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It’s difficult for me to understand my feelings - a phrase that each of us has encountered: in books, in movies, in life (someone else’s or our own). But it is very important to be able to understand your feelings. Some people believe - and perhaps they are right - that the meaning of life is in feelings. And in fact, at the end of life, only our feelings, real or in memories, remain with us. And our experiences can also be a measure of what is happening: the richer, more varied, and brighter they are, the more fully we experience life.

What are feelings? The simplest definition is: feelings are what we feel. This is our attitude towards certain things (objects). There are more scientific definition: feelings (higher emotions) are special mental states, manifested by socially conditioned experiences that express long-term and stable emotional relationships of a person to things.

How are feelings different from emotions?

Sensations are our experiences that we experience through our senses, and we have five of them. Sensations are visual, auditory, tactile, taste and smell (our sense of smell). With sensations everything is simple: stimulus - receptor - sensation.

Our consciousness interferes with emotions and feelings - our thoughts, attitudes, our thinking. Emotions are influenced by our thoughts. And vice versa - emotions influence our thoughts. We’ll definitely talk about these relationships in more detail a little later. But now let's remember once again one of the criteria, namely point 10: we are responsible for our feelings, it depends on us what they will be. It is important.

Fundamental Emotions

All human emotions can be distinguished by the quality of experience. This aspect of human emotional life is most clearly presented in the theory of differential emotions by the American psychologist K. Izard. He identified ten qualitatively different “fundamental” emotions: interest-excitement, joy, surprise, grief-suffering, anger-rage, disgust-disgust, contempt-disdain, fear-horror, shame-shyness, guilt-remorse. K. Izard classifies the first three emotions as positive, the remaining seven as negative. Each of the fundamental emotions underlies a whole spectrum of conditions that vary in degree of expression. For example, within the framework of such a unimodal emotion as joy, one can distinguish joy-satisfaction, joy-delight, joy-jubilation, joy-ecstasy and others. From the combination of fundamental emotions, all other, more complex, complex emotional states arise. For example, anxiety can combine fear, anger, guilt and interest.

1. Interest- positive emotional condition, promoting the development of skills and abilities, the acquisition of knowledge. Interest-excitement is a feeling of capture, curiosity.

2. Joy- a positive emotion associated with the ability to sufficiently fully satisfy an urgent need, the likelihood of which was previously small or uncertain. Joy is accompanied by self-satisfaction and satisfaction with the world around us. Obstacles to self-realization are also obstacles to the emergence of joy.

3. Surprise- an emotional reaction to sudden circumstances that does not have a clearly defined positive or negative sign. Surprise inhibits all previous emotions, directing attention to a new object and can turn into interest.

4. Suffering (grief)- the most common negative emotional state associated with receiving reliable (or seeming) information about the impossibility of satisfying the most important needs, the achievement of which previously seemed more or less likely. Suffering has the character of an asthenic emotion and more often occurs in the form of emotional stress. The most severe form of suffering is grief associated with irretrievable loss.

5. Anger- a strong negative emotional state, often occurring in the form of affect; arises in response to an obstacle in achieving passionately desired goals. Anger has the character of a sthenic emotion.

6. Disgust- a negative emotional state caused by objects (objects, people, circumstances), contact with which (physical or communicative) comes into sharp conflict with the aesthetic, moral or ideological principles and attitudes of the subject. Disgust, if combined with anger, can interpersonal relationships motivate aggressive behavior. Disgust, like anger, can be directed toward oneself, lowering self-esteem and causing self-judgment.

7. Contempt- a negative emotional state that arises in interpersonal relationships and is generated by mismatch life positions, views and behavior of the subject with those of the object of feeling. The latter are presented to the subject as base, not corresponding to accepted moral standards and ethical criteria. A person is hostile to someone he despises.

8. Fear- a negative emotional state that appears when the subject receives information about possible damage to his life well-being, about a real or imagined danger. In contrast to suffering caused by direct blocking of the most important needs, a person, experiencing the emotion of fear, has only a probabilistic forecast of possible trouble and acts on the basis of this forecast (often insufficiently reliable or exaggerated). The emotion of fear can be both sthenic and asthenic in nature and occur either in the form of stressful conditions, or in the form of a stable mood of depression and anxiety, or in the form of affect (horror).

9. Shame- a negative emotional state, expressed in the awareness of the inconsistency of one’s own thoughts, actions and appearance not only with the expectations of others, but also own ideas about appropriate behavior and appearance.

