Fasteners, otherwise called hardware, are one of the most widely used parts. Everyone knows what fasteners are and for what purposes they are used.
Their importance during construction work and on the farm can hardly be overestimated. The term "hardware" arose from the abbreviation of the phrase "metal products."
There are two types of fasteners: detachable and permanent. The fastener industry is constantly growing, and the variety of fasteners used is very wide. The reason is that these parts are an indispensable attribute of any development in the field of mechanical engineering. The standard for fasteners is regulated in the GOST document “Fasteners. Terms and Definitions. GOST 27017-86”.
Let's take a closer look at what types of fasteners there are.
An anchor is a fastener designed to connect structures and products. It is also customary to call a part that is partially concreted into any structure.
Types of anchors:
What unites these parts is the function they perform - fasteners. So, a drive-in anchor with internal thread and a cone-shaped wedge is needed to secure materials and equipment to brick or concrete. Installing such an anchor is simple: it is installed in a hole that has already been drilled earlier. The radius and depth of such a hole are selected based on the size of the anchor.
The wedge anchor is used for quick fastening in concrete, a common material for structures such as planks, profiles, dropped ceilings. This type of anchor is often used to secure heavy equipment to solid foundations. To install a wedge anchor, a hole is drilled in the concrete, into which the anchor is driven with a hammer, after which it is tightened with a nut. Ceiling anchors made of galvanized steel fix metal profiles, facades, railings, gratings on a concrete or stone base without cracks.
The frame anchor is designed for fastening frames and door frames from wood and metal to a brick or concrete base.
Bolts are cylindrical metal fasteners with a metric external thread and a head at one end, usually designed for nuts. The bolt head can be hexagonal, cylinder or spherical. Bolts allow you to create a connection using a nut or a pre-made threaded hole in the part to be connected.
A stepped bolt differs in that the diameter of its thread is smaller than the diameter of the smooth part. The head of the foundation bolt has special form, which helps to attach equipment directly to the base.
The most widespread type is a bolt with a hexagon-shaped head for a wrench. Bolt sizes may vary.
A fastener such as a bolt is usually inserted into a pre-made through hole of the parts to be fastened, then a nut is screwed onto the thread, and the parts are tightened with a wrench. The friction force allows the connection to be secured. To transfer part of the load to the bolt, it is required maximum accuracy making the rod and the hole for it in the parts. To prevent parts from becoming deformed, washers are placed under the bolt head and nut. Bolt sizes allow you to find the right fastener for any task.
The material for making ordinary nails is steel and steel wire. The marking of nails includes two numbers: the first is the diameter of the rod, the second is the length of the rod in millimeters. The head of the nail can be either smooth or grooved. Screw, club and corrugated nails are distinguished by the presence of helical, longitudinal and transverse grooves, burrs or dents on the rod. Such nails have greater resistance to pulling out.
Hardened steel nails can be driven into brick and concrete walls. True, when working with them, it is necessary to take into account their increased fragility. For fastening to rigid bases, roofing felt, wallpaper, and plaster nails are used. They are available with a flat head, wider than conventional nails, and a shorter shank. In aggressive environments, copper nails can be used, which are almost not subject to corrosion, as well as galvanized or alloy steel.
The operation of hammering nails has its own specifics. In order for the nail to be driven in efficiently, you need to follow a number of requirements.
To prevent dents from appearing on the parts during nailing, you need to use a countersink. In order for the fastening to be strong, the nail shaft must enter 2/3 of the length into the lower part being fastened. When driving small nails, it is best to use auxiliary tools. To make the joints of the parts being connected stronger, it is better to drive the nail at an angle. When using thick nails, to avoid splitting the board, you need to slightly blunt their sharp ends. If you plan to hang any weight on a nail being driven into the wall, it should be driven not perpendicular to the wall, but at an angle from top to bottom.
A nail that has penetrated through must be carefully bent using a triangular file. In order not to damage the surface of the parts when pulling out nails using pliers, you need to use a plate that is placed under the pliers, reducing the pressure on the part. If you plan to dismantle parts in the future, it is preferable to use screws rather than nails.
