The appearance of holes on grape leaves is usually caused by the presence of some kind of pest on the vine. The list of insects that can spoil the upcoming harvest and cause damage to the entire vineyard is quite wide.
Therefore, in this article we will consider the appearance of the most common pests:
This is a small black insect similar to small cockroach. Many people know this pest under the name of the leaf beetle. It affects not only vineyards, but also many other plants. The leaf beetle can jump quite well, so its spread speed is quite high. At one time, a flea beetle can lay up to thirty eggs, and the larvae that hatch from them can quickly destroy the leaves and young shoots of the plant.
The grape flea beetle begins to eat plants from the beginning of spring. The leaf beetle lays its eggs on the underside of the leaves, so treatment with insecticides should be carried out carefully, spraying the bushes not only from above, but also from below. Treatment with an insecticide should begin from the moment the buds open, repeating the procedure when new holes appear on the leaves.
The pest is a tiny red butterfly, almost indistinguishable without a magnifying glass. In one season, the leaf miner manages to replace two generations, as it reproduces and grows at a high speed. This insect got its name due to the fact that the caterpillars of the leaf miner, during development, gnaw characteristic round tunnels in the leaf, which they fill with waste from their vital activity.
The beginning of the activity of this insect occurs in mid-late spring, this is when the first holes in the leaves and the first clutches appear. The leafminer moth lays subtle eggs on the underside of leaves, just like the leaf beetle. The technology for treating plants when this pest is detected does not differ from treatment against grape flea beetles.
Grape cushion borer is a sedentary, but very difficult to eliminate threat to the life of the entire plant. The pest is firmly attached to the trunk or leaf of grapes by piercing and sucking oral apparatus and is wrapped in a kind of white fluff, which protects the pad from external influences. The grape cushion can lay about two thousand eggs per season, as a result of which it spreads rapidly, affecting plants.
The larvae of this insect are born quite active and quickly begin to destroy all the green parts of the vine available to them. It is at the moment that holes appear on the leaves of the grapes that it is necessary to begin to fight the larvae with the help of an insecticide. Adults cannot be destroyed remotely; they will have to be cleaned off with a stiff brush.
This small insect has an elongated body of a dark olive color with a golden tint. Both adults and larvae pose a danger to grapes, which not only thoroughly damage the leaves, but also gnaw passages in the shoots of the plant for a comfortable wintering. The insect prefers weak and sickly plants, which with their intervention quickly begin to wither, the shoots become sluggish, and the yield is noticeably reduced.
Plants attacked by grape borer should be cut off from all affected tissues, and everything cut should be burned. Then you need to spray the plants with an insecticide, carefully treating all parts of the plant. The most fruitful will be spraying twice.
The most dangerous pests of this species are considered to be biennial, bunch and grape leaf rollers. They are capable of destroying a significant number of plants in very little time. short term, therefore, having discovered signs of their appearance, you should immediately take the most stringent measures.
A two-year-old leaf roller can be destroyed by treating it three times with an insecticide - 14 days after the appearance of each of the two generations of butterflies, then 14 days after the second treatment. The elimination of the bunch moth is also carried out in three stages - 10-14 days after the first generation of butterflies, before the start of flowering and 10-14 days after the appearance of the second generation. To combat the grape leaf roller, spraying twice is enough - before the buds swell and after. To further protect the vine from this pest, you can carry out another treatment in winter.
Perhaps it is phylloxera, which many know as grape aphids, that is the most dangerous pest for grapes, since it eats not only the greens of the plant, but also its root system. Due to its microscopic size it spreads from planting material, heavy rains and even wind. The leaves of grapes affected by aphids are covered with a significant number of small holes.
To prevent the appearance of grape aphids, the seedlings should be washed in an insecticide solution, but if the pest has already appeared in the vineyard, it is worth starting a thorough treatment in early May, spraying the plants again at the end of the month, and carry out another treatment in the middle or at the end of June. If the plant is damaged too much by phylloxera, it is guaranteed to die.
