TOPIC: "WHY THE RULES ARE NEEDED"
Target: to cultivate a conscious attitude to the norms and rules, to form the skills and habits of behavior in society. Develop the ability to reason, evaluate and self-assess.
Vocabulary: laws, rules, decent, ignorant, violator.
Didactic material: pictures depicting right and wrong actions, chips, flannelgraph.
Move. Before class, an “ethical” exercise “Magic Peas” is carried out (take a handful of kindness and patience from it). In the course of the lesson, children are given chips for correct answers.
Teacher. Today, we will decide what rules you need to know if you are six years old. Why do you think there are rules in the game?
Does the game need rules? Yes, there are rules for those who sit at the dinner table, and for those who travel in transport; and for those who just talk and for those who argue; for those who have gathered to visit, and who will receive guests. You know many rules, so you will help me, agreed?
So, what are the rules that must be followed while eating ... (children call)
But what if you know how to eat properly or don’t know how to use a knife yet? You need to calmly say: “Sorry, I still don’t know how to eat it right, help me, please.” This is more correct than if you do something funny.
And if you have guests at the table, who is offered to take from a common plate from the beginning? (To guests.)
When guests sit down at the table, who sits down last? (Master.) Why? What do they say to guests if they brought a gift that you already have or you just don't like it?
Now we are discussing the rules of conduct on transport (talk quietly; if you need to pass, say “sorry” or “allow me”; do not eat ice cream and do not gnaw seeds; give way to a disabled person; an elderly person; your mother; baby).
Why can't you eat on public transport? Have you seen dirt in transport? Painted and torn seats? Who does it? Can they be called violators? What are they breaking? (Rules, laws.) And what else? (Mood of other passengers.) Why are they doing this? Because of ignorance. Ignorant - who is this? These are those who do not know how to behave correctly, do not know or do not want to know how to behave correctly. It's good that you follow the rules.
Tell me, if your mother is talking to someone on the street, at home or in transport, and you really need to ask something, how will you behave?
And if it's not a mother, but two children are talking, and you need to intervene in the conversation? If they don't talk, but play, how can one intervene in this case?
Of course, in all cases, you must begin with the word "sorry." Now look, who has how many chips? It turns out that we have a connoisseur of rules.
Security Question
Are rules necessary? What for?
Correct actions in society allow us to feel like a polite, cultured person. Compliance with the generally accepted makes life much easier, creates a good impression about each of us. Knowing the rules of etiquette allows you to avoid embarrassment and misunderstandings in standard situations. The rules of behavior in public places set a clear framework and allow each of us to feel great surrounded by people.
In contact with
Having established standards is great regulator of relations between people. Standard Rules allow to exclude daily conflicts and misunderstanding between participants, to reduce quarrels and difficult situations to a minimum. About why rules of conduct are needed and how important they are in modern society, we will talk below.
The foundations and culture of behavior in public places invested in us since childhood are great help in the life of every person. Often we do not think about how to act correctly in certain situations. All actions and steps are performed automatically, according to the usual scheme not only for us, but also for other participants. Without the existence of these norms, the functioning of a healthy society is impossible.
For each cell of society, etiquette and culture of behavior in public places sets its own rules, and compliance with these norms can tell a lot about a person and society as a whole. Behave in public places natural, showing sensitivity to others and taking good care of them. However, it is not only important to observe this in society, for each place there is a certain set of rules developed over the centuries.
Papers, candy wrappers and various garbage cannot simply be thrown out on the street, for this you need to find the nearest trash can. If there is none along the way, you can put the garbage in your pocket and throw it away at home.
When walking along the street, one must keep in such a way as not to hurt and do not push passers-by walking towards. When walking with a company along a path or a park, you need to keep free and be ready at any time to let an oncoming pedestrian pass. If you accidentally hit someone, it is customary to immediately apologize.
Unexpectedly meeting an old acquaintance on the street and stopping to talk to him, you should not stand in the middle of the sidewalk or block the passage to the store. If this person is not familiar to your companions and conversations with him are not interesting, it is better to exchange phone numbers or arrange a personal meeting at a convenient time for you.
Loud conversation and showdown rules of conduct in public places do not provide. It is also ugly to talk to an interlocutor looking out of an upper floor window.
It is always customary to say hello to acquaintances, even if you have already met and talked. Greeting, the woman nods slightly, and the man lifts his hat or cap. However, in winter time it is not necessary to do so. Saying hello while holding a cigarette in your mouth or hands in your pockets is also not acceptable.
Residents of large cities and metropolitan areas spend a significant part of their lives in public transport. Features of behavior in transport are aimed at exclusion of inconvenience for passengers different ages. There is a set of rules here:
Rules of conduct in public transport How should one behave in a cinema, a museum and other cultural places? Being late is unacceptable and is considered a manifestation of disrespect for others.
Advice! when planning a trip to the cinema, theater, circus, you should take into account traffic jams, traffic congestion and leave the house preferably earlier. It is better to wait for the premiere in the nearest cafe for a cup of coffee than to be late and feel uncomfortable.