In some cases, liquid nails are used to fasten products. They are made from polymer materials and rubber. Liquid nails can provide sufficient fastener strength no worse than metal nails. One drop of nails of this type can withstand a force of 50 kg. But their main advantage is maintaining the integrity of the decorative surface. Application area liquid nails very wide. They are used for gluing wall and ceiling panels, plasterboard, chipboard, fiberboard, wood, cardboard, ceramics, stucco decorations, glass, metal and many other materials to a variety of surfaces.
When purchasing liquid nails you need to be careful. Different brands of this material have a certain degree of adhesion.
It is advisable to use liquid nails:
For example, neutral nails are harmless because they are based on a water solution. However, they cannot be used to glue metal. They don't like sub-zero temperatures either. Nails made with organic solvents have increased setting speed and can withstand temperatures down to -20°C. Their disadvantage is the presence of volatile harmful substances. Within 5 days after use they emit an unpleasant odor. Liquid nails set in 15 to 30 minutes, depending on the brand. However, they completely polymerize only after a day.
In order for screws to fully perform their function as reliable fasteners, it is necessary to choose their size and type correctly. So, screws are fasteners for wooden structures. Their rod tapers towards the end and performs the function of a drill. This type of fastener cannot be driven in like nails - they are screwed in completely. Before using small screws, a puncture is first made using an awl. Large screws will be easier to screw if you first drill a hole of a slightly smaller diameter.
Screws are used to connect metal structures. The screw head helps to press the parts being connected, and its shape is chosen so that the screw can be easily tightened using a wrench or screwdriver. Screw heads can be hexagonal, semicircular or countersunk. The flat end of the screw has a chamfer to prevent thread entry.
A screw is a fastener that is screwed into a threaded hole. In some cases, a hole is drilled at the end of the screw for the use of a cotter pin - a wire rod with a semicircular cross-section, bent almost in half. The cotter pin serves to prevent spontaneous unscrewing of the fastener.
Often a washer is installed between the part and the nut, the internal hole of which allows the screw rod to pass through it. If the screw is rusty, a hammer or special crimps are used to remove it. Heating the nut can often help with this. gas burner or a blowtorch. If open fire is prohibited for some reason, you can use a hot iron rod or a large soldering iron.
A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole cut inside. The most widely used are galvanized nuts. The shape of the nuts can be hexagonal, round with a notch, square, with protrusions for fingers. The main purpose of a nut is to connect parts using a bolt.
Types of nuts:
It is also worth noting that nuts are also divided by strength class in accordance with the bolts with which it is used.
Dowels are used for fastening in solid wall bases. Dowel fastening is based on the principle of friction, which occurs due to the expansion of the fastener during installation, creating a holding force. The dowel is capable of withstanding large static loads. When installing with dowels, the fastener is destroyed during the pulling process. The dowel is made from polymers. Their physical mechanical properties can vary greatly depending on various factors. These are the characteristics of the filler, the ratio of components, and the parameters of the binder. The disadvantages of polymers include low heat resistance, tendency to deform under load, and aging.
Only screws correctly selected for the dowel can withstand the maximum load. They must have the maximum permissible length and diameter corresponding to the length and thickness of the dowel. When using other fasteners, the thread profile is of great importance, since it determines the expansion effect. The use of self-tapping screws and self-tapping screws for fastening drywall sheets is not recommended.
A number of manufacturers produce dowels that allow the installation of screws with metric thread. The greatest locking is achieved with a dowel in concrete, stone and other solid solid materials. It must be taken into account that the hole for installing the dowel must be drilled in accordance with the recommendations for depth, diameter and distance from the edge. There should be no cracks or chips as a result of drilling the hole. The hole must also be cleared of debris and dust.
Among the offerings of manufacturing companies, you can find varieties of dowels that have an increased length, necessary for soft and hollow materials. When installed in such a base, fastening can be achieved by fixing the internal stop of the parts. For installations occurring in hollow materials, fastening is based on a combination of friction and internal stop. It is necessary to take into account all the factors that determine the reliability of fastening in all their interrelationships.
A part such as a combined type blind rivet consists of an aluminum body and a rod made of galvanized steel. This design is the most common. The purpose of a rivet is to connect two or more surfaces of a thin sheet. The need for a rivet arises in cases where a permanent connection using a power tool is required, when access on the side of the closing head of the rivet is limited or blocked.
