If you are planning to equip your Vacation home autonomous water supply and acquire a well, then you need to familiarize yourself with drilling technology. This will save a lot of time when searching for drillers and funds during the drilling process.
When installing a water supply system in a private home, as a rule, one of three drilling technologies is used:
The difference between these technologies lies in the methods of destroying the rock inside the well, as well as in the methods of extracting soil to the surface. Naturally, depending on the technology, the set also depends necessary equipment.
Why does the customer need to know these technologies? This will give an understanding of how the well will be drilled, what equipment will be used for this and how long it will take. In addition, the price of the work, as well as the quality of the final result, depends on the type of technology.
In the photo - drilling a well using an auger method
The cheapest and simple option is auger drilling. Therefore, most small-sized drilling rigs are based precisely on this technology. It is based on a conventional Archimedes screw (auger), with the help of which soil is extracted to the surface.
To make it easier to imagine this method, you should remember how fishermen drill a hole in the ice. Using this method, you can drill wells with a depth not exceeding 10 meters.
A special feature of this method is the ability to make holes only in relatively dry and soft soils. If there are hard rocks or quicksand at depth, then it is impossible to carry out further work using the auger method.
It must be said that the technology of drilling wells under water with an auger is usually used by private “drillers” who have small-sized installations. As a rule, finding organizations that provide such services is not difficult.
Note!
To make a well, it is not enough to simply drill a hole in the ground.
It is also necessary to properly protect the aquifer from high water, as required by the instructions.
Therefore, despite the fact that the process itself is not complicated, the qualifications of the performers are very important.
The technology of drilling a well under water using the rotary method is by far the most common. To make a hole in the ground using this method, a drill pipe is used, inside of which there is a rotating shaft with a bit at the end.
The load is transferred to the tip by a hydraulic installation. This method attractive because it allows drilling to almost any depth, regardless of the type of rock.
The soil is washed out by constantly flushing the well with drilling fluid.
The solution can be supplied in two ways:
It must be said that the second method, which is called backwashing, is a better way to open the aquifer, due to which the well will have a higher flow rate. However, this method is more labor-intensive and requires more complex equipment, and therefore costs significantly more.
Therefore, the choice of technology depends on in this case, depending on your budget and the required amount of water. As a rule, if it is necessary to provide water to one household, then drilling with direct flushing is quite sufficient.
Now let's consider this technology step by step:
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This technology for drilling a water well is the oldest, slowest and most labor-intensive. However, the quality of such work is the highest. Its essence lies in the fact that the rock is destroyed by crushing it with a powerful heavy projectile, which first rises to a certain height, and then drops sharply.
As a result, the projectile destroys the soil with its weight, which is multiplied by the free fall coefficient. The destroyed rock is removed from the trunk using a bailer. If the ground is soft, then, as a rule, the bailer and chisel are combined into one projectile.
The main advantage of such drilling is that it does not require the use of drilling fluid or water. Thanks to this, it is possible to open the aquifer more accurately and thereby ensure the longest service life of the well and the highest possible flow rate. As a rule, wells made in this way last more than 50 years.
The main disadvantage of this technology for the customer is high price services. In addition to the fact that this method is labor-intensive in itself, during the work it becomes necessary to isolate all the upper aquifers. In other words, how many aquifers and quicksands there are in a well, so much must be used and casing pipes, and These are additional costs for materials and specialist work.
In reality, the customer does not have much choice, especially if site conditions do not allow the use of an auger. The impact-contact method is almost completely forced out of the market rotary drilling, which most likely will have to be used.
However, it is necessary to take an interest in the technology at least in order to determine the adequacy of the cost of services. If the soil conditions are suitable and the aquifer is not deep, then it is much more profitable to use the auger method.
It is quite possible to drill a well with your own hands, the only question is how much time and effort it will take from you, and also how well it will be possible to isolate the trunk from the upper aquifers.
