Kingdom of Spain, France
BOURBONS (Les Bourbons), an old French ruling family that ruled in France (1589–1792, 1814–1815, 1815–1848), Naples and Sicily (1735–1806, 1815-1860), Parma (1731–1735, 1748–1802, 1847–1859), Etruria (1801–1807), Lucca (1815–1847); rules in Spain (1700–1808, 1814–1868, 1874–1931 and since 1975) and Luxembourg (since 1964).
The Bourbons are a junior branch of the Capetian dynasty. They descend from Robert, Count of Clermont (1256–1317), the sixth son of the French king Louis IX of Capet, who in 1272 married Beatrice from the house of Burgundy Capet, heir to the seigneury of Bourbon (Bourbonnais on the Haute-Loire in the Massif Central). In 1310 this seignory was inherited by their son Louis I the Great (1279–1342); in 1327 King Charles IV (1322–1328) raised it to the status of a duchy. From his sons Pierre I (1311–1356) and Jacques I (c. 1315–1361) came the senior and junior branches of the House of Bourbon.
Senior branch of the House of Bourbon (1311–1527)
Bourbonnais remained in the hands of the senior branch; it was successively owned by: Pierre I (in 1342–1356), his son Louis II (in 1356–1410), grandson Jean I (in 1410–1434), great-grandson Charles I (in 1434–1456), sons of Charles I Jean II ( in 1456–1488), Charles II (in 1488) and Pierre II (in 1488–1503). In 1400, the elder Bourbons acquired the counties of Beaujolais and Forêt, and in 1428, thanks to the marriage of Louis II with the Auvergne Dauphine Anne, part of Auvergne (Dauphine d'Auvergne). From Louis (d. 1486), youngest son Jean I, the first, count, line of Bourbon-Monpensier went. After the death of Pierre II, the eldest branch died out at the male knee (1503), and its possessions passed to the Bourbon-Monpensier line in the person of Constable Charles, grandson of Louis (1490–1527), who married the only daughter of Pierre II, Suzanne (1491–1521). However, after the death of Suzanne, by decision of the court, the Duchy of Bourbon, the counties of Beaujolais and Forêt and Dauphine d'Auvergne were annexed to the royal domain in 1523. With the death of Charles (killed during the storming of Rome on May 9, 1527), the Bourbon-Monpensier line was also stopped.
Junior branch of the House of Bourbon (since 1315)
A younger branch held the County of Marche (west of Bourbonnais): Jacques I (1342–1361), his sons Pierre (1361–1362) and Jean II (1362–1393), Jean II's eldest son Jacques II (1393–1438). Thanks to the marriage of Jean II to Catherine de Vendôme, the younger Bourbons acquired the principality of La Roche-sur-Ion (the future Bourbon-Vendôme) and the county of Vendôme. Their youngest son Louis (c. 1376–1446) became the founder of the Bourbon-Vendôme line; after the death of his brother Jacques II in 1438, he became head of the junior branch. In 1446 he was succeeded by his son Jean III. After the death of Jean III in 1478, the County of Vendôme passed to his eldest son Francis (until 1495), and the principality of La Roche-sur-Ion to the younger Louis, who, due to the death of Charles de Montpensier in 1527, received as the husband of his elder sister Louise remnants of the possessions of the senior branch of the Bourbons and founded the second line of Bourbon-Montpensier (Dukes from 1539). This line in the male tribe ceased with the death in 1608 of Henri, grandson of Louis.
Francis de Vendôme's son Charles (1489–1537) was granted the title of Duke of Vendôme by King Francis I in 1515. His son Antoine (1518–1562) married Jeanne III d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, in 1549. Their son Henry (See also HENRY IV), after the death of his mother in 1572, became king of Navarre and inherited from her vast lands in the south of France - Duchy of Albret, counties of Armagnac, Foix, Rouergue, Bigord and Périgord With the assassination of King Henry III (1574–1589) and the suppression of the Valois dynasty (August 1, 1589), he, as the oldest surviving Capetian, took the French throne.
With Henry IV (1589–1610), the Bourbon-Vendome dynasty was established in France, which ruled the country intermittently until 1830. Henry IV was succeeded by his son Louis XIII (1610–1643), Louis XIII by his son Louis XIV(1643–1715), Louis XIV – his great-grandson Louis XV (1715–1774), Louis XV – his grandson Louis XVI (1774–1792).
The Great French Revolution (see GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTION) overthrew the Bourbon dynasty (August 10, 1792); Louis XVI was guillotined on January 21, 1793, and his son Louis-Charles (born 1785), proclaimed by the emigrants as King Louis XVII (see LOUIS XVII), died in Temple Prison in 1795. With the fall of the empire of Napoleon I (see NAPOLEON I; NAPOLEONIC WARS) the Bourbon-Vendome dynasty was restored: the French throne was occupied by Louis XVI's brother Louis XVIII on May 3, 1814. During the Hundred Days, the Bourbons again lost power (March 19, 1815), but after the defeat of Napoleon I at Waterloo, Louis XVIII regained his crown (July 8, 1815). In 1824 he was succeeded by his younger brother Charles X (1757–1836), the last representative of the Bourbon-Vendôme dynasty on the throne of France, overthrown during July Revolution 1830 (abdicated August 3, 1830). The only grandson of Charles X, Henri, Duke of Bordeaux (born 1820), became a contender for the throne, who took the name Henry V in 1843; in 1873, after the fall of the Second Empire (see NAPOLEON III), he rejected the proposal of the National Assembly to accept the French crown, not wanting to reign under the tricolor banner. With his death in 1883, the Bourbon-Vendôme branch came to an end.