There is also a rivet nut - a fastener that is widely used in mechanical engineering and electronics. The rivet nut is designed to create threaded connections in metal and other materials. thin materials high strength. Among the rivets, steel rivets are the most durable. Steel rivets are protected from corrosion by galvanizing.
Threaded rivets differ from conventional blind rivets in that they not only connect sheet materials, but also have an internal screw thread.
Quality threaded rivets are installed in places that are difficult to reach using such simple tool like a riveter.
Since the choice of lengths and diameters of rivets is very wide, the search for the one best suited for the task must be carried out according to the markings on the product.
To fasten parts of small thickness made of metal to wood or plastic surfaces, self-tapping screws with frequent threads are used. Fastening insulation, fiberboard, wooden parts made with self-tapping screws with large threads. Having a drill-shaped tip, it is capable of independently making holes in parts to be fastened. If a self-tapping screw is screwed into a hole drilled in advance, self-tapping screws with a sharp tip are used. A universal black self-tapping screw is used to fasten plasterboard sheets to tin profiles. A universal white self-tapping screw is used for fastening steel, plastic and wooden materials. Self-tapping screws are the most widely used fasteners for wooden structures.
The washer is made from cold rolled steel strip. It is a round plate with an internal hole and is used to increase strength bolted connections by placing it under the head of a bolt or nut. Thanks to the rivet, the pressing surface of the parts to be fastened increases, which helps protect the joined surfaces from deformation when the nut is tightened.
A stud is a fastener that has the shape of a cylindrical rod with external threads cut either along its entire length or at the ends. This connection is used if none of the materials involved in the connection have threads. The connection is then secured with a nut, sometimes supplemented with a washer. The use of studs as fasteners is harmful appearance products.
A screw is a fastener in the shape of a rod with external thread with a conical tip and a head at the other end. It has the ability to create new threads in plastic or wood products. Screws - hardware, fasteners that have found the most wide application in construction and finishing works. They also cannot be replaced during installation. plasterboard sheets on a frame made of metal or wood.
Various types of screws are also used in roofing, facade works for joining metal sheets. The roofing screw has a hexagonal head and is equipped with ordinary and sealing washers, the latter made of weather-resistant rubber. This type of screw is painted and comes in 18 colors, helping to give the building an aesthetically pleasing appearance.
Each type of fastener is produced to perform specific functions. This explains a wide variety, who are pleased with fasteners. The price of hardware varies and can range from 2-3 rubles to several thousand rubles per piece, but they are often sold by the kilogram.
Fasteners are intended for specific materials and parts. So, using certain types of fasteners, you can connect metal with drywall, two metal products, or metal with wooden parts.
Without reliable fasteners, it is impossible to build a house or renovate an apartment yourself, or with help. You won't be able to fasten rafter leg with a beam, you won't be able to hang a shelf, you'll never assemble furniture. Here is an incomplete list of what you cannot do without having a nail, screw, self-tapping screw or bolt at hand. Many will say, what will this article be about if you just listed all the popular fasteners. In principle, all that remains is to add anchors, rivets, dowels, confirmations and screws. That's all, in fact, these are just names of hardware, and fasteners have a slightly different classification.
Most likely, this concept was invented artificially in order to combine all the details that can be used to connect various building elements and.
This group of fasteners includes screws, self-tapping screws, nails, dowels, etc. There are also types of construction fasteners, namely dowels, anchors, metric products and self-tapping screws.
A separate group includes fasteners made of of stainless steel. As a rule, it is manufactured according to the DIN standard (Germany). Such fasteners have an almost unlimited service life, since they are not exposed to precipitation and are quite resistant to chemical reagents. Moreover, the aesthetic appearance of this fastener will not be spoiled.
If there is a need to securely fasten something, then anchors will come to the rescue. An anchor is special kind fastener consisting of two parts, a pin or core and a sleeve. The use of anchor fasteners is not regulated, but, as a rule, builders use anchors for greater reliability of fastening. So, if you need to secure a heavy element to a hollow base or concrete, then an anchor is perhaps the only way to do this. You can often see the use of anchors when PVC installation windows Depending on the problem that needs to be solved with the help of an anchor, the necessary or most suitable anchor is selected - a frame anchor, an anchor with a hook, a driven anchor, an anchor with a ring and an anchor bolt.
