Introduction to the Subject of Drawing
History of origin graphic methods pictures and drawing
Drawings in Rus' were made by “draftsmen”, a mention of which can be found in the “Pushkar Order” of Ivan IV.
Other images - drawings, were a bird's eye view of the structure
At the end of the 12th century. In Russia, large-scale images are introduced and dimensions are indicated. In the 18th century, Russian draftsmen and Tsar Peter I himself made drawings using the method of rectangular projections (the founder of the method is the French mathematician and engineer Gaspard Monge). By order of Peter I, the teaching of drawing was introduced in all technical educational institutions.
The entire history of the development of the drawing is inextricably linked with technical progress. Currently, the drawing has become the main document business communication in science, technology, manufacturing, design, construction.
It is impossible to create and check a machine drawing without knowing the basics of the graphic language. Which you will meet while studying the subject "Drawing"
Types of graphic images
Exercise: label the names of the images.
The concept of GOST standards. Formats. Frame. Drawing lines.
Exercise 1
Graphic work №1
"Formats. Frame. Drawing lines"
Examples of work performed
Test tasks to graphic work No. 1
Option #1.
1. What designation according to GOST has a format of size 210x297:
a) A1; b) A2; c) A4?
2. What is the thickness of the dash-dot line if in the drawing the solid main thick line is 0.8 mm:
a) 1mm: b) 0.8 mm: c) 0.3 mm?
______________________________________________________________
Option #2.
Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.
1. Where in the drawing is the main inscription located:
a) in the lower left corner; b) in the lower right corner; c) in the upper right corner?
2. How much should the axial and center lines extend beyond the contour of the image:
a) 3...5 mm; b) 5…10 mm4 c) 10…15 mm?
Option #3.
Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.
1. What arrangement of A4 format is allowed by GOST:
A) vertical; b) horizontal; c) vertical and horizontal?
2. . What is the thickness of a solid thin line if in the drawing the solid main thick line is 1 mm:
a) 0.3 mm: b) 0.8 mm: c) 0.5 mm?
Option number 4.
Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.
1. At what distance from the edges of the sheet is the drawing frame drawn:
a) left, top, right and bottom – 5 mm each; b) left, top and bottom – 10 mm, right – 25 mm; c) left – 20 mm, top, right and bottom – 5 mm each?
2. What type of line are the axial and center lines made in the drawings:
a) a solid thin line; b) dash-dotted line; c) dashed line?
Option #5.
Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.
1. What are the dimensions of the A4 format according to GOST:
a) 297x210 mm; b) 297x420 mm; c) 594x841 mm?
2. Depending on which line the thickness of the drawing lines is selected:
a) dash-dotted line; b) a solid thin line; c) a solid main thick line?
Fonts (GOST 2304-81)
Font types:
Font sizes:
Practical tasks:
Calculations of drawing font parameters
Test tasks
Option #1.
Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.
What value is taken as the font size:
a) height lowercase letter; b) height of capital letter; c) the height of the spaces between the lines?
Option #2.
Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.
What is the height of the capital letter of rift No. 5:
a) 10 mm; b) 7 mm; c) 5 mm; d) 3.5 mm?
Option #3.
Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.
What is the height of lowercase letters that have protruding elements? c, d, b, r, f:
a) the height of the capital letter; b) the height of a lowercase letter; c) greater than the height of the capital letter?
Option number 4.
Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.
Are uppercase and lowercase letters different in writing? A, E, T, G, I:
a) differ; b) do not differ; c) differ in spelling individual elements?
Option #5.
Select and underline the correct answers to the questions.
What does the height of the numbers of a drawing font correspond to:
a) the height of a lowercase letter; b) the height of the capital letter; c) half the height of a capital letter?
Graphic work No. 2
"Drawing flat part»
Cards - tasks
1 option
Option 2
Option 3
Option 4
Geometric constructions
Dividing a circle into 5 and 10 parts
Dividing a circle into 4 and 8 parts
Dividing a circle into 3, 6 and 12 parts
Dividing a segment into 9 parts
Fixing the material
Practical work:
Based on these types, build a third one. Scale 1:1
Option #1
Option No. 2
Option #3
Option No. 4
Fixing the material
Write your answers in your workbook:
Option #1
Option No. 2
Practical work No. 3
"Modeling from a drawing."
Directions for use
To make a cardboard model, first cut out its blank. Determine the dimensions of the workpiece from the image of the part (Fig. 58). Mark (outline) the cutouts. Cut them along the outlined contour. Remove the cut out parts and bend the model according to the drawing. To prevent the cardboard from straightening after bending, draw a line at the bending point. outside lines with some sharp object.