Often, developers underestimate the complexity of the work, which results in either “puddle water” being extracted from great depths, or the work is completed by specialists. At the same time, drillers have to pay almost the full cost, as if they were doing the work “from scratch.”
Therefore, before deciding to do the work yourself, you must:
Small-sized installations come in two types:
Advice!
The installation for drilling using the percussion-rope method is considered less demanding on the soil and simpler.
With its help you can drill a well in almost any soil.
All existing well drilling technologies are radically different from each other, however, if the work is carried out by professionals, then each of them allows you to achieve the desired result. At the same time, preference should be given to one or another technology in accordance with one’s own financial capabilities, soil conditions and the depth of the aquifer.
For more information on this topic, watch the video in this article.
In order to ensure complete autonomous water supply country house, dachas or personal plot is produced .
Depending on the specifics of technological support and geological features of the soil, the technology for drilling wells with water is selected.
Based on the technology of drilling a well with water, its depth can reach 150 meters. Some technologies for drilling wells with water allow you to create 10 meters.
Before you start drilling, you should take into account that each individual technology for drilling water wells is determined by the type of well being created.
Modern technologies drilling is focused, first of all, on what type of well will be most suitable for a particular area.
Well construction technology means that most objects penetrate the first aquifer and reach the first thick layer of sand lying underground.
The technology of drilling water wells in the presence of a high-quality rune-type drill and a gas drill allows you to drill such an object on your own without much difficulty.
Today, four main methods are actively used. Each of them has its own specific features and technology of work. These methods are presented as:
A number of differences lie in the methods of implementing rock destruction and methods of extracting soil from a wellbore. Each option involves the use special types equipment. This affects both the quality and the overall cost of the work performed.
This method is widely considered to be the simplest and most economically feasible. The meaning of the technology used is that the excavation of soil from the hole is carried out with the assistance of a classical tool - an Archimedes screw, which is called.
The presented method is used to create wells whose depth will not exceed more than 10 meters. This is suitable not only for water animals, but also for
. Water or the resulting drilling fluid is used to flush the structure and auger from adhering soil.
To carry out the work presented, the so-called auger drilling installation is actively used. This type of drilling cannot be carried out in all types of soil.
As a rule, it is used in dry and relatively soft soil types. This method is not suitable for hard rocks.
When choosing performers to carry out such work, first of all it is worth taking into account their experience and qualifications. The advantages of the auger drilling method are:
Disadvantages include the impossibility of drilling to great depths and working in rocks, quicksand and quicksand.
This type of drilling is the most practical and effective in cases where conditions arise that limit the area of work being carried out.
It is produced using a conventional one, the diameter of which can vary from 10 to 30 cm. At the same time, adapter rods, handles and all kinds of devices for cleaning the drill are actively used.
The depth of such a well, in most cases, is 10 meters. This is due to the fact that further excavation requires significant physical effort.
If there is a special hanging device and winch block, the depth of the well can be significantly increased. Among the advantages of the presented method, it is especially worth noting:
However, the presented method also has a number of disadvantages. The main reason is the inability to obtain accurate information about the presence of an aquifer.
This is directly related to the shallow depth of the drilling work being carried out. In addition, work can only be carried out in soils whose rocks are soft or medium hard.
Wells for obtaining water are quite complex hydraulic structure. The quality of the water received will depend on the correct choice of well and work. useful amount water, as well as service life. In this article we will consider the question of how to make a well and the technology of drilling wells for water.
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Before you start drilling, you need to choose the right place to locate the well. It is also necessary to take into account that it will be necessary to place the drilling rig, as well as the placement of auxiliary machines and accessories. Still need to count work area and an area for the removal of process water, as well as a place for storing the necessary equipment. You also need to take a responsible approach to choosing a work contractor. All subsequent operation of the structure will depend on the quality of the work performed. Highly qualified employees can be found at the link - www.ural-bc.ru. The company's specialists have extensive experience in designing such hydraulic structures.