Most often, American grape varieties suffer from phylloxera attacks, but European grape varieties are not very well protected from this pest. Aphids begin to eat European grape varieties from the roots, moving to the green parts of the plant around mid-summer, and again descending to the root system in the fall.
In addition to the listed pests, grapes have many other enemies. Much easier than starting treatment for pests, carrying out preventive treatments with insecticides and inspecting the vine. The first priority will be to clean the vineyard of all green residues in which not only insects, but also various fungi and bacteria can wait in the wings.
Affected shoots and leaves should be immediately pruned and destroyed to prevent the spread of pests. At the same time, you can slightly thin out the most overgrown vines to allow the plants to ventilate. This can protect them from the appearance of fungal diseases and allow them to grow and develop properly without wasting energy on an excessive number of shoots and leaves.
Many people prefer to take care in advance of purchasing pest-resistant grape varieties. However, some owners resistant varieties Nevertheless, they carry out annual preventive treatments with insecticides in order to be sure of the absence of pests. Whether it is worth carrying out preventive spraying depends on specific situation However, in the fight against most pests, it is better to play it safe than to lose not only the entire harvest, but the entire vineyard.
We expel pests.
It is much easier to fight grape pests than diseases.
But, nevertheless, it is necessary. The most dangerous are phylloxera (grape root aphid), leaf roller, and mites. But any other pest has no place in the vineyard.
If treatments are carried out according to plan, for example as in Calendar of work in the vineyard
,
then you won’t have to meet most of them “face to face”...
I found it interesting
Grape flea -leaf beetle. In addition to grapes, it also eats other crops. The body shape is oval, 3.5-4.4 mm long. Looks like a small cockroach. Jumping. Feeds in early spring young leaves and gnaws shoots. Then it lays eggs in groups of 10-30 pieces on the underside of the leaf. The hatched larvae gnaw holes in the leaves. Control: - treatment of blooming buds with an insecticide - for example, karbofos, or Iskra, or Fufanon. The next one is how holes will appear on the leaves.
Grape leaf miner.
The adult is a small butterfly with red-brown wings with a span of 2.5-4 mm. It can produce two generations per season. Butterflies fly out in May, when the leaves on the grapes have already unfurled. On reverse side from which they lay eggs, from which small caterpillars later hatch. Moth caterpillars make passages in the thickness of the leaf, which are called mines.
In appearance, mines initially resemble a narrow, wriggling light strip. The damage is sometimes so severe that leaf surface completely loses its assimilation ability, the leaves turn yellow, dry out and fall off, and the yield decreases.
Control measures:
When mined leaves appear in the spring, apply a systemic insecticide, for example Confidor. Autumn or winter digging of the soil and removal of plant residues will help fight the overwintering stages of the pest.
Grape mosquito - small insect (up to 2 mm long). The larvae are harmful - one female lays up to 100 eggs scattered. After 10 days, the larvae bite into leaves, ridges, and leaf veins. In places where the pest penetrates, galls are formed - characteristic swellings similar to warts. Of these, the larvae, having eaten, fall to the ground, pupate and overwinter. If the leaf is severely damaged, it becomes deformed and does not grow, the buds and ovaries die.
Weevils (elephants)
- polyphagous beetles.
On grapes there are:
damaged kidneys
Beet gray- an oblong beetle, about 1 cm long, black with a gray-brown tint.
In spring, beetles eat the buds and edges of leaves. Eggs and larvae develop in the soil, the female's fertility is 300 - 350 eggs.
Large alfalfa weevil - gray-earthy color, up to 1 cm long. Eats buds and leaves. The larvae feed on the roots. Fertility 900 eggs.
Black beet weevil - beetle up to 10 mm long, shiny black, covered with scales. The beetles feed on swollen buds - 2 - 3 pieces can destroy all the buds on the bush. Active in hot weather during the day. Fertility 230 eggs. The larvae eat the roots.
