The production of tile mosaics can be carried out using various materials. In industrial production, I most often use glass and ceramics for these purposes. In recent years, the technology for producing mosaics from plastic has emerged and is actively developing. The production of mosaic tiles from plastic bottles is one of the new trends that have emerged these days. The main advantage of this type of tile is environmental friendliness.
Each material has its own advantages and disadvantages:
Glass and ceramics, as well as products made from them, are characterized by significant durability. The joke of archaeology students: “Ancient people only did breaking dishes” is based on the fact that the main archaeological artifacts are fragments of ceramic dishes. Glass and, especially, ceramics cannot be completely recycled.
Modern ecologists are constantly fighting against plastic, despite the fact that, unlike other materials, it has the advantage that some types of its processing are available to anyone and do not require special costs. But if the process of recycling plastic bottles, although beneficial for nature, is not always accessible to the average small entrepreneur, then the production of some types of plastics at home is quite within the capabilities of everyone.
Mosaics can be made from glass or acrylic resin With the advent of certain components on the market that make it possible to produce plastics in artisanal conditions, there are hobbyists who can make simple plastic products right in their kitchen. IN last days The production of mosaic tiles from affordable materials, sold in any household chemical store, is gaining popularity. Equipment for the production of mosaic tiles is not high-tech and knowledge-intensive. The process does not require special skills, special education and energy consumption. The main thing is that the technology for making mosaic tiles is not violated.
For production plastic tiles Based on, for example, acrylic resins, the following ingredients are used:
Glass mosaic making machine There is no actual equipment, in the usual sense of the word. No machines or equipment are used in production blast furnaces. You won't see conveyors or cranes here. Production room more like a laboratory. All that is needed for such production is:
Acrylic resin mosaic kiln The production itself does not require lengthy preparation and use additional equipment. The whole process consists of preparatory operations consisting of dosing components - filler, resin, dyes, as well as mixing them in the right proportions. In this case, the prepared resin is poured into a container with filler. The resulting mixture is filled into molds. This procedure is performed at room temperature, at which time the finished tile dries. After this, the tiles are removed from the molds and processed to obtain a finished look.
Technological techniques for producing mosaic tiles may differ from those described when using other materials. For the production of large volumes of products, there is more complex equipment that allows mechanization and automation of the process.
Mosaic is a great way to show your artistic abilities Making a mosaic from tiles involves gluing the finished tiles onto wooden board according to a pre-designed drawing. For this, cleaned and dried wooden surface PVA-based adhesive is applied. If mosaics are installed in a room with high humidity or under open air, more moisture-resistant adhesives can be used.
Mosaic is a great way to show your artistic features. IN Lately For some people, a hobby is increasingly developing into a profession that brings in a good income. Some remembered that they could draw, others took up modeling or embroidery. The production of mosaics in our time of universal instability can also become the main source of wealth, especially if you have talent and hard work.
It is an alloy of siliceous sand and other components with additives of coloring oxides. As a result of remelting quartz sand, feldspar, soda with metal oxides at a temperature of 1400°C - 1600°C, a homogeneous mass is obtained, which is molded by injection molding at a temperature of 1000°C. The manufacturing technology of glass mosaic is such that it becomes much stronger than glass, although chemical composition absolutely the same. This happens for two reasons:
To avoid cracks caused by thermal stress, the molded mosaic is fired in so-called tunnel kilns, where it is cooled to room temperature, moving at a constant speed along a conveyor.
Glass mosaic has a wide range of applications: walls and floors in kitchens, swimming pools, bathrooms, as well as furniture surfaces, fireplaces, building facades. The richness of the color palette provides ample opportunities for creating decorative panels, patterns and ornaments.
Now glass is the most affordable facing material of all types of mosaics. It is glass that has the most a large number of advantages over other materials:
Ceramic mosaic
Ceramic mosaic is made from pieces of ceramic tiles of different shades in a huge range of colors, which allows you to create almost any design. Ceramic material for mosaic tiles is obtained from a mixture containing kaolin or clay. Also, various additives are added to this mixture in the form of fireclay, quartz flour and flux, which accelerate the sintering of water-insoluble materials. Thus, ceramic mosaic is an environmentally friendly and safe material. The surface of the mosaic is covered with glaze, which can result in either a smooth (polished) surface or a matte (rough) surface, which can contain all sorts of “special effects” - craquelures (small cracks on the surface), stains, inclusions of a different color, imitation of an uneven surface.