The technology for drilling wells under water requires fairly flat areas measuring approximately 4 by 12 meters. In addition, unobstructed passage must be ensured for the drilling rig itself, as well as for vehicles with process water. Above the place where the well will be located there should not be air lines power transmission at a height of at least 2 meters.
The location for drilling a water well should be selected and determined economic point point of view, because the closer the well is made to the point of entry into the house, the fewer trenches will have to be prepared, and the minimum number of pipelines will be used.
Need to pay attention that the technology of drilling a well under water requires ensuring free access to the drilling site and its location no closer than 3 meters from various buildings. A separate point is that after a well has been made, no structures can be built above it.
In Russia, the method of drilling with flushing is most often used. The essence of this method of drilling wells is that water or clay solutions are fed into the well being prepared using hoses. With the help of pumps, the pressure rises and the liquid, along with small rock, comes to the surface. After lifting, the liquid is collected in a special settling tank, in which the rock settles. After sedimentation, the liquid goes back into use.
When drilling occurs in non-solid layers, a clay solution is used for flushing. If at the beginning of drilling there are clay layers, then the solution is naturally by simply pumping water. In addition to the fact that the clay solution removes crushed rock, it also strengthens the walls of the well, thereby preventing them from collapsing.
If a well is drilled in hard layers, for example, limestone, then the flushing fluid is used process water. Water has another purpose in drilling technology - when drilling occurs in an aquifer, the water is absorbed, i.e. it goes into the ground. The depth of drilling can be determined by how water is consumed, and when water begins to be consumed to the maximum, drilling is completed.
The technology of drilling wells under water requires consistency when casing pipes to the well. When a well is made and a certain depth is reached, casing pipes begin to be installed into it. Then the soil can be further crushed and, if necessary, lined with plastic pipes. This is the easiest way to make a water well in cases where you do not need to drill to great depths and there is an excellent aquifer.
Exists a large number of methods of drilling wells, however, in all of them the following operations are mandatory and main:
The need for wells for water extraction has existed as long as civilization has existed. Various geological conditions, the depth of aquifers and potential water intake resources are factors that influence the choice of well drilling methods. Modern methods mechanization makes it possible to drill deep wells that differ high quality water and flow rate for several decades.
Name the organization Abyssinian well It is difficult to drill wells using the standard method. The passage of soil layers is carried out by driving pipes of not very large diameter (1/4 - 2 inches). Gas pipes by using threaded connections are connected into columns called needles. A cone-shaped tip with a slightly larger diameter than the “needle” itself is installed on the first pipe, so that the friction of the pipes against the walls of the well does not impede passage. In Abyssinian wells, it is optimal to install a 1-inch D pipe in 1-3 m sections, because the flow rate of a well of this type does not depend on the diameter of concrete rings or pipes.
Type of drilling of an Abyssinian well – combined: First stage drilling is carried out in dry soil to the watered horizon (quicksand). Initial borehole D – 50-80 mm. Next, the drill is replaced with a tip with a filter and all pipe segments, hermetically connected by couplings, are clogged. Previously, connections were sealed with construction flax (hemp), today - with the help of silicone sealants.
A mandatory element is a filter - a perforated inch pipe, which is located on the next segment after the tip. The filter is wrapped with a galloon mesh to keep sand out. Normal level water supply depends on regular pressure cleaning of the well. When the filter becomes silted after 8-10 years of operation which is observed in approximately 3% of cases, it is necessary to replace the filter.
Artesian wells are drilled in depth 50 – 80 m and more – up to 400 m. Artesian wells are mainly characterized by the ability to self-flow water, but not all can gush. Artesian - a type of water well in which there is no need for powerful pumping units due to the fact that the location of the water intake layer is above ground level.
Artesian wells are always located in limestone aquifers and the decision to drill an artesian well is justified by the fact that in limestone layers the presence of water is guaranteed in any area and its level does not depend on climatic and weather conditions.
