In the course of studying morphology, schoolchildren study the topic “Suffixes of real and passive participles.” Let’s take a closer look at the intricacies and features of this group.
What is this interesting phenomenon? Before today The debate among linguists continues unabated. Opinions are divided: some consider the sacrament because it has a number of its own characteristics. Others are sure that this is just a verb form. If you look at the history of its origin, you can find out that it was formed precisely from the verb. True, outwardly it looks more like an adjective. Yes, and it borrowed some functions from him: they both answer the same question (which one?), and their syntactic role is the same (definition). Therefore, scientists argue and cannot come to a common decision.
Various educational and methodological complexes, according to which the Russian language is taught at school, also approach this situation differently. For example, M. M. Razumovskaya classifies the participle as a verbal form, and V. V. Babaytseva - as an independent part of speech. But both textbooks say that it is still not clear to which category it should be classified.
Before considering the suffixes of active and passive participles, you need to know that this part of speech is usually divided into two large groups according to meaning. The first is called real. They received this name due to their purpose: to name the signs of objects that themselves perform an action.
Consider an example: “The wind blowing from the sea was furious.”
As we can see, the wind blew independently from the sea, without resorting to anyone’s help and without being subject to any influence. It is these forms that are called real.
Another example: “The dog guarding the house was a large breed.”
The object in this sentence protects the house, that is, it performs the action on its own. Thus, the participle “guarded” belongs to the category of active ones.
The next group, which has a slightly different purpose, is the category of passive participles. They are so named because they do not perform the action, but are subject to it.
Let's look at an example: “The parents, called to school by the teacher, were worried.”
In this sentence we see the participle “called out.” It was formed from the verb “to call.” Let’s make sure that the parents did not decide to come to school on their own, but at the request of the teacher. We see that it is not they themselves who perform the action, it is performed on them. That is why such participles are classified as passive. That is, parents seem to “suffer”, experiencing someone’s influence on themselves.
Now that we have understood the intricacies of this morphological group, we can move on to the main topic. Each of the categories will have its own word formation characteristics.
The suffixes of active and passive participles will differ depending on the tense. So, in the present tense the following are distinguished: -ushch and -yushch, as well as -ashch and -yashch. Example: rebelling, singing, holding, speaking. As you can see, all of them are valid. For the passive they are different: -om, -im, -em. Example: attracted, persecuted, condemned.
In the active present participle, all suffixes have special spelling features.
If you don't know the rules, many questions arise. For example, how should you write: struggling or fighting? The verb from which this word is formed will help us with this - to fight. Let's determine its conjugation. Since its stem ends in -ot, this is 1 conjugation. Now you need to use the following rule: if the word belongs to 1 conjugation, we write -ush or -yush. If to the second - then -ashch or -yashch. Thus, we found out that in the word “struggling” it is necessary to write -yush. The main thing is to know how to determine the conjugation of verbs.
The table helps you remember the suffixes of active and passive participles better. And besides, you can always turn to her if a rule suddenly slips out of your head.
Now, having examined the features of the formation of this part of speech in the present tense, we can move on to the next stage. It is worth remembering that participles cannot be used in the future tense, so we will continue to talk about the past. They borrowed this feature from the verb.
In the past tense, the suffixes -вш and -ш are distinguished. For example: melted, sprouted.
The passives have more of them: -nn, -enn, -t. For example: seeded, attached, pinned.
And again, the table will help us remember the suffixes of active and passive participles.
With the first category everything is clear, no difficulties arise, but with the passive it is more difficult. In some words, it is not always clear which suffix should be highlighted: -nn or -enn. Let's consider the word “offended.” It would seem that by highlighting the suffix -enn, we will not make a mistake. But that's not true. According to the rule, if the verb that formed the participle ends in -at, -yat, -et, then we select the suffix -nn.
IN in this example the stem of the verb “to offend” ends in -et, so we define the suffix -nn in the participle.
Let's take another example: "dressed up." And again, remember the rule: if the verb ends in -it, -ti or -ch, then in this case we will only use the suffix -enn.
We will do the same in the words “baked” (bake), “brought” (bring), “asked” (ask).
In Russian language lessons, the teacher pays special attention to how and when suffixes of active and passive participles are used. Exercises on this topic will help you understand it more fully.
First you need to give a list of verbs and ask the children to determine their conjugation. Then you should give the task to form participles of different grades and tenses from them.
For example:
| Verbs | Participles |
|||
| valid | passive |
|||
| present. time | past time | present time | past time |
|
| transitional | ||||
| imperfect form | + | + | + | + |
| perfect form | - | + | - | + |
| intransitive | ||||
| imperfect form | + | + | - | - |
| perfect form | _ | + | ¦ 1 | -P |
feminine and neuter singular(-y, -y, -aya, -ee) or endings plural(-s, -s).
Not all types of participles are formed from a number of verbs.
Note. Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive past participle form.
During the lesson you will become more familiar with the concept of “participle pledge”, consider the differences between real and passive voice(semantic and grammatical). Special attention During the lesson, pay attention to the suffixes that form participles.
Topic: Communion
Lesson: Active and Passive Participles
Rice. 2. Verb conjugation
Homework
Exercises No. 83 - 84. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
Exercise: write down phrases with participles, indicate suffixes of participles, determine the voice of participles.
1. A wonderful monument. 2. Visible from afar 3. Towering structure 4. Protected cathedral 5. Protected by law 6. Memorable 7. Intimidating 8. Awe-inspiring 9. Inspiring respect 10. Enthusiastic tourists 11. Architectural style 12. Frozen music
Russian language in diagrams and tables. Declension of participles.
Didactic materials. Section "Communion"
3. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Spelling participles.
4. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 parts, 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
Verbs have a special participle form. For example: working, working (from the verb to work); builder, built (from the verb to build). A participle is a form of a verb that has the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.
Like an adjective, a participle denotes a characteristic of an object. But unlike an adjective, a participle denotes such a feature of an object that indicates the action or state of the object; working man, i.e. the person who works; sleeping baby, i.e. the child who is sleeping.
The participle has a number of characteristics of a verb: 1) the participle can be present and past tense: working- present tense, worked- past tense; 2) the participle can be perfect or imperfect: worked- imperfect species, worked- perfect view; 3) the participle can be reflexive; washable; 4) the participle requires the same case as other verbal forms: reading (what?) a book; compare: reading a book, reading a book, reading a book (but reading a book).
On the other hand, the participle has a number of characteristics of an adjective: 1) the participle changes in gender and number, like an adjective: working, working, working, working (compare: mighty, mighty, mighty, mighty); 2) the participle is declined like an adjective: working, working, working and so on.
In a sentence, the main role of a participle is the same as that of an adjective: it usually serves as a secondary member of the sentence (attribute).
Active participles can be formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs. Passive participles are formed only from transitive ones.
A real participle is a participle that shows the attribute of an object that itself produces or has produced an action: a student who draws painted, (or painted) a picture.
A passive participle is a participle that shows the attribute of an object that is experiencing action from another person or object: a picture drawn (or painted) by a student.
Active and passive participles retain the form of the verb from which they are formed: read-reader, read, readable(imperfect view); read - read, read(perfect view). At the same time, participles of both present and past tense are formed from imperfective verbs. And only past participles are formed from perfective verbs.
I. The active participles of the present tense are formed from the base of the present tense using the suffixes -уш- (-уж-) for verbs of the 1st conjugation, -аш- (-яж-) for verbs of the 2nd conjugation.
1) Carrying - carrying 2) Holding-at-holding
Work-yut-working Vid-yat - seeing Bor-yut-sya - struggling Build-yat-sya - under construction
II. Active past participles are formed from an indefinite stem using the suffix -вш- if the stem ends in a vowel, and the suffix -ш- if the stem ends in a consonant: read - read, see - seen, carry - carried.
The active present and past participles of reflexive verbs retain the particle -sya: struggling-struggling; fight - struggling.
The case and gender endings of participles are the same as those of adjectives.
Note. Participles on powerful (powerful, lying) penetrated into literary language from Old Slavonic language. In the Old Russian language these participles corresponded to participles in -chiy (mighty, recumbent), which later turned into ordinary adjectives, i.e. lost the meaning of the duration of action. Therefore, in Russian there are such pairs: standing - standing, flowing - flowing, pricking - prickly. The first word of each pair is of Old Church Slavonic origin, the second is of Russian origin.
Passive participles are formed from transitive verbs.
I. Present passive participles are formed from the present tense stem using the suffix -em- for many verbs of the 1st conjugation and the suffix -im- for verbs of the 2nd conjugation: kita-yut, read-e-th; they see, they see.
Note. From some verbs of the 1st conjugation, passive present participles are formed using the suffix -om: ved-ut, ved-om-y; attracted, attracted. These participles are bookish in nature.
II. Passive past participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive form of the verb:
a) using the suffix -nn-, if the base of the indefinite form of the verb ends in -а(-я), -е: read - read; sow - sown; seen-seen.
b) Using the suffix -enn-(-yonn-), if the stem of the indefinite form of the verb ends in a consonant or in (and the suffix -i- is omitted): carried away - carried away; baked - baked; paint - painted; illuminate - illuminated; convince - convinced; glorify-glorified.
At the same time, for verbs of the 2nd conjugation, alternations of sounds occur (s-sh, z-zh, t - h - shch, d-zh-zhd, v-vl, etc.).
c) From some verbs, passive past participles are formed using the suffix –t- we-th - washed; vi-th - twisted; mint - crumpled; touch - touched; grate- grated; lock - locked; mo-mo-t - ground; stabbed - stabbed.
Notes. 1. Verbs of group c) include verbs of the 1st conjugation if the stem of the indefinite form ends in and, y, y, oh, and also I (a), alternating with n or m: vi-t - twisted, we-t - washed, touch-touched, prick - pricked, min-t (mn-u) - crumpled, squeeze (squeeze-y, squeeze-y ) - compressed.
2. For verbs whose indefinite stem ends in -er-, the final e of the stem is omitted: grate - grated.
Passive participles have two forms - full and short: read - read; open - open.
The full form of participles in a sentence is usually a modifier. The short form of passive participles is not inflected and serves as a predicate in the sentence.
Compare: 1. The fog-shrouded forest is noisy. -The forest is shrouded in fog. (The word shrouded is a definition, and the word shrouded is a predicate.) 2. The children approached open door. -The door is open. (The word open is the definition, and the word open is the predicate.)
Passive participles of the short form are formed using the suffix -я- or less commonly -t-.
Unlike full participles, short participles have one n: read book - book read, painted floors - floors painted.
Full form participles have the same case endings, like "adjectives.
The past participles are also declined: fought, fought, fought and so on.
A participle can be used in the meaning of an ordinary noun or adjective. For example, in sentences: 1. The workers of the USSR joyfully greet the May Day holiday, 2. Students are preparing for spring tests - words from students and workers have the meaning of nouns.
A participle that turns into an adjective loses the meaning of time and denotes a permanent property of an object. Passive past participles especially often turn into adjectives. For example: baked bread, loaded barge. Such participles do not have explanatory words. Passive participles without prefixes, which have turned into adjectives, are written with one n. For example, wounded animal (compare: animal wounded by a bullet); baked bread (compare; well-baked bread).
Passive participles with prefixes are always written after two n (-NN-): frozen, strengthened, red-hot, chosen, educated. Participles with the suffix -ovanny-y, even if they have turned into adjectives, are also written with two organized team, qualified worker.
Particle Not with participles in full form it is written separately if the participle has an explanatory word with it.
Particle Not with participles it is written together if the participle does not have explanatory words with it.
There was a winding road leading to the garden. uncleared track.
On unmown the meadow was full of flowers..
Unfinished a glass of milk stood on the table. There was a winding road leading to the garden, cleared by no one track.
In the meadow, still not mowed down by collective farmers, the flowers were colorful.
Not finished drinking as a child a glass of milk stood on the table.
With communion in short form negation Not written separately: Job Not finished. Materials needed more Not collected.
Notes. 1. With explanatory words denoting the degree (extremely, completely, completely, very, very, extremely etc.), not written together with the participle, for example: a completely unresolved issue, an extremely rash act.
2. If it is not part of intensifying negations - far from, not at all, not at all and others standing before the participle, then the negation is not written separately, for example: It’s far from a thoughtful decision, it’s not a resolved issue at all.