Zlatka- grape - beetle up to 20 mm long. The body is narrow, slightly convex, olive-green in color. The larva is legless, whitish. Both of them harm the grapes. The beetles deform the leaves, and the larvae bore into the shoots, make winding passages in them and overwinter there. The goldenrod often inhabits weakened bushes. Signs of damage are visible visually - wilted shoots, crushed berries, dried leaves.
Control measures:
remove diseased shoots, treat bushes with insecticide. If planned preventative treatments are carried out, the pest will not appear.
Woodworm - big butterfly dark- gray. The front wings have numerous dots and strokes, the wingspan is up to 9 cm. The caterpillars damage grapes and many fruit trees. At the beginning of summer, butterflies lay eggs in groups of 20-50 pieces in cracks in the bark of branches and trunks. Fertility 800 eggs. The hatched caterpillars are red-pink and have an unpleasant smell. As a whole colony, they drill deep into the wood, eat away the general passage and overwinter. In the spring, each of them begins to gnaw out individual, intersecting chaotically, passages inside the shoots. They can be more than 50-60 cm long each. When the pest invades, the bark dies and sap flows out of the hole, mixed with the pest’s excrement and rotting products. The shoot dies, and new butterflies emerge from the caterpillars.
Control measures
: inspection grapevine. If such a round hole is found on the vine, then it must be cut down to healthy tissue and burned. IN special cases You can push a wire into the hole to expand it and inject insecticide from the syringe. Then cover the hole with damp clay.
very much enlarged
very much enlarged
very enlarged
Ticks
- pests belonging to the class of arachnids.
They harm the grapesGrape spider mite
And Grape felt mite,
less often European red tick.
Grape spider mite
,
or grape itch
- refers to spider mites- the body is yellowish-green, the size of the female is 0.6 mm, the male is 0.4 mm.
The female overwinters under the bark or in fallen leaves, on weeds. When the first leaves appear, it settles on the green parts of the vine. When the temperature rises above +13 C, it begins laying eggs on the underside of the leaf.
The female's fertility is 70 - 150 eggs. After 5-6 days, the larvae hatch and begin to feed on their own. After 15 - 20 days, the young individuals are ready to reproduce. There can be up to 12 generations of the pest per season.
Mites of this species live on the lower part of the leaf. The mouthparts are piercing-sucking. The mite pierces the leaf skin and consumes the tissue. At the puncture sites, whitish-yellow, light spots form, which later dry out.
European red mite
-
This type of mite most often harms apple trees. However, in Lately It is increasingly being observed on grapes. The adult female European red tick is dark red to red-brown in color and has eight legs. The adult male is smaller and tends to be a dull color, ranging from green to brown. The eggs are spherical and red, very small. Females lay them on the underside of the leaf. It is difficult to see single masonry with the naked eye, but clusters of them can be seen. Most often, such colonies can be found in the second half of summer at the base of shoots and buds (the pest overwinters in these places). Several generations are born in one season, sometimes 8 - 10 per summer.
External signs are quite characteristic - the foliage takes on a bronze tint. Such a lesion indicates that the photosynthetic capacity of the leaves has already been severely damaged.
In some years, the number of this arachnid is maintained at a safe level by predatory mites and insects.
Control measures: monitor the number of ticks (if youmonitor the number of cicadas or grape moth, you can simultaneously control the Red mite), if necessary, you need to treatacaricides 3 times with an interval of 7 - 10 days. In particular, the drug Omite will preserve predatory mites, which will eat the remaining ones, and treatments will be reduced to 1 - 2.
Grape felt mite
-
refers to gall mites
- size adult- 0.15 mm, overwinters under the bud scales, in early spring moves to the underside of young leaves, pierces them, feeds on the contents of the uppermost layer of skin cells. Despite the external unpleasant manifestations, the felt mite practically does not harm the plant and does not affect assimilation. Even damaged cells do not die. At the puncture site, a depression is formed on the underside of the leaf, and in it there is a white fluff - erineum, on outside a warty bulge is formed on the leaf - a gall. The pest can also infest bunches.
Control measures:
removing old bark from the bushes, treating the vineyard with nitrophen before the buds open. When it appears on the leaves, treat with acaricides (BI-58, Actellik, Omite, Fufanon, Neoron and/or sulfur preparations). Treatments must be repeated 2-3 times with an interval of 7-10 days.
German scientists have established that it is the felt mite that promotes the proliferation of predatory mites. Initially, the pests themselves serve as food for them, and later the galls become a refuge and breeding ground for these beneficial arachnids.
severe damage on a susceptible variety,
after treatment the leaves were completely cleared and restored
Grape leaf mite (Calepitrimerus Vitis), mite curl
-
small, invisible to the naked eye - 0.15 mm in length. It overwinters in the buds, damaging them, and the shoots emerge weakened and twisted. Leaves infested by this mite are deformed, wrinkled, and torn into strips. The damage is similar to the picture of viral diseases.
Control measures: spraying in phase 3, then 5, and, if necessary, the 7th leaf with any acaricide: Actellik, Fufanon, Apollo, BI-58.
leaf roller
- a pest of many agricultural crops.
They harm the vineyards -bunch, biennial, grape.
Bunch leaf roller
- a butterfly with olive-brown forewings with a variegated pattern. Swing 10 - 13 mm. The caterpillar is light green, very mobile. The pupa overwinters in cracks in the bark or at the base of the trunk. The flight of butterflies begins in spring at a temperature of 14 C and lasts 30 days. The female lays up to 100 single eggs. Of these, caterpillars hatch after 5-10 days. Caterpillars eat everything - buds, flowers, ovaries, green berries. entwining them with a web. Damaged parts rot. The bunches have an unpleasant appearance.
Leafroller biennial
- butterfly size 12 -16 mm. The forewings are light yellow with a prominent trapezoidal black-brown stripe. The caterpillar is first light green, then red (like meat) with a black head.
The pest overwinters in bark cracks. Flight begins in the spring at a temperature of 15 - 16 C when the inflorescences separate. The female lays 60 - 90 eggs. The caterpillars first eat the buds and ovaries, then penetrate the berries. They rot and infect neighboring ones. Crop loss can reach 80%.
Grape leaf roller
- a butterfly with a wingspan of 25-30 mm, with a protruding mouthparts. The color of the wings is dark brown, with a copper sheen, and there are two oblique dark stripes. The caterpillar is gray to dirty green in color, later brown. Overwinters in cocoons under the bark. It comes out at the time of swelling of the buds, eats them, then starts to eat young shoots, leaves, inflorescences and berries. If measures are not taken, then only skeletonized veins will remain from the leaves. Caterpillars pupate in a nest of leaves gathered into a ball. From there, after 20 days, butterflies will fly out, each of which will lay 400 eggs. In dry weather, half of them will die.
Control measures: cleaning the vineyard from organic residues. During the flight of butterflies, treat with any insecticide. Later, you need to reuse insecticides, and later, when caterpillars appear, you need to use biological preparations.
Grape thrips
(Drepanothrips reuteri) is still a rare and not very harmful pest of grapes.
But according to the forecasts of SKZNIISiV, it may soon become the dominant category. Thrips infestation has been recorded in the vineyards for more than 5 years and is increasing every year.
Control measures: regular inspection of the condition of grape bushes and rooting cuttings will help to identify the pest in time.
One or two times, with an interval of 7-10 days, spraying with an organophosphorus preparation, for example Karbofos or BI-58,
will solve the problem. You can also use the drug Fitoverm, Aktara. Removing weeds and loosening the soil under bushes will reduce the likelihood reappearance pest
Summer residents often notice that the sheets are covered with holes. different sizes. This is especially worrying for those who eat grape leaves and make homemade preparations using them. However, in fact, concern should arise in any case, because this indicates that something bad is happening to the plant, seriously affecting its full development. Such phenomena can cause significant harm by changing vital processes, which will delay the formation of fruits, and may even completely damage the grape bush and have to be removed.