There are also dowels that have the same purpose as an anchor, but are used for lighter loads.
Chemical anchors stand in a separate group - these are devices that are structurally different from the classic anchor. A chemical anchor is more of a method of attaching a pin to a base. As a rule, such anchors are used when maximum loads, which ordinary anchors cannot withstand. To secure the anchor, a hole of the required diameter and depth is made. The dimensions of the holes are strictly regulated by the manufacturer of the chemical anchor. Then, using a special gun, a certain amount of chemical glue is placed into the hole, then the anchor itself is inserted into the hole filled with glue. As a result of the chemical reaction of the glue with the base and body of the anchor, mutual penetration of one into the other occurs. The end result is a permanent connection that can withstand enormous shear, torsion and bending loads.
By and large, anchor fasteners can be classified in this group. However, it all depends on the grade of steel used and production technology. Required mechanical properties of high-strength fasteners class 8.8. 10.9 and 12.9 is achieved by sequential heat treatment, a combination of heating and cooling (quenching and tempering). Also, high-strength fasteners have greater resistance to precipitation and chemical attack compared to conventional ones.
In English-speaking countries - Great Britain, Australia, and the USA - inch fasteners with threads of various pitches (large - UNC and small UNF) are widely used. The only difference between this fastener and the metric one is that the unit of measurement is inch, not mm. Those. We receive fasteners that meet the standards of the countries listed above.
Almost all of its types listed above can be safely classified as furniture fasteners. There are also nails, bolts, and screws. Only screeds are specifically used. This compound is not used anywhere else except in furniture production.
This type of fastener is used for various technologies welding Structurally, nails, bolts, bushings, and threaded rods are used for welding.
The main advantage of this fastener is its low cost compared to stainless steel fasteners. At the same time, the products withstand aggressive influences much better external environment. In addition, like stainless steel fasteners, brass has the same decorative qualities. It is also worth noting the absence of magnetization, as a consequence, the absence of interference when used in electronic devices.
A special group stands out for rigging fasteners. This is a fastener that is used for rigging and lifting operations. These are staples, thimbles, lanyards, belts.
1. Securely fasten structures.
2. Have a convenient and easy way to use.
3. Fasteners should be as protected as possible from aggressive influence external environment and have excellent decorative properties where it is needed.
Types of metric fasteners used in construction and repair 
Vibrating slats: types and purpose
Special purpose fasteners are used to connect various designs, as well as in complex mechanisms where standard fastening elements are not suitable. They are made from high quality solid steel that can withstand high mechanical loads. Special fasteners, like regular fasteners, have threads made in metric or inch format.
In fact, there are not so many special fastening elements. All available products can be divided into two categories - rigid fixation and rigging.
Rigid fixation elements are used to connect stationary products, and rigging elements are used to secure cables or ropes. Special fasteners are presented on the market in a wide range of different variations that have the simplest design, but differs in dimensions and other non-essential characteristics, which allows them to be grouped into categories.
A hairpin is a metal rod with a thread. Such fasteners happen various sizes and is made from metals with a wide range of hardness, therefore differing in physical and mechanical properties. Large studs are used for foundation work. With their help it is attached metal carcass to concrete, and also the stands of advertising billboards are fixed to the blocks. There are only two main categories of studs:
Double sided The studs have a clean area in the center without threads. There is a right-hand thread on one end of the stud, and a left-hand thread on the other. This design is often used to mount the cylinder head in a car. Part of the fastener is screwed into the aluminum engine block, and a head is threaded onto the free end, which is clamped with nuts.
Full threaded The studs have one type of thread that runs from edge to edge. You can screw a nut onto them and scroll along the entire length. Classic threaded clamps work on this principle. Such studs are widely used in construction to create various structures. In particular, they are used for installing sandwich panels, etc.
A fitting is a common special fastener that is used to connect pipes to pipes or hoses. The main condition is the presence of threads on at least one element. They are usually used in water and gas pipelines. Also, using fittings, they can be connected Appliances that use water or gas. There are fittings on washing machines and dishwashers, gas stoves, boilers, etc.
