All the supreme rulers of Rus' contributed a lot to its development. Thanks to the power of the ancient Russian princes, the country was built, expanded territorially, and provided with protection to fight the enemy. Many buildings were built that today have become an international historical and cultural landmark. Rus' has been replaced by a dozen rulers. Kievan Rus finally disintegrated after the death of Prince Mstislav.
The collapse occurred in 1132. Separate, independent states were formed. All territories have lost their value.
The first princes in Rus' (the table is presented below) appeared thanks to the Rurik dynasty.
Rurik ruled the Novgorodians near the Varangian Sea. Therefore, it had two names: Novgorod, Varangian. After the death of his brothers, Rurik remained the only ruler in Rus'. He was married to Efanda. His assistants. They looked after the household and held courts.
Rurik's reign in Rus' took place from 862 to 879. Afterwards, two brothers Dir and Askold killed him and took the city of Kyiv into power.
Dir and Askold did not rule for long. Oleg, Efanda’s brother, decided to take matters into his own hands. Oleg was famous throughout Rus' for his intelligence, strength, courage, and authority.He captured the cities of Smolensk, Lyubech and Constantinople into his possessions. Made the city of Kyiv the capital of the Kyiv state. Killed Askold and Dir.Igor became Oleg's adopted son and his direct heir to the throne.In his state lived the Varangians, Slovaks, Krivichi, Drevlyans, Northerners, Polyans, Tivertsy, and Ulichs.
In 909 Oleg met a sage-magician who told him:
“You will soon die from a snake bite because you will abandon your horse.” It so happened that the prince abandoned the horse, exchanging it for a new, younger one.
In 912, Oleg learned that his horse had died. He decided to go to the place where the remains of the horse lay.
Oleg asked:
- Will this horse cause me to die? And then, out of the horse’s skull crawled poisonous snake. The snake bit him, after which Oleg died. The prince's funeral lasted several days with all honors, because he was considered the strongest ruler.
Immediately after Oleg’s death, the throne was taken by his stepson (Rurik’s own son) Igor. The dates of the prince's reign in Rus' vary from 912 to 945. His main task was to maintain the unity of the state. Igor defended his state from the attacks of the Pechenegs, who periodically made attempts to take over Russia. All tribes that were members of the state regularly paid tribute.
In 913, Igor married a young Pskov girl, Olga. He met her by chance in the city of Pskov. During his reign, Igor suffered quite a few attacks and battles. Fighting with the Khazars, he lost everything best army. After which, he had to re-create the armed defense of the state.
After the death of her husband Igor, his wife Olga took the throne. Despite the fact that she was a woman, she was able to rule all of Kievan Rus. In this difficult task, she was helped by her intelligence, intelligence and courage. All the qualities of a ruler came together in one woman and helped her cope well with the rule of the state. She took revenge on the greedy Drevlyans for the death of her husband. Their city of Korosten soon became part of her possessions. Olga is the first of the Russian rulers to convert to Christianity.
Olga waited a long time for her son to grow up. And having reached adulthood, Svyatoslav fully became the ruler of Rus'. The years of the prince's reign in Rus' from 964 to 972. Svyatoslav already at the age of three became the direct heir to the throne. But since he physically could not rule Kievan Rus, he was replaced by his mother, Saint Olga. Throughout his childhood and adolescence, the child learned about military affairs. I learned courage and belligerence. In 967, his army defeated the Bulgarians. After the death of his mother, in 970, Svyatoslav launched an invasion of Byzantium. But the forces were not equal. He was forced to sign a peace treaty with Byzantium. Svyatoslav had three sons: Yaropolk, Oleg, Vladimir. After Svyatoslav returned back to Kyiv, in March 972, the young prince was killed by the Pechenegs. From his skull, the Pechenegs forged a gilded pie bowl.
After the death of his father, the throne was taken by one of the sons, Prince Ancient Rus'(table below) Yaropolk.
Despite the fact that Yaropolk, Oleg, Vladimir were siblings, they were never friends. Moreover, they constantly fought with each other.
All three wanted to rule Russia. But Yaropolk won the fight. Sent his siblings outside the country. During his reign, he managed to conclude a peaceful, eternal treaty with Byzantium. Yaropolk wanted to make friends with Rome. Many were not happy with the new ruler. There was a lot of permissiveness. The pagans, together with Vladimir (Yaropolk’s brother), successfully seized power into their own hands. Yaropolk had no choice but to simply flee the country. He began to live in the city of Roden. But some time later, in 980, he was killed by the Varangians. Yaropolk decided to make an attempt to capture Kyiv for himself, but it all ended in failure. During his short reign, Yaropolk failed to make global changes in Kievan Rus, because he was famous for his peacefulness.
Novgorod Prince Vladimir was the youngest son of Prince Svyatoslav. Ruled Kievan Rus from 980 to 1015. He was warlike, courageous, and possessed all the necessary qualities that a ruler of Kievan Rus should have had. Performed all the functions of a prince in ancient Rus'.
During his reign,
Thanks to his great contribution to the development and prosperity of Kievan Rus, he received the nickname “Vladimir the Red Sun.” He had seven sons: Svyatopolk, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Mstislav, Svyatoslav, Boris, Gleb. He divided his lands equally among all his sons.
Immediately after the death of his father in 1015, he became the ruler of Rus'. Part of Rus' was not enough for him. He wanted to take over everything Kyiv state and decided to get rid of his siblings. First, on his orders, it was necessary to kill Gleb, Boris, Svyatoslav. But this did not bring him happiness. Without arousing the approval of the people, he was expelled from Kyiv. For help in the war with his brothers, Svyatopolk turned to his father-in-law, who was the king of Poland. He helped his son-in-law, but the rule of Kievan Rus did not last long. In 1019 he had to flee from Kyiv. That same year he committed suicide, because his conscience tormented him because he had killed his brothers.
He ruled Kievan Rus from 1019 to 1054. He was nicknamed the Wise because he had an amazing mind, wisdom, and masculinity, inherited from his father. He built two big cities: Yaroslavl, Yuryev. Treated his people with care and understanding. One of the first princes who introduced a set of laws into the state called “Russian Truth”. Following his father, he divided the land equally between his sons: Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod, Igor and Vyacheslav. From birth, he instilled in them peace, wisdom, and love of people.
Immediately after the death of his father, he ascended the throne. He ruled Kievan Rus from 1054 to 1078. He was the only prince in history who could not cope with his responsibilities. His assistant was his son Vladimir, without whom Izyaslav would simply have destroyed Kievan Rus.
The spineless prince took over the rule of Kievan Rus immediately after the death of his father Izyaslav. Ruled from 1078 to 1113.
He had a hard time finding mutual language With ancient Russian princes(table below). During his reign, there was a campaign against the Polovtsians, in the organization of which Vladimir Monomakh helped him. They won the battle.
After the death of Svyatopolk, Vladimir was elected ruler in 1113. Served the state until 1125. Smart, honest, brave, reliable, courageous. It was these qualities of Vladimir Monomakh that helped him rule Kievan Rus and be loved by the people. He is the last of the princes of Kievan Rus (table below) who managed to preserve the state in its original form.
Attention
All wars with the Polovtsians ended in victory.
Mstislav is the son of Vladimir Monomakh. He ascended the throne as ruler in 1125. He was similar to his father not only in appearance, but also in character, in the way he ruled Russia. The people treated him with respect. In 1134 he handed over the reign to his brother Yaropolk. Which contributed to the development of unrest in the history of Russia. The Monomakhovichs lost their throne. But soon there was a complete collapse of Kievan Rus into thirteen separate states.
The Kyiv rulers did a lot for the Russian people. During their reign, everyone diligently fought their enemies. The development of Kievan Rus as a whole was underway. Many constructions were completed, beautiful buildings, churches, schools, bridges, which were destroyed by enemies, and everything was built anew. All the princes of Kievan Rus, the table below, did a lot that made history unforgettable.
|
Prince's name |
Years of reign |
|
|
10. 11. 12. 13. |
Rurik Oleg the Prophet Igor Olga Svyatoslav Yaropolk Vladimir Svyatopolk Yaroslav the Wise Izyaslav Svyatopolk Vladimir Monomakh Mstislav |
862-879 879-912 912-945 945-964 964-972 972-980 980-1015 1015-1019 1019-1054 1054-1078 1078-1113 1113-1125 1125-1134 |
The Norman or Varangian theory, which reveals aspects of the formation of statehood in Rus', is based on one simple thesis - the calling of the Varangian prince Rurik by the Novgorodians to govern and protect large territory tribal union of the Ilmen Slovenians. Thus, the answer to the question of what event is associated with the emergence of the dynasty is quite clear.
This thesis is present in the ancient one, written by Nestor. At the moment it is controversial, but one fact is still indisputable - Rurik became the founder of a whole dynasties of sovereigns who ruled not only in Kyiv, but also in other cities of the Russian land, including Moscow, and that is why the dynasty of rulers of Rus' was called Rurikovich.
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The genealogy is quite complex, it is not so easy to understand it, but the beginning of the Rurik dynasty is very easy to trace.
Rurik became the first prince in his dynasty. Its origin is a highly controversial issue. Some historians suggest that he was from a noble Varangian-Scandinavian family.
Rurik's ancestors came from the trading Hedeby (Scandinavia) and were related to Ragnar Lothbrok himself. Other historians, distinguishing between the concepts of “Norman” and “Varangian”, believe that Rurik was Slavic family, perhaps he was related to the Novgorod prince Gostomysl (it is believed that Gostomysl was his grandfather), and lived with his family on the island of Rügen for a long time.
Most likely, he was a jarl, that is, he had a military squad and kept boats, engaging in trade and sea robbery. But precisely with his calling first to Staraya Ladoga, and then to Novgorod the beginning of the dynasty is connected.
Rurik was called to Novgorod in 862 (when he began to rule exactly, of course, is unknown; historians rely on data from the PVL). The chronicler claims that he came not alone, but with two brothers - Sinius and Truvor (traditional Varangian names or nicknames). Rurik settled in Staraya Ladoga, Sinius in Beloozero, and Truvor in Izborsk. I wonder what any other mentions there is no mention of brothers in PVL. The beginning of the dynasty is not associated with them.
Rurik died in 879, leaving young son Igor(or Ingvar, according to the Scandinavian tradition). A warrior, and possibly a relative of Rurik, Oleg (Helg) was supposed to rule on behalf of his son until he came of age.
Attention! There is a version that Oleg ruled not just as a relative or confidant, but as an elected jarl, that is, he had all the political rights to power according to Scandinavian and Varangian laws. The fact that he transferred power to Igor could indeed mean that he was his close relative, perhaps a nephew, his sister’s son (according to Scandinavian tradition, an uncle is closer than his own father; boys in Scandinavian families were given to be raised by their maternal uncle).
How many years did Oleg reign?? He successfully ruled the young state until 912. It is he who is credited with the complete conquest of the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” and the capture of Kyiv, then his place was taken by Igor (already as the ruler of Kiev), by that time married to a girl from Polotsk (according to one version) - Olga.
Igor's reign can't be called successful. He was killed by the Drevlyans in 945 during an attempt to take double tribute from their capital, Iskorosten. Since Igor’s only son, Svyatoslav, was still small, the throne in Kyiv, by a common decision of the boyars and squads, was taken by his widow Olga.
Svyatoslav ascended the Kiev throne in 957. He was a warrior prince and never stayed long in his capital rapidly growing state. During his lifetime, he divided the lands of Rus' between his three sons: Vladimir, Yaropolk and Oleg. He gave Novgorod the Great as his inheritance to Vladimir (illegitimate son). Oleg (the younger) was imprisoned in Iskorosten, and the elder Yaropolk was left in Kyiv.
Attention! Historians know the name of Vladimir’s mother; it is also known that she was a whitewashed servant, that is, she could not become the ruler’s wife. Perhaps Vladimir was the eldest son of Svyatoslav, his first-born. That is why he was recognized as the father. Yaropolk and Oleg were born from Svyatoslav's legal wife, possibly a Bulgarian princess, but they were younger than Vladimir in age. All this subsequently influenced the relations between the brothers and led to the first princely feud in Rus'.
Svyatoslav died in 972 on the island of Khortitsa(Dnieper rapids). After his death, the Kiev throne was occupied by Yaropolk for several years. A war for power in the state began between him and his brother Vladimir, ending with the murder of Yaropolk and the victory of Vladimir, who ultimately became the next prince of Kyiv. Vladimir ruled from 980 to 1015. His main merit is Baptism of Rus' and the Russian people into the Orthodox faith.
An internecine war broke out between Vladimir’s sons immediately after his death, as a result of which one of Vladimir’s eldest sons from the Polotsk princess Ragneda, Yaroslav, took the throne.
Important! In 1015, the Kiev throne was occupied by Svyatopolk (later nicknamed the Accursed). He was not Vladimir’s own son. His father was Yaropolk, after whose death Vladimir took his wife as his wife and recognized the born child as his first-born.
Yaroslav reigned until 1054. After his death, the right of ladder came into force - the transfer of the Kyiv throne and the “junior” in seniority in the Rurikovich family.
The Kiev throne was occupied by Yaroslav's eldest son - Izyaslav, Chernigov (the next "seniority" throne) - Oleg, Pereyaslavsky - Yaroslav's youngest son Vsevolod.
For a long time, the sons of Yaroslav lived peacefully, observing the behests of their father, but, ultimately, the struggle for power entered an active phase and Rus' entered the era of Feudal fragmentation.
Pedigree of the Rurikovichs. The first Kyiv princes (table or Rurik dynasty diagram with dates, by generation)
| Generation | Prince's name | Years of reign |
| I generation | Rurik | 862-879 (Novgorod reign) |
| Oleg (Prophetic) | 879 – 912 (Novgorod and Kiev reigns) | |
| II | Igor Rurikovich | 912-945 (Kiev reign) |
| Olga | 945-957 | |
| III | Svyatoslav Igorevich | 957-972 |
| IV | Yaropolk Svyatoslavich | 972-980 |
| Oleg Svyatoslavich | Prince-governor in Iskorosten, died in 977 | |
| Vladimir Svyatoslavich (Saint) | 980-1015 | |
| V | Svyatopolk Yaropolkovich (stepson of Vladimir) Damned | 1015-1019 |
| Yaroslav Vladimirovich (Wise) | 1019-1054 | |
| VI | Izyaslav Yaroslavovich | 1054-1073; 1076-1078 (Kiev reign) |
| Svyatoslav Yaroslavovich (Chernigovsky) | 1073-1076 (Kiev reign) | |
| Vsevolod Yaroslavovich (Pereyaslavsky) | 1078-1093 (Kiev reign) |
Tracing the dynastic line of the Rurikovich family during the period of Feudal fragmentation is incredibly difficult, since the ruling princely the genus has grown to its maximum. The main branches of the clan at the first stage of feudal fragmentation can be considered the Chernigov and Pereyaslav lines, as well as the Galician line, which needs to be discussed separately. The Galician princely house originates from the eldest son of Yaroslav the Wise, Vladimir, who died during his father’s lifetime, and whose heirs received Galich as an inheritance.
It is important to note that all representatives of the clan sought to occupy the Kiev throne, since in this case they were considered the rulers of the entire state.
With the Pereyaslav House, which was nominally considered the youngest, everything is much more complicated. It was the descendants of Vsevolod Yaroslavovich who gave rise to the Vladimir-Suzdal and Moscow Rurikovichs. The main representatives of this house were:
Mstislav Vladimirovich gave rise to the Volyn House of Rurikovich, and Yuri Vladimirovich gave rise to the Vladimir-Suzdal House.
The Vladimir-Suzdal house became the main one in Rus' after the death of Mstislav the Great. The princes who made first Suzdal and then Vladimir-on-Klyazma their capital, played a key role V political history period of the Horde invasion.
Important! Daniil Galitsky and Alexander Nevsky are known not only as contemporaries, but also as rivals for the grand ducal label, and they also had a fundamental different approach to faith - Alexander adhered to Orthodoxy, and Daniel accepted Catholicism in exchange for the opportunity to receive the title of King of Kyiv.
In the final period of Feudal fragmentation, the House of Rurikovich numbered more than 2000 members (princes and younger princely families). Gradually, the leading position was taken by the Moscow House, which traces its pedigree to youngest son Alexander Nevsky - Daniil Alexandrovich.
Gradually, the Moscow house from grand ducal transformed into royal. Why did this happen? Including thanks to dynastic marriages, as well as successful domestic and foreign policies individual representatives At home. The Moscow Rurikovichs did a gigantic job of “gathering” the lands around Moscow and overthrowing the Tatar-Mongol Yoke.
Moscow Ruriks (diagram with reign dates)
| Generation (from Rurik in the direct male line) | Prince's name | Years of reign | Significant marriages |
| XI generation | Alexander Yaroslavovich (Nevsky) | Prince of Novgorod, Grand Duke according to the Horde label from 1246 to 1263 | _____ |
| XII | Daniil Alexandrovich Moskovsky | 1276-1303 (Moscow reign) | _____ |
| XIII | Yuri Daniilovich | 1317-1322 (Moscow reign) | |
| Ivan I Daniilovich (Kalita) | 1328-1340 (Great Vladimir and Moscow reigns) | _____ | |
| XIV | Semyon Ivanovich (Proud) | 1340-1353 (Moscow and Great Vladimir reign) | |
| Ivan II Ivanovich (Red) | 1353-1359 (Moscow and Great Vladimir reign) | ||
| XV | Dmitry Ivanovich (Donskoy) | 1359-1389 (Moscow reign, and from 1363 to 1389 – Great Vladimir reign) | Evdokia Dmitrievna, only daughter of Dmitry Konstantinovich (Rurikovich), Suzdal - Prince of Nizhny Novgorod; annexation of all territories of the Principality of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod to the Moscow Principality |
| XVI | Vasily I Dmitrievich | 1389-1425 | Sofya Vitovtovna, Daughter of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vitovt (complete reconciliation of the Lithuanian princes with the ruling Moscow house) |
| XVII | Vasily II Vasilievich (Dark) | 1425-1462 | _____ |
| XVIII | Ivan III Vasilievich | 1462 – 1505 | In his second marriage to Sophia Paleologus (niece of the last Byzantine emperor); nominal right: to be considered the successor of the imperial Byzantine crown and Caesar (king) |
| XIX | Vasily III Vasilievich | 1505-1533 | In his second marriage to Elena Glinskaya, a representative of a wealthy Lithuanian family, descended from the Serbian rulers and Mamai (according to legend) |
| XX |
The history of Rus' goes back more than a thousand years, although even before the advent of the state, a variety of tribes lived on its territory. The last ten-century period can be divided into several stages. All the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, are people who were true sons and daughters of their eras.
Historians consider the following classification to be the most convenient:
Governing body Novgorod princes(862-882);
Yaroslav the Wise (1016-1054);
From 1054 to 1068 Izyaslav Yaroslavovich was in power;
From 1068 to 1078, the list of rulers of Russia was replenished with several names (Vseslav Bryachislavovich, Izyaslav Yaroslavovich, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod Yaroslavovich, in 1078 Izyaslav Yaroslavovich ruled again)
The year 1078 was marked by some stabilization in the political arena; Vsevolod Yaroslavovich ruled until 1093;
Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich was on the throne from 1093 to;
Vladimir, nicknamed Monomakh (1113-1125) - one of the best princes of Kievan Rus;
From 1132 to 1139 Yaropolk Vladimirovich had power.
All the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin, who lived and ruled during this period and up to the present time, saw their main task in the prosperity of the country and strengthening the country’s role in the European arena. Another thing is that each of them walked towards the goal in their own way, sometimes in a completely different direction than their predecessors.
During the times of feudal fragmentation of Rus', changes on the main princely throne were frequent. None of the princes left a serious mark on the history of Rus'. By the middle of the 13th century, Kyiv fell into absolute decline. It is worth mentioning only a few princes who ruled in the 12th century. So, from 1139 to 1146 Vsevolod Olgovich was the prince of Kyiv. In 1146, Igor the Second was at the helm for two weeks, after which Izyaslav Mstislavovich ruled for three years. Until 1169, such people as Vyacheslav Rurikovich, Rostislav of Smolensky, Izyaslav of Chernigov, Yuri Dolgoruky, Izyaslav the Third managed to visit the princely throne.
The period of formation of late feudalism in Rus' was characterized by several manifestations:
Weakening of the Kyiv princely power;
The emergence of several centers of influence that competed with each other;
Strengthening the influence of feudal lords.
On the territory of Rus' there arose 2 most major centers influences: Vladimir and Galich. Galich was the most important political center at that time (located on the territory of modern Western Ukraine). It seems interesting to study the list of Russian rulers who reigned in Vladimir. The importance of this period of history will still have to be assessed by researchers. Of course, the Vladimir period in the development of Rus' was not as long as the Kiev period, but it was after it that the formation of monarchical Rus' began. Let us consider the reign dates of all the rulers of Russia at this time. In the early years this stage During the development of Rus', rulers changed quite often; there was no stability, which would appear later. For more than 5 years, the following princes were in power in Vladimir:
Andrew (1169-1174);
Vsevolod, son of Andrei (1176-1212);
Georgy Vsevolodovich (1218-1238);
Yaroslav, son of Vsevolod (1238-1246);
Alexander Nevskiy), great commander (1252- 1263);
Yaroslav III (1263-1272);
Dmitry I (1276-1283);
Dmitry II (1284-1293);
Andrey Gorodetsky (1293-1304);
Michael "Saint" of Tverskoy (1305-1317).
The transfer of the capital from Vladimir to Moscow chronologically approximately coincides with the end of the period of feudal fragmentation of Rus' and the strengthening of the main center of political influence. Most of the princes were on the throne longer than the rulers of the Vladimir period. So:
Prince Ivan (1328-1340);
Semyon Ivanovich (1340-1353);
Ivan the Red (1353-1359);
Alexey Byakont (1359-1368);
Dmitry (Donskoy), famous commander (1368-1389);
Vasily Dmitrievich (1389-1425);
Sophia of Lithuania (1425-1432);
Vasily the Dark (1432-1462);
Ivan III (1462-1505);
Vasily Ivanovich (1505-1533);
Elena Glinskaya (1533-1538);
The decade before 1548 was a difficult period in the history of Russia, when the situation developed in such a way that the princely dynasty actually ended. There was a period of timelessness when boyar families were in power.
Historians distinguish three chronological periods of development Russian monarchy: before the accession to the throne of Peter the Great, the reign of Peter the Great and after him. Dates of reign of all rulers of Russia from 1548 to late XVII centuries are:
Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible (1548-1574);
Semyon Kasimovsky (1574-1576);
Again Ivan the Terrible (1576-1584);
Feodor (1584-1598).
Tsar Fedor had no heirs, so it was interrupted. - one of the most difficult periods in the history of our homeland. Rulers changed almost every year. Since 1613, the Romanov dynasty has ruled the country:
Mikhail, the first representative of the Romanov dynasty (1613-1645);
Alexei Mikhailovich, son of the first emperor (1645-1676);
He ascended the throne in 1676 and reigned for 6 years;
Sophia, his sister, reigned from 1682 to 1689.
In the 17th century, stability finally came to Rus'. The central government has strengthened, reforms are gradually beginning, leading to the fact that Russia has grown territorially and strengthened, and the leading world powers began to take it into account. The main credit for changing the appearance of the state belongs to the great Peter I (1689-1725), who simultaneously became the first emperor.
The reign of Peter the Great was the heyday when the empire acquired its own strong fleet and strengthened the army. All Russian rulers, from Rurik to Putin, understood the importance of the armed forces, but few were given the opportunity to realize the country's enormous potential. Important feature was aggressive at that time foreign policy Russia, which manifested itself in the forcible annexation of new regions ( Russian-Turkish wars, Azov campaign).
The chronology of the rulers of Russia from 1725 to 1917 is as follows:
Ekaterina Skavronskaya (1725-1727);
Peter the Second (killed in 1730);
Queen Anna (1730-1740);
Ivan Antonovich (1740-1741);
Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761);
Pyotr Fedorovich (1761-1762);
Catherine the Great (1762-1796);
Pavel Petrovich (1796-1801);
Alexander I (1801-1825);
Nicholas I (1825-1855);
Alexander II (1855 - 1881);
Alexander III (1881-1894);
Nicholas II - the last of the Romanovs, ruled until 1917.
This marks the end of a huge period of development of the state, when the kings were in power. After the October Revolution, a new political structure appeared - the republic.
The first few years after the revolution were difficult. Among the rulers of this period one can single out Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky. After the legal registration of the USSR as a state and until 1924, Vladimir Lenin led the country. Next, the chronology of the rulers of Russia looks like this:
Dzhugashvili Joseph Vissarionovich (1924-1953);
Nikita Khrushchev was the First Secretary of the CPSU after Stalin's death until 1964;
Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982);
Yuri Andropov (1982-1984);
General Secretary of the CPSU (1984-1985);
Mikhail Gorbachev, first president of the USSR (1985-1991);
Boris Yeltsin, leader of independent Russia (1991-1999);
The current head of state is Putin - President of Russia since 2000 (with a break of 4 years, when the state was led by Dmitry Medvedev)
All the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin, who have been in power for the entire more than thousand-year history of the state, are patriots who wanted the flourishing of all the lands of the vast country. Most of the rulers were not random people in this difficult field and each made their own contribution to the development and formation of Russia. Of course, all the rulers of Russia wanted the good and prosperity of their subjects: the main forces were always directed to strengthening the borders, expanding trade, and strengthening defense capabilities.
4. Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev (04/17/1894-09/11/1971)
Soviet statesman and party leader. First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1958 to 1964. Hero Soviet Union, Thrice Hero Socialist Labor. The first laureate of the Shevchenko Prize, reign 09/07/1. (Moscow city).
Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was born in 1894 in the village of Kalinovka, Kursk province, into the family of miner Sergei Nikanorovich Khrushchev and Ksenia Ivanovna Khrushcheva. In 1908, having moved with his family to the Uspensky mine near Yuzovka, Khrushchev became an apprentice mechanic at a factory, then worked as a mechanic at a mine and, as a miner, was not taken to the front in 1914. In the early 1920s, he worked in the mines and studied at the workers' department of the Donetsk Industrial Institute. Later he was engaged in economic and party work in Donbass and Kyiv. Since January 1931, he was at party work in Moscow, during which time he was the first secretary of the Moscow regional and city party committees - MK and MGK VKP (b). In January 1938, he was appointed first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. In the same year he became a candidate, and in 1939 - a member of the Politburo.
During World War II, Khrushchev served as political commissar highest rank (member of military councils of a number of fronts) and in 1943 received the rank of lieutenant general; led the partisan movement behind the front line. In the first post-war years he headed the government in Ukraine. In December 1947, Khrushchev again headed the Communist Party of Ukraine, becoming the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine; He held this post until he moved to Moscow in December 1949, where he became the first secretary of the Moscow Party Committee and secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Khrushchev initiated the consolidation of collective farms (kolkhozes). After Stalin's death, when the Chairman of the Council of Ministers left the post of Secretary of the Central Committee, Khrushchev became the “master” of the party apparatus, although until September 1953 he did not have the title of First Secretary. Between March and June 1953 he attempted to seize power. In order to eliminate Beria, Khrushchev entered into an alliance with Malenkov. In September 1953, he took the post of First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. In June 1953, a struggle for power began between Malenkov and Khrushchev, in which Khrushchev won. At the beginning of 1954, he announced the start of a grandiose program for the development of virgin lands in order to increase grain production, and in October of the same year he headed the Soviet delegation to Beijing.
The most striking event in Khrushchev's career was the 20th Congress of the CPSU, held in 1956. At a closed meeting, Khrushchev condemned Stalin, accusing him of mass extermination of people and erroneous policies that almost ended with the liquidation of the USSR in the war with Nazi Germany. The result of this report was unrest in the Eastern bloc countries - Poland (October 1956) and Hungary (October and November 1956). In June 1957, the Presidium (formerly Politburo) of the CPSU Central Committee organized a conspiracy to remove Khrushchev from the post of First Secretary of the Party. After his return from Finland, he was invited to a meeting of the Presidium, which, by seven votes to four, demanded his resignation. Khrushchev convened a Plenum of the Central Committee, which overturned the decision of the Presidium and dismissed the “anti-party group” of Molotov, Malenkov and Kaganovich. He strengthened the Presidium with his supporters, and in March 1958 he took the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers, taking into his own hands all the main levers of power. In September 1960, Khrushchev visited the United States as head of the Soviet delegation to the UN General Assembly. During the assembly, he managed to hold large-scale negotiations with the heads of government of a number of countries. His report to the Assembly called for general disarmament, the immediate elimination of colonialism and the admission of China to the UN. During the summer of 1961, Soviet foreign policy became increasingly harsh, and in September the USSR ended a three-year moratorium on testing nuclear weapons, carrying out a series of explosions. On October 14, 1964, by the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, Khrushchev was relieved of his duties as First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee. He was replaced by the First Secretary Communist Party, and became Chairman of the Council of Ministers. After 1964, Khrushchev, while retaining his seat on the Central Committee, was essentially in retirement. Khrushchev died in Moscow on September 11, 1971.
The history of the Russian state goes back much more than a thousand years, and to be completely honest, even before the onset of awareness and establishment of statehood, a colossal number of the most diverse tribes lived on vast territories. The final period of ten centuries, and a little more, can be called the most interesting, full of a wide variety of personalities and rulers that were significant for the fate of the entire country. And the chronology of the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, is so long and confusing that it would not be a bad idea to understand in more detail how we managed to overcome this long journey of several centuries, who stood at the head of the people at every hour of their lives and why they be remembered by descendants, leaving their shame and glory, disappointment and pride for centuries. Be that as it may, they all left their mark, were worthy daughters and sons of their time, providing their descendants with a great future.
Not every Russian, no matter how sad it may be, is well versed in history, let alone list the rulers of Russia in chronological order at least in the last hundred years it will hardly be able to. And for a historian this is far from such a simple task, especially if you also need to briefly talk about the contribution of each of them to history home country. That is why historians decided to conditionally divide all this into main historical stages, connecting them according to some specific characteristic, for example, according to the social system, external and domestic policy and so on.
It is worth saying that the chronology of the rulers of Russia can tell a lot even to a person who has no special abilities or knowledge in historical terms. The historical, as well as personal, characteristics of each of them largely depended on the conditions of the very era when they happened to lead the country at that particular period of time.
Among other things, over the entire historical period, not only the rulers of Rus' from Rurik to Putin (the table below will definitely be of interest to you) were replaced by one another, but also the historical and political center of the country itself changed the place of its own deployment, and often this did not depend at all from the people, who, however, did not suffer much from this. For example, until the forty-seventh year of the sixteenth century, the country was ruled by princes, and only after that came monarchization, which ended in November 1917 with the Great October Revolution, very tragically.
Further more, and almost the entire twentieth century can be attributed to the stage of the Union of Soviet socialist republics, and subsequently education on earlier belonging to Russia territories of new, almost completely independent states. Thus, all the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, will help us better understand the path we have taken up to this point, point out the advantages and disadvantages, sort out the priorities and clearly weed out historical mistakes so as not to repeat them in the future, again and again.
Historical materials that have no reason to doubt, for a given period that begins in 862 and ends with the end of the reign Kyiv princes, are actually quite scarce. However, they allow us to understand the chronology of the rulers of Russia at that time, although at that time such a state simply did not exist.
Interesting
The chronicle of the twelfth century, “The Tale of Bygone Years,” makes it clear that in 862, the great warrior and strategist, famous for his enormous strength of mind, the Varangian Rurik, taking his brothers, went at the invitation of local tribes to reign in the capital city of Novgorod. In fact, it was then that a turning point in the history of Russia came, called the “calling of the Varangians,” which ultimately helped unite the Novgorod principalities with the Kyiv principalities.
Varangian from the people of Rus' Rurik replaced Prince Gostomysl, and came to power in 862. He ruled until 872, when he died, leaving his young son Igor, who might not have been his only offspring, in the care of his distant relative Oleg.
Since 872, regent Prophetic Oleg , left to look after Igor, decided not to limit himself to the Novgorod principality, captured Kyiv and moved his capital there. It was rumored that he did not die from an accidental snake bite in 882 or 912, but it is no longer possible to find out thoroughly.
After the death of the regent in 912, Rurik’s son came to power, Igor, which is the first of the Russian rulers to be clearly traced in both Western and Byzantine sources. In the fall, Igor decided to collect tribute from the Drevlyans in larger size, than it was supposed to, for which they treacherously killed him.
Prince Igor's wife Duchess Olga ascended the throne after the death of her husband in 945, and managed to convert to Christianity even before the final decision on the baptism of Rus' was made.
Formally, after Igor, his son ascended the throne, Svyatoslav Igorevich. However, since at that time he was three years old, his mother Olga became regent, whom he successfully moved after 956, until he was killed by the Pechenegs in 972.
In 972, the eldest son of Svyatoslav and his wife Predslava came to power - Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich. However, he only had to sit on the throne for two years. Then he simply fell into the millstone of civil strife, was killed and ground into the “flour of time.”
In 970, the son of Svyatoslav Igorevich ascended to the Novgorod throne from his personal housekeeper Malusha, Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich, who later received the nickname for accepting Christianity Great and Baptist. Eight years later, he ascended the Kiev throne, seizing it, and also moving his capital there. It is he who is considered the prototype of that same epic character, covered for centuries with glory and a certain mystical aura, Vladimir the Red Sun.
Grand Duke Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise sat on the Kiev throne in 1016, which he managed to seize under the guise of unrest, which arose after the death of his father Vladimir, and after him his brother Svyatopolk.
From 1054, the son of Yaroslav and his wife, the Swedish princess Ingigerda (Irina), named Izyaslav, began to rule in Kyiv, until he died heroically in the midst of a battle against his own uncles in 1068. Buried Izyaslav Yaroslavich at the iconic Hagia Sophia in Kyiv.
Starting from this period, that is, 1068, several personalities ascended the throne who did not leave any serious mark in historical terms.
Grand Duke, by name Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich rose to the throne already in 1093 and ruled until 1113.
It was at this moment in 1113 that one of the greatest Russian princes of his time came to power Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh that he left the throne after just twelve years.
For the next seven years, until 1132, the son of Monomakh, named Mstislav Vladimirovich.
Beginning in 1132, and again for exactly seven years, the throne was occupied by Yaropolk Vladimirovich, also the son of the great Monomakh.
It must be said that the Russian rulers, the chronology of whose leadership is offered to you for general education and increasing knowledge about their own historical basis, they always cared for the statehood and prosperity of their own people, one way or another. They consolidated their positions in the European arena as best they could, but their calculations and aspirations were not always justified, but one cannot judge their ancestors too harshly; one can always find several weighty or not so weighty arguments in favor of one or another decision.
During the period when Rus' was a deeply feudal land, fragmented into the smallest principalities, persons on the throne of Kyiv changed at a catastrophic speed, without even having time to accomplish anything more or less significant. Around the middle of the thirteenth century, Kyiv generally fell into complete decline, leaving only a few names about that period in the memory of descendants.
The beginning of the twelfth century for Rus' was marked by the emergence of late feudalism, the weakening of the principality of Kyiv, as well as the emergence of several other centers from which strong pressure was observed from large feudal lords. The largest such centers were Galich and Vladimir. It is worth dwelling in more detail on the princes of that era, although there is no significant trace in history modern Russia they did not leave, and perhaps their role was simply not yet appreciated by their descendants.
After it was decided to move the capital to Moscow from the previously capital Vladimir, feudal fragmentation Russian lands began to gradually shrink, and the main center, of course, began to gradually and unobtrusively increase its own political influence. And the rulers of that time became much more fortunate; they managed to hold on to the throne longer than the miserable Vladimir princes.
Since 48 of the sixteenth century, difficult times have come in Russia. The ruling dynasty of princes actually collapsed and ceased to exist. This period is usually called timelessness, when real power was in the hands of boyar families.
Historians are accustomed to distinguishing three periods of formation and development of Russian monarchical rule: the pre-Petrine period, the reign of Peter, and the post-Petrine period.
After difficult troubled times, the glorified Bulgakov came to power. Ivan Vasilievich Grozny(from 1548 to 1574).
After the father of Ivan the Terrible, his son was blessed to reign Feodor, nicknamed the Blessed(from 1584 to 1598).
It is worth knowing that Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich was the last of the Rurik family, but he was never able to leave an heir. People considered him inferior, both in terms of health and mental abilities. Beginning in the year 98 of the sixteenth century, times of unrest began, which lasted until the year 12 of the next century. The rulers changed like pictures in a silent movie, each pulling in his own direction, thinking little about the good of the state. In 1612, a new royal dynasty, the Romanovs, came to power.
The first representative of the royal dynasty was Michael, he spent time on the throne from 1613 to 1645.
Alexey's son Fedor took the throne in 76 and spent exactly 6 years on it.
Sofya Alekseevna, his blood sister was involved in government from 1682 until 1689.
Peter I ascended the throne as a young man in 1689, and remained on it until 1725. It was greatest period national history, the country finally gained stability, the economy took off, and the new king began to call himself emperor.
In 1725, the throne was occupied by Ekaterina Skavronskaya, and left him in 1727.
In 30 she sat on the throne Queen Anna, and ruled for exactly 10 years.
Ivan Antonovich stayed on the throne for only a year, from 1740 to 1741.
Ekaterina Petrovna ran from 41 to 61 years old.
In 1962 she took the throne Catherine the Great, where she stayed until 1996.
Pavel Petrovich(from 1796 to 1801).
Following Paul came Alexander I (1081-1825).
Nicholas I came to power in 1825 and left it in 1855.
A tyrant and a slob, but very responsible Alexander II had the opportunity to bite his family's legs by lying on the floor from 1855 to 1881.
The most recent of Russian tsars Nicholas II, ruled the country until 1917, after which the dynasty was completely and unconditionally interrupted. And it was then that a completely new political system called a republic.
The first Russian ruler after the revolution was Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, who formally ruled the huge colossus of workers and peasants until 1924. In fact, by the time of his death he was no longer able to decide anything and it was necessary to nominate him in his place. strong personality With with an iron fist, which is what happened.
Dzhugashvili (Stalin) Joseph Vissarionovich(from 1924 to 1953).
Corn lover Nikita Khrushchev became the very “first” First Secretary until 1964.
Leonid Brezhnev took Khrushchev's place in 1964 and died in 1982.
After Brezhnev, the so-called “thaw” came, when he ruled Yuri Andropov(1982-1984).
Konstantin Chernenko took over the post general secretary in 1984, and left a year later.
Mikhail Gorbachev decided to introduce the notorious “perestroika”, and as a result became the first, and at the same time the only president USSR(1985-1991).
Boris Yeltsin, named the leader of a Russia independent from anyone (1991-1999).
The real head of state today, Vladimir Putin has been the President of Russia since the “millennium”, that is, 2000. There was a break in his reign for a period of 4 years, when he led the country quite successfully Dmitry Medvedev.