10. Wine- a negative emotional state, expressed in the awareness of the unseemlyness of one’s own act, thought or feelings and expressed in regret and repentance.

Table of human feelings and emotions

And I also want to show you a collection of feelings, emotions, states that a person experiences during his life - a generalized table that does not pretend to be scientific, but will help you better understand yourself. The table was taken from the website “Communities of Addicted and Codependent”, author - Mikhail.

All human feelings and emotions can be divided into four types. These are fear, anger, sadness and joy. You can find out what type a particular feeling belongs to from the table.

And for those who read the article to the end :) The purpose of this article is to help you understand your feelings, what they are. Our feelings largely depend on our thoughts. Irrational thinking is often at the root of negative emotions. By correcting these mistakes (working on our thinking), we can be happier and achieve more in life. There is interesting, but persistent and painstaking work to be done on oneself. You are ready?

A huge number of different myths are concentrated around human emotions and feelings. This is due to the fact that people have a poor understanding of their diversity and importance. To learn to understand each other correctly, you need to understand what types of emotions exist and find out their characteristics. In addition, you need to learn to distinguish genuine feelings from mere window dressing.

What are emotions and feelings?

The emotional sphere of a person is a complex intricacy of elements that together make it possible to experience everything that happens to him and around him. It consists of four main components:

• Emotional tone is a response in the form of an experience that sets the state of the body. It is this that informs the body about how satisfied its current needs are and how comfortable it is now. If you listen to yourself, you can evaluate your emotional tone.
• Emotions are subjective experiences relating to situations and events that are important to a person.
• A feeling is a person’s stable emotional attitude towards some object. They are always subjective and appear in the process of interaction with others.
• An emotional state differs from a feeling by its weak focus on an object, and from an emotion by its greater duration and stability. It is always triggered by certain feelings and emotions, but at the same time as if on its own. A person may be in a state of euphoria, anger, depression, melancholy, etc.

Video: Psychology. Emotions and feelings

Functions and types of emotions

Emotions, to a greater or lesser extent, regulate the lives of each of us. Usually they have four main functions:

• Motivational-regulatory, designed to encourage action, guide and regulate. Often emotions completely suppress thinking in regulating human behavior.
• Communication is responsible for mutual understanding. It is emotions that tell us about a person’s mental and physical state and help us choose the right line of behavior when communicating with him. Thanks to emotions, we can understand each other even without knowing the language.
• Signaling allows you to communicate your needs to others using emotionally expressive movements, gestures, facial expressions, etc.
• Protective is expressed in the fact that a person’s instant emotional reaction can, in some cases, save him from danger.

Scientists have already proven that the more complex the organization Living being, the richer and more varied is the range of emotions that it is capable of experiencing.

Emotions and feelings

In addition, all emotions can be divided into several types. The nature of the experience (pleasant or unpleasant) determines the sign of the emotion - positive or negative. Emotions are also divided into types depending on the impact on human activity - sthenic and asthenic. The former encourage a person to act, while the latter, on the contrary, lead to stiffness and passivity. But the same emotion can affect people or the same person differently in different situations. For example, severe grief plunges one person into despondency and inaction, while the other person seeks solace in work.

Not only people have emotions, but also animals. For example, when experiencing severe stress, they may change their behavior - become calmer or nervous, refuse food or stop responding to the world.

Also, the type of emotions determines their modality. According to modality, three basic emotions are distinguished: fear, anger and joy, and the rest are only their peculiar expression. For example, fear, worry, anxiety and horror are different manifestations of fear.

The main human emotions

As we have already said, emotions are usually associated with the current moment and are a person’s reaction to changes in his current state. Among them, several main ones stand out:

• joy is an intense feeling of satisfaction with one’s condition and situation;
• fear is the body’s defensive reaction in the event of a threat to its health and well-being;
• excitement - increased excitability, caused by both positive and negative experiences, takes part in the formation of a person’s readiness for an important event and activates his nervous system;
• interest is an innate emotion that spurs the cognitive aspect of the emotional sphere;
• surprise is an experience reflecting the contradiction between existing experience and new one;
• resentment is an experience associated with the manifestation of injustice towards a person;
• anger, anger, rage are negatively colored affects directed against perceived injustice;
• embarrassment - worry about the impression made on others;
• pity is a surge of emotions that occurs when the suffering of another person is perceived as one’s own.

Most of us easily distinguish the emotions of another by external manifestations.