Water intake from artesian wells is carried out over more high level than the depth of the well itself (usually at the sand level). Water can be pumped out from artesian wells at a rate of 5 m*3/hour, which significantly exceeds the water yield of sand wells. The water in artesian wells is clean, but may have increased mineralization, so it is always advisable to carry out chemical analysis water
Artesian wells can be drilled using the percussion-rope method of drilling water wells. This drilling method is suitable for drilling wells up to 300 m deep. The principle of cable percussion drilling is to hit a projectile from a certain height. Drilling using the cable-percussion method sandy soils using a bailer and loamy ones - using a driving glass. Drilling cartridges are used to penetrate layers with rocky inclusions. Artesian wells can also be drilled using the cable-rotary type of well drilling, provided that the telescopic structure of the drilling rig is used. Drilling is carried out with a hollow rod with a drill bit at the working end. Drilling is carried out with a solution containing bentonite clay, which allows you to immediately strengthen the walls of the well. They lower it into the finished well plastic pipes and filter.
Between the outer walls of the pipes and the well itself, it is necessary to carry out gravel filling with crushed stone of a fraction of 5-20 mm.
The choice of the type and type of organization of water intake should be determined only after a thorough geological study of the location of the well.
For normal life support, there must be constant water in the house or country house. Most often the sources are a well or a borehole. Preferably a well. Firstly, because, as a rule, fairly deep-lying aquifers with more clean water. Secondly, they last longer. Thirdly, their flow rate (replenishment rate) is much higher. It is also important that it is possible to drill water wells with your own hands. There are several technologies, you just need to choose.
Water near your home is always good
Wells for water are drilled or driven - different technologies suggest different methods. Drilling water wells with your own hands is not possible with all methods, but some can be used.
With this technology, a well is drilled using a special drill - an auger. This is a steel pipe with blades welded in a spiral. When rotating, the projectile sinks into the ground. After it has gone to its full depth, it is taken out and the soil remaining on the blades is poured out. The auger is lowered into the well again, with a pipe growing on top, and excavation continues. So, taking out the shell over and over again and shaking off the soil, they drill a well. The pipes at the ends can be threaded or connected using studs.
The disadvantage of this method is that it is not suitable for all types of soil. Normally, soft or medium-hard rocks are drilled. If a stony or rocky layer is encountered, the work will be ineffective - the auger is powerless here. In loose soils, there will be blockages, which is also problematic.
Quite powerful installations use this technology, but there are even hand-held auger drills. It is very difficult to work with them, but it is possible. There is a simple device that makes auger drilling of water wells with your own hands easier - it’s a tripod with a collar and a block fixed at the top. With the help of a cable, a winch and a block, it is easier to remove the drill bit, and this must be done often.
Motorized drilling rigs are more convenient, and not necessarily purchased ones. Eat interesting homemade products. In any case, this is a frame with a movably mounted motor that drives the drill. An example of such an installation is in the following video. The auger drill is not used for water wells, but the essence of the installation itself and the operating principle do not change.
With the small size of the auger and rods that increase the length (up to 1.5 m), this method of drilling water wells can also be used inside a house, cottage, or bathhouse. The main thing is that the soils are suitable.
As the name implies, this method uses water to drill wells. At independent use Most often, water is pumped into a pipe. It comes out through special holes at the bottom of the drill and flows out by gravity through the gap between the outer wall of the pipe and the walls of the well.
In addition to the drill and threaded pipes, this method also requires a pump. Before starting work, two pits are dug near the future well. In the first, the bulk of the soil settles, in the second, water enters, devoid of most of the impurities. The process requires little water - it circulates constantly. From the first pit, sediment is periodically removed, usually with a shovel. If necessary, if the water has become too dirty, it can be replaced. It is pumped out using the same pump, only it is not fed into the well, but discharged somewhere on the site. Having filled in a new batch of water, you can continue drilling.