Bourbon-Condé line (1530–1830)
Goes back to Louis I de Conde (1530–1569), the youngest son of Charles, first Duke of Vendôme, a major military leader and one of the leaders of the French Huguenots, who died in the battle of Jarnac. The title of Prince of Condé passed in his direct descendants from father to son - in 1569 to Henri I (born 1552), in 1588 to Henri II (born 1588), one of the leaders of the Regency Council under the young Louis XIV, in 1646 to Louis II (born 1621), the famous commander, nicknamed "The Great Condé", in 1686 to Henri Jules (born 1643), in 1709 to Louis III (born 1668), in 1719 to Louis Henri (born 1692), the first to the minister of King Louis XV, in 1740 to Louis Joseph (born 1736), commander of the army of emigrants during the French Revolution, in 1818 to Louis Henri Joseph (born 1756), after whose suicide in 1830 the Bourbon-Condé branch was cut short; his only son Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien (born 1772), was executed by firing squad in 1804 on the orders of Napoleon I.
Two lateral branches branched off from Bourbon-Condé. Charles (1566–1612), the youngest son of Louis I de Condé, founded the Bourbon-Soissons line, which ended with the death of his son Louis (b. 1604), killed at the Battle of Marfa in 1641. Armand (1629–1666), younger brother The Great Conde, became the founder of the Bourbon-Conti line: in 1666 the title of Prince of Conti was inherited by his son Louis-Armand I (born 1661), and in 1685 by his other son Francois-Louis (born 1664), who in 1697 was elected to the throne The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, however, failed to hold on to it; after the death of François-Louis in 1709, the title passed to his son Louis-Armand II (born 1695), in 1727 to his grandson Louis-François (born 1717), and in 1776 to his great-grandson Louis-François-Joseph (born 1734) , with whose death in 1814 the Bourbon-Conti line was interrupted.
Bourbon-Orléans line (from 1660)
After the death of his uncle Gaston d'Orléans in 1660, Louis XIV passed on the title of Duke of Orléans to his younger brother Philippe (1640–1701), who became the founder of the Bourbon-Orléans line. With the death of Philip I, this title was inherited from father to son by Philip II (1674–1723), regent under the young Louis XV; Louis (1703–1752); Louis Philippe I (1725–1785); Louis Philippe II (1747–1793), a leading figure in the French Revolution who died during the Jacobin Terror; Louis Philippe III (1773–1850), who, as a result of the July Revolution of 1830, ascended the French throne as King Louis Philippe I (August 9, 1830). The rule of the Bourbon-Orleans dynasty in France lasted until the February Revolution of 1848, which overthrew the July Monarchy - on February 24, 1848, Louis Philippe I abdicated the throne. His descendants are Ferdinand-Philippe, Duke of Orléans (1810–1842), Louis-Philippe, Count of Paris (1838–1894), Philippe III, Duke of Orléans (1869–1926), Jean, Duke (1874–1940), Henri, Count Parisian (1908–) and Henri, Count of Clermont (born 1933) - continued and continue to lay claim to the French crown. In 1883, after the death of Henri, Duke of Bordeaux, the rights of the Bourbon-Vendôme line passed to the Bourbon-Orléans, and thus they found themselves at the head of the royal house of France.
Moscow Humanitarian and Social Academy
faculty International relationships
Department of History
Coursework on the topic:
"Bourbons in France"
Completed by: 2nd year student of group MO-202
Alchinova Maria Alexandrovna
Scientific adviser:
Egoshina V.N.
Moscow 2001
Introduction………………………….………………………….……..……3
Section 1. The Bourbons are the oldest royal dynasty in Europe………
1.1.Pedigree of the Bourbons………………………………………………………....…4
1.2.Bourbons - kings of France……………………………….…….5
Section 2. Henry IV and Louis XV as outstanding representatives
dynasties…………………………………………………………….
2.1.Henry IV – Huguenot………………………………….…………….
2.2.Louis XV as a reformer………………………….………….
Conclusion……………………………………………………..…………40
References……………………………………………………..………...…41
Application……………………………………………….……………….
Introduction
The course work is devoted to the ruling Bourbon dynasty in France, which reigned from the 16th to 19th centuries. This dynasty is of great interest to history because the most famous monarchs of France, such as Henry IV, Louis XIV, XV were outstanding personalities.
The first chapter presents the genealogy, as well as brief information about the reigning monarchs of a given dynasty.
The second chapter examines the personality of Henry IV as the first representative of this dynasty. Here his rise to power is described, Henry as political figure, France during his reign. The question is revealed of how the Huguenot managed to become the king of France, who fought against Protestantism and absolutely did not accept dissidents.
Target course work– trace the fate of the Bourbon dynasty in France: rise to power, apogee and collapse.
The following works were used to write the coursework: 1. A. Dumas “Cecile”, “Amaury”, vol. 46. M., 2000; 2. S.F. Blumenau "Louis XV"; 3. S.L. Pleshkova “Gerich IV of France”; 4. A.V. Revyakin “French dynasties: Bourbons, Orleans, Bonapartes”; 5. A.K. Ryzhov “All the monarchs of the world”; 6. French kings and emperors. Ed. Hartmann, Rostov-on-Don, 1997.
1. The Bourbons are the oldest royal dynasty in Europe
Bourbons (younger branch of the Capetians) are an old French family, which, thanks to their relationship with the royal house of the Capetians, occupied the French and other thrones for a long time. Its name comes from a castle in the former province of Bourbonnais.
1.1.Bourbon pedigree
The first lord of this family mentioned in history was Adhemar. His fourth successor, Archambault I, changed the name of the family castle, adding his name to it, resulting in Bourbon l "Archambault. Having united by ties of kinship with the royal house of the Capetians, the Bourbons, as a side branch of this family, acquired, after the death of the last male descendant, another branches, Valois, legal rights to the French throne. The Vendome line acquired particular importance. Through the marriage of Anton Bourbon, Duke of Vendome, with Jeanne d'Albret, she first reached the Navarre throne, and then, after the death of the last representative of the house of Valois, occupied the French the throne, in the person of Henry IV and, finally, through marriage and happy wars - the Spanish and Neapolitan throne. Other lateral lines include Montpensier, Condé, Conti and Soissons. The Bourbon dynasty on the French throne begins with Henry IV, son of Anton, Duke of Vendôme and King of Navarre, who, after the death in 1589 of Henry III, the last Capetian of the house of Valois, became, according to the Salian law of succession, the direct heir to the French throne.
With his second wife, Marie de' Medici, Henry IV had five children, including Louis XIII. Louis XIII, married to Anne of Austria, daughter of Philip III of Spain, left two sons: Louis XIV, and Philip, who received the title of Duke of Orleans and became the founder of the younger Bourbon dynasty.
The son of Louis XIV from his marriage to Maria Theresa of Austria, daughter of Philip IV, Dauphin Louis, died already in 1711, leaving three sons from his marriage to Maria Anna of Bavaria. the surviving grandson became the heir of Louis XIV in 1715, under the name of Louis XV. The latter had from Maria Leszczynska, the son of the Dauphin Louis, who left an heir to Louis XVI and Louis-Stanislas-Xavier, Count of Provence, who in 1814 took the French throne under the name of Louis XVIII Charles Philippe, Count of Artois, who succeeded the just named brother under the name of Charles X. Louis XVIII had no children, while Charles X left two sons. With the death of Henry V in 1883, the senior Bourbon line died out. The Orléans line, which ascended the French throne in 1830 and was deposed in 1848, originates from the second son of Louis XIII and the brother of Louis XIV, Duke Philippe I of Orléans, who died in 1701.
1.2.Bourbons - kings of France
During the reign of the first Bourbon Henry IV (1589-1610), the religious wars that began in 1562 became a great shock to the monarchy and the unity of the country - the Catholic party was opposed by Calvinists, very strong and influential, despite the fact that the Huguenots then made up less than 10% of the total population. Only the former Protestant leader, who converted to Catholicism, became later king, managed to restore religious peace and unity of the kingdom. With the Edict of Nantes of 1598, he provided Protestants with religious freedom, guaranteed positions, and security of character, which no religious minority in Europe had at that time. Flexible and possessing an extraordinary mind, the first Bourbon Henry IV was able to strengthen central power. Since 1624, the first cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin under Louis XIII (1610-1643) and Louis XIV (1643-1715) purposefully developed his achievements and further built an absolute monarchy. The example of the “Sun King”, Louis XIV, was imitated by all of Europe; the morals of his court, etiquette, even himself French enjoyed unprecedented popularity; his luxurious palace at Versailles became an unattainable model for countless princes. He held in his hands the threads of all the political intrigues of the country, the Versailles court, with strictly regulated etiquette, became the center from where all decisions emanated, rays of splendor and luxury flowed over the entire country. Even in the era of Louis XIV himself, absolutism was fairly limited by the existing fundamental law, privileges, especially in the provinces and localities, and many other factors. In domestic politics, Louis tried, in accordance with the principle of “one king - one religion,” to achieve the religious unity of his subjects - conflicting with the pope and the Jansenists, persecuting the Huguenots. In foreign policy his desire for hegemony during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) encountered resistance throughout Europe. The wars in which he sought military glory led France into serious economic difficulties.
To be an absolute monarch, Louis XIV played the difficult role of the “omnipresent” king with inimitable skill. This role was only possible for a person with such good health, strong self-discipline, powerful will and unheard of performance, which the “Sun King” possessed.
Under Louis XV (1715 - 1774), First Minister Fleury (1726-1743), with the help of peace policies, organizational work and currency stabilization, managed to re-consolidate the country: the monarchy reached its greatest prosperity, personifying the greatness, power and stability of the state.. However, in the course of unsuccessful wars (the War of the Austrian Succession 1740-1748 and the Seven Years' War 1756-1763) with England, she again lost significant territories in Europe and overseas. In addition, her debt has grown exorbitantly.
But in last quarter XVIII century the approach of the capitalist era was marked by the exacerbation of all social contradictions, the external manifestation of which was a protracted financial crisis states. Louis XVI, who ascended the throne in 1774, tried to improve the situation. But the inconsistent reforms carried out by him “from above” did not produce the expected results. And then he was forced to yield to public opinion, which demanded deep reforms and sought the participation of representatives of the “nation” in governing the state. Louis XVI decided to convene the Estates General, the opening of which in May 1789 served as the detonator of a deep, all-encompassing and bloody revolution.
The period of the Great French Revolution is often compared to the laboratory in which they tested various shapes devices state power: constitutional monarchy, democratic republic, revolutionary dictatorship, etc. Moreover, all regimes based on democratic and republican principles quickly self-destructed, revealing their ineffectiveness. TO early XIX V. the country slipped into a military dictatorship, which soon hid behind the magnificent façade of empire. The principle of monarchy - hereditary individual power - prevailed, but it was expressed in the form of a denial of legitimate monarchy.
The fact that Louis XVI did not die a natural death, surrounded by grieving relatives, but was executed by the verdict of a revolutionary tribunal, left a trace of tragedy on his entire fate and determined the polarity of opinions about him. For some, inclined to see Louis XVI as an innocently murdered martyr, he was good king, who was passionately interested in hunting and all sorts of handicrafts, especially metalworking, but at the same time he also possessed extensive scientific knowledge, mainly in the field of geography. For others, who considered his execution a well-deserved punishment, Louis XVI was, first of all, a tyrant who stood in the way of progressive reforms, and therefore was thrown off the throne. Gradually, Napoleon Bonaparte came to power, a representative of the new dynasty, who went down in history as Napoleon I. The Bourbon dynasty temporarily left the political arena. But in 1815, when the emperor admitted defeat, the Bourbons returned to the throne.
Immediately after the death of Louis XVI in 1793, his brother, the Count of Provence, who was in Westphalia, proclaimed Louis-Charles King Louis XVII, and declared himself regent for his nephew. The emigration swore allegiance to the new king, and European courts recognized him. But it is at this time that the little monarch himself begins to get sick, and trials begin to take their toll on the child’s body. recent years. On June 8, 1795, he died in the Temple Prison in Paris at the age of ten.
On June 24, 1795, when news of his nephew's death reached the Count of Provence, the latter was declared King Louis XVIII. He was better suited for the role political leader than Louis XVI. From the very beginning of the revolution, the Count of Provence demanded from his elder brother a decisive rebuff to the opponents of the monarchy. In 1790, he even tried to remove the king from power in order to rule the country himself as governor of the kingdom. In 1791, he went on the run at the same time as Louis XVI, but turned out to be luckier than his brother, reaching Brussels safely. At the head of the counter-revolutionary emigration, the Count of Provence fought against France on the side of the interventionists in 1792, and in 1793 he rushed to Toulon, which was occupied by the British at that time, but was too late - the fortress surrendered into the hands of the Republicans. Perhaps only deteriorating health kept him from further military exploits.
All adversities immediately became a thing of the past after the abdication of Napoleon Bonaparte on April 5, 1814. At about three o'clock in the morning a messenger rode to Hartwell Castle with the long-awaited news: “Sire, from now on you are the king!” - “Wasn’t I a king before?” - With these words, Louis XVIII went to bed. This was the answer of a man who was unshakably confident in his dynastic rights to the crown.
But Louis XVIII was fully aware of how difficult it would be for him to rule in a country where, during the quarter century of his absence, a generation of people had grown up who did not know the Bourbons and did not feel any good feelings towards them, except, perhaps, curiosity. Defeat of the monarchy in 1789-1792. served as a serious lesson for him. He was the only one of the Bourbons who firmly held the opinion: either the monarchy will be supplemented by a constitution, or it will never exist again.
On April 24, 1814, Louis XVIII disembarked at Calais, from where he went to the castle of Saint-Ouen. Here, during negotiations with a delegation of the Senate (one of the chambers of the empire), a deal was concluded great importance for the whole of Europe, a compromise between the Capetians and representatives of the new France: the king reigns by virtue of divine right, but he grants his subjects a Charter (constitution) limiting his power. He retained full executive power and shared legislative power with a bicameral parliament. The Chamber of Deputies was formed on the basis of qualified suffrage, and the Chamber of Peers was appointed by the king.
This was an important political breakthrough towards civil peace and civilization. After many years of despotism under Napoleon I, France in its own way state structure approached the level of the advanced states of that time - England, the USA. The possibility of ending civil strife and peaceful evolutionary progress, ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens, opened before her. And it doesn’t matter that the beginning of the reign of Louis XVIII was not cloudless - the Hundred Days of Napoleon, a wave of white terror, anti-government conspiracies. After historical era internal and foreign wars, suppression of freedoms, violence against individuals, one could not expect an exemplary sense of justice from the French. And the legal mechanisms of relations between citizens and the state were just taking shape.
Louis XVIII was childless and had no hope of ever having children. His marriage to Louise Marie Josephine of Savoy, who died in 1810, was a mere formality. Under these conditions, his younger brother Count d'Artois had the greatest rights to the crown. But by the time they returned to France, both of them were no longer young - one was 59 years old, the other was 57 years old. There is no confidence that Louis XVIII will have time to transfer the crown to his brother , could not be. True, the latter had two sons.
In the early 20s, the king's health deteriorated sharply. His legs completely stopped obeying him, and from now on he spent all his time in a large wheelchair, for which scoffers immediately dubbed him the “chair king.” On September 16, 1824, Louis XVIII died.
Under the name of Charles X, the crown was inherited by the Comte d'Artois (1757-1836). Not too zealous in the sciences, frivolous and stubborn, prone to fleeting hobbies, but also capable of serious affection, the new king in many respects was the opposite of his more thorough and prudent predecessor. In the summer of 1789, the Count d'Artois, in disputes with Louis XVI, insisted on the most decisive measures against the willful deputies of the third estate. At the same time, he compromised himself so much that immediately after the fall of the Bastille he was forced to go abroad. The counter-revolutionary emigration began to group around him. He was an indispensable organizer and participant in all its major military actions against revolutionary France. The defeat of the monarchist counter-revolution forced him to moderate his ardor. He settled in England, where he lived until 1814.
Count d'Artois was married to Marie-Thérèse of Savoy, the sister of Louis XVIII's wife, but did not bother her with his attention. An exceptional place in his life belonged to another woman - Madame de Polastron, cousin of the Duchess of Polignac, Marie Antoinette's favorite. Connection with her determined the fate of the future king.Before her death in 1805, Madame de Polastron made him promise that he would stop wild life, which he has led until now, and will turn to God. From that time on, Count d'Artois became a zealot of morality and piety, falling under the influence of Abbot Latil, the confessor of his former mistress.
Comte d'Artois actively participated in the restoration of the monarchy. In March 1814, he negotiated with the allies, and on April 12 he entered Paris and for several days before the arrival of Louis XVIII ruled France as governor of the kingdom.
One of his first steps in the field domestic policy was the abolition of press censorship. In the next one and a half to two years, Charles X took measures that infringed on the fundamental interests or beliefs of broad sections of the population, in particular a significant part of the ruling elite. 250 Napoleonic generals were dismissed from the army; the blasphemy law punished the death penalty for desecration of the holy gifts; the law on the so-called billion for emigrants (i.e. compensation for damage to those who fled the country during the revolution) offended the patriotic feelings of the majority of the French who shared the fate of their homeland during the revolution, etc. Part of the Conservative Party under pressure public opinion went into opposition. The country was approaching a political crisis.
In fact, Charles X abandoned the political legacy of Louis XVIII, who tried to combine - and at first, not unsuccessfully - the divine right of kings with the constitutional right of the nation. Charles X preferred to see in the Charter only one of the traditional “liberties” granted by the king to his subjects. He chose the path of rejecting the compromise of 1814, not realizing that he was thereby undermining the political basis of the monarchy.
During the ten years of his reign, Louis XVIII never chose the time for a church coronation, although before him there was no case of a king avoiding the sacrament of confirmation, because. he was afraid of becoming king “to a greater extent” than the French wanted. Charles X behaved differently. In an effort to emphasize the God-given nature of his power, he was crowned on May 29, 1825 at Reims Cathedral.
In the elections to the Chamber of Deputies in 1827 and 1830. The liberal opposition won a landslide victory twice in a row. The political crisis has reached its greatest intensity. And then Charles X, by his actions, accelerated the outcome. In August 1829, he appointed a government headed by Duke Jules de Polignac, who was tasked with restoring royal absolutism.
In pursuance of his will, orders appeared on July 25, 1830 on the abolition of freedom of the press, the dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies, raising the electoral qualification and calling new elections to the chamber. Charles X, signed the ordinances.
The protest of journalists and printers who lost their jobs on the basis of the ordinances received mass support. Two days later, Paris was completely in the hands of the rebels. Only 5 days later did he finally agree to the resignation of the Polignac government and the abolition of the ordinances. But the leaders of the liberal opposition, who ruled in Paris, simply brushed him aside. Abandoned by everyone, on August 2, Charles X signed the abdication of the throne in favor of his young grandson.
At the end of the Restoration period, France was a country in every respect more prosperous than at the beginning. Signs of a general rise were observed in industry, agriculture, technology, science, not to mention literature and art, for which the Restoration was almost a golden age. Considerable credit for this belonged to the Bourbons, who provided the country with a minimum of conditions for fruitful creative activity - peace and relatively high level civil and political freedoms. But the Bourbons failed to fully use the chance that history gave them in 1814. Instead of confidently leading the country along the path of developing parliamentarism, strengthening the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens - the path that alone promised the survival of the monarchy in new historical conditions - they, especially during the reign of Charles X, contributed to the flare-up of civil strife with their short-sighted actions.
Charles X, having signed a renunciation in favor of his grandson, demanded that his son do the same. One can imagine the feelings of the Duke of Angoulême, who spent his entire adult life preparing to accept the crown and at the decisive moment was forced to abandon it. But for those few minutes until he signed the abdication, he was formally considered a king. He entered the history of the dynasty under the name of Louis XIX, setting a sad record for the shortest reign.
The restoration policy of Charles X, who had ruled the country since 1824, led to revolution and the establishment of the July Monarchy in 1830; Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans (1773-1850) became king. After the revolution of 1848, this bourgeois king also had to abdicate the throne. When on December 10, 1848, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte was elected president of the republic by an overwhelming majority - inspired by the idea of following his famous uncle in everything - the end of the republic was a foregone conclusion. Then he was first proclaimed head of state, and then the popular referendum he held on November 21, 1852 legally recognized him as emperor.
A constitutional amendment was adopted, according to which “the republican form of government cannot be subject to revision.” 2. The main principles of law in France During the hour of the revolution, bourgeois law was formed in its main principles, which at the same time emerged from the bourgeois power. Being a historically progressive type of law, it replaced vigilant feudal law and consolidated new liberties. ...
Louis XIII abolished their political independence (Edict of Grace 1629), and in 1685 Louis XIV, repealing the Edict of Nantes, destroyed their religious autonomy. 2.2 End of religious wars and strengthening absolute monarchy in France Convoluted events civil war in France in the 16th century can be briefly summarized as follows: 1. After the peace concluded in 1576 in Beaulieu for a very long time...
Gallery of Figures
Merovingian Dynasty
Merovingians- the first dynasty of Frankish kings in the history of France. The kings of this dynasty ruled from the end of the 5th to the middle of the 8th century in the territory of modern France and Belgium. They came from the Salic Franks, who in the 5th century settled in Cambrai (Chlodion Longhair) and Tournai (Childeric I).
Contemporaries also called Merovingians "long-haired kings". From pagan times until their fall, the Merovingians wore long hair, which was considered an obligatory attribute of the monarch. The Franks believed that the Merovingians had sacred magical power, which consisted in the extremely long hair of their owners, and was expressed in the so-called “royal happiness,” which personified the well-being of the entire Frankish people. This hairstyle separated him from his subjects who wore short haircuts, popular in the Roman era, considered a sign of the low status of a servant or slave. Cutting off hair was considered the gravest insult for a representative of the Merovingian dynasty; in practice, it meant the loss of rights to have power (an example of this is the son of Chlodomir Chlodoald, later known as Saint Claude).
Carolingian Dynasty
Carolingians- a royal and imperial dynasty in the state of the Franks, and after its collapse - in the West Frankish kingdom, in the East Frankish kingdom, in Italy and in some small states.
The Carolingians came to power in 751, when Charlemagne's father, Pepin the Short, overthrew the last king from the Merovingian family, Childeric III; Pepin was crowned Frankish ruler in 754 at the Basilica of Saint-Deninet, near Paris. But in 787, his successor Charlemagne chose the city of Aachen (today a territory of Germany).
After the collapse of the Frankish Empire, the Carolingians ruled: in Italy - until 905, in the East Frankish Kingdom (Germany) - until 911 (from 919 the Saxon dynasty was established), in the West Frankish Kingdom (France) - intermittently until 987 (replaced by the Capetians).
Capetian Dynasty
Capetians- descended from the Robertine dynasty of French kings, whose representatives ruled from 987 to 1328, and along lateral lines until 1848. In the history of the French state, it is the third dynasty after the Merovingians and the Carolingians. The first king of the dynasty was the Parisian Count Hugh Capet, who was elected king by the royal vassals after the death of the childless Louis V. Abbot Hugh was nicknamed Capet because he wore the mantle of a secular priest, which was called a “capa”. It was Hugo Capet who gave the name to the largest royal dynasty in France, whose descendants ruled the country for many centuries.
The last representative of the direct Capetian branch on the French throne was Charles IV. Then the Valois dynasty, a junior branch of the Capetian family, came to power. And after the suppression of the Angoulême line of the Valois dynasty, another branch of the Capetian house, the Bourbons, came to power. The two current contenders for the throne of France are also direct descendants of Hugh Capet: the Legitimists are a representative of the Spanish branch of the Bourbons, the Autorléanists are a representative of the Orleans branch of the Bourbons.
Coat of arms of the Capetian dynasty
Kings of France:
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Hugo Capet
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987-996
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founder of the Capetian dynasty |
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Robert II the Pious
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996-1031
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Hugo (II) Magnus
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1017-1025
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father's co-ruler
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Henry I
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1031-1060
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Philip I
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1060-1108
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Louis VI the Fat
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1108-1137
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Philip (II) the Young
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1129-1131 |
father's co-ruler
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Louis VII the Young
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1137-1180 |
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Philip II Augustus
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1180-1223 |
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Louis VIII Leo
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1223-1226 |
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Louis IX Saint
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1226-1270 |
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Philip III the Bold
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1270-1285 |
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Philip IV the Fair |
1285-1314 |
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Louis X the Grumpy
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1314-1316 |
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John I Posthumous
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1316 |
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Philip V the Long
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1316-1322 |
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Charles IV the Handsome
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1322-1328
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DynastyValois(branch of the House of Capetians)
Valois- dynasty of kings of France, branch of the House of Capetian. It got its name from the title of Comte de Valois, which was borne by the founder of this branch, Charles of France, Comte de Valois.
Representatives of the Valois dynasty occupied the French throne from 1328 to 1589, when it was replaced by a younger branch of the Capetian house, the Bourbon dynasty.
Kings of France:
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Philip VI the Fortunate
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1328 – 1350
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John II the Good
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1350 – 1364 |
in English captivity with 1356
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Charles V the Wise
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1364 – 1380
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actual ruler with 1356
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Charles VI the Mad
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1380− 1422 |
in 1420 king of EnglandHenry V , declared heir |
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Charles VII the Victorious
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1422- 1461 |
opponent - Henry VI of England
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Louis XI the Prudent
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1461 – 1483
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Charles VIII the Gracious
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1493 – 1498
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Louis XII Father of the People
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1498 – 1515 |
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Francis I Knight King
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1515 – 1547 |
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Henry II
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1547 – 1559 |
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Francis II
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1559 – 1560 |
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Charles IX
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1560 – 1574 |
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Henry III
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1574- 1589 |
King of Poland 1573- 1574 |
Bourbon Dynasty (junior branch of the House of Capet)
Bourbons- a European dynasty, a junior branch of the royal house of the Capetians, descended from Robert (1256-1317, Count of Clermont, by wife Sir de Bourbon), the youngest son of Louis IX the Saint. They ascended the French throne with the suppression of another branch of the Capetians - the Valois dynasty - in 1589 (represented by Henry IV of Navarre).
The dynasty is probably not only the oldest, but also the most numerous of the European royal houses. Even before the proclamation of Henry of Navarre as King of France, the Bourbon family separated from the main tree
Louis XVII
1793 – 1795
actually did not reign, was recognized as king by the French monarchists, the USA and most European states.
Family tree of the Bourbon dynasty
Conclusion: From V to XIX century in France there were 5 dynasties of rulers. Many kings had nicknames such as " King Knight", "Fair", "Beloved", etc. And they received these nicknames due to the events that happened to them, or their personal qualities. So, for example, Louis XV received his nickname while in the War of the Austrian Succession. At one time, Louis participated personally, but in the city he fell dangerously ill. France, greatly alarmed by his illness, joyfully welcomed his recovery and nicknamed himBeloved. Pepin the Short got his nickname because given his short stature, to put it mildly. Dumas wrote a short story of the same name about him (Le chronique du roi Pepin).
Despite political unification country, religious and spiritual community and the establishment of absolutism, French law until the revolution of 1789 was a conglomerate of numerous legal systems. As Voltaire sarcastically noted, in France, “by changing post horses, they change the law.”
(Les Bourbons), an old French ruling family that ruled in France (15891792, 18141815, 18151848), Naples and Sicily (17351806, 1815-1860), Parma (17311735, 17481802, 1847 1859), Etruria (18011807), Lucca (18151847); rules in Spain (17001808, 18141868, 18741931 and since 1975) and Luxembourg (since 1964).
Bourbons junior branch of the Capetian dynasty. They descend from Robert, Count of Clermont (12561317), the sixth son of the French king Louis IX of Capet, who in 1272 married Beatrice from the house of Burgundy Capet, heir to the lordship of Bourbon (Bourbonnais on the Haute-Loire in the Massif Central). In 1310 this seignory was inherited by their son Louis I the Great (12791342); in 1327 King Charles IV (13221328) elevated it to the status of a duchy. From his sons Pierre I (13111356) and Jacques I (c. 13151361) came the senior and junior branches of the House of Bourbon.
