A comma between parts of a complex sentence. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence: rules, examples

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A comma between parts of a complex sentence. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence: rules, examples

1. Complex sentence, etc. A comma is placed between parts of a complex sentence connected by conjunctions:

*connective (and, yes in the meaning and, neither... nor); *adversative (a, but, yes in the meaning of, however, however, but, otherwise, not); *dividing (or, either, whether.

Lee then. . . then, not those. . . not that); *connective (yes, yes and, too, also); *explanatory (that is, namely).

If the parts of a complex sentence are significantly common or have commas inside them, then a semicolon is placed between them (before the conjunctions but and yes in the meaning of “and” only if they connect parts that would otherwise be separated by a period): Almost every evening later they went somewhere out of town to Oreanda or to a waterfall; and the walk was a success, the impressions were invariably beautiful and majestic every time.

If the second part of a complex sentence contains an unexpected addition or sharp contrast in relation to the first part, then a dash is placed between them instead of a comma: Deft and strong blows with sledgehammers on the barrels of machine guns, and the fascists can no longer shoot (V. Stavsky). The comma before the conjunctions a, yes (meaning “and”), or, or is not placed in a complex sentence:

If parts of a complex sentence have a common minor member (In such a storm, the wolf does not prowl and the bear does not crawl out of its den); -if parts of a complex sentence have a common subordinate clause (When a thunderstorm began, the game stopped and the children rushed to run home); -between two nominative sentences (Walk in the forest and boating); -between two interrogative sentences (What time is it now and how much time is left before the train leaves?).

A comma is not placed between two impersonal sentences that have synonymous words as part of the predicates (You need to rewrite the work and explain the mistakes made in it).

2. Complex sentence. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence:

The subordinate clause is separated from the main clause by a comma or separated by commas on both sides if it is inside the main clause. Sometimes, with intonation emphasis, explanatory subordinate clauses (as well as conditional clauses with the conjunction li) standing before the main sentence are separated from it not by a comma, but by a dash: He who is cheerful laughs (L. -K.); As the teacher said, I listened for a long time at the window (Plsch.);

In rare cases, a colon is placed before a subordinating conjunction: this occurs when the previous part of a complex sentence contains a special warning about subsequent clarification (at this point you can insert the words “namely”): Hadji Murat was sitting nearby in the room and, although he did not understand of what they were saying, he understood, however, what he needed to understand: that they were arguing about him and that his departure from Shamil was a matter of great importance for the Russians. . (L T.)

When the subordinate clause is connected to the main clause using a complex subordinating conjunction (because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because, so that, instead of, in order to, in order to, after, while, since, etc.), then the comma is placed once: *before the conjunction, if the subordinate clause follows the main one: We sat on the corner of the bastion, so that we could see in both directions All; *after the entire subordinate clause, if it precedes the main clause. A subordinate clause consisting of only one relative word is not separated by a comma: He was offended, but did not say why.

3. A complex non-union sentence is a sentence in which its constituent parts ( simple sentences) are interconnected in meaning, intonation, and the order of the parts. There are no conjunctions between the parts of such a sentence. Comma and semicolon in a non-union complex sentence:

A comma is placed between independent sentences combined into one complex non-union sentence if such sentences are closely related to each other in meaning: Deep darkness fell in the sky, day fell on a dark valley, dawn rose (P.).

If the parts of a non-union complex sentence are distant from each other in meaning or are significantly widespread and have commas inside them, then a semicolon is placed between them: At the gate I saw an old cast-iron cannon; the streets were cramped and crooked,” the huts were low and mostly covered with thatch (P.); It was already evening; the sun had disappeared behind a small aspen grove that lay half a mile from the garden; its shadow stretched endlessly across fixed fields(T.).

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Connecting unions

Which ones are put in It depends on the context. And in order to answer this difficult question, it is first necessary to understand what kind of structure such a unit of language has. If it consists of two or more simple sentences, then it is a compound sentence. Moreover, its parts have a semantic connection with each other, and they are separated by punctuation marks. In a complex sentence, in most cases these are commas. They are placed in the presence of one of the connecting conjunctions (and, yes). Examples:

The autumn foliage glowed in the sun in shades of green, red and yellow, and in this bright multicolor the deserted and dull river bank looked so strange.
Look around and you can see so many new and interesting things.
Elena spoke in a whisper, and her mother also tried not to make noise.

Opposing alliances

These service parts are necessary for aggregation and communication homogeneous members offers. They create a semantic opposition between them, emphasizing the difference or inconsistency. And such words are always preceded by punctuation marks. In a complex sentence - in the presence of adversative conjunctions - the component parts are separated by a comma. Examples:

Ivan Petrovich’s whole body ached from fatigue, but it was so pleasant to be in interesting company and listen to his favorite music.
We need to finally take all this out old furniture in the trash, and other things don’t leave any time for household chores.
Colleagues treated the new history teacher with hostility, but her students loved her with all their hearts.
Material dependence on anyone is not in her principles, but work and a separate apartment create a feeling of freedom.
His parents will have to take action, otherwise he will one day be expelled from school for such performance.

In addition to such service parts of speech as but, then, yes, or else, adversatives also include conjunctions but, however, otherwise.

Dividing unions

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence are placed before such auxiliary parts of speech as or, or, then...that, or...or, whether...or, not that...not that. When there is a double disjunctive conjunction, a comma is always placed before its second component. Examples:

Calm down, or worse will happen.
He would fall silent and then start talking again.
Something needs to be done or he will die!
Whether he had serious intentions or whether he was playing again was unclear.

Separating punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence in the presence of a double conjunction are placed before its second component.

Affiliation unions

These include unions yes, moreover, also, too. One of them must be preceded by a comma. Examples:

He liked her more and more, he also seemed to be interested in her.
The appearance of this man made a rather depressing impression, and his voice was also unpleasant.

Explanatory conjunctions

As can be seen from the name, these words are intended to clarify and clarify. Unions of this kind - namely, that is. They must always be preceded by a comma. Examples:

After this terrible event, the number of residents decreased, namely, only a gentleman with an indifferent expression remained and two old women who could hardly hear anything.
The time chosen for the conversation was appropriate, that is, it was quiet, calm and there was no need to fear the arrival of uninvited guests.

In what cases are punctuation marks not used?

Compound sentences, examples of which are given below, do not have a comma. Each of them has a connecting union. But the parts of the sentence are united by a minor member, and therefore no punctuation is required. Examples:

Soon after the train arrived, tourists flooded the town and wandered its streets idly until late in the evening.
His mother has huge, kind, hazel eyes and soft flaxen hair.
By that time, the publishing house had published several children's books and two collections of poetry.

However, if the members of the sentence are united by a minor member, but the conjunction is repeated, a comma is added. Examples:

In such a frosty winter night and the wolf does not wander, and the bear does not emerge from its den.
In sunny, windless weather you don’t want to work, and sand beach everything attracts and distracts from business.

as a common part

It’s not just the minor member that can be common. Sometimes a subordinate clause also plays its role. And, of course, in this case there is also no comma. Examples:

It was already dawn and people were gathering at the bus stop when he was just returning home.
When the guest was escorted home, it was completely dark outside and only moonlight illuminated the way.
When he walked on stage, his heart was beating strongly and his hands were visibly shaking.

Interrogative sentence

You should know that commas are not always placed before a connecting conjunction. In some cases, punctuation marks are not required in complex sentences. Examples:

Who is he and why did he come without calling first?
How did they get here and what do they need?
What time will the meeting take place and what exactly will be discussed?
Will Magomed come to the mountain or should the mountain go to Magomed?

In each of the above examples, the sentence consists of two interrogative stems. The parts are united by interrogative intonation. Therefore, punctuation marks are not required in a complex sentence of this type.

Similar to the previous examples, punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence are not required in the following phrases:

Fire all employees and hire new ones only after my approval!
How funny he is and how ridiculous his antics are! (Exclamatory sentence.)
They began to look for traces of the crime, but, as always, they found nothing (vaguely personal sentence).

You should know that when repeating a connecting conjunction, a comma is placed between impersonal parts of a sentence. Example: And rain, and wind, and haze.

Semicolon

Separating punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence are not always commas. If parts complex design are common sentences and also have commas inside them, separated by semicolons. Examples:

He invented all this himself, because he absolutely did not remember what he dreamed of last night; but when his mother, touched by this story, began to calm and console him, he almost burst into tears.
She felt unbearably sad the moment they saw each other for the last time; however, something similar to relief appeared in her soul.
He spoke to her tenderly, held her hand, and happiness shone in his eyes; and she took everything for granted, because she was used to enthusiastic looks and had long ceased to appreciate them.