The wire for modeling must be soft and of arbitrary length (10 – 20 mm).
Fixing the material
Option No. 1 Option No. 2
Fixing the material
In your workbook, draw a drawing of the part in 3 views. Apply dimensions.
Option No. 3 Option No. 4
Fixing the material
Working with cards
Fixing the material
Using colored pencils, complete the task on the card.
Amount (increase)
Clipping
Reinforcement task
Oval -
Algorithm for constructing an oval
1. Construct an isometric projection of a square - rhombus ABCD
2. Let us denote the points of intersection of the circle and the square 1 2 3 4
3. From the top of the rhombus (D) draw a straight line to point 4 (3). We obtain segment D4, which will be equal to the radius of the arc R.
4. Let's draw an arc that will connect points 3 and 4.
5. At the intersection of segment B2 and AC, we obtain point O1.
When the segment D4 and AC intersect, we obtain point O2.
6. From the resulting centers O1 and O2 we will draw arcs R1 that will connect points 2 and 3, 4 and 1.
Fixing the material
Complete a technical drawing of the part, two views of which are shown in Fig. 62
Graphic work No. 9
Part sketch and technical drawing
1. What is called sketch?
Fixing the material
Exercise tasks
Practical work No. 7
"Reading Blueprints"
Graphic dictation
“Drawing and technical drawing of a part based on a verbal description”
Option #1
Frame is a combination of two parallelepipeds, of which the smaller one is placed with a larger base in the center of the upper base of the other parallelepiped. A through stepped hole runs vertically through the centers of the parallelepipeds.
The total height of the part is 30 mm.
The height of the lower parallelepiped is 10 mm, length 70 mm, width 50 mm.
The second parallelepiped has a length of 50 mm and a width of 40 mm.
The diameter of the bottom step of the hole is 35 mm, height 10 mm; diameter of the second stage is 20 mm.
Note:
Option No. 2
Support represents cuboid, to the left (smallest) face of which is attached a half-cylinder, which has a common lower base with the parallelepiped. In the center of the upper (largest) face of the parallelepiped, along its long side, there is a prismatic groove. At the base of the part there is a through hole of a prismatic shape. Its axis coincides in the top view with the axis of the groove.
The height of the parallelepiped is 30 mm, length 65 mm, width 40 mm.
Half-cylinder height 15 mm, base R 20 mm.
The width of the prismatic groove is 20 mm, the depth is 15 mm.
Hole width 10 mm, length 60 mm. The hole is located at a distance of 15 mm from the right edge of the support.
Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.
Option No. 3
Frame is a combination of a square prism and a truncated cone, which stands with its large base in the center of the upper base of the prism. A through stepped hole runs along the axis of the cone.
The total height of the part is 65 mm.
The height of the prism is 15 mm, the size of the sides of the base is 70x70 mm.
The height of the cone is 50 mm, the lower base is Ǿ 50 mm, the upper base is Ǿ 30 mm.
The diameter of the lower part of the hole is 25 mm, height 40 mm.
The diameter of the upper part of the hole is 15 mm.
Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.
Option No. 4
Sleeve is a combination of two cylinders with a stepped through hole that runs along the axis of the part.
The total height of the part is 60 mm.
The height of the lower cylinder is 15 mm, the base is Ǿ 70 mm.
The base of the second cylinder is Ǿ 45 mm.
Bottom hole Ǿ 50 mm, height 8 mm.
Top part holes Ǿ 30 mm.
Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.
Option No. 5
Base is a parallelepiped. In the center of the upper (largest) face of the parallelepiped, along its long side, there is a prismatic groove. There are two through cylindrical holes in the groove. The centers of the holes are spaced from the ends of the part at a distance of 25 mm.
The height of the parallelepiped is 30 mm, length 100 mm, width 50 mm.
Groove depth 15 mm, width 30 mm.
Hole diameters are 20 mm.
Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.
Option No. 6
Frame It is a cube, along the vertical axis of which there is a through hole: semi-conical at the top, and then turning into a stepped cylindrical one.
Cube edge 60 mm.
The depth of the semi-conical hole is 35 mm, the upper base is 40 mm, the bottom is 20 mm.
The height of the bottom step of the hole is 20 mm, the base is 50 mm. The diameter of the middle part of the hole is 20 mm.
Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.
Option No. 7
Support is a combination of a parallelepiped and a truncated cone. The cone with its large base is placed in the center of the upper base of the parallelepiped. In the center of the smaller side faces of the parallelepiped there are two prismatic cutouts. A through hole of cylindrical shape Ǿ 15 mm is drilled along the axis of the cone.
The total height of the part is 60 mm.
The height of the parallelepiped is 15 mm, length 90 mm, width 55 mm.
The diameters of the cone bases are 40 mm (lower) and 30 mm (upper).
The length of the prismatic cutout is 20 mm, width 10 mm.
Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.
Option No. 8
Frame is a hollow rectangular parallelepiped. In the center of the upper and lower base of the body there are two conical tides. A through hole of cylindrical shape Ǿ 10 mm passes through the centers of the tides.
The total height of the part is 59 mm.
The height of the parallelepiped is 45 mm, length 90 mm, width 40 mm. The thickness of the walls of the parallelepiped is 10 mm.
The height of the cones is 7 mm, the base is Ǿ 30 mm and Ǿ 20 mm.
Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.
Option No. 9
Support is a combination of two cylinders with one common axis. A through hole runs along the axis: at the top it is prismatic in shape with a square base, and then cylindrical in shape.
The total height of the part is 50 mm.
The height of the lower cylinder is 10 mm, the base is Ǿ 70 mm. The diameter of the base of the second cylinder is 30 mm.
The height of the cylindrical hole is 25 mm, the base is Ǿ 24 mm.
The base side of the prismatic hole is 10 mm.
Note: When drawing dimensions, consider the part as a whole.
Graphic work No. 11
“Drawing and visual representation of the part”
Using the axonometric projection, construct a drawing of the part in the required number of views on a scale of 1:1. Add dimensions.
Graphic work No. 10
“Sketch of a part with design elements”
Draw a drawing of a part from which parts have been removed according to the markings applied. The projection direction for constructing the main view is indicated by an arrow.
Graphic work No. 8
“Drawing of a part with transformation of its shape”
General concept to transform the form. Relationship between drawing and markings
Graphic work
Making a drawing of an object in three views with transforming its shape (by removing part of the object)
Complete the technical drawing of the part, making, instead of the protrusions marked with arrows, notches of the same shape and size in the same place.
Assignment for logical thinking
Topic “Design of drawings”
Crossword "Projection"
1.The point from which the projecting rays emanate during central projection.
2. What is obtained as a result of modeling.
3. Cube face.
4. The image obtained during projection.
5. In this axonometric projection, the axes are located at an angle of 120° to each other.
6. In Greek, this word means “double dimension.”
7. Side view of a person or object.
8. Curve, isometric projection of a circle.
9. The image on the profile projection plane is a view...
Rebus on the topic “View”
Rebus
Crossword "Axonometry"
Vertically:
1. Translated from French"front view".
2. The concept in drawing of what the projection of a point or object is obtained on.
3. The boundary between the halves of a symmetrical part in the drawing.
4. Geometric body.
5. Drawing tool.
6. Translated from Latin, “throw, throw forward.”
7. Geometric body.
8. The science of graphic images.
9. Unit of measurement.
10. Translated from Greek language"double dimension".
11. Translated from French as “side view”.
12. In the drawing, “she” can be thick, thin, wavy, etc.
Technical Dictionary drawing
| Term | Definition of a term or concept | |
| Axonometry | ||
| Algorithm | ||
| Analysis of the geometric shape of an object | ||
| Boss | ||
| Shoulder | ||
| Shaft | ||
| Vertex | ||
| View | ||
| Main view | ||
| Additional view | ||
| Local view | ||
| Screw | ||
| Sleeve | ||
| Dimensions | ||
| screw | ||
| Fillet | ||
| Geometric body | ||
| Horizontal | ||
| Ready room | ||
| Edge | ||
| Dividing a circle | ||
| Division of a segment | ||
| Diameter | ||
| ESKD | ||
| Drawing tools | ||
| Tracing paper | ||
| Pencil | ||
| Drawing Layout | ||
| Construction | ||
| Circuit | ||
| Cone | ||
| Pattern curves | ||
| Circular curves | ||
| Pattern | ||
| Rulers | ||
| Line - leader | ||
| Extension line | ||
| Transition line | ||
| Dimensional line | ||
| Solid line | ||
| Dashed line | ||
| Dashed line | ||
| Lyska | ||
| Scale | ||
| Monge method | ||
| Polyhedron | ||
| Polygon | ||
| Modeling | ||
| Main inscription | ||
| Applying dimensions | ||
| Drawing outline | ||
| Break | ||
| Oval | ||
| Ovoid | ||
| Circle | ||
| Circle in axonometric projection | ||
| Ornament | ||
| Axonometric axes | ||
| Axis of rotation | ||
| Projection axis | ||
| Axis of symmetry | ||
| Hole | ||
| Groove | ||
| Keyway | ||
| Parallelepiped | ||
| Pyramid | ||
| Projection plane | ||
| Prism | ||
| Axonometric projections | ||
| Projection | ||
| Isometric rectangular projection | ||
| Frontal dimetric oblique projection | ||
| Projection | ||
| Groove | ||
| Scan | ||
| Size | ||
| Overall dimensions | ||
| Structural dimensions | ||