If this did happen, it’s worth getting to your place very carefully and quietly. At the same time, remember that you need to move facing the viewer. If others are late, and you are already sitting in your seat, it is customary to get up and let them through. Latecomers take their places between concert numbers or between scenes.
When watching a movie or theatrical action, it is customary to sit quietly and not cause discomfort to others. Spinning around, creaking a chair is unacceptable, by doing this you are very distracting to your neighbors and disturbing them. If you come in a high headdress or a wide-brimmed hat, it is better to take it off and not block the view of those sitting behind.
Loud conversation, active hand gestures are unacceptable either in the cinema or in the museum. When attending a concert it is not customary to hum along with the performer and beat the beat with your feet. If you are not alone, all conversations and impressions should be postponed until intermission.
Eating and drinking in the concert hall is not accepted. It is also unacceptable to rustle with papers, bags, food packages.
Coming to a concert or exhibition, phone is set to vibrate or turned off completely. If you still forgot to do this, in case of an unexpected call, you should apologize to your neighbors and turn off the phone. Calls are not answered in such cases.
When visiting a museum, it is customary to leave outerwear and large personal items in the wardrobe. They move carefully through the halls, trying not to hurt or break anything. Loud conversations and active discussions of exhibits are also unacceptable.
After the end of the cultural program, do not rush to the exit. Getting up from your seats is only accepted after the end of the concert.
The rules of conduct in public places for younger students do not require them to attend adult sessions. They will not understand the action on the stage, and excessive activity can interfere with others.
Code of Conduct in Public Places self-education, such as a library, are very simple. When visiting the library, outerwear is left in the cloakroom. The reading room complies quiet, calm environment. The cell phone is switched to vibrate mode, and to answer the call, you must leave the hall.
Books are handled very carefully, they are not thrown and do not bend the right page. It is not recommended to put open water bottles, a glass of juice or a mug of tea on a table with books in order to avoid spoiling them.
At the entrance to the restaurant, visitors are most often met by the head waiter and escorted to the reserved table. In this case, the lady should move immediately behind him, and the man follows. The maitre d' helps the lady to sit down, a man chooses a place on his own.
In cases where the head waiter is not provided for in the restaurant, the following scheme is followed:
Places at the table are chosen in such a way that the waiter can easily approach the sitting lady and serve her.
Rules of conduct in the restaurant Upon entering the premises the man lets the woman go. When people of different age categories move, the younger ones give way to the older ones. If the passers-by are of the same age and position, the one who is closest to the door goes forward. A subordinate always gives way to his superior.
When moving towards each other, the incoming one always lets the outgoing one pass. A room equipped with a double door allows you to create two flows.
In the elevator, it is customary to say hello even to strangers. If you are closest to the control buttons, you should ask your neighbors which floor they are heading to. Etiquette of behavior in our country when traveling on elevators of shopping centers, government agencies and other large organizations does not include greeting strangers.
However, if we look at the experience foreign countries, where it is customary to greet everyone and in any situation, then in our case, greeting a stranger will be an excellent sign of politeness.
When descending the stairs, a man walks ahead, always ready to support the lady with an awkward movement. When lifting man holding back. However, if the landing is not lit and the steps are not visible, the man goes first.
The railing side of the stairs is preferred for children, women and the elderly.
Culture of behavior in public places instilled from childhood. Teaching children the elementary basics of politeness should occur naturally, and it is necessary to start teaching from the first years of a child's life.
The rules of conduct in public places for schoolchildren and young children are no different from adults:
Attention! Before visiting any crowded place with a child for the first time, you should first have a conversation. It tells in detail about how to behave in crowded public places, how to act in certain cases, what actions will be unacceptable.
Strict observance of the rules and norms of behavior not only greatly facilitates and simplifies communication between strangers, but also allows society to become mature, to form individual principles of behavior with powerful centuries-old traditions.
WHY WE NEED RULES Rules… Not everyone likes them, right? Then why are they needed? Restrict us and carry bans, and on occasion profit from our fines? Or is there at least some positive and benefit for us in their observance? Let's figure it out. Rules of the Game Whether you play football, Mafia, charades, chess or any other game, you must always follow the rules. Do you enjoy doing it? In the game, probably, yes, because the very interest for which you play is ensured precisely by the observance of the rules. Without rules, the game is meaningless! Of course, you can eavesdrop, deceive your opponent and break the rules when no one is watching, but in the end you will hurt yourself. You will no longer get interest from the game and pleasure from an unfair victory. After all, the more difficult the task, the more pleasant it is to solve it. Of course, you can open the end of the puzzle book and see the answer, but that wouldn't be the same as solving it yourself, would it? Rules of the road I know, I know, here opinions will not be so unambiguous. Many drivers get on their nerves with awkwardly placed signs, because of which they have to waste their time and waste extra gas. It is also inconvenient for pedestrians to wait for a green traffic light when there are no cars on the road. But still. Would you rather there were no traffic rules? I think no. Because, whatever one may say, they exist for our safety. Stepping on a pedestrian crossing, you know that drivers should stop and cross here - it is not dangerous for your life. But crossing the road in the wrong place, on the contrary, is dangerous. You know it yourself and will teach it to your children. In addition, compliance with these rules is more important than the two previous cases. Because not only your mood and health, but also the life (in the literal sense of the word) of the people around you depends on their observance. Even if you are a simple pedestrian, then other people, their life, health, and well-being depend on your decision to maneuver between the stream of cars instead of reaching the crossing. And if you are a driver, then it’s not worth saying how many troubles you can cause others by ignoring the rules of the road. Operating instructions No store will take back a watch that you, neglecting the rules of its operation, bathed in a warm bath. No one will undertake to repair the coffee grinder in which you decide to grind stones under warranty. Therefore, the creator of these devices in the instruction manual notifies you: with his creation (even creation and mass production) you need to handle this and that, and nothing else. If you want to break these rules, you will get a damaged item that is not suitable for further use. Yes, it seems to many that they know better and that manufacturers are playing it safe. However, if nothing happened in your particular case, this does not mean that the same will happen with the rest of the experimenters. Because those who are responsible for the functioning of our things know better under what conditions they can stop functioning. Is it possible to break these rules and not pay? Sometimes you can, but this does not mean at all that you will also be lucky next time. And if many stubbornly refuse to read the instructions for use, then what about the instructions for using, for example, medicines? You don't want to experiment anymore, do you? Rules of life Ten Commandments recorded in the Bible. What can be said about them? Outdated? Not popular? Nobody else lives like this? Will I be considered a fool? But the Ten Commandments are the rules of the game, and the rules of the road, and safety precautions, and operating instructions. All in one. God is our Creator. He knows better how and why we are arranged. He gave us these rules not to build a wall of prohibitions and restrictions, but to make our lives better. Our life and health, as well as the lives of the people around us, will depend on whether we follow these rules. It will depend on this whether our body and our psyche will not “break down” ahead of time. This will determine whether we will truly enjoy life. If arguments work with other human-made rules, then why are the Ten Commandments, which God, our Creator, established, so stubbornly ignored? Why are there so many arguments against them when our whole life shows that the world only needs to return to these rules. Think of any monstrous incident that shocked you. Even without knowing what it is, one can say in advance that it happened due to the fact that people do not keep the commandments given by God. Ignoring God's rules, like ignoring any others, really makes life easier in the beginning. But does it make it better? More interesting? Richer? Happier? Safer for yourself and others? You have to admit that you don't, don't you? When you suddenly decide to break the rules, think about whether you would like others to break the same rule. Yes, many will find something to answer: “I have been living like this for so many years, and nothing is being done to me.” But if we are built differently, if breaking the Ten Commandments is unnatural for us, then sooner or later we will pay for it. And anyway, wouldn't you like to live in a world where everyone follows these rules of life? So for you, the rules are restrictions and prohibitions, or security, interest, life in accordance with purpose? You decide! Viktor Maryin
Shcherbina Anna
Purpose of the study: find out what the rules are for and where they came from.
Research hypothesis: if you learn the rules, you can become an educated and literate person, which means open the way to education and comprehension of general cultural values.
Research objectives:
ü to study the history of the emergence and development of writing as a means of communication;
ü learn the secrets of the Russian alphabet;
ü study the history of spelling in Russian writing;
ü learn about Japanese and Chinese writing for comparison with Russian writing;
ü conduct a survey among classmates;
ü have a conversation with classmates about the benefits of learning the rules of the Russian language.
Research methods:
ü conduct a survey among classmates to find out what they think, why you need to know the rules of the Russian language, and whether they teach them;
ü analyze the results of the survey;
ü have a conversation with classmates;
collection of information on the topic.
Municipal budgetary educational institution
lyceum № 3
city Mineral water Stavropol Territory
research project
What are the rules for?
Work completed:
Shcherbina, Anna
Student 8 "A" class MBOU Lyceum No. 3
2017
Introduction (relevance)………………………………..…………..……….3
The purpose of the study…………………………………………….…………….3
Research objectives………………………………………………….……...3
Research methods………………………………………………………..4
I. Theoretical part.
1.) The emergence and development of writing as a means of communication………....5
2.) Secrets of the Russian alphabet………………………………………………..7
3.) Japanese and Chinese writing………………………………...9
4.) History of spelling………………………………………………..11
II. Practical part.
My reasoning……………………………………………………..……...13
Plan of conversation with classmates………………………………………………14
Conclusions…………………………………………………………………..........15
Literature…………………………………………………………...….........16
Applications……………………………………………………………..........17
Introduction
Relevance: Now the problem of literacy is becoming more and more acute. It is no longer a rarity when the announcers of the central television channels make mistakes in words, and the pages of the central newspapers are full of grammatical errors.
The task of everyone who considers himself a native speaker is to learn it on his own and use the richness of the language to the fullest.
I know that many children do not like to learn the rules. Once, at a Russian language lesson, when our teacher began to ask a rule, one student who had not learned it said: “And who came up with these rules? And where did they come from?
And I wondered, “Where did the rules come from?” I conducted a survey among my classmates, asking them: “Why do we need rules?” and “Do you learn the rules?” It turned out that some of my friends could not answer the first question, and not everyone learns the rules. And I decided to do my own research.
Purpose of the study:find out what the rules are for and where they came from.
Research hypothesis:if you learn the rules, you can become an educated and literate person, which means open the way to education and comprehension of general cultural values.
Research objectives:
Research methods:
Theoretical part
The emergence and development of writing as a means of communication
There is a legend that the first phrase that he translated in the 9th century from Greek the creator of the Slavic alphabet, said: "In the beginning was the word ..."
Thus began the biblical story about the creation of the world, about the appearance of the first man on our planet and how he became a speaker, where did the very first words on Earth come from. From this story it follows that the word is a gift from God, a gift that man has managed to use.
Many scientists have tried to unravel the mystery of the amazing ability of a person to speak and understand the speech of another. It turns out that there are languages on Earth that are much older, older than the human language.
What is the "Russian language" everyone imagines: it sounds around us and inside us - Russian and non-Russian speakers, it is enclosed in millions of texts written over the millennium of the existence of Russian writing and literature.
The formation of writing
The formation of writing is a very difficult process that lasted for millennia. Slavic writing, the heir of which is our modern writing, stood in this row more than a thousand years ago, in the 9th century AD.
The original writing was figurative : transmitted images. Then a more primitive writing appeared.
The following stages of its formation can be distinguished:
Pictographic letter
The most ancient and simplest way of writing appeared, as it is believed, back in the Paleolithic - "story in pictures", the so-called pictographic writing (from the Latin pictus - drawn and from the Greek grapho - I write). That is, "I draw and write" (some American Indians still use pictographic writing in our time).
The letter is, of course, very imperfect, because you can read the story in pictures in different ways. Therefore, by the way, not all experts recognize pictography as a form of writing as the beginning of writing. In addition, for the most ancient people, any such image was animated. So the "story in pictures", on the one hand, inherited these traditions, on the other hand, it required a certain abstraction from the image.
A significant step towards the convergence of oral and writing was the formation of syllabic writing. The best known syllabic scripts are cuneiform (ancient Persian , Akkadian and other heirsSumerian writing ), West Semitic (Phoenician , Arabic and other heirsancient Egyptian hieroglyphics ) and Japanese syllable systems (katakana and hiragana ).
The Phoenician letter played a very important role in the life of mankind. That is what formed the basisGreek writing from which originatedLatin and Cyrillic , and, accordingly, most modern writing systems.
Alphabetical letter
When the Greeks began to use the Phoenician script, they faced the problem of fully conveying the sound of words using the Phoenician syllabary system. The fact is that in the Phoenician letter, in essence, there were no letters to designate vowel sounds. For the Greeks, due to the specifics of the formation of word forms, this turned out to be inconvenient. Therefore, special characters appeared to denote vowels. As a result, the letter moved to an even more universal level. Now, using about 30 characters that anyone could easily learn, it was possible to convey almost any word oral speech. Alphabetical writing, due to its simplicity, quickly spread throughout the world (although in some civilizations the transition to it did not occur). This is how the Greek alphabet arose, and on the basis of it others:
The oldest Slavic written monuments that have come down to us are made in two significantly different alphabets - Glagolitic and Cyrillic. The history of their origin is complex and not completely clear.
Secrets of the Russian alphabet
If you want to know the truth, start with the alphabet.
(proverb).
Of course, everyone knows our Russian alphabet. His predecessor was
Cyrillic
Interestingly, even before the adoption of Christianity in Russia, there were people who knew and used the Cyrillic alphabet for state and other needs. We are convinced of this by translations of treaties with the Greeks (especially the treaty of 944) and a clay vessel found during excavations near the village of Gnezdovo with an inscription dating back to the 20s of the 10th century.
Cyril and Methodius were the creators of Slavic writing.
Cyril (Konstantin) and Methodius, brothers, Slavic enlighteners, the first translators of liturgical books into Old Church Slavonic (based on Old Bulgarian) language. The creators of the Slavic alphabet. The brothers read a lot, loved to study. Konstantin received an excellent education under imperial palace, in the capital of Byzantium - Constantinople. I quickly learned grammar, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, knew 22 (!!!) languages. Interest in the sciences, perseverance in learning, diligence made him one of the most educated people in Byzantium. It is no coincidence that he was called a philosopher for his great wisdom.
Konstantin became a monk and took the name Cyril, the new Slavic alphabet was named in memory of the person who first compiled it, Cyrillic. From this alphabet comes our Russian alphabet (as well as Ukrainian, Belarusian, Serbian and Bulgarian).
In 863, ambassadors from the Khazars came to the Greek king in Constantinople, asking him to send teachers to clarify the true faith. The king invited Cyril to his place and said: “Go, Philosopher, to these people and with the help of the Holy Trinity, bless the teaching of Holy Trinity". Cyril agreed and persuaded his brother Methodius to go with him. They set off together. Cyril and Methodius lived among the Slavs for 40 months, moving from one place to another, everywhere teaching the people in the Slavic language.
May 24, 863 in the city of Plesk, the capital of Bulgaria, the brothers Cyril and Methodius announced the invention of the Slavic alphabet. This day became a holiday of Slavic writing and culture. And the Slavic writing itself began to spread in Russia for real only after the adoption of Christianity. All writings of Vedic Russia were destroyed. And the liturgical books were taken from Byzantium and translated from Greek into Old Slavonic (Church Slavonic) language. It was from him that the development of speech culture and the formation of the literary language of the new, Christian Russia began.
Of course, the Russian alphabet, which arose on the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet, looks much simpler for those who begin to study it. Let's compare.
Japanese and Chinese scripts
Japanese writing is served by kanji (characters borrowed from China). Two alphabets created in Japan, katakana and hirogana (together they are called simply kanna), were created on the basis of Latin letters and Arabic numerals. Each of these types of writing has found its traditional place in modern writing.
Kanji
Hieroglyphs can be used to write the same or different words. Kanji have one or more readings. The choice of reading a character depends on the context, the meaning given, the combination with other kanji, and even the place in the sentence.
Hiragana
Hiragana is used for words that do not contain kanji, and is also used in words instead of kanji in cases where it is assumed that the reader does not know some hieroglyphs, or these hieroglyphs are not familiar to the writer himself, and in informal correspondence.
Katakana
Modern usage is reduced mainly to writing words of non-Japanese origin. It is common to use katakana to record the names of animals and plants, as well as as a stylistic device in works of art.
Hieroglyphics are called in Japanese "kanji", i.e. "hieroglyphs of the Japanese language", and in Chinese - "hanzi", i.e. "hieroglyphs of han", Chinese. Each hieroglyph, unlike a letter, is decomposed into a key and a phonetic, and, unlike a letter, has a complex meaning. The key indicates to which class of objects the object indicated by the hieroglyph belongs (vegetation, people, fire, water, animals, etc.), and phonetics suggests reading. There are tens of thousands of these hieroglyphs, and each hieroglyph in Japanese can be read as similar to the Chinese image.
From the history of spelling
In general, the rules appeared when there was still a knot letter, which was owned by the ancient Chinese, Persians, and Mexicans. For knot writing, a thick rope and thin multi-colored laces of different lengths were required. Those who wanted to express their thoughts tied a string to a thick rope in a special way, depending on the content of the information. The closer the knot was to the rope, the more important the item in question was. A black knot meant death, a white knot meant silver or peace, a yellow knot meant gold, a green knot meant bread. If the node was not colored, then it denoted a number: simple nodes - tens, double - hundreds, triple - thousands. To read such a letter, one had to pay attention to the smallest details: the thickness of the lace, how the knot is tied, which knots are nearby, whether they are connected to each other or not.
Now, spelling rules are much more complicated. They cover the rules of spelling and punctuation and do not have variants, unlike pronunciation norms. For example, do we say must be written at the root of this word I .
Spelling rules include spelling of vowels, consonants, letters b and b , capital letters, as well as continuous and hyphenated (dash) spellings. Punctuation rules include the use of punctuation marks: periods, commas, semicolons, colons, dashes, quotation marks, etc.
The greatest changes in Russian spelling were made by the reforms of Peter I in 1708–1710. Lomonosov wrote about the new alphabet: "Under Peter the Great, not only the boyars and boyars, but also the letters threw off their wide fur coats and dressed up in summer clothes." One of the earliest works on the theory of orthography is the workV. K. Trediakovsky , published in 1748, where the principles of constructing the alphabet and spelling are formulated, which even the modern Russian alphabet well corresponds to.M. V. Lomonosov in "Russian Grammar", published in 1755 and widely used, for many years used to teach the Russian language, he published spelling rules and such fundamental principles as ease of reading for everyone, proximity to the three main Russian dialects, proximity to morphology and to pronunciation. The first academic dictionary of the Russian language was published in 1784-1794. Government decrees of 1917-1918 also made changes. As a result, “extra” letters were removed from the alphabet, i.e. transmitting the same sounds. Yes, in place b (yat) began to write e , in place (fits) - f, in place i (and decimal) - and etc. Obsolete forms have been eliminated (such asred, blue)the spelling of many words has been determined or clarified(oak, not oak).
Sections of Russian grammar gradually developed, defining the boundaries of study.
Of course, those and other rules over time different reasons changed. The rules for using punctuation marks have also changed over time. For example, the simplest punctuation mark - a dot, which is now placed at the end of sentences, was also used in ancient Russian manuscripts to separate words from each other, as well as larger sections of text. Moreover, this sign was placed at different levels: both at the base of the letter, and at the level of the middle. Moreover, the scribe, interrupting the work, could put a full stop even in the middle of a word. In addition, a cross or a vertical wavy line could be used instead of a dot.
In 1956, for the first time, a single set of “Rules of Spelling and Punctuation”, which was mandatory for all, was prepared by a group of the country's largest linguists. In this code, the existing rules were clarified and supplemented, the use of spellings was regulated, and the spelling of those words that did not fall under the accepted rules was established in dictionary order.
Why do you need to be literate?
While discussing the research materials, I realized that literacy, in fact, is the knowledge of the rules and exceptions to the rules of spelling and pronunciation in mother tongue. The sooner a person begins to study these rules, the more correctly he will write later.
The historian Nikolai Karamzin said that being illiterate is impolite towards those who will read you. Illiterate speech, incorrectly spelled words complicate the understanding of the text. And sometimes they make it the opposite in meaning.
That is why competent speech and writing have always been a sign of caste, distinctive feature educated and cultured people. They perfectly understood that if we allow the spelling of words according to the principle “as we hear, so we write”, then there can be no question of any literacy, since everyone hears in their own way.
“Language is the history of the people. Language is the way of civilization and culture. That is why the study and preservation of the Russian language is not an idle occupation from nothing to do, but an urgent need, ”said A. Kuprin.
The ability to write correctly, to coherently and logically express one's thoughts is part of the general culture of a person. No matter what heights of power a person reaches, no matter how rich he is, he will never become cultured if he writes illiterately and does not know how to connect two words. This was always understood by those who were in Russia ruling class before the revolution - the nobles, who necessarily studied rhetoric and grammar from childhood.
The language of a people is the whole world and the soul of this people, it is the heart of its thousand-year-old culture, and the science of language is a part of this culture.
After analyzing the results of a survey of classmates, it turned out that my friends write illiterately, they cannot coherently and logically express their thoughts. I decided to eliminate the literacy problem in my class and had a conversation with my classmates.
Plan of conversation with classmates:
As a result of my research, I:
Findings:
At read the rules of the Russian language, and you will be educated and
cultural citizen of our country!
Bibliography:
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What are the rules for?
Relevance: the problem of literacy.
The purpose of the study: to find out what the rules are for and where they came from.
Research objectives: to conduct a survey among classmates; to study the history of the emergence and development of writing as a means of communication; learn the secrets of the Russian alphabet; study the history of spelling in Russian writing; learn about Japanese and Chinese writing for comparison with Russian writing; have a conversation with classmates about the benefits of learning the rules of the Russian language; draw conclusions;
Research methods: conduct a survey among classmates to find out what they think, why you need to know the rules of the Russian language, and whether they teach them; analyze the survey results; have a conversation with classmates; collection of information on the topic.
Research hypothesis: if you learn the rules, you can become an educated and literate person, which means open the way to education and comprehension of general cultural values.
The emergence and development of writing as a means of communication
Formation of writing Slavic writing is the successor of our modern writing.
The following stages of its formation can be distinguished: Pictographic writing Alphabetical writing Slavic writing
Pictographic writing The most ancient and simplest way of writing appeared, as it is believed, in the Paleolithic - "story in pictures.
The most famous syllabic scripts are cuneiform (ancient Persian, Akkadian and other heirs of the Sumerian script), West Semitic (Phoenician, Arabic and other heirs of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics) and Japanese syllabic systems (katakana and hiragana).
The Phoenician letter played a very important role in the life of mankind. It was it that formed the basis of the Greek script, from which the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets originated, and, accordingly, most modern writing systems.
Secrets of the Russian alphabet If you want to know the truth, start with the alphabet. Proverb
Cyrillic.
The creators of Slavic writing
On May 24, 863, in the city of Pliska, the brothers Cyril and Methodius announced the invention of the Slavic alphabet. Glory to you, brothers, Slavic educators, Church of the Slavic Holy Fathers! Glory to you, teachers of the truth of Christ, Glory to you, our creators of letters! (M. P. Rosenheim)
From the history of spelling
The reform of the alphabet and printing was carried out in 1707-1710. The essence of the reform is the replacement of the old Cyrillic alphabet with its complex graphics and the system of superscripts, which is difficult in typographic typesetting, with a new civil alphabet.
Lomonosov wrote about the new alphabet: "Under Peter the Great, not only the boyars and boyars, but also the letters threw off their wide fur coats and dressed up in summer clothes."
In 1956, the Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation of 1956 were adopted, which changed the spelling of some words and regulated the use of the letter ё. Subsequently, under the leadership of V.V. Lopatin, some changes in the rules were put forward, partially reflected in spelling dictionary under his editorship.
Spelling of the Russian language This is a set of rules governing the spelling of words in the Russian language. The main principle of modern orthography of the Russian language is the morphological principle (the same morpheme in phonetically different forms of the word is spelled the same). The Russian alphabet based on Cyrillic is used as the alphabet.
"Why is it necessary to be literate?" Literacy, in fact, is the knowledge of exceptions to the rules of writing and pronunciation in the native language. The sooner a person begins to study these rules, the more correctly he will write later.
Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin
Language is the history of the people. Language is the way of civilization and culture. Therefore, the study and preservation of the Russian language is not an idle occupation with nothing to do, but an urgent need. A. Kuprin
The language of a people is the whole world and the soul of this people, it is the heart of its thousand-year-old culture, and the science of language is a part of this culture.
Plan of conversation with classmates: Tell about the problem of literacy in our country. Describe the origin and development of writing. Japanese and Chinese writing, their comparison with Russian writing. Spelling rules in Russian writing. To tell that the rules need to be studied in order to be a literate and educated person, to be part of the culture of our country.
As a result of my research, I: conducted a survey among classmates; studied the history of the emergence and development of writing as a means of communication; learned the secrets of the Russian alphabet; learned about Japanese and Chinese writing, comparing them with Russian writing; studied the history of spelling; I had a conversation with classmates about the benefits of learning the rules of the Russian language, after which all my friends decided that it was imperative to learn all the rules and never forget about them.
Conclusions: The emergence of writing changed the appearance of the language itself: it became not only audible, but also visible, and its graphic consolidation, opening a new form of its existence and development, gave it a new social significance, turning the written language into its living memory. Spelling rules in writing existed in the ancient world, gradually changing over time, they still exist.
Conclusions: If you learn the rules, you can become not just an educated, but also a cultured person. If you want to be a cultured person, then the ability to write and speak correctly is a must for you. Along with nationality, language is what makes you a representative of the country, the nation to which you belong.
Learn the rules of the Russian language, and you will be educated and cultured citizens of our country!
Manners largely reflect the internal culture of a person, his moral and intellectual qualities. The ability to behave properly in society is very great importance: it facilitates the establishment of contacts, contributes to the achievement of mutual understanding, creates good, stable relationships. Therefore, in order to educate true ladies and gentlemen in oneself, one should clearly understand why all these boring rules of etiquette are needed in society.
The established norms of morality are the result of a long process of establishing relationships between people. Without observance of these norms, political, economic, cultural relations are impossible, because it is impossible to exist without respecting each other, without imposing certain restrictions on oneself.
Important! Etiquette is a word of French origin, meaning demeanor. It includes the rules of courtesy and politeness adopted in society.
Modern etiquette inherits the customs of almost all peoples from hoary antiquity to the present day. Basically, these rules of conduct are universal, since they are observed by representatives not only of a given society, but also by representatives of the most diverse socio-political systems that exist in the modern world. The peoples of each country make their own amendments and additions to etiquette, due to social order countries, national traditions and customs.
As the living conditions of mankind change, the level of education and culture grows, some rules of behavior are replaced by others. What used to be considered indecent becomes generally accepted, and vice versa. But the requirements of etiquette are not absolute: their observance depends on the place, time and circumstances.
Interesting to know! Behavior that is unacceptable in one place and under one circumstance may be appropriate in another place and under other circumstances.
The norms of etiquette, in contrast to the norms of morality, are conditional, they are in the nature of an unwritten agreement about what is generally accepted in people's behavior and what is not. Every cultured person should not only know and observe the basic norms of etiquette, but also understand the need for certain rules and relationships.
It should be noted that a tactful and well-mannered person behaves in accordance with the norms of etiquette not only at official ceremonies, but also at home. Genuine politeness, which is based on benevolence, is determined by tact, a sense of proportion, suggesting what can and cannot be done under certain circumstances. Such a person will never violate public order, will not offend another by word or deed, will not offend his dignity.
Unfortunately, there are people with double standard behavior: one - in public, the other - at home. At work, with acquaintances and friends, they are polite, helpful, but at home with loved ones they do not stand on ceremony, are rude and tactless. This speaks of a low culture of a person and a bad upbringing.
Important! Modern etiquette regulates the behavior of people at home, at work, in public places and on the street, at a party and at various official events - receptions, ceremonies, negotiations.
So, etiquette is a very large and important part of human culture, morality, morality, developed over many centuries of life by all peoples in accordance with their ideas of goodness, justice, humanity - in the field of moral culture and beauty, order, improvement, household expediency .
Oddly enough, the rules of etiquette exist in order to simplify the process of communication and mutual understanding. The way in which we are perceived by the people around us directly depends on the observance of the norms of behavior. Etiquette is a ready-made set of forms of courtesy that allows you not to think and almost automatically carry out communication within the human community.
Etiquette is a tool with which you can achieve a positive result from communicating with your own kind. This property of etiquette today is not replaceable in Everyday life, therefore, the rules of etiquette are constantly evolving, and today we can distinguish the rules of conduct for a public place, work, for intra-family communication, business conferences, ceremonies and much more.
At the heart of etiquette is a reasonable demand for respect and recognition of the dignity of each individual. Since a person is a social being, it is quite reasonable to assume that in his daily activities, he must somehow take into account the opinions of other people around him at a given time.
Not in vain, many teachers of antiquity remembered the golden rule: "Treat others the way you would like them to treat you."
The norms and rules of behavior in society apply to all forms of human interaction with the outside world. Educated behavior implies that a person reacts correctly to any events and does not respond with outbursts of anger to negativity.
Kindness and attention to others are the most important rules public behaviour. But the list of good manners is quite extensive. Let's consider the main ones:
Appearance in business etiquette is of great importance. Business people in appearance are more likely to adhere not so much to fashion as to a certain level. The main rule when choosing clothes is its strict compliance with the time and situation.
In most companies, the style of clothing of employees is given special attention; the way employees are dressed and how they behave in the office creates a certain impression of the company's image among potential customers and partners.
In addition, the dress code performs a number of important functions: clothing emphasizes the specifics of a particular situation, and also plays a decisive role. social role, to some extent reflecting gender, social status, profession, financial viability, as well as a person’s attitude to style, fashion and traditions.
Men should pay special attention to shirts:
Also, you can not ignore the trousers:
The office dress code for women differs from the men's in a wider choice of colors and clothing options in general.
The base of a women's business wardrobe is discreet elegant suits with trousers or a skirt, dresses of classic length, pencil skirts and shirt-cut blouses.
Those who believe that an evening dress is necessarily a long chic dress are mistaken. Evening festive costumes are as diverse as our everyday clothes. And the choice of this or that dress completely depends on the event that is expected. Even there is a special etiquette of evening dresses.
It is clear that the evening is different in the evening. There are both official events and unofficial ones. And if on the latter we allow a fairly free choice of outfits, then the former are limited by certain limits.
But I must say that etiquette is not limited to the mere correspondence of the type of meeting and dress code. The rules also apply to the level of openness of the female body. So, for example, a dress with a neckline should not be worn at events that take place before 18:00. It is appropriate only after 20:00. And if your outfit has a deep neckline, then you can wear it only from 22:00. Shoulders can be bared only after 19 hours. If your outfit includes gloves, then the following rule applies: the shorter the sleeve, the longer the glove.
If the holiday starts after 20:00, then you can put on silk kid, cloth or lace gloves, and complement the festive clothes with a bag made of beads, brocade or silk. A hat - if you put it on, then during the evening you will have to constantly be in it. But this is only when you are not the hostess of the evening.
In this case, you are not entitled to a hat. There are rules even on fabrics that are used for various events. So, at meetings that take place until 20:00, fashion designers offer to use clothes made of silk and wool. If a we are talking about an evening dress, then crepe, brocade, tarfa, silk, lace are used. Remembering these rules of etiquette is not so difficult, but with the help of them you will never find yourself in an awkward situation.
We all know that the most important thing is what a person has inside. But at the same time, we unconsciously continue to evaluate others by their appearance and behavior. And the first impression is often so strong that it is extremely difficult to change it in the future. As a result, a person cannot climb the career ladder, win the favor of others, find his place in the team, and not only.
Advice! That is why it is so important to learn how to properly present yourself when communicating with other people.
Only in this way will you be able to form the right impression of yourself and show others how interesting you really are.
To attract the appropriate attention, it is not enough to wear a fashionable suit and purchase expensive accessories. If you want to present yourself correctly, then you should approach this issue comprehensively.
For men and women, the general rules of etiquette are somewhat different.
The image of a well-bred young man consists not only of the ability to behave well towards a woman. Opening the door for a lady, letting her in front of you or helping to carry a heavy bag is certainly good, but the rules of etiquette for men do not end there. Polite speech, a culture of behavior, a well-chosen suit and much more are also an integral part.
There are 14 basic rules of behavior for men in relation to women that every self-respecting modern young man should know:
There is a certain set of rules that will help to avoid embarrassing moments in life situations that every girl finds herself in every day.
By teaching kids about etiquette and giving them a set of guidelines, we are actually equipping them with the tools to make them heard, build their confidence in their own abilities, and set them up for future success.
So, here is a list of etiquette rules that parents should teach their children.
The rules of etiquette, they are also the elementary rules of respect and courtesy, work both ways. You show them to another person, he shows them to you.
That way everyone wins. But there are several nuances that are worth recalling and clarifying for every self-respecting person:
Below are the main characteristics of business communication etiquette. Observing them, a person will be able to inspire confidence in himself, climb up the career ladder in a relatively short period of time.
These norms cannot be discarded or pretended that they do not exist at all. The etiquette of business people is associated with certain rules that cannot be ignored. Let's consider them in more detail.
According to statistics, we spend an average of an hour a day in public transport. Someone is pushing, someone is fragrant with perfume, and someone is leaning on your leg with an umbrella-cane for half of this time. And there is nothing pleasant in such trips.
To make life easier for each other and make daily "journeys" more enjoyable, you should adhere to simple rules etiquette:
