Safety precautions during metalwork.
General situation.
1. Failure by a student to comply with the rules of these instructions is considered a violation of educational and production activities. The person guilty of this will be held accountable in accordance with internal regulations.
2. You can start completing the task only after receiving safety instructions, passing the test and signing it in a special journal.
3. Do not turn on or stop (except in emergency cases) machines and mechanisms, the work of which is entrusted to the master.
4. Do not touch general lighting fittings, broken electrical wires, live parts of equipment, do not open the door of electrical distribution cabinets, do not remove protective covers and fences with rotating and live parts.
electrical safety
When directly touching live parts (switches, circuit breakers, etc.) or metal objects accidentally become energized, there is a risk of electric shock. In places where there is electrical installations, post warning signs (for example, “Danger!”, “Locked!”) or put up conventional signs.
Power tools should be connected to the electrical network using a hose cable that must. special conductor, serve for grounding and grounding, through plug socket, the socket of which is connected to the ground or to the neutral wire. On an electrical plug, the contact for connecting the body to the ground is made longer than other current-carrying contacts. Thanks to this structure, when the power tool is turned on, grounding or grounding occurs first, and then the current-carrying contacts are turned on.
When working with power tools, you should use personal protective equipment - rubber gloves, galoshes and mats, insulating stands, etc.
Workplace Safety
Before starting work.
1. Wear and tidy up your work clothes correctly, tuck them in so that there are no hanging ends, tuck your hair under your headdress and prepare personal protective equipment. (Mittens, safety glasses)
2. Organize your workplace so that, if necessary, everything is at hand, check that the lighting of the workplace is sufficient.
3. Prepare the necessary working tools. Devices that meet the following requirements:
a) A hammer, sledgehammer, blacksmith chisels must have a slightly convex surface of the striker, bare, without burrs, hardening, gouges, dents and must be secured to wooden handles.
b) The handles of hammers, sledgehammers and drifts must be made of dry wood, different breeds. (oak, beech, ash, birch). Straight, oval in cross-section with a slight thickening towards the free end. And have no cracks.
c) Files should be tightly placed on smoothly cleaned handles, secured with metal rings.
d) Wrenches must be in good working order and match the size of the bolts and nuts. Extending keys is prohibited.
e) The jaws of vices and clamps must have a good, unworked notch.
While working.
1. Use only serviceable tools and devices, keep the workplace in proper order: put workpieces, tools, products in separate places for them. Avoid obstructing passages.
2. Place production waste in special containers.
3.All work with sheet material(carrying, laying, cutting with scissors, bending, etc.) should be done with gloves.
4.When working with a chisel, cross-cutting tool, drift and other impact tools, as well as cutting metal hand scissors, use safety glasses.
5. Clean surfaces and rinse parts to be reworked, as well as remove chips with a brush with a mark or rags.
6. When working with pliers, wire cutters, and metal scissors, make sure that the cutting edges are sharp and do not have gouges on the sides.
7. Secure the workpieces securely in a vice or tools.
8. A tool with a sharpened blade or point should be passed to another person forward with the handle or blunt end.
In an emergency.
1 When a tool or equipment malfunction is detected. Stop work immediately and report this to the foreman.
2 If you receive an injury, inform the specialist and contact a medical professional. Paragraph.
Upon completion of work.
1 Check the availability of the tool, put it in the lockers or hand it over to the master.
2. Remove the workpiece parts from the workbench and place them in the designated place.
3 Remove chips metal shavings, dust in a special container. Lubricate the rubbing parts of the vice and clean with a brush with a mark.
4 Clean the premises and remove production waste from the workshop.
5 Report all comments and detected malfunctions to the technician.
6 Wash your hands warm water with soap.
Safety precautions and labor protection when performing plumbing work
Accidents at work - bruises, wounds, etc. - called industrial injuries, which most often occurs for two reasons: due to insufficient mastery of production skills by workers and lack of necessary experience in handling tools and equipment, due to failure to comply with safe labor rules and internal regulations.
The main conditions for safe work when performing plumbing operations are: proper organization workplace, using only serviceable tools, strict adherence to production discipline and safety requirements.
All parts of machines and mechanisms that rotate, as well as processed workpieces with protruding parts, must have protective guards.
The danger is posed by in-plant automobile and trackless electric transport, hand trolleys, trolleys, as well as the movement of workers in narrow passages or on tracks where lifting vehicles operate.
For moving vehicles, various signals are installed - sound (bells, sirens) and light (lamps different colors- black, yellow, green), which must be known and observed.
Before starting work you must:
Having put on overalls, check that there are no hanging ends, fasten the sleeves or roll them up above the elbow
check the workbench - it must be durable, stable and suitable for the worker’s height; the bench vice should be in good working order and fixed on the workbench, the lead screw rotates easily in the nut; the notch on the jaws of the vice must be of high quality
prepare the workplace; free up the area needed for work by removing all foreign objects; provide sufficient lighting; prepare and arrange in the appropriate order the necessary tools, devices, materials, etc. for work.
check the serviceability of the tools, their correct sharpening and finishing
when checking the tool, pay attention to the fact that the hammers have a flat, slightly convex surface, are well placed on the handles and secured with a wedge; chisels and crosscutters did not have serrations on the working part and sharp edges on the edges; handles should be firmly attached to saws and scrapers
During operation:
firmly clamp the part or workpiece in a vice, and be careful when installing or removing it, as if the part falls, it can cause injury
Remove sawdust from the workbench or workpiece only with a brush
When cutting metal with a chisel, consider which direction is safer for you. direct the particles around them to fly off, and install a protective net on this side; work only with safety glasses; if, due to working conditions, it is impossible to use safety glasses, felling should be done so that the cut pieces fly away in the direction where there are no people
do not use random stands or faulty devices
Avoid contaminating clothing with kerosene, gasoline, and oil.
Fire safety
To prevent spontaneous combustion of oily rags and the occurrence of a fire, place it in a special metal box with a lid and close it tightly.
The main measure against fires is to constantly keep the workplace clean and tidy, handle fire carefully, heating devices and flammable substances. Large amounts of flammable industrial raw materials, semi-finished products, etc. should not be allowed to accumulate near the workplace. Industrial waste, especially flammable waste, is collected in a designated area.
Upon completion of work, the workplace should be put in proper order. Soaked cleaning materials should be removed special boxes. Move containers with flammable liquids, as well as cylinders with gases, to places where they are permanently stored. All electric drives and lighting points should be turned off, with the exception of emergency lamps.
The simplest fire-fighting equipment and equipment - boxes with sand and shovels, sandbags, fire hydrant, pumps, fire extinguishers - must always be available and in good working order.
If a fire occurs, it is necessary to turn off all electrical installations, immediately call the fire brigade by telephone or with a special signal and take measures to extinguish the fire on our own using existing fire-fighting equipment and inventory.
Fire extinguishing agents also include buckets and water guns, various blankets (asbestos blankets, felt mats, tarpaulins).
Burning materials and a small amount of burning liquids are extinguished with sand, kerosene, gasoline, varnishes, alcohols, acetone - with foam; lubricating oils, drying oil, turpentine - * sprayed water or foam.
In the event of a fire, you should not break out the glass in the windows, because this increases the flow of air and contributes to the intensification of the fire; you should remain calm.
Labor protection instructions
when working with plumbing tools
1. General requirements security
1.1. TO independent work Persons who have passed:
-induction training;
-instruction on fire safety;
-initial training at the workplace;
-instruction on electrical safety in the workplace and testing of mastery of its content.
1.2. The worker must undergo:
-repeated training on occupational safety in the workplace at least every three months;
- unscheduled briefing: when there is a change technological process or rules on labor protection, replacement or modernization of production equipment, fixtures and tools, changes in working conditions and organization, in case of violation of labor protection instructions, breaks in work for more than 60 calendar days (for work that is subject to increased safety requirements - 30 calendar days);
- dispensary medical examination in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 90 dated March 14, 1996
1.3. The worker is obliged:
-comply with the internal labor regulations established at the enterprise;
- comply with the requirements of this instruction, instructions on fire safety measures, instructions on electrical safety;
-comply with the requirements for the operation of equipment;
-use as intended and treat the issued personal protective equipment with care.
1.4. The worker must:
- be able to provide first (pre-medical) aid to a victim in an accident;
- know the location of first aid facilities, primary fire extinguishing equipment, main and emergency exits, evacuation routes in the event of an accident or fire;
- perform only the assigned work and do not transfer it to others without the permission of the foreman or workshop manager;
- while working, be attentive, do not be distracted or distract others, do not allow persons unrelated to work to enter the workplace;
-keep the workplace clean and tidy.
1.5. The worker must know and observe the rules of personal hygiene. Eat, smoke, and rest only in specially designated rooms and places. Drink water only from specially designed installations.
1.6. If you find malfunctions of equipment, devices, tools or other shortcomings or dangers in the workplace, immediately report to your supervisor. You can begin work only with his permission after eliminating all shortcomings.
1.7. If a fire is detected or in the event of a fire:
- turn off the equipment;
- notify the fire department and administration;
- begin to extinguish the fire using the primary fire extinguishing means available in the workshop in accordance with the fire safety instructions.
If there is a threat to life, leave the premises.
1.8. In the event of an accident, provide the victim with first (pre-medical) aid, immediately report the incident to the foreman or workshop manager, take measures to preserve the situation of the incident (condition of the equipment), if this does not create a danger to others.
1.9. For failure to comply with the safety requirements set out in these instructions, the worker is liable in accordance with current legislation.
1.10. In accordance with the “Standard industry standards for the free issuance of special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment to workers and employees,” a toolmaker is entitled to: cotton overalls, a wear period of 12 months.
1.11. The main dangerous and harmful production factors under certain circumstances may be:
-elements of production equipment;
- faulty working tool;
- flying metal particles;
-electric current;
- production noise.
Approved by Order of the Ministry
agriculture and food
Russian Federation
November 23, 1994 N289
STANDARD INDUSTRY INSTRUCTIONS
on labor protection when performing metalwork
disassembly and assembly works
1. GENERAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
1.1. To work as a mechanic mechanical assembly works persons are allowed who are at least 18 years old, have professional training and an appropriate certificate, have passed a preliminary medical examination, and during subsequent work - periodic medical examinations - at least once every 12 months.
Persons who have passed a knowledge test in the scope of Group II on electrical safety are allowed to work using power tools; for further work, knowledge tests are carried out annually.
Mechanics who have undergone special training and have the appropriate certificate to perform such work are allowed to work with lifting machines and mechanisms.
1.2. Workers involved in the performance of work or maintenance of high-risk facilities (installations, equipment), as well as facilities controlled by state (federal) supervisory authorities, must annually undergo course training and knowledge testing on labor safety.
An employee who successfully passes the knowledge test is issued a certificate for the right to work independently.
1.3. Workers who have had a break in the job for which they are hired for more than 3 years, and in a high-risk job for more than 12 months, must undergo training and knowledge testing on labor safety before starting independent work.
1.4. When changing the technological process or upgrading equipment, devices, transferring to a new temporary or permanent job, violating safety requirements by the worker, which can lead to injury, accident or fire, as well as when there are breaks in work for more than 30 calendar days, the employee is required to undergo unscheduled briefing (with a corresponding entry in the briefing log).
1.5. Persons who have become familiar with the features and techniques of safe work performance and have completed an internship for 2-14 shifts under the supervision of a foreman or foreman (depending on length of service, experience and nature of work).
1.6. Permission to independently perform work (after testing the acquired knowledge and skills) is given by the work supervisor.
1.7. You should follow labor protection instructions, internal regulations, instructions from the manager, occupational health and safety workers and public labor safety inspectors.
1.8. During production activities, workers are exposed to the following dangerous and harmful factors:
- moving machines and mechanisms;
- moving parts of production equipment;
- deteriorating materials of construction;
- flying fragments;
- increased or decreased temperature of the surfaces of equipment and materials;
- increased voltage of the electrical network, when closed, current can pass through the human body;
- sharp edges, burrs, rough surfaces of workpieces, tools and equipment;
- location of the workplace at a height relative to the surface of the earth (floor);
- increased dust and gas contamination of the working area;
- increased levels of noise and vibration in the workplace;
- increased or decreased air humidity;
- increased or decreased air temperature in the working area;
- decreased or increased air mobility;
- insufficient illumination of the workplace;
- increased level of ultraviolet or infrared radiation;
- slippery surfaces;
- contaminated chemicals, radiation and pesticides on the surfaces of equipment, machines and materials.
1.9. Dangerous and harmful production factors result in injuries or illnesses when machines, equipment, tools, and the environment are in a dangerous state and when workers perform dangerous actions.
1.9.1. Dangerous condition of machines and equipment:
- open rotating and moving parts of machines and equipment;
- slippery surfaces;
- cluttering of the workplace with foreign objects;
- contamination of machines, equipment, and tools with chemicals, radiation and pesticides.
1.9.2. Typical dangerous actions workers, leading to injury:
- use of machinery, equipment, tools for purposes other than their intended purpose or in a faulty condition;
- rest in unspecified places;
- performing work while intoxicated;
- performing work in violation of safety rules, labor protection instructions and equipment operating instructions.
1.10. Not allowed Maintenance and repair of machinery and equipment operating in areas of radioactive, chemical contamination, contamination with pesticides or other agrochemicals, prior to decontamination, degassing and neutralization of contamination.
1.11. Mechanical assembly mechanics are provided with the following special clothing and personal protective equipment:
- cotton suit (GOST 12.4.109);
- combined mittens (GOST 12.4.010);
- safety glasses.
In winter, additionally, when working outdoors, you are issued:
- cotton jacket with insulated lining (GOST 12.4.084);
- cotton trousers with insulated lining (GOST 12.4.084);
- felt boots (GOST 18.724).
1.12. Know and follow the rules of personal hygiene. Do not smoke in the workplace, do not drink alcohol before or during work. Do not store food or eat food in work areas.
1.13. Perform only work for which you have received training, instructions on labor protection and for which you have been authorized by your supervisor.
1.14. Persons unrelated to the work being performed are not allowed into the workplace. Do not delegate your work to others.
1.15. Follow the safety signs.
1.16. Do not go beyond the fences of electrical equipment.
1.17. Pay attention to warning signals from lifting equipment, cars, tractors and other types of moving vehicles.
1.18. Inform your manager about noticed malfunctions of machines, mechanisms, equipment, violations of safety requirements and do not start work until appropriate measures are taken.
1.19. If the victim himself or with outside help can't come to medical institution(loss of consciousness, electric shock, severe injuries and fractures), inform the manager of the household (employer), who is obliged to organize the delivery of the victim to a medical facility. Before arriving at a medical facility, provide the victim with first (pre-medical) aid and, if possible, reassure him, as anxiety increases bleeding from wounds, worsens the body’s protective functions and complicates the treatment process.
1.20. Workers are required to know fire warning signals, the location of fire extinguishing equipment and be able to use them. It is not allowed to use fire equipment for other purposes.
1.21. Keep passageways and access to fire-fighting equipment clear.
1.22. Cover spilled fuel and lubricants with sand. Immediately remove sand saturated with petroleum products and transport it to a place approved by the sanitary and epidemiological authority.
1.23. Place used cleaning material in special metal boxes with lids.
1.24. Do not light a fire in agricultural storage areas. equipment in the machine yard and in the premises.
1.25. Do not store flammable and combustible liquids, acids and alkalis in the workplace in quantities exceeding the daily requirement in ready-to-use form.
1.26. In the event of a fire, immediately call the fire brigade and take measures to eliminate the source of fire using fire extinguishing means, and if a fire occurs in electrical installations, the first person to notice the fire must report this to the fire department, the person responsible for electrical equipment, and the head of the workshops.
1.27. If a fire occurs in the electrical installation itself or near it, first of all, before firefighters arrive, disconnect the electrical installation from the network. If this is not possible, then try cutting the wires (sequentially, one at a time) with a tool with insulated handles
1.28. When extinguishing a fire, first of all, extinguish the source of ignition. When using a foam fire extinguisher, direct the stream at an angle of 40-45° to avoid splashing of liquid. Start extinguishing from one edge, then sequentially move to the other edge of the ignition source.
1.29. To extinguish small fires, flammable and combustible liquids, as well as solid combustible substances and materials, use hand-held foam fire extinguishers type OKP-10. OP-M, OP-9MN; air-foam type OVP-5, OVP-10, mobile, transported on special trolleys, air-foam type OVP-100, OVP-250, OPG-100. If they are absent, throw sand at the source of fire or cover it with felt.
1.30. To extinguish flammable substances and materials that cannot be extinguished with water or foam, as well as live electrical installations, use carbon dioxide manual fire extinguishers, type OU-2, 0U-5, UP-2M, OU-8, OUB-ZA, OUB- 7A: mobile carbon dioxide fire extinguishers type OU-25, OU-80, OU-100, OSU-5, powder fire extinguishers type: manual - OP-1, OP-2, OP-5, OP-10, OPS-6, OPS- 10; mobile OP-100, OP-250, SI-2, SI-120, SZhB-50, SZhB-150, OPA-50, OPA-100. It is allowed to use dry, free sand. When using powder fire extinguishers Do not direct the powder stream at hot surfaces - an explosion may occur.
1.31. Do not use chemical foam or chemical air-foam fire extinguishers to extinguish a fire in an energized electrical installation.
1.32. A worker who violates the requirements of labor safety instructions may be subject to disciplinary liability in accordance with the internal labor regulations of the enterprise, but if these violations are associated with causing material damage to the enterprise, the employee also bears financial responsibility in the prescribed manner.
2. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS BEFORE STARTING WORK
2.1. Wear protective clothing and other personal protective equipment specified for this type of work. Clothing should be buttoned and tucked in, pants should be over shoes, sleeve cuffs should be buttoned, and hair should be tucked under a tight-fitting headdress. Protect the skin from the action of solvents and oils with protective ointments (PM-1 or KHIOT-6), pastes (IER-1, IER-2, "Iro").
2.2. Check that the tools and devices used during work are in good working order, not worn out and meet safe conditions labor.
Non-powered tool
2.2.1. Wooden tool handles must be made of seasoned hard and tough wood, smoothly processed, and their surface must be free of gouges, chips and other defects. The tool must be properly seated and firmly secured. Percussion instruments(hammers, sledgehammers, etc. must have oval handles with a thickened free end. The console on which the tool is mounted must be wedged with a rough wedge made of mild steel. On the wooden handles of pressing tools (chisel files, etc.) in places
When connecting to the instrument, metal (bandage) rings must be installed.
2.2.2. Impact tools (chisels, crossbreads, bits) should not have cracks, burrs, or hardening; their occipital part should be smooth, free from cracks, burrs and bevels. The length of a hand chisel is at least 150 mm, their extended part is 60-70 mm; The sharpening angle of the blade is in accordance with the hardness of the materials being processed.
2.2.3. Forging tongs and other devices for holding the forgings being processed must be made of mild steel and match the dimensions of the forgings. To hold the forging without constant hand pressure, the pliers must have rings (spandrels), and to protect against injury to the worker’s fingers, there must be a gap (in working position) of 45 mm between the handles of the pliers, for which stops must be made.
2.2.4. Wrenches must match the size of the nuts and bolt heads. The jaws of the keys must be parallel and free of cracks and nicks, and the handles must not have burrs. Sliding keys should not have any play in the moving parts.
2.2.5. ends hand tools, used for inserting into holes during installation (crowbars for assembly, etc.), should not be knocked down.
2.2.6. There should be crowbars round section and have one end in the shape of a spatula, and the other in the form of a tetrahedral pyramid. Scrap weight is within 4-5 kg, length 1.3-1.5 m.
2.2.7. Pullers must have working claws, screws, rods and stops.
2.2.8. The vice must be securely fastened to the workbench. The jaws must have a proper notch.
2.2.9. The screwdriver must have a straight shaft and be firmly attached to the handle. The screwdriver must have smooth side edges.
2.2.10. Needle-nose pliers and pliers should not have chipped handles. The jaws of the needle-nose pliers are sharp, not chipped or broken, the pliers have a proper notch.
2.2.11. Hand scoops for collecting garbage should be made of roofing iron and should not have sharp ends or torn places.
2.2.12. Before using jacks, check:
- their serviceability, testing periods according to the technical passport;
- hydraulic and pneumatic jacks have tight connections. In addition, they must be equipped with devices that fix the rise, ensuring a slow and quiet lowering of the rod or stopping it;
- screw and rack jacks must have a locking device that prevents the screw or rack from completely coming out;
- manual rack and pinion jacks must have devices that prevent spontaneous lowering of the load when the force is removed from the lever or handle.
Electrified tool
2.2.13. All power tools and electrical appliances must have closed and insulated inputs (contacts) for power wires. Wires of power tools and electrical appliances for the purpose of protection against mechanical
damage and moisture must be protected by rubber hoses and terminated with a special plug.
2.3. Place working tools, devices and materials in the designated place, in a convenient and safe manner for use.
2.4. Check that warning alarms, barriers, safety and locking devices are present and in good working order.
2.5. Check the reliability of the connection of the grounding and neutral wires to the equipment.
2.6. Turn on local lighting if necessary and check that the ventilation is working properly.
2.7. Check the availability of fire fighting equipment and access to it.
2.8. Check workplace safety:
- sufficiency of lighting;
- the serviceability of the floor surface, which must be clean, non-slip, level, and not cluttered with foreign objects;
- serviceability of service areas;
- disconnecting the voltage on live parts of equipment located near the work site,
- availability of appropriate posters and safety signs;
- serviceability of a portable electric lamp for local lighting with a voltage of 12-42 V.
2.9. Before starting work at height, check:
- serviceability of scaffolding, mobile devices (the width of the decking must be at least 1 m, they must be smooth, stable, made of boards of durable rocks, the width of the gaps between the boards should not exceed 10 mm, splicing of decking boards is allowed only along the length in an overlap with a continuous scaffolding, in which case there must be a purlin or finger under the joint, the ends of the boards must overlap the supports by at least 20 cm in each direction and be beveled so that there are no thresholds);
- the serviceability of portable ladders and stepladders, the reliability of their design (the steps of the ladders must be made of durable material, without knots and cracks, have tie bolts in the upper, middle and lower parts of the ladder, and stops (shoes that prevent slipping) on the lower supporting ends of the ladder floor); the test period must be indicated on the string.
2.10. Check the serviceability of the working tools and accessories:
- hammers, which must be securely mounted on serviceable handles of oval cross-section and wedged with metal wedges, have a slightly convex and unbeveled head without cracks, hardening and burrs;
- copper-plated tools that prevent sparking during impacts, for work in explosion- and fire-hazardous areas of production, in rooms, containers;
- spanners, which must correspond to the dimensions of the nuts and bolt heads, have parallel, unbeveled jaws without cracks or nicks;
- files and scrapers, which must be firmly fixed in handles with bandage rings;
- chisels, cross-mixers, bits, crimps, cores, which should not have knocked down or beveled strikers or burrs;
- drills, screwdrivers, countersinks, which must be properly sharpened and free from cracks, gouges, burrs, and the shanks of this tool must be smooth, without chips, cracks or damage, tightly fitted and correctly centered;
- pullers for removing coupling halves, gears, bushings and other devices for metalwork;
- lifting mechanisms (beam cranes, hoists, hoists, jacks) and load-handling devices.
3. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS DURING OPERATION
3.1. While working, keep an eye on:
- maintaining the assigned equipment in good condition and cleanliness;
- the availability and serviceability of collective protective equipment (fencing, interlocking, alarms, etc.);
- for sufficient lighting of the work area;
- at work supply and exhaust ventilation in a designated area.
3.2. Use only serviceable tools, lifting equipment, devices (safety, portable and mobile, for work at height), personal protective equipment.
3.3. When disassembling (dismantling) machine parts and equipment, secure them securely using safety devices to prevent them from falling.
3.4. Place all parts and assemblies removed from the machine in pre-selected and prepared places, firmly and steadily, using pads. Place stops (wedges) under round parts to prevent injury to your feet.
3.5. When repairing at height:
- do not use random stands (boxes, barrels) and other unstable objects;
- use only mobile devices that have platforms with railings or ladders;
- when lowering or raising the tool, use a rope or other means to prevent the tool from falling.
3.6. When performing short-term work on ladders:
- install them at an angle of at least 60 degrees. to a horizontal surface, securing it with hooks to stationary structures;
- you are on a step located at a distance of at least 1 meter from the top of the stairs;
3.7. Fence the area where lifting operations are carried out with portable barriers, post warning and prohibition signs:
"Caution - the tap is running!" and "No entry!"
3.8. When slinging cargo, use only serviceable slings with tags indicating the lifting capacity of the slings.
3.9. When selecting and inspecting a removable load-handling device (sling):
- check the compliance of the lifting capacity of the lifting device, indicated on the tag attached to it, with the weight of the lifted units and parts of the equipment; - determine the condition of the sling by the number of wire breaks along the length of one lay step, surface wear and corrosion; - do not use slings with broken strands, broken wires or surface wear that exceeds the norm, destroyed by corrosion, or with loops secured by forging or electric welding.
3.10. Before slinging a load, determine:
- center of gravity of the load (if you have any difficulties, ask the work manager);
- availability of hooking devices (loops, eye bolts, pins, hooks and other devices);
- methods of slinging and strapping, developed at the enterprise taking into account local conditions, in accordance with the requirements of the "Rules for Construction and safe operation lifting cranes."
3.11. Sling the gearboxes using special hooks or holes in the covers; pulleys, gears, pumps that have loops, strap them using all the loops provided for lifting them.
3.12. If there are no special devices for slinging in the components and parts of the mechanisms and if it is impossible to use eye bolts, perform slinging by other strong components so that the slinging point is above the center of gravity.
3.13. Assemblies and parts whose length significantly exceeds the width (pipes, shafts, axles, spindles) must be slung with at least two slings. The slinging points should be at the same distance from the center of gravity of the unit, on both sides of it. In this case, the possibility of the slings sliding towards the center of the part must be prevented; the angle between the branches of the slings should not exceed 90 degrees.
3.14. When slinging units (parts) of machines and equipment with sharp edges, place them under the sling wooden spacers to prevent it from being cut.
3.15. When transporting assembled units of machines and equipment, tie them in such a way that individual parts do not fall out.
3.16. Install portable lifting equipment (hoists, blocks, pulleys) on stationary beams supported on racks or on mobile trestles, the strength of which corresponds to the lifting capacity of the mechanism, and secure them with special hangers.
3.17. When working with lifting mechanisms, the following is not allowed:
- splice steel slings with wire;
- connect chain links with bolts;
- hook loads directly with hooks;
- pull back the load during lifting, moving and lowering;
- level the lifted or moved load with its own weight;
- adjust the slings while hanging.
3.18. Before lifting equipment, components, parts using permanently installed lifting equipment (electric hoists, beam cranes), check: the serviceability of the control panel, lift limiters, brakes, the condition of the load hook and cable, the presence of grounding (visually), prepare the place for stowing the load.
3.19. If you find any malfunction of lifting equipment and load-handling devices, report to the responsible engineer and technical worker to take corrective action.
3.20. Do not move goods with faulty lifting equipment and load-handling devices.
3.21. Before lifting the load, lift it to a height of 200-300 mm from the floor to make sure that the brakes are reliable, the strapping is correct, and the slings are evenly tensioned, then lift to the required height.
3.22. Lift, move and lower equipment (assemblies, parts) carefully, without sudden jolts, keeping a distance of at least 0.5 m from oncoming objects.
3.23. If it is necessary to keep the load from swinging, use guy lines made of hemp or thin steel rope; do not use ropes with torn strands.
3.24. When lifting (lowering) machines and equipment (assemblies, parts) through installation openings, do not allow them to hit the edges of the opening or get caught on them.
3.25. When lifting, moving and lowering machines and equipment (assemblies, parts) it is not allowed:
- be under the load being moved or between the load and building structures(columns, walls, etc.) and allow people into the danger zone;
- distortion of the cable (chain) of the lifting equipment (deviation from the vertical position) in order to avoid the cable coming off and causing an accident;
- lift a load with people on it;
- leave the load hanging;
- lift fixed, frozen, or directly hooked loads.
3.26. Place the lowered load on strong spacers for free removal of the slings.
3.27. When removing slings, make sure that the load is in a stable position and secured.
3.28. When connecting parts, check the alignment of the holes using a punch. Do not check the alignment of the holes with your fingers.
3.29. When working with jacks:
- install them on a flat horizontal surface with a hard surface (if there is no hard surface, place special wooden stands under the base of the jack);
- for a stable position of the lifted machines, use special blocks made of durable material;
- do not place any objects between the jack head and the load being lifted;
- do not leave cars and equipment raised on jacks;
- do not perform work on machines and equipment that are on jacks.
3.30. When performing work at a workbench:
- prepare the necessary tools;
- check its serviceability, place it in an order convenient for work;
- securely fasten the workpiece in a vice or on a workbench;
- cut metal with a chisel while wearing mesh glasses;
- when cutting metal with hand and powered hacksaws, hacksaw blades pull and fasten firmly;
- when working with a hacksaw, first file the cutting area with the edge of a triangular file;
- sweep away metal shavings only with a brush; It is forbidden to blow away shavings with your mouth or remove them with your hands;
- clean files from shavings with a special metal brush;
- do not knock out the chips with blows of the file.
3.31. When working with power tools:
- ground the body of the power tool;
- put on dielectric gloves and place a dielectric rubber mat under your feet;
- protect the wire from mechanical damage, do not leave it in passages and passages;
- unplug the power tool if it overheats, moves to another place of work, or if there is a power outage.
3.32. Unpress and press pulleys, coupling halves, and bearings using special pullers. It is forbidden to knock down parts with a hammer or use steel attachments. If it is not possible to use pullers or a press, use drifts with copper tips and hammers with copper strikers.
3.33. Make sure that safety covers are secured in devices that ensure that springs cannot suddenly act when assembling and disassembling mechanisms and components.
3.34. Make sure that the hydraulic system hoses are in good working order and securely fastened when working on disassembly and assembly stands and other stands with a hydraulic device.
3.35. When performing work on disconnecting and connecting elevator chain links, lock the drive drum. Do not attempt to manually turn a disconnected chain.
3.36. Adjust the tension of the conveyor belt using tension screws only. Prohibited:
- eliminate distortions with sticks, crowbars, rods, etc.;
- add rosin, bitumen, sand, sawdust, etc. under the tape;
- stand on the tape, frame.
3.37. Transport components and parts on special carts. At the same time, push the cart in front of you.
3.38. When working with a blowtorch:
- check the serviceability of the lamp, make sure there are no fuel leaks or plug tightness;
- apply flammable liquid designed for this lamp (do not use leaded gasoline as fuel);
- pour fuel into the lamp, having cooled it first;
- pump air into the lamp with a pressure no more than permissible;
- fill the lamp cylinder with fuel to no more than 3/4 of its capacity;
- screw the lamp cap all the way;
- if a malfunction is detected (fuel leak, gas passing through the burner thread, etc.), immediately extinguish the lamp and replace it with a working one.
3.39. The locksmith is prohibited from:
- use faulty tools, devices, mechanisms that do not correspond to the work being performed;
- use the tool for other purposes;
- lengthen spanners connecting another key or pipe;
- hit the key with a hammer;
- place metal plates between the nut (bolt head) and the wrench;
- unscrew nuts and bolts using a chisel and hammer;
- work with faulty lifting mechanisms and load-handling devices;
- lay out and leave tools, parts, fastening materials and other objects loose on ladders and stepladders to prevent them from falling;
- carry the tool in the pockets of overalls;
- operate power tools from portable ladders;
- attach parts, fixtures or tools to operating equipment.
3.40. When working with an electric gas welder as a helper:
- additionally put on a canvas suit, canvas gloves, a shield or goggles with filter glasses;
- inspect the workplace, remove all flammable materials;
- install fireproof shields (screens) depending on local conditions, post safety signs;
- deliver fire extinguishing means (fire extinguishers) to the work site;
- receive special instructions from the head of the workshops on the rules for safely performing hot work in a given area, depending on the fire hazard category of the area;
- comply with the fire safety requirements specified in the permit;
- perform only those works that are specified in the hot work permit;
- in case of fire, immediately take measures to eliminate it and call the fire department;
- after finishing hot work, carefully inspect the work site.
It is prohibited for a mechanic who does not have a welder’s certificate to carry out welding work independently.
3.41. Before a test run of repaired equipment:
- install and secure all guards, locks and other protective equipment;
- remove bystanders if they are nearby;
- make sure there are no foreign objects or parts on the repaired machine;
- before turning on, give a sound signal.
4. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS IN EMERGENCIES
4.1. If malfunctions of production equipment and tools are noticed, as well as if an action is felt when touching a machine, machine tool, or unit electric current, or there is strong heating of the electrical wires of electric motors, electrical equipment, sparking or broken wires, etc., warn workers about the danger, immediately notify the head of the department and take measures to eliminate the emergency.
4.2. If smoke is detected and a fire occurs, immediately declare a fire alarm, take measures to extinguish the fire using available primary fire extinguishing equipment according to the source of the fire, notify the work manager.
If necessary, organize the evacuation of people from the danger zone.
In conditions of smoke and fire in the room, move along the walls, bending or crawling; To make breathing easier, cover your mouth and nose with a handkerchief (cloth) moistened with water; move through the flames with your head covered outerwear or a blanket, if possible, douse yourself with water, tear off or extinguish the clothes that are on fire, and if most of the clothes are on fire, roll the worker tightly in fabric (blanket, felt), but do not cover his head.
4.3. In case of accidents with people, provide them with first aid, immediately notify the work manager, preserve the situation in which the accident occurred, if this does not threaten the life and health of others and does not disrupt the technological process, until the arrival of persons conducting an investigation into the causes of the accident.
4.4. In case of electric shock, release the victim from the action of the current as quickly as possible, because the duration of its action determines the severity of the injury. To do this, quickly turn off the part of the electrical installation that the victim touches with a switch or other disconnecting device.
4.5. If it is impossible to quickly turn off the electrical installation, it is necessary to separate the victim from live parts:
4.5.1. When freeing a victim from live parts or a wire with a voltage of up to 1000 V, use a rope, stick, board or other dry object that does not conduct electric current, or pull the victim by the clothes (if they are dry and lag behind the body), for example, by the tails of a jacket or coat, by the collar, while avoiding touching surrounding metal objects and parts of the victim’s body not covered by clothing.
4.5.2. If the victim touches a wire that lies on the ground, then before approaching him, place a dry board, a bundle of dry clothes or some kind of dry, non-conductive stand under your feet and separate the wire from the victim using a dry stick or board;
It is recommended to use one hand whenever possible.
4.5.3. If the victim convulsively clutches one live element (for example, a wire) in his hand, separate the victim from the ground by pushing a dry board under him, pulling his legs off the ground with a rope or pulling him by his clothes, while observing the safety measures described above.
4.5.4. When dragging the victim by the legs, do not touch his shoes or clothing if your hands are not insulated or poorly insulated, because shoes and clothing may be damp and conduct electric current. To isolate your hands, especially if you need to touch the body of the victim who is not covered by clothing, wear dielectric gloves; if you don’t have them, wrap your hands in a scarf or use any other dry clothing.
4.5.5. If it is not possible to separate the victim from live parts or disconnect the electrical installation from the power source, then chop or cut the wires with an ax with a dry wooden handle or cut them with a tool with insulated handles (pliers, wire cutters). Cut and cut the wires in phases, i.e. each wire separately. You can also use a non-insulated tool, but you need to wrap its handle with dry woolen or rubberized material.
4.5.6. When separating a victim from live parts with voltages above 1000 V, do not approach the victim closer than 4-5 m indoors and 8-10 m outdoors.
To free the victim, wear dielectric gloves and dielectric boots and operate only with an insulated rod or pliers designed for the appropriate voltage.
4.6. If the victim is conscious, but is frightened, confused and does not know that in order to free himself from the current he needs to get off the ground, with a sharp shout of “jump” force him to act correctly.
Providing first aid
4.7. Electric shock. After freeing the victim from the action of the electric current, place him on a mat and cover him warmly, quickly within 15 - 20 s determine the nature of the required first medical care, arrange for a doctor to be called and take the following measures:
4.7.1. If the victim is breathing and conscious, place him in a comfortable position and unbutton his clothes. Before the doctor arrives, provide the victim with complete rest and access fresh air, while monitoring his pulse and breathing. Do not allow the victim to get up and move, much less continue working, until the doctor arrives;
4.7.2. If the victim is unconscious, but his breathing and pulse remain stable, which you constantly monitor, let him sniff ammonia and spray his face with water, ensuring complete rest until the doctor arrives;
4.7.3. If there is no breathing, as well as rare and convulsive breathing or cardiac arrest (no pulse), immediately perform artificial respiration or closed cardiac massage.
Start artificial respiration and cardiac massage no later than 4-6 minutes after the cessation of cardiac activity and breathing, because after this period, clinical death occurs.
5. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS UPON COMPLETION OF WORK
5.1. Check that there are no tools on the components of the equipment being repaired, collect and place them in the designated place.
5.2. Clean up spilled oil or fuel using sand or sawdust, which after use, pour into metal boxes with lids designed for this purpose and installed outdoors.
5.3. Place used cleaning materials in metal boxes and remove them from production premises to specially designated areas.
5.4. Put the workplace in order, clean the area where the work was done.
5.5. Inform the work manager about all problems found and measures taken to eliminate them.
5.6. Wash your hands and face with warm water and soap, and take a shower.
Locksmith practice.
Safety precautions during plumbing work.
When performing plumbing work, accidents are possible as a result of improper work organization poor condition tool or in case of violation of safe work rules. Hand and mechanized tools used in metalworking, repair, assembly operations, as well as in construction and installation work, wear out relatively quickly, and therefore constant monitoring of their condition is necessary. Before work, the worker must carefully and thoroughly check and prepare tools and devices for work and make sure that they are in good working order. You cannot use an unfamiliar, random, untested or low-quality tool. Special care must be taken when handling sharpened tools to avoid cuts. Special attention should be given to the rational organization of the mechanic's workplace. Typically, work should be done on a workbench. A rational type of workbench for performing plumbing work is shown in Fig. 1.
When chopping metal in a vice, the workpiece must be positioned so that pieces of metal fly off towards the protective mesh. When performing plumbing work not in a workshop, but in production premises or at installation sites, portable workbenches should be used. There should be installed on the floor near workplaces wooden gratings. The parts to be treated are cleaned of dirt and oil in kerosene or with special solutions for hot washing (for example, for 1 liter of water, 7 g of caustic soda, 11 g of soda ash, 9 g of sodium phosphate and 1.5 g liquid soap at a temperature of 60-80 C). This solution causes burns, so wear rubber gloves and safety glasses when handling it. After washing the parts, they are dried with hot air. Chisels used for cutting metal must have a length of at least 150 mm. Hammers and sledgehammers should have a slightly convex face. The length of the hammer handle should be 300-400 mm. A slight thickening at the end of the handle prevents the hammer from jumping out of the hands when swinging and striking. The file shanks are secured in wooden handles. To avoid splitting, wooden handles are equipped with metal rings. When performing plumbing work they are widely used manual machines, related to one of the most common means of small-scale mechanization. With their help, you can mechanize almost any technological operation performed manually. During work, if any malfunctions are detected in the power tool or in portable lamps, you should immediately stop working. If the power supply is interrupted or there is a break in operation, the power tool is disconnected from the power supply. Do not allow electrical wires and cables to come into contact with metal, hot, oily or wet surfaces or objects. Do not transfer the power tool to others, even for a short period of time.
Metal marking.
The scribers (Fig. 2, a) are made of tool steel of increased hardness, grades U10 and U12. These are the simplest and most common tools used for marking. A straight round scriber is a steel rod with a diameter of 5-6 mm and a length of up to 200 mm, one end of which is sharpened at an angle of approximately 10 degrees. It is convenient to use a scriber with an insert needle. It is easy to make from a screwdriver with a replaceable blade. Instead of a screwdriver, you need to insert a sharpened and hardened steel rod into the handle. Another type of scriber has steel rods sharpened at different angles at both ends. One of the rods is bent at an angle of 90 degrees. When marking a workpiece on which marks cannot be left, a brass scriber is used: its design is the same as a steel one, and the tip is made of brass, which leaves a mark without making marks. To make the scribers comfortable to hold in your hand, their middle part is usually made thicker and covered with knurling. For dividing straight lines, angles, circles, for constructing perpendiculars in plumbing Marking compasses are used (Fig. 2, b). It is convenient to apply marking lines on the vertical surfaces of workpieces using a height gauge (Fig. 2, c). The center punch (Fig. 2, d) can only be used to find the center at the end of a cylindrical part, for example, a shaft. It must be installed on the end of the part and aligned so that it takes a vertical position. By hitting the punch head with a hammer, you can mark the center of the shaft. In order for the marking to be made accurately, to be clearly visible and not to be erased, you need to use a well-sharpened, serviceable marking tool. Marking must be done on a marking plate. If plumbing work in a home workshop is performed frequently, then it is best to have a special marking plate made of gray cast iron. It needs to be installed in the brightest place in the workshop or a source mounted above it artificial lighting, and it is desirable that the light falls vertically on its surface. If the design of the workshop roof allows this, then it is best to install a light lantern above the installation site of the marking plate. The surface of the slab should be sanded and scraped. Side surfaces must be processed and be at 90 degrees with the plane of the slab.
Metalworking work includes a significant number of manual operations: chopping, cutting, filing metal, spanking.
The mechanic's workplace is a special workbench, a stand for assembling and disassembling units and the car itself.
The nature of the work performed is varied and if technology is violated, the number of traumatic factors increases sharply.
Before starting work, the mechanic must put his overalls in order, clear the workplace of unnecessary parts and tools, and check the readiness and serviceability of equipment and devices.
When working, much attention should be paid to the serviceability of the tool.
Common plumbing tools are: hammers, screwdrivers, chisels, files, calipers, micrometers, wrenches, drills, etc.
At the end of the work, tools and equipment are put in order, wiped and placed in appropriate boxes.
Clean and clean the work area daily.
Workplaces must have good lighting and ventilation.
Chopping and cutting of metal should only be done with the product in a fixed position.
Cutting tool selected in accordance with the thickness of the metal being processed.
It is prohibited to file metals using files without handles.
Do not blow sawdust off the surface being treated; they must be swept away with a brush.
When removing and transporting heavy units, use trolleys.
When working with electrical equipment, avoid discharging electricity through people. For this purpose, there must be good grounding, the equipment is in good working order, and there must be rubber mats near the machines.
The mechanization of manual labor significantly reduces the factors influencing occupational injuries.
Question 5. Safety rules when performing battery work.
Workers engaged in repair and maintenance batteries, constantly have contact with substances (lead fumes, sulfuric acid, alkali), which under certain conditions can lead to injury or poisoning.
In addition, when charging batteries, chemical reaction. As a result, hydrogen is released, which, when mixed with oxygen in the air in any proportions, forms an explosive gas that explodes not only from fire, sparks, but also from impact.
Therefore, the battery compartment of the ATP should consist of three rooms:
Repair;
Charger;
Acidic.
The charging and repair department of the workshop must be equipped with ventilation and slot suction hoods at the workplaces.
Batteries should be handled with special grips and transported on a cart.
Lead or copper lead terminals should be used to connect batteries to electrical wiring.
The electrolyte must be prepared in glass, ceramic or plastic vessels.
When preparing an electrolyte, it is necessary to add acid to water, and not vice versa.
Store acid in glass bottles.
A worker engaged in repairs, charging batteries and preparing electrolyte is given a cotton suit with acid-resistant impregnation, a rubber apron, ankle boots, safety glasses and gloves.
If electrolyte gets on your skin, quickly rinse the area with a strong stream of water, and then neutralize it with a 10% solution of baking soda (acid electrolyte) or a 5% solution boric acid with an alkaline electrolyte.
Therefore, in the rooms for storing and charging batteries there should be washbasins and barrels with a solution of baking soda and boric acid.
Question 6. Safety rules when performing forging and spring work.
Blacksmithing work is associated with the possibility of employee injury, burns, and poisoning. The employee is also exposed harmful effects thermal radiation.
Causes of injury may include faulty tools, devices, as well as the absence or malfunction of protective equipment. Production room The forge-spring department must be built from fire-resistant materials and separately from other rooms.
The placement of equipment must correspond to the technological process.
The heating furnace is installed so that the blacksmith is not exposed to radiant heat, and next to it there is a bath for hardening products and a forging hammer.
The anvil for hand forging is mounted on a durable wooden chair which goes 0.5 m into the ground.
Before starting work, the blacksmith must put his workplace in order, clear the passages, sweep the floor, check the serviceability of the devices, anvil, hammer, workplace lighting, and turn on the ventilation.
Before forging heated metal, it should be cleaned of scale with a wire brush, scraper or light blow of a hammer.
When working, use protective clothing and safety glasses. There should be no unauthorized persons in the room.
Straightening of spring sheets should be done on special straightening stands. Leaf springs and springs should be placed on racks and not placed against the wall.
Question 7. Safety rules when performing medical-zhystyantsk works.
Since the work involves the use of tin, lead, and acid, they must be performed in a well-ventilated area.
Tools, fixtures, jigs and forging fluxes should be placed at the workplace in a certain order.
Acid at the workplace should be in glass or porcelain containers in the quantity required for shift work.
The rest of the acid is stored in a locked iron cabinet on a layer of sand.
When forging containers containing a flammable liquid, remove any residue from it and rinse hot water, steam. Then rinse again with caustic soda and dry with hot air. Soldering must be done with the plugs open.
Blowtorches must be inspected and tested before starting work and periodically once a month.
To avoid accidents, it is necessary to solder radiators, fuel tanks and other large parts on spiral stands equipped with solder trays.
It is not allowed to immerse large amounts of zinc in acid during etching due to the release of an unacceptable amount of hydrogen.
When working with a blowtorch, it is prohibited to ignite a faulty blowtorch, fill more than ¾ of the capacity of its tank with gasoline, disassemble, pour or pour fuel into a blowtorch near an open fire, pour fuel into lamps that have not cooled down, ignite a blowtorch, pour fuel through hot nickel.
When a malfunction is detected blowtorch stop working immediately.
Cabins and bodies to be repaired must be installed and securely fixed on stands (stands).
Wings and parts requiring editing are mounted on special mandrels. It is not allowed to edit parts in weight.
Wings and parts made of sheet steel must be cleaned of rust with a metal brush at a local slot suction before straightening.
Prohibited when cutting gas burner Hold the cut parts with your hands in damaged areas.
The pneumatic cutter must be set to working position before air is supplied.
Transfer, straighten and cut parts from sheet metal allowed only with mittens.
Clean the workplace only with a brush, put metal scraps in a box for metal waste.
When performing metal work, it is necessary to use safety glasses and gloves.