After the well has reached the required depth, a casing pipe with a filter at the end is inserted into it. IN Lately HDPE or PVC pipe is most often used. It is easier to work with HDPE - it bends well. The filter is holes drilled at the end of the casing. The length of such a filter is about a meter. Then you can wind stainless steel wire on top, and a fine mesh made of the same stainless steel on top.
One of the easiest ways to make a well yourself is the shock-rope method. But it is also the slowest and, in the absence of mechanization, requires significant physical effort. On the other hand, it can be considered as a simulator. Moreover, it is very effective - almost all muscles of the body work.
Do-it-yourself percussion-rope drilling of water wells is a universal method that can be used on any type of soil. Only the projectile changes, but the technology and installation remain the same:
Rope drilling installation can be done in different ways. The most common type is a tripod, in the center of which a block is fixed. But the block can also be attached to an L-shaped structure; an electric motor with a gearbox can also be used to make work easier.
Tripod - the most common type of installation
The technology of percussion-rope drilling itself is very simple: the projectile is lifted and released into free fall. This is repeated many times. With each blow the hole gets a little deeper. When a 50 cm section has been covered, the projectile is removed and freed from the ground. And everything repeats itself again.
To drill faster, you need a heavy projectile. If the pipe walls are thick, the mass can already be significant. If necessary, you can make it heavier - fill it with lead top part pipes. Also, to speed up the passage, the lower edge can be sharpened, but this must be done so that the bevel is directed inward. One more thing: pay attention to the slots in the drill bits. They make it easier to remove rock. This is especially important when passing through dense, viscous clay layers.
A cable for a shock-rope drilling rig needs a diameter of 10-12 mm. If you will be working manually, gloves are required. When passing upper layers easier to use hand drill, and for easier passage of the upper layers in dry times, you can pour water into the drilled well.
All technologies described above self-drilling water wells have common features. After the well reaches the aquifer (water will appear in the rock in large quantities), they continue to drill for some time, going 1-2 meters deep into the aquifer. The entire drill assembly is then disassembled and casing is installed inside the well.
The casing needs to be dealt with. Select the diameter depending on the size of the well you drilled and the type of pump you plan to use. You must carefully consider the choice of material. For some time, asbestos pipes were used for casing. But they are very harmful - a strong carcinogen. You should not use galvanized pipes either - zinc is not removed from the body and accumulates. And poisoning with it has very bad consequences.
Remains different big choice- pipes made of steel and stainless steel, as well as plastic - HDPE and PVC. Stainless steel - almost perfect option, except for the price and complexity of welding. To prevent the seam from rusting, welding in an argon environment is necessary, but this is not easy. Although, special stainless steel can help to some extent.
IN last years Plastic pipes are becoming increasingly popular. PVC and HDPE are cheap and cheerful, but to install them, the well must be perfectly level. Another point is that plastic does not withstand loads very well. Therefore, they can be used at shallow depths - up to 15 meters. In any case, use them for a well sewer pipes It’s not worth it, it’s better to find water ones, although they are more expensive: their walls are of different thicknesses, so the investment will be worth it.
Steel pipes definitely won’t crumple and will last a long time, but they also have a significant drawback: they rust. However, of the options described above, metal is the optimal one if you can’t afford stainless steel.
In order for water to flow into the casing pipe, a filter is made in its lower part, which is immersed in the aquifer. Holes are made in the pipe. There are two options. The first is with a large diameter drill, in four rows in a checkerboard pattern. The second is to cut longitudinal slits with a grinder (size 1.5-2.5 mm).
A wire (3-4 mm in diameter) is wound on top of the pipe, and a mesh with a very fine mesh is attached on top of it. It is best to use stainless steel. In this case, it will be possible to wash the filter from deposits using washing solutions, and the wire and mesh can be welded to the pipe.