Of course, first of all, you need to regularly spray the vineyards with preparations to prevent such a situation. If insects appear immediately, you should try to destroy them immediately. Treatment is mainly carried out with ready-made preparations sold in gardening stores and solutions that can be prepared based on what you have at home. We are talking about organic substances. So, you can use karbofos, use “Fufanon”, “BI-58”, “Iskra”, “Omite”, “Confidor”, “preparation 30”, “Apollo”, “Nitrafen”, “Akkaritsid”, “Neoron”, "Aktellik".
As improvised means, they use spraying with boiling water, watering the vines with a solution made from wood ash, potassium permanganate, vitriol and even a garlic mixture. However, all this is effective in the case of the initial stages of infection, a large number of individuals can only be destroyed with chemicals!
Quite often, summer residents note such a problem as the presence of holes on the leaves of grapes. No matter what influenced the development of these symptoms, you need to start treatment as early as possible. Most often, these traces are left by various pests. Knowing who makes holes in the leaves of the grapes, it will be possible to react in time and save the plant.
Grape flea beetle
On their lower side, eggs are formed, which are laid in 30-40 pieces. To combat them, it is necessary to treat the plant with insecticides. Iskra, Fufanon, Karbofos are suitable for this. Such treatments must be performed all the time as soon as holes form on the leaves. Also, leaves can also
This pest is dangerous because it can produce two generations in one season. Appearance he is represented in the form of a small red butterfly. It begins to become active in May and affects newly blossoming leaves.
Mining moth
After defeat, the leaves form yellow plaque, they become lethargic, causing them to die. ABOUT As a result, productivity decreases. To combat this pest, you must use Confidor.
If you notice moths in winter or autumn, then to combat them you will have to dig up the area and remove all plant debris from the beds. For this reason, they may also
Grape cushion
To combat the pest, it is necessary to use Nitrofen or Preparation 30 before the leaves bloom. When it is necessary to treat pests at the growing season, then BI-58 is suitable. If there are only a few grapes, then the affected leaves can be removed manually. But how to treat diseases of Mildew grapes, and by what means, you can learn from this
This is a rather small insect, which you need to be wary of for its larvae. After 7 days of their formation, they infect the leaves and leaf veins. As a result, characteristic swellings are formed.
Grape mosquito
The danger of this pest is that its larvae, after damaging the leaves, fall to the ground and can hide there for the winter. It will also be useful to know what to do on grape leaves when
Grape bushes can be affected by the following types of beetles:
It is better to carry out preventive treatments on grapes in a timely manner, since if the plant is severely damaged, it can be very difficult to save it.
This insect resembles a gray butterfly. It harms not only grapes, but also other fruit trees. The insect is distinguished by its high fertility.
Scented woodborer
The butterfly makes burrows up to 60 cm inside the shoots. If such burrows are found, it is necessary to cut off the branches to healthy tissue and burn the affected vine. But is it possible to spray grapes during flowering so that this problem can be overcome, as indicated in the article
These pests cause great harm not only to plants, but also to animals. But the following types of mites remain dangerous for grapes:
But what is the most effective remedy for bud mites on currants, what is it called and what is the cost?
When fighting ticks, it is worth removing the affected bark and treating the damaged areas with insecticides.
These pests attack all parts of the grapes. As soon as the butterfly gnaws the leaves, they immediately begin to rot. All clusters are characterized unpleasant smell and rotting.
leaf roller
If the leaves are damaged by the biennial leaf beetle, then neighboring buds and ovaries become infected.
To combat these pests you need to:
This name includes two insects at once: mealy bug and comstock. They are very difficult to eradicate, and they are also too dangerous. They are brought along with planting material from eastern and Far Eastern countries.
Of course, it is very important to notice the defeat in time and direct all efforts to fight the pest. But it is best to carry out prevention in time. It involves compliance with all rules of agricultural technology. In addition, it is worth choosing those grape varieties that are least affected by the pest.