Types of human feelings

Human feelings are often confused with emotions, but they have many differences. Feelings take time to arise; they are more persistent and less likely to change. They are all divided into three categories:

• Moral (moral or emotional) feelings arise in relation to the behavior of others or oneself. Their development occurs in the course of any activity and is usually associated with moral standards accepted in society. Depending on how well what is happening corresponds internal installations a person, he develops a feeling of indignation or, conversely, satisfaction. This category also includes all attachments, likes and dislikes, love and hatred.
• Intellectual feelings are experienced by a person in the course of mental activity. These include inspiration, joy from success and stress from failure.
• A person experiences aesthetic feelings when creating or appreciating something beautiful. This can apply to both objects of art and natural phenomena.
• Practical feelings give rise to human activity, its results, success or failure.

If we asked a robot to describe the weather outside, it would respond something like this: “The air temperature is 5 degrees below zero, snow, no wind”.

Here's how a person would talk about the weather: "Hooray! Real winter! It snows all day long, it’s just perfect weather for sledding and snowball fights!”.

What do you think is the difference between these two statements? The main difference between people and robots is that they are able to experience feelings and emotions.

This is what we will talk about.

What is good for us usually causes positive emotions; what is dangerous is negative.

Emotions can change the state of the body. So, when we see something frightening, our pulse and breathing increase, the brain begins to receive more oxygen and nutrients, pupils dilate.

All this is necessary in order to be able to escape or, conversely, fight the enemy: in other words, to protect yourself from danger.

Emotions motivate us to act or force us not to repeat “harmful” actions. For example, if we become interested in something, we will definitely study the object or phenomenon that aroused our interest.

And if we are ashamed of some action, we will try to behave differently in the future. The emotion recognition center “turns on” at a very early age: the baby is able to distinguish the mother’s smile and smiles back.

How are emotions different from feelings and moods?

The emotion disappears as soon as the circumstances that caused it disappear.

Mood, on the contrary, is a long-term state of the general emotional background. If it is gloomy, then everything around you seems gloomy, as if you are looking at the world around you through dark glasses.

And when the mood is good, minor troubles seem insignificant. It's no coincidence about people who only notice positive points, they say that they look at the world through rose-colored glasses.

It is believed that there are only ten basic emotions:

1. Joy
2. Astonishment
3. Interest
4. Sadness
5. Disgust
6. Contempt
7. Fear

Animals also experience emotions. Looking at a dog or cat, we can immediately understand what mood it is in.

Pets also “read” our facial expressions, body position, and evaluate movements. If the owner is angry, his dog will instantly feel it.

We draw your attention to and - very exciting information!

Human feelings

Feeling is a stable emotional attitude towards other people and phenomena. Emotions usually pass by our consciousness, but we can grow feelings like flowers.

You can cultivate a sense of beauty in yourself - the ability to enjoy beauty, love, a sense of responsibility; or you can have negative feelings - hatred, envy, jealousy or resentment.

This point is very important, since any person is responsible for the feelings that he cultivates in himself.

It is important to remember that negative, negative feelings and emotions not only interfere with communicating with other people (few people would want to be friends with an angry or whining person), but also weaken the body.

It is no coincidence that popular wisdom says that all diseases come from nerves.

A positive attitude towards life helps to cope with any problem.

Scientists say that a bad mood can be overcome with the help of bananas or chocolate, since when they are consumed, endorphins, the hormones of joy, begin to enter the blood.

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Everything that happens to us causes a certain reaction, feelings. This special kind the relationship of each of us to phenomena. And depending on whether they correspond to our needs or not, various kinds of human feelings and emotions are expressed. They allow us to find out what emotions a person feels towards us. We reveal his thoughts, moral principles and internal features. And we express everything that happens to us, or around us, regarding other people through our emotions and feelings.

Without the formation of emotions and feelings, it is impossible for a single person to develop. Even mentally retarded people still exhibit at least some types of emotions and feelings. After all, they can also cry, laugh, be indifferent - which also represents a certain emotion. The qualities we describe are formed in the process of developing the consciousness of each individual, during upbringing, acquisition of education, cultural development and many other factors.

Basic functions of the senses

We have different senses, and each of them has certain functions that everyone needs to become more familiar with.

1. Signaling - as soon as the body needs something, there is a need - signaling immediately occurs, stimulating the activity of the human body.
2. Motivational – this type of feeling is a motivator for action in the behavior of every person.
3. Evaluative - thanks to these feelings, we can understand how significant for us or not what is happening in the world around us.
4. Expressive – non-verbal types of communication.
5. Synthesizing the basics of the image - the stimuli are integral and structural, reflected by our feelings.