The surface lined with ceramic mosaic will be more embossed than that finished with glass. Mosaic elements can have many shapes: square, rectangle, circle, pebble shape. Such a variety of forms allows designers to embody any, even the most unusual and daring idea in the interior.
Ceramic mosaic is stronger than glass, which is combined with resistance to abrasive wear and an original appearance. It is suitable for covering various surfaces, including swimming pools, building facades, walls and floors of bathrooms, and kitchens.
Ceramic mosaic has a number of advantages:
Ceramic mosaic goes well with many other decoration materials. Looks especially good with porcelain stoneware and ceramic tiles. A ceramic mosaic panel will give a magnificent look to any room.
Stone mosaic
Stone mosaics are made from a wide variety of stones, from onyx, jasper, tuff, amethyst, lapis lazuli to slate, travertine, serpentine, malachite, etc. Color natural material unique, the play of structures is unusual, so each mosaic image is unique. The stone can be left polished, honed, or it can be “aged” - then the color will be more muted and the edges smoother.
Elements are produced by ourselves different shapes- from round to irregular. This is an almost ideal material for finishing the facades of houses, interiors of offices, shops, bars, restaurants. The natural origin of the stone, durability, beauty, variety of forms - allow it to be extremely widely used in landscaping (paths, platforms, retaining walls, borders, garden benches are made). Sea, river, lake pebbles, as well as various boulders are often used.
Natural stone is always exclusive, as it has the energy of nature. Natural stone is used for finishing walls and floors, making fireplaces, columns, countertops, frames for mirrors, vases, candlesticks, ornaments and sculptures, window sills, cornices, baseboards, railings, coffee tables, bar counters. An excellent addition to the interior can be a picturesque mosaic made of natural stone, embodying plot paintings, landscapes or still lifes.
Marble mosaic
Marble is a crystalline rock formed as a result of the recrystallization of limestone or dolomite. The color and pattern of marble depend on the combination of rocks and the direction of sawing the stone.
Marble mosaic can be used for interior decoration floors and walls in the room. It will help create a unique coziness with smooth tints of warm tones of polished stone and will highlight the refined taste of the owner better than any other interior details. Or it can be used to decorate external walls, creating unique façade structures that will help to brightly distinguish a home or office from a series of gray buildings. The use of marble mosaics always gives the interior a touch of stability, permanence, and solidity. Wide range color shades of marble allows you to create a variety of compositions based on the selection of materials that are similar in color and tone.
Artificial stone mosaic
Artificial stone is unique material based on acrylic resins, made from environmentally friendly pure materials. Its color imitates the original structure of natural minerals. Artificial stone is a reliable material that is protected from the effects of temperature changes, moisture and ultraviolet radiation. Mosaic made of acrylic stone is a rhythmic pattern that simultaneously resembles the surface of a stone box, a colored stained glass window, and a complex wicker pattern, as if woven from many shreds. During production in fake diamond Particles of natural minerals are added, due to which such materials have a truly unique structure that is original for each mosaic element. Products made from such acrylic stone, in the depths of which the sun plays, retain an excellent appearance for many years.
Metal mosaic
Metal mosaic can be steel or golden in color, depending on the metal used in production. The technology for making such mosaics differs from one manufacturer to another. Most often, not clay tiles are used as a substrate, but rubber plates up to 4 mm thick. A metal steel layer is attached to them on top. Thanks to the elastic rubber backing, metal mosaic elements are more flexible than those made of ceramics or glass, which significantly expands the range of applications of such mosaics for cladding surfaces of complex shapes. In addition to the standard square ones, elements of other shapes with different textured surfaces are offered. Oval, hexagonal, rectangular, diamond and square elements allow you to lay out an intricate rug on the wall or floor.
The surface is made polished, matte, with notches different types and finally covered with a thin layer of brass or bronze. To decorate bathrooms, showers and swimming pools, a special series of metal mosaics is produced, which uses stainless steel. To give the surface of metal mosaic elements various shades Bronze or brass is applied to it, however, it is not recommended to place such a mosaic on the floor, as it is highly susceptible to abrasion.
Mosaic made of precious metals
Gold mosaic is an indisputable sign of luxury. It consists of 585 gold foil, enclosed between thin plates of special glass. There are collections with yellow, white gold or platinum.
Production is completely manual. Gold mosaic is made by handicraft method according to ancient technology. Production begins with the traditional blowing of vessels from very thin clear glass(thickness 0.2-1 mm). The large “bubble” thus obtained is called soffione. This glass is cut into squares approximately 10x10 cm in size. Such golden mosaic plates are called “cartelline”. A metal sheet of yellow or white gold is placed on a thin plate of cartelline gold mosaic. A sheet is a thin foil obtained by beating metal by hand. A hot mass of thicker glass is poured onto a thin plate with foil. Thus, both glass layers are tightly connected and form a golden “pancake”. After this, the gold “pancakes” are sent to a kiln for hardening.
A thin piece of glass can be colored, a thick plate of gold mosaic can be green, blue or transparent (crystal base). Cutting gold mosaic into cubes is done by hand. Obviously, the price of such material is considerable. Therefore, most often gold mosaic is used individually, making inserts. Gold mosaic tiles can be used for both walls and floors.
The editor of the site received a letter from a reader in which he talks about deceiving people looking for work.
Maria Kurtukova
“Creating and setting mosaics at home. Income up to 25 thousand rubles per month. Phone: 62−26−85."
I called this phone number. The answering machine answered when and where a meeting with those wishing to engage in this business would take place. I attended this meeting with a representative of the Mosaic Studio company, who introduced himself as Dmitry. About 30 people came to the meeting. Dmitry spoke about the technology of making mosaics, about future income, and showed samples of products. At the end of the meeting, he said that those who are interested in the proposal must bring 3,000 rubles (for training, a package of documents and materials for one mosaic) and sign an agreement.
Within two hours, those who sign the contract will undergo training in making mosaics. When I got home, I went online and found the same scam “Epoxy mosaic - prepare your money, gullible people!”, only the amounts were a little less.
Journalists from the site decided to go to a meeting with entrepreneur Dmitry.
The phone number indicated in the ad is registered to a recruitment agency. According to the Orientir search engine, number 62−26−85 belongs to the recruitment agency "Razvitie", which is located at Stroiteley 22, office 315, 316. By the way, it is in this building, in office 316, that the "Mosaic Studio" is located. .
In the corridor of the building on Stroiteley, 22 near office 316, 25 people were waiting for a meeting with a potential employer.
A man who introduced himself as Dmitry began to tell us how we could earn from 13 to 25 thousand rubles a month. It was proposed to organize the production of mosaic tiles at home for finishing rooms (bathrooms, for example).
Dmitry identified himself as “a representative of an entrepreneur from Perm who has been working on the market since 1997 and one of the areas of his business is the production of mosaic tiles.” Samples of mosaics could be seen right there: they hung on the walls of the office.
Dmitry assured that by creating a “small production at home”, it is possible to produce tiles better than Chinese ones and cheaper than Italian ones. According to him, people who take up this work will have to do arts and crafts at home.
When the introductory lecture ended, the site’s correspondents asked him questions, but Dmitry did not answer any of them. For example, we asked him about what was stated in the contract, what to do if the tiles were defective, where and to whom were they sold? Dmitry said that he would answer at the second meeting, which would take place only after payment for this very meeting. Actually, the second meeting is a two-hour course on making courses costing 3,000 rubles. Then we asked where to pay this money and how it would be processed. Dmitry said that the money should be brought to the next lesson and given to him personally.
* The calculations use average data for Russia
2,500,000 ₽
Minimum starting capital
70%
Profitability
From 12 months
Payback
From 2,000,000 ₽
Cost of mosaic equipment
A mosaic is an image or pattern made from particles of homogeneous or different shades different materials(stone, smalt, ceramic tiles). The material, usually square in shape, from which this image is laid out is also called mosaic. The smaller the detail, the clearer and more realistic an image can be created from it.
It is used for internal and external finishing works, for decorating walls and floors, as well as for landscape design. A large variety of materials are used to produce mosaics. Each type of raw material from which mosaics are made today has its own characteristic features, making it suitable for use in some conditions and not suitable for use in others.
In most cases, inexpensive mosaics are made from ceramic. Ceramic mosaic resembles the appearance and properties of ordinary ceramic tiles. The only difference is in size. In the process of making ceramic tiles, low-porosity ceramics are necessarily used. This material is characterized by high frost resistance and low water absorption.
A special glaze can also be used, which is needed to prevent the formation of water-based stone on the surface of the mosaic, and also to preserve the color of the product even under the influence of an aggressive environment and water. In the process of producing mosaics, a wide variety of natural stone can also be used, starting with ordinary natural stone tuff and ending with rare breeds of jasper and marble.
Natural stone has no restrictions on texture - during the production process it is polished, ground or aged. In the latter case, the edges of the tiles have a smoother texture and muted colors. Inexpensive mosaics are made from artificial granite. This material, on the one hand, is of natural origin, and on the other hand, it is produced using modern technologies, during which granite is mixed with broken glass. This mosaic is distinguished by its high strength (like natural granite) and unusual effects (like artificial materials).
A significant part of expensive mosaics is made from smalt. This material has been known since antiquity, but, of course, modern technology The production of such mosaics has undergone significant changes these days. The glass used in production is specially treated with various metal oxides and then heated to high temperatures. As a result of such procedures, glass acquires various physical and Chemical properties– impact resistance, resistance to low temperatures, resistance to various aggressive environments. Smalt, like natural stone, does not have a uniform color.
Even in one batch, mosaic pieces may have different shades, which creates unusual effects on a large surface. An alternative to expensive smalt is special glass, which has properties such as water resistance, impact resistance, wear resistance, and can withstand temperature changes. An additional advantage of glass, unlike, for example, ceramics, is that its structure is solid, so it is not susceptible to the influence of various harmful bacteria and microorganisms. The technology for producing mosaics directly depends on the raw materials from which it is made.
For example, the process for producing ceramic mosaics is similar to the method by which ordinary ceramic tiles are made. Simplified, it can be represented as follows: at the first stage, a mixture of clay, quartz sand, kaolin, feldspar and various pigments is laid out in molds, then pressed, and then covered with glaze and fired.
To produce mosaics with a natural shade, dry, non-chamotte mixtures are used. In the production of colored mosaics, i.e. with the addition of dye, slip mixtures are used. This production process is fully automated. Porcelain stoneware mosaic tiles are made differently, more in a simple way. In this case, the finished sheet of porcelain stoneware is simply cut into small pieces using a waterjet tool. Glass mosaic is made from durable sheet glass. First, such glass is painted with special paints that can withstand high temperatures. Then it is sent to cutting, where it is cut into the required formats. At the next stage, these small fragments are collected on special substrates.
Earn up to
200,000 rub. per month while having fun!
Trend 2020. Intellectual business in the field of entertainment. Minimum investment. No additional deductions or payments. Turnkey training.
Finally, the semi-finished products are loaded into the kiln for the most critical stage of the production process, which is firing. In the oven, the mosaic pieces undergo heat treatment at a temperature of 900ºC. During this firing process, the paint is baked into the glass, its surface is hardened, and the corners melt and become smooth.
Regardless of the material from which the carpet mosaic is made, one of the final processes of its production is usually the same and involves gluing the finished pieces of the future mosaic onto the base. This process is also automated. First, a template is fed onto the conveyor - a special aluminum cassette, the size of the slots corresponds to the dimensions of the workpieces, and the depth is slightly less, which makes it possible to easily remove the finished mosaic from the cells in the future. These nests are separated by special partitions, in place of which tile seams are then formed.
Mosaic tiles must be laid in a cassette so that its front side always faces up. Then the aluminum cassette enters a tunnel with powerful gas burners, where it is heated to required temperature. At the penultimate stage, a special paper base soaked in an adhesive solution is applied to the finished mosaic, which is called a matrix or carpet (hence the name - carpet mosaic).
In most cases, matrices have standard dimensions - 424x672 mm. The width of the tile joints is 4 mm. And as a basis for the matrix, one of the varieties of Kraft-type wrapping paper is used. Mosaic with paper backing is sent to drying chamber, and upon exiting it, the carpet with mosaics is removed from the conveyor belt and transferred to a forklift. The sheets are then formed into piles and sent for sorting, packaging and shipping or storage in a warehouse.
The cost depends on the material used and the technology of its production. Even mosaics can be made from the same raw materials different ways. For example, glass mosaic can be produced by stamping from quartz glass using various plasticizers or by casting. The industrial line for the production of glass mosaics includes a tunnel firing kiln (24 m), a printing line for coloring glass (in turn, it includes printing machines with dryers), metal drying racks, machines for breaking glass, compresses, a prepress complex, dead-end oven for small-volume orders. You will also need spare parts for equipment, tools needed to work with glass, and raw materials.