A comma with a period is often placed before such conjunctions as but, however, yes and, but. And only in rare cases - before a. Examples:

For five years this strange work was carried out on the construction of the building; but either the climate was unsuitable, or the material was of poor quality, but the work did not progress beyond the foundation.
He studied well, although he was not particularly diligent; he was never seriously sad about anything; however, from time to time a kind of wild, uncontrollable stubbornness came over him.
Drunkenness and disorder were common among the inhabitants of this village; but many of the necessary qualities were rare for the local inhabitants: hard work, honesty, friendliness.

Rules for placing punctuation marks in complex sentences may allow the presence of a semicolon before conjunctions Yes And And. But only in those rare cases when this sign stands between two sentences, which without it would be separated by a period. Example:

Soon the entire park, warmed by the rays of the spring sun, came to life, and drops of dew, like diamonds, sparkled on the tulips; and the old, already somewhat neglected park seemed festively elegant that day.

Dash

All of the above suggestions are examples of the application of rules that a student should know high school. One of the topics covered in Russian language lessons Special attention, is “Punctuation marks in a complex sentence.” 9th grade - important stage V school curriculum when previously acquired knowledge is generalized and consolidated. Dashes in complex sentences are a deeper issue. It is worth giving at least a few examples of the use of this punctuation mark.

It is placed in cases where there is a sharp opposition or addition in the second part of the sentence. Examples:

The hunter threw something into the blazing fire - and immediately everything around lit up.
He hurried there, ran as fast as he could - but there was not a soul there.

To correctly place punctuation marks in a complex sentence, it is necessary to determine the composition of its parts. And if there are only two of them, and each of them is one-component nominative, a dash should be placed between them. Examples:

One more moment - and he will fall at her feet.
Ten years of such existence - and human soul broken.

Dividing a sentence into two semantic parts

Sometimes one long phrase contains a description of two phenomena or actions. In such cases, the sentence is divided into two semantic parts using a dash. Example:

In the mountains, if you push a small stone from a great height, it will hit another in flight, then a third, and they will entail dozens, and then hundreds - and then a terrible stone avalanche quickly collapses down.

But a dash can also separate simple designs: “You just have to say kind word- and the person is saved.”

Punctuation marks in compound and complex sentences are topics that can only be mastered through practical exercises. Rules are remembered faster if you use various schemes. And although spelling and punctuation are sections of the humanities, it is worth creating simple graphic images. Especially if we're talking about about a topic such as “Punctuation marks in complex sentences.”

Table (conjunctions and punctuation marks in complex sentences)

Below is a table that contains the basic rules for using commas, semicolons and dashes between parts. Also, conjunctions that correspond to one or another punctuation mark are indicated.

*Punctuation marks are not required*	*Comma*	*Semicolon*	*Dash*
Before unions and, yes, if the parts of the sentence have common element(minor part of the sentence, subordinate clause, introductory word, particle)	and, yes , too, also, moreover	Sentence parts are common	In the second part there is an accession or opposition
A sentence consists of parts, each of which is an interrogative, imperative, exclamatory or indefinite personal sentence	Between simple sentences, before conjunctions and, however, not that, moreover		One or two parts are nominative clauses
A sentence consists of parts that include synonymous words	Between simple sentences, before conjunctions or, or		The sentence breaks down into semantic parts
	Between simple sentences, before conjunctions namely, that is		The offer consists of short designs

From all of the above, one can conclude: in order to correctly place punctuation marks, it is necessary to determine the type of sentence, highlight its grammatical foundations, and then understand what type of conjunctions the auxiliary parts of speech that connect the parts of this sentence belong to.

1. COMMA in a compound sentence

IN compound sentence its parts are connected by unions and, yes(= and or but), and, but, however, but, and then, not that, or, either, also, also etc. Before them or between repeating conjunctions ( no no; whether ... whether; then... then; not that... not that and etc.) is put comma . The wise path of the grain is beautiful, and the eternal light of the sun is beautiful. Below the river stretched meadows, and a forest rose along the hill. Either the door will creak, or the gate will quietly open.

There is no comma before the union And if it connects:

two interrogative sentences. Who are they And what do they need?
two incentive offers. May the name of the hero be holy And the memory of him will remain for centuries!
two exclamatory sentences. How beautiful it is in these places And how nice it is to relax here!
two nominative sentences. Alien rocks And wet snow flying towards the car.

There is no comma before unions and, yes(= and), or, or, if simple sentences have:

general introductory word. Apparently, he was in great difficulty And There was some kind of struggle going on in his canine soul.
common minor term. Wings at the goose's were spread out And the beak is open. BUT: At the goose's And wings spread, And the beak is open. (repeating conjunctions)
general subordinate clause. For many centuries, dry winds dried this land And the sun was burning, until she became so strong.
a general explanatory sentence connected by a non-conjunctive connection with the rest of the complex sentence. Two events of equal importance occurred: people learned to fly And people have forgotten how to be surprised by this.

2. SEMOLON in a compound sentence

A semicolon is placed before unions but, however, still, nevertheless(less often before and, yes= and), if at least one part of a complex sentence is significantly common or contains commas.

Tatyana, on the advice of the nanny
Going to cast a spell at night,
She quietly ordered in the bathhouse
Set the table for two cutlery;
But Tatyana suddenly became scared...

3. DASH in a compound sentence

A dash is placed (usually before a union And, less often before ah, but), if it is necessary to show a rapid change of events, consequence or opposition. A little bit of happiness - And the person immediately becomes better, kinder. As if I had to rejoice - But there was no joy.

Between parts of a complex sentence connected by conjunctions: and, yes (=and), neither...nor; a, but, yes (=but), however, ...; or, or, whether...whether, ...; yes, yes and, too, also; that is, namely.

Lightning flashed and a clap of thunder was heard.

There is no comma

If parts of a complex sentence have a common minor member:

Now the May rain will splash and a thunderstorm will begin.

If there is a general subordinate clause:

As soon as it was dawn, we were woken up and we set off.

B 8. Classification of complex sentences.

Complex sentences are called complex sentences, in which one simple sentence is subordinate in meaning to another and is connected with it by a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word. For example:

UnknownWhat Prishvin would have done in his life,If he would have remained an agronomist.

A complex sentence can consist of two or more simple sentences. In a complex sentence, one clause is the main clause, the other is the subordinate clause. The main sentence is the sentence from which we pose a question to the subordinate clause. The subordinate clause explains the main clause, depends on it and is joined using subordinating conjunctions and allied words. A subordinate clause can come after the main clause, before it, or break the main clause.

By value subordinate clauses There are three main types of complex sentences:

complex sentences with attributive clauses,

complex sentences with explanatory clauses;

complex sentences with adverbial clauses.

Complex sentences with attributive clauses

Subordinate clause answering the question which? which? whose?, is attached to the main thing with the help of allied words: which, which, whose or subordinating conjunctions that, where, who, where, from where. For example: Several times I heard from people (which ones?),which I just put down the book by Prishvin that I read and the same words: “This is real witchcraft.”

Complex sentences with subordinate clauses

A subordinate clause, as a rule, explains the verb - the predicate of the main sentence and answers questions about indirect cases. Such a subordinate clause is added using subordinating conjunctions or allied words: what, as, as if, so that, etc. For example: Prishvin’s life is an example of (what?)How man renounced everything superficial imposed on him by the environment and began to live only “at the behest of his heart.”

Complex sentences with adverbial clauses

In such sentences, the subordinate clause, as a rule, clarifies the place, reason, purpose of the action, etc. Depending on the meaning, various questions are posed to the subordinate adverbial clauses, which, in turn, help determine the meaning and significance of the subordinate clause.

Type of subordinate clause	Question	Example
	When? Since when? How long?	When the time came, Ivanushka was sent to serve.
	Where? Where? Where?	We rushed to where the voices were heard.
	Under what conditions?
	Why? For what reason?	Our team took first place in the tournament because we prepared for the competition seriously.
	For what? For what purpose?	To avoid getting lost, I decided to return to the path.
Consequences	What happened as a result of what?	The snow became whiter and brighter, so that it hurt my eyes.
Mode of action.	How? How?	My peasant worked so hard that the sweat rolled off him like hail.
Measures and degrees	To what extent? In what degree?	The river shines and sparkles so much that it hurts your eyes.
Comparisons	Like what? Like who? Than what? Than who?	The closer we got to the house, the more anxious we felt.
	Despite what? In spite of what?	Although it was a difficult job for him, he did it flawlessly.

A complex sentence can have more than one subordinate clause: with uniform subordination, with sequential subordination , with parallel subordination .