Revyakin A.V. French dynasties: Bourbons, Orléans, Bonapartes// New and recent history. 1992, № 4
Monarchs of Europe: the fate of dynasties. M., 1996
Wingate F. Royal dynasties. M., 1999
Semenov I.S. Christian dynasties of Europe. Dynasties that retained the status of rulers: Genealogical directory. M., 2002
Shad M. French Bourbons. M., 2004
Find "BOURBONS" on
The Bourbons were a junior branch of the Capetian family, which finally replaced the Carolingians on the French throne back in 987. At that time they were called Robertins, after the first known ancestor Robert the Strong, Count of Paris, Anjou and Blois, who died in the war with the Normans in 866. His origins in French literature are considered unknown, although in German since the 1930s, a version has been established that he came from the banks of the Rhine, the youngest son in the family of the counts of the Upper Rhine and Wormsgau, whose founder Rupert I was first mentioned in 733. One way or another, the Capetians were the oldest royal dynasty in Europe. They got their name from the nickname "Capet", given to the great-grandson of Robert the Strong, King Hugh I (987-996), by descendants, due to the fact that he wore the mantle of a secular priest, which was called "capa". When the French revolutionaries, having overthrown Louis XVI, judge him as an ordinary citizen, they will give him the name Capet. Having come to power as a result of the coup, the Robertins were not in a relationship with their predecessors; It is safe to say that the blood of Charlemagne began to flow in the veins of the kings of the Capetian dynasty only starting with Philip II Augustus (1180-1223) thanks to his great-great-grandmother, a princess from the old House of Flanders. But the extravagant step of King Henry I (1031-1060), who took the Kiev princess Anna Yaroslavna as his wife from the other end of Europe, led to the fact that all subsequent French kings became direct descendants of Yaroslav the Wise, and among the German royal names for the first time appeared and then became A common Greek name is Philip. The family branched out, creating dynasties for other French lands, and then for foreign countries. The Robertinas took possession of the Duchy of Burgundy back in the 10th century, thanks to a marriage alliance with a local house that had been suppressed. Henry I's younger brother Robert founded the first Burgundian dynasty of Capetian origin in 1032, which ended in 1361; it was replaced by the second dynasty (1363-1477), founded by the French prince Philip the Bold, son of King John II, and gave Burgundy its most brilliant dukes, who, with the help of successful marriage alliances, took over all the rich lands of the Netherlands. The Duchy of Brittany was also ruled from 1213 to 1488 by dukes of Capetian origin, descendants of the son of Louis VI the Fat (1108-1137) Robert, Count of Dreux. From another son of Louis VI, Pierre, came the house of Courtenay, which in 1217-1261 gave the Latin Empire created by the crusaders three Emperors of Constantinople - not without reason the most active participants crusades there were precisely French knights.
Special international significance gave the Capetian family the activity of its Angevin branch, founded by the son of Louis VIII, Charles of Anjou. Having captured the Kingdom of Naples in 1265 as a result of a successful conquest, he founded a dynasty that held the Neapolitan throne until 1435. Charles I's son, Charles II, married the Hungarian princess Mary, and in 1308 the Anjou-Capetians succeeded the extinct Arpad national dynasty on the Hungarian throne. In 1370, King Lajos (Louis) I the Great of Hungary, as the son of the sister of the last Polish king from the Piast dynasty, Casimir III, united the Hungarian and Polish kingdoms in a dynastic union. But the union did not last long; After the death of Louis, who had no sons, in 1382, his daughters transferred their thrones to their husbands: the heir of Hungary, Maria, to Sigismund of Luxembourg, the future emperor; the heir of Poland, Jadwiga, to the Lithuanian Grand Duke Jogaila from the Gedimin family.
Finally, the Spanish kingdom of Navarre, neighboring France, had been under Capetian rule since 1284, thanks to the marriage of Queen Joan of Navarre to the French king Philip IV the Fair (1285-1314). After the death of Philip and all his sons, the Kingdom of Navarre passed to the offspring of the brother of the "Iron King", Louis, Count of Evreux, whose son Philip d'Evreux married the granddaughter of Philip IV, heiress of Navarre. The House of Evreux ruled in Navarre from 1328 to 1441. Then The Capetians will appear again on the throne of the Kingdom of Navarre (by that time having lost most of their lands, taken away by Spain in 1512) already in 1555, when Prince Antoine of Bourbon shares this throne with his wife, Queen of Navarre Jeanne d'Albret. Under the Bourbon kings, the words “King of France and Navarre” became an inseparable part of the title of the French monarchs. The centuries-old rule of the Capetians in pre-revolutionary France is usually divided into periods of three dynasties: the elder Capetians (987-1328), Valois (1328-1589) and Bourbons (1589-1792). The junctions between these periods were marked by major dynastic crises.
The transfer of the crown in 1328 might not have been perceived as the beginning of a new dynasty (the new king was the cousin of the deceased) if it had not been associated with a solution to the fundamental question of whether it was permissible to transfer the throne through women. Philip IV's daughter Isabella was the English queen, mother of King Edward III, and it was to him, in his house of Plantagenet, that the French crown should have passed if the answer to this question had been positive. Anglo-French disagreements resulted in the Hundred Years' War of 1337-1453. It was under Valois that French dynastic law crystallized, strictly regulating the rules of succession to the throne. First of all, it is characterized by the so-called “Sali principle” - the absolute exclusion of women from the number of possible heirs. This important feature distinguished the Capetians from other major European dynasties; it guaranteed France against the transfer of the throne to dynasties of foreign origin. In France there could be neither ruling queens with prince consorts, nor the transfer of the crown through women - sons-in-law, grandchildren, nephews. The inheritance of the throne by illegitimate children or their offspring was equally resolutely excluded (which was allowed, for example, in all the Iberian states). Even the powerful Louis XIV could not shake this rule in favor of his bastards. The throne was passed on to the legitimate direct heirs (son, grandson, great-grandson), in the absence of such - to the next oldest brother or his heirs; finally, with the extinction of an entire branch - to the eldest representative of the Capetian branch next closest to the main trunk of the genus. Finally, the king could not hasten the accession to the throne of his successor - abdication was not allowed.
The “Salic principle” was subjected to new tests in the 16th century in the unforeseen situation created by the Reformation. The heir to the throne in 1589, due to the suppression of all senior branches of the family, turned out to be the Huguenot Henry of Bourbon, king of Navarre. But could a heretic have been the French king?
Dynasty material Bourbons provided specifically for the project