Connective The fitting is a metal tube of various lengths, on both ends of which an external thread is knurled. The fitting is inserted between two pipes with prepared internal threads and screwed onto them. Since the threads are opposite, when the fitting is turned it enters both ends of the pipes simultaneously. In its center there is a groove for a wrench. There are also fittings with internal threads, which, on the contrary, are screwed onto the tubes.
Welded The fitting is a metal tube, on outside one of the ends of which is threaded. The clean edge is welded to the pipe, which has no threads, using electric welding. Another threaded pipe is screwed onto the second end of the fastener. Using such an element allows you to make a water or gas branch, or simply extend the pipe. Often such fasteners have not metric, but inch threads, which are used in engineering systems.
Turning the fitting has a movable design that allows the flange intended for mounting the hose to rotate. The use of such fasteners is very convenient in cases where it is not desirable to allow the hose to be screwed in when twisting the fitting.
Transitional The fitting is almost the same special fastener as the connecting one, but with a slight difference. Its ends have different diameters. This makes it possible to connect pipes of different thicknesses.
The boss is a similar design to the connecting fitting, but still has some differences. It is a tall nut that is screwed onto the tube - for example, to connect measuring equipment such as a pressure gauge. There is a hexagonal groove along the entire surface of the boss to allow tightening with a wrench. The connection thread is located inside the tube. Diameter of outlet holes with different sides fasteners may vary. The thread for connecting to the pipe is often made in inch format, and for the pressure gauge in metric. The bosses are made of stainless steel or copper alloys.
Bracket It is a curved rod, the edges of which are connected with a pin or a transverse bolt and nut. This is a very common fastener that allows you to reliably connect the cable to various supports. It is made of solid steel and coated with a layer of zinc. There are both small staples and quite large ones.
Lanyard is a screw tie that allows you to create a strong tension with minimal effort when rotating. This element is a frame or ring into the body of which metal rods are screwed. One of them ends with a hook, and the second with a ring. When the frame rotates, the rods are screwed inward, which creates tension. This is a reusable system that can perform just as well hydraulic jack, but on tension, not lift.
Hook It is a metal rod, one end of which has a thread, and the other is unscrewed into a semi-ring. He screws himself in various materials, such as wood or dowel, and holds suspended elements. There are also designs in which a ring is used instead of a hook. Such special fasteners must be used with caution, since the hook can bend under the influence of heavy weight.
Rope clamp It is a metal plate into which a rod bent in the form of a bracket is inserted. Nuts are screwed on its ends. The clamp allows you to create a reliable cable loop that will not break. It is enough to insert the doubled cable into the holes of the clamp and tighten the bolts.
Koushi They are an insert made of a metal rod bent in the shape of a triangle or drop. They are used to increase the bend radius when creating cable knots. Thimbles are an alternative to clamps in creating loops. They are cheaper and, when knotted correctly, provide a stronger connection. Their only drawback is that you need to use quite a lot of cable to prepare the knot. Often thimbles are used in conjunction with clamps when guaranteed strength is needed.
Depending on the design, the block can be solid or folding. If it is solid, then to carry out the work it is necessary to first insert the end of the cable like a thread into the eye of a needle. In a folding design, everything is much simpler. On its side there is a special segment that can be moved aside to wind a rope or cable without having to look for the end, which is especially convenient if a long coil is used.
Swivel It is a steel ring with a metal rod inserted into its side hole, with a small ring at the end. Using a swivel helps prevent the cable or rope from twisting. This fastening element allows you to extend the service life of the used coil and dampen swaying. When the cable is unscrewed, the swivel simply turns, thereby compensating for such actions and preventing it from breaking. Similar to a rigging swivel, but in miniature, you can find it on dog walking leashes and bags. The swivel is also used in fishing gear.
Eye bolts and eye nuts They are a bolt or nut to which a ring is welded. This design has much in common with a rigging hook, but is more reliable. All its elements are firmly welded together. This eliminates the bend from straightening out, which is a common hook problem. Eye nuts and bolts come in a variety of sizes. They are always made only from steel.