| Coordinating sizes | ||
| Part element dimensions | ||
| Gap | ||
| Drawing frame | ||
| Edge | ||
| Technical drawing | ||
| Symmetry | ||
| Pairing | ||
| Standard | ||
| Standardization | ||
| Arrows | ||
| Scheme | ||
| Thor | ||
| Mating point | ||
| Protractor | ||
| Squares | ||
| Simplifications and conventions | ||
| Chamfer | ||
| Drawing formats | ||
| Frontal | ||
| Projection center | ||
| Pairing center | ||
| Cylinder | ||
| Compass | ||
| Drawing | ||
| Working drawing | ||
| Drawing | ||
| Dimensional number | ||
| Reading the drawing | ||
| Washer | ||
| Ball | ||
| Slot | ||
| Engraving | ||
| Font | ||
| Hatching Hatching in axonometry | ||
| Ellipse | ||
| Sketch | ||
Workbook
Practical and graphic work on drawing
The notebook was developed by the teacher highest category drawing and fine art Nesterova Anna Aleksandrovna teacher of MBOU "Secondary School No. 1 of Lensk"
Introduction to the Subject of Drawing
Materials, accessories, drawing tools.
22.1. Location of sections. According to their location in the drawing, sections are divided into extended and superimposed. Extracted parts are placed outside the contour of the image (see Fig. 170) anywhere in the drawing field, superimposed - directly on the views (see Fig. 171).
Rice. 170. Exposed sections
Extended sections are preferable, as they do not clutter the view with unnecessary lines.
Rice. 171. Superimposed symmetrical section
The contour of the extended section is outlined with a solid thick main line of the same thickness (s) as the line adopted for the visible contour of the image; the contour of the superimposed section is a solid thin line (from 1/3 to 1/2); Moreover, the outline of the view at the location of the superimposed section is not interrupted.
22.2. Designation of sections. To show where the cutting plane passes, it is designated.
If the section is extended, then, as a rule, an open line is drawn, two thick strokes (Fig. 170). Arrows indicate the direction of view. They are located at the outer ends of the open line. The same capital letters of the Russian alphabet are applied on the outside of the arrows.
Above the section the same letters are written through a dash with a thin line below.
If the section is a symmetrical figure and is located on the continuation of the section line (dash-and-dash), then arrows and letters are not applied (see Fig. 170).
The superimposed section is usually not indicated (Fig. 171). Only in the case when it is an asymmetrical figure, open line strokes and arrows are drawn, but letters are not applied (Fig. 172).
Rice. 172. Designation of superimposed asymmetrical section
22.3. Features of making sections. For the most part, sections are made to the same scale as the image to which it relates, and the scale is indicated if it is changed.
In terms of construction and location, the section must correspond to the direction indicated by the arrows.
Figure 173 shows how, depending on the direction of view, the contour of a part element is located in a section. The groove in the section is located on the right, which means it is located in the front of the part.
Rice. 173. Aligning a section with the drawing plane
If the secant plane passes through the axis of the surface of revolution (cylindrical, conical or spherical) limiting the hole or recess, then their contour in the section is shown in full (Fig. 174).
Rice. 174. An example of a section in which the contour of a conical recess is shown in full
It is more convenient to plot some dimensions of part elements on sections.
Figure 175 shows the dimensions of a keyway on a section.
Rice. 175. Example of applying dimensions on a section
Graphic work No. 12. Sketch of a part with sections
Draw a sketch of the part on a sheet of A4 squared paper according to the teacher’s instructions from life or according to a visual image (Fig. 177). Reveal the cross-sectional shape of the part. Label it if necessary. Add dimensions.
Rice. 177. Assignments for graphic work No. 12
Explanations for the work. When constructing sections, follow the examples given in Figures 170, 171, 172, 174 and 175.
This book is the main textbook on drawing, which corresponds to the current program approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.
In the textbook along with theoretical material included questions and tasks, graphic and practical work necessary to consolidate and repeat the material covered. The book is well illustrated.
How to work with drawing tools.
Straight lines are first drawn along the edge of a ruler or square without pressure with a hard, sharpened pencil, and then traced with a soft pencil or a medium-hard pencil. In this case, the pencil is slightly tilted in the direction of movement, as shown in Figure 15. Horizontal lines are drawn from left to right, vertical and oblique lines are drawn from bottom to top (see Figure 15, d, b, c).