We have modal, conscious, deep, long-lasting feelings and distinguish them by intensity, hereditary origin, conditions and forms of development, and functions performed. We distinguish them by the way they influence our body, the processes in the psyche with which feelings are associated, the subject content, according to our needs, etc.

1. Every person necessarily (if he is normal) has two types of feelings - lower and higher. The lower ones include those associated with the satisfaction of physiological, physical needs.
2. The highest feelings are those that accompany our emotional, intellectual and moral essence. Thanks to them, we show our spiritual world and analyze, comprehend the meaning of existence, evaluate the world around us and individuals.

Types of feelings

As we already know, humans have two main species and their subspecies. Let's study each of the main ones carefully.

Moral, moral essence of a person. Thanks to them, each of us experiences different values ​​or opposite phenomena and intentions. The degree of experience, their result depends on how much moral feelings correspond to our needs, how interesting they are to us and society. Such feelings can manifest themselves with a certain ratio of people’s actions and actions in accordance with the norms that are acceptable in modern society.

These include those that are familiar to each of the readers from childhood: camaraderie, friendship, love, attachment to specific people, society. We must show each of these feelings towards others, which is called duty. If we stop observing these qualities - respect, camaraderie, friendliness, etc., then we will definitely experience certain negative feelings - shame, resentment, anger, remorse. Negative feelings of a moral nature also include pity, jealousy, envy, greed, etc.

Aesthetic sensations represent experiences of beauty. The most typical example is the perception of cultural works of art - natural phenomena, people, plants. Such feelings develop due to the development of art. We listen to beautiful music and develop musical sensations in ourselves. Due to the feelings of beauty, the beautiful, we also develop our attitude towards the ugly, since we know the difference between the first and the second and understand harmony, what the sublime and the tragic are. These same feelings include anger, irony, humor, drama, tragedy, and mockery.

Intellectual feelings develop due to a person’s desire to understand the world and his activities. When developing cognitive skills, satisfying one’s own ambitions in terms of curiosity, with a solution complex tasks, in the search for truth, each of us “overgrows” with intellectual feelings.

There is an opinion that the mood of each of us can be compared to glasses lenses, multi-colored ones, in which reality is reflected in a deformed form. Depending on our mood, we can either exaggerate the significance of current events, or, on the contrary, downplay them. And what’s remarkable is that we all understand that we are simply not able to get rid of a certain attitude at the moment.

The only thing that is within our control is to learn to influence the decisions made and their quality in moments of mood swings. But let’s still figure out what it is – a mood.

According to psychology experts, mood is a certain process in which we show our attitude towards the current situation. life situation. It can be long-lasting and affect the emotional background. Sometimes the slightest trouble, a word, a glance is enough for a person to ruin his mood for a whole day, a week. But, as a rule, over time the mood returns to normal, if not provoked. However, it is impossible to miss the spoilage of mood without any reason or reason.

Apparently, there are moments in our lives that deteriorate the quality of our existence. That is, a negative mood is an indicator that you need to pay attention to.

What is the psychology of human mood

We would like to immediately note the fact that most of us follow the “reason” of our negative attitude. Moreover, we feel comfortable in this state and look for excuses. Why is this happening? Because it is much easier than fighting a negative mood and getting back to normal.

Few people know that the word “mood” comes from the ancient Slavic “us Three”. That is, the word reflects the unity of the soul, spirit and body of a person. And if each of them is in harmony and resonance in relation to each other, then “the birds are singing” in a person’s soul. As soon as one of the components of the mood falls out, the mood deteriorates.

5 stages of mood

In order for a person to manifest this or that mood, 5 stages of its formation are necessary.

We evaluate reality. This moment happens in an instant and depends on what our internal guidelines, tasks and values ​​are. For this reason, we most often cannot understand why we became sad, upset, or began to worry. We often tell ourselves “sixth sense”, “intuition” and, of course, we are often mistaken, but sometimes we get to the point.

Ways to interpret reality. Having felt a certain mood, we immediately look for a moment with which we confirm the change in sensations. It’s not for nothing that they say that “it’s not what happens to us that matters, but how we interpret it all.”

Dominant emotion. Whatever our mood, it is most often based on a dominant emotion, which affects the overall emotional background. It fully corresponds to our interpretation. Example: “It’s raining outside, which doesn’t allow us to calmly go to the beach and sunbathe.” That is, we interpret the moment as negative and will be in bad mood. If we say: “It’s raining outside, we can spend a pleasant day at home, watch our favorite TV series, drink warm grog.” Here the basis is positivity, because of which the mood will only be good in the future.

Physical moments. Mood, as we know, is reflected in the emotional background. And if it is bad, then there is a feeling of heaviness, headache, breathing rate, heartbeat, etc. are disturbed. With positivity, each of us feels lightness, a surge of vigor, energy, and comfort.

Incentive to action. The mood encourages a person to make some mistakes, make decisions, that is, actions. Or, a certain attitude encourages inaction, doing nothing. As is the case with the rain outside the window. If the mood deteriorates because of him, we don’t go anywhere. Otherwise, we immediately set the table, cook, have fun, play, have fun.

The listed stages of mood are very subject to our leadership. And if we learn to influence our own mood even a little, we will be able to control our actions. Of course, few people can do this. To do this, you need to be a very strong, strong-willed person with a steel “rod” inside. Try it too. Start by responding positively to simple problems. “Let it rain, but how beautiful nature is, washed by pure drops from heaven. And what an air, it simply makes your head spin and makes you think about something good.”

Human emotions

Are arising around us various phenomena and our attitude towards them, sensations, are emotions. There is still no exact statement about what it is. Since the phenomenon has not been fully studied. But most psychologists are of the opinion that these are some kind of regulators of our activities; they reflect the rationale for situations that develop throughout life. Because of them, we suffer, get angry, worry, worry, fear, enjoy, get irritated, satisfied, etc. More often, they control the internal activities of a person.

Where do emotions come from?

The sensations we studied developed over the course of human evolution. And from the simplest instincts of our ancestors, both motor and organic, they became a complex process. Moreover, many of them are no longer tied to any situation. They are expressed as individual assessments of the attitude towards circumstances and the individual’s participation in them. For example, rage, fear, pain and others ensure each of us survival on Earth and are a signal to action.

The importance of emotions in human life

They are very important for each of us. It is thanks to emotions that we can show joy, pleasure, satisfaction, resentment, sadness, anxiety, fear, worry, surprise, admiration, etc. They may be accompanied by facial expressions and bodily signals, such as redness, pale skin, and gesticulation. If a person has no emotions, then he is a socially passive creature who does not see the meaning in his actions. Because of this, indifference and detachment arise. It happens that a period of apathy occurs in almost every person, but it is associated with certain situations that have developed. As soon as everything returns to normal, the person becomes again the same as he should be - caring, active, etc.

Emotions are signals

We wouldn't be able to live a day if our emotions didn't give us signals. This is how we find out what state our body is in. That is, if we feel good, joyful, satisfied, that is, positive, a positive type of emotion lives in us. Dissatisfaction, frustration, irritation, resentment, anger and others negative emotions“they say” that we are unhappy. Thanks to emotions, we protect ourselves from overload and help preserve the energy necessary for life in the body.

Types of emotions

There are several types of emotions: positive, negative and neutral, as well as affect.

1. Positive ones include: joy, admiration, surprise, love, kindness, empathy, mercy, daydreaming, curiosity, etc.
2. Negative - anger, hatred, annoyance, irritation, hostility, indignation, resentment, fear, shame and others.
3. Neutral ones include curiosity, amazement, indifference and others.

It is important to note that any emotion causes a certain resonance and other moments are included in the process of emotionalization. Previously, it was believed that only people were capable of this. But as it turned out, some species of plants and animals behave exactly the same way.

Basic emotions are inherent in each of us, but wide range sensations are not available to everyone. We have all heard about such types of people as “thick-skinned”, “impenetrable”. They do not have acute emotions, and react to events that cause joy or tears in others with complete indifference. You can’t judge them for this – that’s just the way their psyche works. They would be happy to rejoice just like others, to react to events in the same way with everyone, but they internal activities shackled.

Affect is a separate type of human emotion. This is a strong, powerful emotional state of a person that affects the rationality of thinking. The only thing he is capable of is to act according to the stereotype - he becomes aggressive, runs or freezes.

Nature has endowed us with certain sensations and instincts when unexpected events arise. dangerous situations. Someone is running away from a large lion, another is standing still in fear, and a third is attacking an animal that is obviously stronger than he is.

A sad person's gait changes - it becomes sluggish and slow. There is a grimace on the face - the corners of the mouth are downturned, the eyes are “dull.” In a state of aggression, the body immediately turns into a protective object - it straightens, tenses.

Interesting fact: scientists have proven that in extreme moments, when there is a serious threat to human life, blood thickens. For this reason, you can avoid major blood loss and be saved.

Intense joy can also be responsible for a surge in blood pressure. But in this case, the body is on the safe side and in a joyful person, as a rule, the tone that protects the body is strengthened.

There is also a phenomenon called alexithymia. IN in this case the person does not experience any emotions at all. Moreover, such types are not even capable of not only expressing, but also possessing feelings. He replaces them with thoughts. For them, the main thing is to find out the meaning of life, and not waste time worrying. Where does this “pathology” come from?

Healthy people have emotions and feelings. Everything happens due to the influence of the external world on us, and a person responds, that is, reacts. He expresses his thoughts inner world and colors them with emotions. And if in childhood a child observed adults who were “stingy” with emotions and feelings, he adopts an “infectious” example. It may also be a certain type of character received as an “inheritance” from parents.

Most often, the stronger sex suffers from alexithymia. The reason for this is learning from childhood to be able to restrain one’s impulses, feelings, and to be a “man.” They are not allowed to cry, suffer, be sad; real men don’t do that. And with age, in men this trait develops and turns into what is called an “insensitive blockhead.”

Human feelings and emotions

The two concepts are very related. And everything that happens inside each of us is reflected precisely by emotions and feelings. But there are times when it is difficult for us or we are afraid to show emotion, and for this reason we confuse it with our feelings. Or there are types who are unable to express at certain moments how they feel. Why is this happening? Is this an insensitive person or are there reasons for such behavior?

Let us immediately note that a person who is unable to identify his feelings and emotions cannot make decisions that are important for his life. The cause of inability can be various factors, but the first place is occupied by social ones.

Feelings and emotions can express the same thing at the same time. For example, there is the emotion of joy and there is a feeling of joy. They do not exist without each other. In extreme cases, a person can restrain himself, but the inner world still rejoices on “both sides.” Joy arises when there is a feeling of satisfaction of one's needs. For example, a person rejoices when he eats deliciously, takes a walk, meets a dear person, receives a gift, etc. Satisfaction is directly related to the object, to which there is no alternative. That is, if a person wants to drink tea and only eat coffee, then he will be dissatisfied.

Passion is a poorly controlled feeling that not everyone can cope with. Physiology plays a role here. It “dictates” how a man or woman should behave, and if an emotional background is added to it that encourages passion, then the question is “closed.”

Let's take a break from the feelings with Yandex Music:

How many feelings does a person have?

There is not a second that you and I do not experience certain feelings. Thanks to them, we can navigate through life and satisfy our needs, feel danger and have fun. Back in ancient times, the great Aristotle identified the main 5 feelings of a person and no one has yet refuted them:

• sense of smell;
• hearing;
• vision;
• touch;
• taste.

The only thing that some scientists have achieved is to increase their number to 30. That is, they have identified subtypes of all five human senses. For example, such a feeling as taste also has separate “ramifications”: the taste of sweet, salty, sour, bitter. There are also branches of vision according to the receptors - cones and rods. The former perceive light, the latter color.

But in addition to the five main senses, it was also added:

1. Thermoception is the sensation of heat or cold on the skin.
2. National perception is the sensation of pain.
3. Equibrioception – the sense of movement, speed and balance. In this sense, the vestibular apparatus located inside the human ear is involved.
4. Proprioception is the feeling of your body, its position and individual components.

There is also a conservative approach to determining the sense organs in humans. These include:

• light – vision;
• mechanical - hearing, human touch;
• chemical – smell, taste.

As we study the short list, we realize that there are many more feelings. Otherwise we would be boring and uninteresting creatures. Everyone is especially interested in the “sixth” sense, called intuition. Agree, it has repeatedly saved people from death and saved humanity. For example, in the 80s, the center for monitoring the skies over the Russian Federation received a signal that the United States had sent a missile with a nuclear warhead. According to the rules, the officer was obliged to inform management and, of course, press the answer button. But something held him back, and, thank God! As it turned out, the information was false. If not for his intuition. Nature has endowed us with everything that protects us, allows us to empathize, have fun and enjoy life.

Bye everyone.
Best regards, Vyacheslav.

Feelings and emotions

1. The concept of feelings, emotions and their types. Emotional states

Interacting with the world around us, a person relates to it in a certain way, experiences some feelings about what he remembers, imagines, and thinks about.

A person’s experience of his relationship to what he does or learns, to other people, to himself is called feelings and emotions.

Feelings and emotions are interrelated but distinct phenomena in the emotional sphere of the individual. Emotions consider a simpler, more immediate experience at the moment associated with the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of needs. Manifesting as reactions to objects in the environment, emotions are associated with initial impressions. The first impression of something is purely emotional in nature and is a direct reaction (fear, anger, joy) to some of its external features.

Feeling- it's more complex than emotions, a constant, established attitude of the individual to what he knows and does, to the object of his needs. Feelings are characterized by stability and duration, measured in months and years of life of their subject. Feelings are unique to humans, they are socially conditioned and represent the highest product of human cultural and emotional development. A sense of duty, self-esteem, shame, pride are exclusively human feelings. Animals also have emotions associated with the satisfaction of physiological needs, but in humans even these emotions bear the stamp of social development. All human emotional manifestations are regulated by social norms. A person often subordinates physiological needs to higher, specifically human spiritual needs.

The sources of emotions and feelings are, on the one hand, the surrounding reality reflected in our consciousness, and on the other, our needs. Those objects and phenomena that are not related to our needs and interests do not evoke noticeable feelings in us.

The physiological basis of feelings is primarily the processes occurring in the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex regulates the strength and stability of feelings. Experiences cause excitation processes that, spreading across the cerebral cortex, capture the subcortical centers. In the parts of the brain lying below the cerebral cortex, there are various centers of physiological activity of the body: respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive and secretory. That is why excitation of the subcortical centers causes increased activity of a number of internal organs. In this regard, the experience of feelings is accompanied by a change in the rhythm of breathing and cardiac activity, the functioning of the secretory glands is disrupted (tears from grief, sweat from excitement). Thus, when experiencing feelings, during emotional states, either an increase or decrease in the intensity of various aspects of human life is observed. In some emotional states we experience a surge of energy, we feel cheerful and efficient, while in others we experience a loss of strength and stiffness in muscle movements.

It must be borne in mind that the inextricable connection between the cerebral cortex and the subcortical region allows a person to control the physiological processes occurring in the body and consciously manage their feelings.

There are three pairs of the simplest emotional experiences.

"Pleasure - displeasure." Satisfaction of a person's physiological, spiritual and intellectual needs is reflected as pleasure, and dissatisfaction is reflected as displeasure.

"Voltage-resolution". The emotion of tension is associated with creating a new or breaking an old way of life and activity. The completion of this process is experienced as an emotion of resolution (relief).

"Excitement - calming." The emotion of excitement is determined by impulses going to the cerebral cortex from the subcortex. Located here emotional centers activate the activity of the cortex. Inhibition by the cortex of impulses coming from the subcortex is experienced as calming.

There are also sthenic (Greek "stenos" - strength) and asthenic (Greek "asthenos" - weakness, impotence) emotions. Stenic emotions increase activity, energy and cause uplift, excitement, vigor (joy, combat excitement, anger, hatred). With sthenic emotions, it is difficult for a person to remain silent, it is difficult not to act actively. Feeling sympathy for a friend, a person looks for a way to help him. Asthenic emotions reduce a person’s activity and energy, and reduce vital activity (sadness, melancholy, despondency, depression). Asthenic emotions are characterized by passivity, contemplation, and relax a person. Sympathy remains a good but sterile emotional experience.

Feelings are usually classified by content. It is customary to distinguish the following types of feelings: moral, intellectual and aesthetic.

Depending on the combination of speed, strength and duration of feelings, they distinguish types of emotional states, the main ones being mood, passion, affect, inspiration, stress and frustration.

Mood is an emotional state that is characterized by weak or medium strength and significant stability. This or that mood can last for days, weeks, months. This is not a special experience about any specific event, but a “diffused” general state. Mood usually “colors” all other emotional experiences of a person and is reflected in his activity, aspirations, actions and behavior.

Passion is a long-term and stable emotional state. But, unlike mood, passion is characterized by strong emotional intensity. Passion arises when there is a strong desire for certain actions, to achieve a goal and helps this achievement. Positive passions serve as a stimulus for great creative human activity. Passion is a long-lasting, stable and deep feeling that has become a characteristic of a person.

Affects extremely strong, quickly arising and violently occurring short-term emotional states (affects of despair, rage, horror) are called. A person’s actions when affected occur in the form of an “explosion.” Strong emotional arousal manifests itself in violent movements and disordered speech. Sometimes affect manifests itself in tense stiffness of movements, posture or speech (for example, it may be confusion at pleasant but unexpected news). Affects negatively affect human activity, sharply reducing the level of its organization. In a state of passion, a person may experience a temporary loss of volitional control over his behavior, and he may commit rash acts. Any feeling can be experienced in an affective form. Affect is no longer joy, but delight, not grief, but despair, not fear, but horror, not anger, but rage. Affects arise when the will is weakened and are indicators of incontinence, a person’s inability to self-control.

Inspiration How does the emotional state manifest itself? various types activities. It is characterized by great strength and striving for a certain activity. Inspiration occurs in cases where the goal of an activity is clear and the results are clearly presented, and at the same time as necessary and valuable. Inspiration is often experienced as a collective feeling, and the more people are overwhelmed by the feeling of inspiration, the stronger this feeling is experienced by each person individually. This emotional state is especially often and most clearly manifested in people’s creative activity. Inspiration is a kind of mobilization of all the best mental forces of a person.

Stress(English 51ge85 - tension) is a state of excessively strong and prolonged psychological stress that occurs in a person when his nervous system receives emotional overload. The word “stress” was first used by the Canadian biologist G. Selye (1907-1982). He also introduced the concept of “stress phase”, highlighting the stages of anxiety (mobilization of defenses), resistance (adaptation to a difficult situation) and exhaustion (consequences of prolonged exposure to stress). Stress is caused by extreme conditions for a given individual and is experienced with great internal tension. Stress can be caused by dangerous conditions for life and health, great physical and mental overload, and the need to make quick and responsible decisions. With severe stress, the heart rate and breathing increase, blood pressure rises, and general reaction excitement, expressed in varying degrees of disorganization of behavior (chaotic, uncoordinated movements and gestures, confused, incoherent speech), confusion, difficulties in switching attention are observed, errors in perception, memory, and thinking are possible. Stress disorganizes a person’s activities and disrupts the normal course of his behavior. Frequent and long-term stress have a negative impact on a person’s physical and mental health. However, with mild stress, general physical composure, increased activity, clarity and precision of thought, and quick wits appear.

Frustration - This is a psychological state of disorganization of consciousness and personal activity, caused by objectively insurmountable (or subjectively understood and experienced) obstacles on the way to a very desirable goal. This is an internal conflict between the direction of the individual and objective possibilities with which the individual does not agree. Frustration occurs when the degree of dissatisfaction is greater than what a person can bear, i.e. above the threshold of frustration. In a state of frustration, a person experiences a particularly strong neuropsychic shock. It can manifest itself as extreme annoyance, embitterment, depression, complete indifference to the environment, unlimited self-flagellation.

2. Functions of emotions and feelings, their meaning in human life

Emotions and feelings perform the following functions. Signal(communicative) function is expressed in the fact that emotions and feelings are accompanied by expressive movements:

facial (movement of facial muscles), pantomimic (movement of body muscles, gestures), voice changes, autonomic changes (sweating, redness or paleness of the skin). These displays of emotions and feelings signal to other people what emotions and feelings a person is experiencing; they allow him to convey his experiences to other people, inform them about his attitude to objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality.

Regulatory the function is expressed in the fact that persistent experiences guide our behavior, support it, and force us to overcome obstacles encountered along the way. Regulatory mechanisms of emotions relieve excess emotional arousal. When emotions reach extreme tension, they are transformed into processes such as the release of tear fluid, contraction of facial and respiratory muscles (crying).

Reflective(evaluative) function is expressed in a generalized assessment of phenomena and events. The senses cover the entire body and allow one to determine the usefulness or harmfulness of the factors affecting them and react before the harmful effect itself is determined.

Incentive(stimulating) function. Feelings, as it were, determine the direction of the search that can provide a solution to the problem. Emotional experience contains the image of an object that satisfies needs, and its biased attitude towards it, which prompts a person to act.

Reinforcing the function is expressed in the fact that significant events that cause a strong emotional reaction are quickly and permanently imprinted in memory. Thus, emotions of “success - failure” have the ability to instill love for any type of activity or extinguish it.

Switchable the function is revealed by the competition of motives, as a result of which the dominant need is determined (the struggle between fear and a sense of duty). The attractiveness of the motive, its closeness to personal attitudes, directs the individual’s activity in one direction or another.

Adaptive function. Emotions arise as a means by which living beings establish the significance of certain conditions in order to satisfy the needs that are relevant to them. Thanks to the feeling that arises in time, the body has the opportunity to effectively adapt to environmental conditions.