It is very important to treat grapes with biological products in a timely manner. Every gardener is required to regularly inspect leaves to detect lesions. If you notice diseased and dried shoots, you should remove them immediately. Fallen leaves should not remain on the ground for a long time. Such simple measures allow you to get a rich harvest and not use chemicals which are so dangerous for humans. But what frost-resistant grape varieties exist for Siberia, and which are resistant to pests, will help you understand this
In the video, the leaves of the grapes have a small hole:
None green plant cannot function normally without leaves - all metabolic, gas exchange and synthetic processes occur in the foliage. Therefore, it is so important to keep it safe and sound during the vegetative development of the plant. If we're talking about about such fruit-bearing crops as grapes, then we can say with confidence that the number of full-fledged and healthy bunches depends on the quality of the foliage of the bushes. The leaves serve not only as respiratory and nutritional organs, but also protect the berries from overheating and sunburn. But why do gardeners often encounter such a problem as holes in grape foliage?
Experienced winegrowers are well aware of situations when, starting with small holes on the surface, “holeiness” begins to quickly spread throughout the entire leaf cover, turning grape arbors into a torn network. And it is not diseases that are to blame for this, but insect pests, which themselves eat the leaves and lay their eggs under them, from which thousands of grape leaf eaters will hatch in a matter of days. If you do not notice the impending disaster in time, hordes of insatiable larvae can destroy a healthy grape bush literally before your eyes. That is why it is so important to regularly inspect the plantings and, at the slightest sign of insect damage, take immediate action. Preventive treatment of bushes to scare away uninvited guests will also not be superfluous.
Among the abundance of pests that feed on succulent leaves of grapes, we can distinguish several of the most common species that pose a particular danger to vineyard yields:
Grape borer causes great damage to vineyards
Phylloxera, better known to gardeners as grape aphids, poses the greatest danger to grape plantings, since it can damage not only the leaves, but also move into the soil and break through the root system of the bush. To prevent such developments, it is recommended:
Phylloxera appears as tubercles on the leaves
This insect is represented by three types of butterflies:
All these pest butterflies lay eggs under grape leaves and are capable of laying about 400 eggs. The caterpillars that appear a week later feed not only on leaves, but also on inflorescences and even unripe berries, exposing them to the risk of fungal diseases. Leaf rollers can cause crop damage up to 90%.
To prevent the deposition of clutches of harmful butterflies, measures should be taken preventive measures– repeated treatment of the vineyard with any effective insecticides(as a rule, their action is designed for almost all types of pests).
If it is necessary to prevent the risk of larvae being introduced from plant parts that have overwintered on the ground, it is recommended to promptly remove damaged shoots, old leaves and fallen fruits from the vineyard area.
Female grape budworm
This microscopic pest is difficult to detect with the naked eye, however, it is extremely dangerous for grape leaves. The fact is that these insects have adapted to winter under the bud scales, causing damage to the plant even in winter. And on leaves infested with mites, first minor deformations and wrinklings appear, and then serious tears, which is why the foliage can literally tear into strips.
For prevention purposes, it is recommended to remove the old bark and spray the buds with colloidal sulfur before blooming. If characteristic damage begins to be detected (wrinkling, deformation of leaves), the plant should be sprayed with any acaricide. During the season, 2-3 sprayings every 7-10 days are sufficient.
The grape mite is very small, it can only be noticed by damage on the leaves
The dark gray butterfly with numerous patterns in the form of strokes and dots seriously damages not only the leaves. With the onset of summer, she looks for cracks in the trunk of the grape bush and in the bark of young shoots in order to lay eggs in them. The red, foul-smelling caterpillars, which hatch within a week, gnaw through the shoot and build a tunnel in it for wintering. Until spring, the length of the tunnel can be up to 70 cm, then the pest gnaws out a wide passage and flies to the surface in the form of a butterfly. Such damage leads to the death of the entire shoot.
Insect control comes down to timely detection of the pest and taking appropriate measures:
The fragrant woodborer gnaws holes in wood
Measures to combat other pests include preventive agrotechnical and chemical procedures:
Systematic collection of insects is often more effective than chemicals from caterpillars.