If you use any other metal, the filter will fail after a while. Ferrous metal rusts, the rest is destroyed due to electrolytic corrosion.
This is a type of manual drilling of water wells and cannot be called drilling - a special rod with a cast cone-shaped tip is driven into the ground, increasing as needed with rod pipes (each 1-2 meters long), which are connected using threads. This type of well is called differently: driven, Abyssinian, needle. All this is about one method.
The difference from all other methods is that these pipes remain in the ground, and it is through them that water will flow. That is, this is a well without installing a casing pipe. It is pierced with the help of these pipes, and then they are used. Therefore, as rods used to extend the needle, they use water pipes with a thick wall. Diameter from 25 -32 mm. Since pipes become clogged forever, their connection must be airtight. Traditionally, to increase reliability, they use a winding (usually linen), which can be coated with sealant.
The first element of the Abyssinian well is called the needle. But the lance tip is far from the only difference between this part and the others. Holes are drilled into it almost the entire length of the pipe. This is a water filter. Water will flow inside through them. To prevent them from becoming clogged with rock, a wire is wound in a spiral over the pipe, and a fine mesh is attached to it. In order for the well to serve for a long time and not become clogged, it is possible to do flushing, the wire and mesh must be made of stainless steel. Only in this option will the filter serve for a long time and without problems. The use of other metals, even stainless ones, greatly reduces the service life of the well - the metals are destroyed due to electrolytic corrosion. Therefore, brass, copper or any other wire or mesh on steel pipe unsuitable.
The first element of the Abyssinian well is a needle with a lance tip and a filter
One more thing. To prevent the mesh and winding from being torn off when driving, they are welded to the pipe. Next moment: The diameter of the wide part of the cone should be wider than the diameter of the pipe. When hammered, the cone leaves a hole wider than the wound pipe that follows, so it will not be torn off.
The technical process of driving a needle hole is extremely simple: they hit the pipe, driving it into the ground. But if you hit the top of the pipe with something heavy, it will become deformed. Therefore, they make a special device - a headstock and a cone, which is screwed onto the top of the pipe. Inside the headstock, the striking surface also has the shape of a cone. The existing cavities inside are filled with lead to increase weight. The more the projectile weighs, the faster the pipe will clog, but keep in mind that you need to lift it with your hands and many times.
The diameter of the woman itself is much larger than the pipe that will be plugged. To ensure that there is no play when it moves, a washer is installed at the bottom suitable diameter(slightly larger than the outer diameter of the pipe). As a result, the headstock moves up/down freely, but without any play. The lifting height of the projectile is determined by its size - it must not fly off the pipe being clogged. Appearance the headstocks for driving the Abyssinian well and its drawing are located below.
This is not the only device with which wells are plugged. They put a powerful clamp on the pipe, which is fixed like a clamp. Instead of a headstock, a heavy metal ring with two handles is used. Watch the video to see how they work.
As you can see, you can drill a water well inside the house or even at the bottom of an old well. You don't need much space.
Punching/drilling a well is not enough. We still need to raise the water, but that’s a completely different story. If you want to make the water supply constant, with normal pressure, so that you can connect household appliances, you will need .
For seasonal water supply at the dacha, you can get by with a more modest set:
Please note that the check valve is installed in front of the pump, and not at the end of the hose immersed in the well. It’s just that this same hose won’t break when it freezes. Another advantage of such a device is that it is easier to dismantle for the winter.
Another piece of advice: the well needs to be covered with something. In houses permanent residence they make a caisson - a concrete or plastic bunker that is located below the freezing depth. All equipment is placed in it. When using water only periodically, a caisson is too expensive. But something needs to be done to close the well. Firstly, some living creatures may fall into it, which will not make you happy. Secondly, “good” neighbors may drop something. A more budget-friendly solution is to build. Even more cheap option- dig a pit, cover it with a board, make a board cover. Key moment: All this must be locked.