To get clearer and even lines when tracing, the pencil can be drawn along these lines repeatedly in the opposite direction. When drawing vertical and inclined lines, the square is moved along the edge of the gauge or ruler from left to right, and when drawing horizontal lines - from top to bottom.
Techniques for constructing straight, obtuse and sharp corners are shown on the flyleaf at the end of the book. To draw circular arcs, the leg of the compass is placed in the center. The compass is rotated by the head with a large one and index fingers in the clockwise direction (Fig. 16). The short leg with a pencil insert and the compass needle in the working position should be parallel to each other. While rotating, the compass can be tilted forward slightly.
Content
Introduction
I. Technique for making drawings and rules for their design
1. Drawing tools, materials and accessories. Workplace organization
2. Rules for drawing drawings
II. Drawings in the rectangular projection system
3. Projection
4. Rectangular projection
5. Location of views in the drawing. Local species
III. Axonometric projections. Technical drawing
6. Obtaining axonometric projections
7. Construction of axonometric projections
8. Axonometric projections of objects with round surfaces
9. Technical drawing
IV. Reading and following drawings
10. Analysis of the geometric shape of an object
11. Drawings and axonometric projections of geometric bodies
12. Projections of vertices, edges and faces of an object
13. The order of constructing images in drawings
14. Applying dimensions taking into account the shape of the object
15. Geometric constructions necessary when making drawings
16. Drawings of developments of surfaces of geometric bodies
17. Order of reading drawings of parts
V. Sketches
18. Sketching parts
19. Repetition of information about projection methods
VI. Sections and sections
20. General information about sections and cuts
21. Purpose of sections
22. Rules for making sections
23. Purpose of cuts
24. Rules for making cuts
25. Connection of view and section
26. Thin walls and spokes in the section
27. Other information about cuts and sections
VII. Determining the required number of images
28. Selecting the number of images and the main image
29. Conventions and simplifications in drawings
VIII. Assembly drawings
30. General information about connections of parts
31. Image and designation of thread
32. Drawings of bolted and stud connections
33. Drawings of keyed and pin connections
34. General information about assembly drawings of products
35. Procedure for reading assembly drawings
36. Conventions and simplifications in assembly drawings
37. The concept of detailing
IX. Reading construction drawings
38. Main features of construction drawings
39. Conditional images on construction drawings
40. Procedure for reading construction drawings
Appendix 1. Types of graphic images
Appendix 2. Note on computer technologies for performing graphic work.
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Sketches of assembly unit parts
Purpose of the lesson: study the rules for making assembly drawings; registration of assembly
drawings and specifications.
The student must:
The production of an assembly drawing is preceded by work on sketching each part included in the assembly unit, sketches on Standard products do not do.
When making sketches for assembly drawings Special attention should be applied to the contacting surfaces so that their sizes do not diverge.
To quickly and accurately draw up assembly drawings, you need to know the conventions and simplifications:
Control questions:
Assembly drawing detailing
Purpose of the task: gain skills in reading assembly drawings and drawing up working
drawings of parts according to assembly drawings.
The student must:
Instructions for performing the work:
Drawings of parts are made on separate sheets of standard format drawing paper. Standard parts are not subject to detailing. In one of the drawings of parts, in addition to orthogonal projections, an axonometric projection of the part is drawn.
Detailing is the development and execution of drawings of parts based on an assembly drawing. Using the description of the assembly unit and specification, read Assembly drawing, that is, find out the structure and operating principle of the assembly unit, what parts and in what quantity the assembly consists of, methods for connecting the parts to each other. To get a complete picture of geometric shape For each detail, you need to remember the projection connection, remember that each detail in all images has the same independent shading. It is necessary to establish which images will be given in the drawing and determine the position of the planes for cuts and sections. It is recommended, first of all, to start drawing a working drawing of a part, having first completed a sketch of this part.
After reading the assembly drawing, you should:
1. Determine and select the number of types, cuts, sections for each part:
2. Position the part on the drawing according to its workpiece during processing, casting parts - according to their position in the product.
3. Determine the dimensions from the assembly drawing, the dimensions necessary to complete the drawing of parts.
4. redraw the details from the sketch to the drawing, choosing the sheet format in advance and thinking through the compositional arrangement of the image.
Fill in the title block
5. draw an assembly drawing on sheet A2, format it in accordance with GOST.
6. Fill out the specification
task options
Control questions:
1. what is detailing?
What is an assembly unit?