For use various connections Wood in the field of construction cannot be done not only without tools, but also without relevant experience. That is why inexperienced craftsmen do not always make such connections accurately. One of the best options is for professionals to use a variety of array fasteners that are made of metal.
Many surviving architectural monuments made of wood were built without nails, using only an ax. This fact causes true pleasure to this day. However, centuries later, the fasteners made of metal, used to build solid wood buildings, have changed radically, and it is for this reason that today it makes no sense to repeat the experience of our ancestors.
It is preferable to build quickly and without complications. Let's talk in more detail about the fasteners offered by manufacturers, taking as an example details that make it possible to simplify as much as possible the connection of beams with floor joists or solid wall surfaces.
When beams and also joists floor surface hidden in the interior space, they can be connected using beam shoes. This fastener for wood structures is suitable for fastening solid wood not just to wood, but also to concrete and brickwork. It is created from durable steel.
Manufacturers advise fastening such fasteners to the parts being connected with special screws, and in case of excessive load, or fixing to a stone material, use the holes for the necessary bolts. In addition to anchor shoes, today you can purchase special clamps and much more.
This galvanized wood fastener consists of a tongue and groove section that fit together to provide better transfer of horizontal as well as vertical forces.
The connection can be visible or hidden; for these purposes, the steel parts are recessed into special grooves in advance.
A modern Italian company produces fasteners, which are placed perpendicularly and vertically at an angle, by means of T-type slats created by extrusion from a high-strength steel alloy. They are produced in several modifications designed for different levels of loads.
The fastening system must be selected according to size range sections of combined beams and dynamic as well as static loads acting on them.
During the installation process, the slatted base is attached to the beam using self-tapping screws. Then a groove of the same size as the slatted shelf is created on the end part, attached to the base of the joist beam. If there is no perforation, the shelf is equipped with a log and the connection is secured using self-tapping screws.
These connectors are steel washers, the base of which is equipped with holes drilled under the slope. These holes are for self-tapping screws. In the center of the washer there is a threaded hole into which a pin is inserted. Its free end is threaded into a special hole and secured with reverse side beams as a part with an enclosed washer.
The created connection functions perfectly not only in pull-out, but also in shear. If there is excessive load in the area of the end part of the joist, it is possible to install several elements at the same time.
Unusual self-tapping screws, which make it possible to save time and money, since this option does not require metal parts. Self-tapping screws are equipped with threads, which help create a high degree of resistance when pulled out, and are also tightly screwed into an array, which completely changes their traditional functioning.
In this case, the work of the screws occurs exclusively by pulling out, which gives them the opportunity to absorb most of the forces that fall on the connection. So, you can fasten elements at an angle, combine parts, minimizing their deflection, as in the photo of wood fasteners below.
Using similar elements, quite massive wooden crafts. The cap has milled ribs and is easily recessed into the product, while the tip is created like a drill. In the middle of the screw, the cutter makes a larger hole, helping to tighten the element as tightly as possible.
An adjusting type self-tapping screw will be useful for fastening door frames, window openings, solid wood lathing to wood, metal. The self-tapping screw is screwed directly into the box, as well as the wall surface located behind it, or the power part.
The self-tapping screw acts as a weather vane for high-quality fastening of solid wood cladding to a base made of steel. It has a tip in the form of a drill and wings placed above it to expand the hole in the tree.
When drilling metal products, the wings break. As a result, having made a thread in a metal part, the self-tapping screw fits tightly to it, while the solid element is attracted by its head to the metal.
They are used to connect (fasten) machine elements and structures. Fastening parts include bolts, screws, studs, nuts, screws, wedges, rivets, etc. products, as well as auxiliary parts (for example, washers and cotter pins). * * * FASTENING… … encyclopedic Dictionary
FASTENING PARTS- standard, mass-produced parts for rigid fastening of machine elements and structures. K. d. include metal (see): bolts, screws, studs, nuts, screws, rivets, etc., as well as auxiliary parts, washers and cotter pins... Big Polytechnic Encyclopedia
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Products included in the design of machines and devices that have a unified design. fastenings and attachments, sizes and manufactured, as a rule, by related enterprises suppliers... Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary
