final exams in mathematics and German he passed only on the second attempt (1905). Now he could continue his studies at a higher real school or technical institute, but, having an aversion to the technical sciences, he convinced his mother of the uselessness of this. At the same time, Adolf referred to a pulmonary disease, which then appeared in him.
He continued to live in Linz, read a lot, painted, went to museums and the opera house. In the autumn of 1905, Hitler became friends with August Kubitschek, who was studying to be a musician. They got very close. Kubizek bowed before his comrade, who often orated in his presence. Hitler told Kubizek about his sublimely romantic love for a certain Stefanie Jansten, a beauty of the "Nordic type", to whom he did not dare to confess his feelings. On this occasion, Hitler was even going to jump from a bridge into the Danube. He spoke to Kubizek about his plans to rebuild the whole of Vienna (planning, among other things, to build a 100-meter high steel tower). In the spring of 1906, Adolf spent a month in Vienna, and the trip there strengthened his intention to devote his life to painting and architecture.
Hitler's mother was diagnosed with breast cancer. In January 1907 she had one of her breasts removed. In September 1907, Hitler, having received his share of the inheritance, about 700 crowns, with the consent of his mother, who constantly spoiled him, went to Vienna to enter the Academy of Arts. But he failed the exam. In October 1907, the Jewish doctor Bloch, who was treating Clara Hitler, informed Adolf that she was in a very bad condition. Adolf returned home from Vienna and selflessly looked after his mother, sparing no money for her treatment. On December 21, Clara died, and her son mourned her fervently. “In all my practice,” Dr. Bloch later recalled, “I have never seen a more inconsolable person than Adolf Hitler.”