The latter includes high-strength sheet glass or broken glass, high-quality glazes and paints (inorganic pigments), waterproof mounting mesh, waterproof glue. The Russian market offers a fairly wide selection of equipment for the production of glass mosaic tiles. Its cost ranges from 2 million rubles (used low-power equipment) to 15-17 million rubles. This is how much an Italian line with a capacity of 8,000 to 12,000 sq.m. costs. meters of mosaic per month (volumes depend on the size of the tiles produced) with installation, formulation and training of personnel to work with it.
Ready ideas for your business
Using such equipment, it is possible to produce glass mosaic tiles in five sizes: 10x10 mm, 15x15 mm, 20x20 mm, 25x25 mm and 36x36 mm. It is recommended to use window glass cullet as the main raw material, as well as dyes (European or Chinese production).
According to the suppliers of such equipment, the products made with its help are not inferior in quality to the mosaics of Spanish and Italian companies (although, of course, the quality largely depends not only on the equipment, but also on technology, specialists and raw materials). The profitability of this type of business is stated by them as 70% at wholesale sales and up to 250% - for retail sales. With such data, the payback period is no more than a year. In practice, the profitability of a glass mosaic production enterprise turns out to be somewhat lower and rarely exceeds 50% (although this figure can be considered high).
1432 people are studying this business today.
In 30 days, this business was viewed 57,906 times.
Calculator for calculating the profitability of this business
Mosaic is one of the oldest types of decorative and applied art. The first examples of mosaics are known from Ancient Sumer, IV millennium BC, see fig. below. Nowadays, there are also many amateur mosaicists who create highly artistic compositions with their own hands, often from seemingly the most inappropriate materials.
Sumerian geometric mosaic
It should be immediately noted that self-production mosaics and laying mosaics with your own hands are, in general, different things. Making a mosaic involves the production of all its components - base, primer, binder, set elements, plus the development of a template design. By laying we mean creating a composition from a factory-made kit that includes everything you need.
Styling is more popular among amateurs who are not endowed with artistic abilities. Mosaic is an extremely labor-intensive form of art, so mosaic paintings with ready-made scenes from a set are tens or hundreds of times cheaper than the same panels made to order by a master. There is a huge variety of ready-made kits on sale. Some small firms, using computer technology, complete sets to order according to the drawing submitted by the client. It costs little more than a set industrial production, but uniqueness is guaranteed.
There are also a sufficient number of people who want to make mosaics entirely with their own hands. And not only for the sake of increasing personal reputation. Mastering mosaic techniques (and there are many of them) can be the beginning of your own well-being. One of the author’s relatives, who worked in a supermarket for 22,000 rubles, having mastered 3 or 4 techniques, quickly took some kind of master class for the sake of formality, received a “crust” from there (more precisely, a card) and now has a month with a net income of 200,000 considers it not very successful. Although this is in a city of a million people, it is still in the province. Plus - no management, no shift schedule or work schedule, and the workload is three times less.
What is a mosaic?
Mosaic is a typesetting pattern of small solid elements secured with a binder on a solid base. Therefore, compositions made from scraps of fabric (patchwork), straws, pencils, self-adhesive film, threads, etc. cannot be considered mosaics; they are appliqués. In the same way, beaded designs on fabric and leather are not mosaics, but embroidery. Although there is also a mosaic made of beads, and we will talk about it.
Note: art historians tacitly assume that the mosaic is very durable. An oil painting lives for 200-400 years without restoration, and Sumerian mosaics have reached us in their original form. Hence the unspoken condition - materials for mosaics must be strong and durable.
Unlike intarsia, inlay, and stained glass, each element of the mosaic does not carry a separate semantic load; Actually, mosaic is pixel graphics. Its fragment is simply a piece of something of a certain shape and color, and from it taken separately there is no way to determine whether it is part of a butterfly wing, a leaf of a tree, or a piece of schnitzel. And finally, mosaics are made from non-metallic materials. Metal technologies - graining, filigree, filigree - are fundamentally different from mosaic ones and require a separate discussion.
From the history of mosaics
The Sumerians typed their mosaic patterns from tall narrow tetrahedral pyramids of baked clay, a kind of clay needles. They were pressed into a base made of unfired clay that had not yet hardened, and the ends were painted with ocher, natural bitumen, etc.
The Greeks took the next step. They invented smalt - a very dense and viscous glass. Due to its high viscosity, smalt could be chipped using a special technology (see below) without cracking. Depending on the smelting method, smalt is obtained in the following types:
Mosaic from Pella
Homemade smalt is considered the most valuable. It is precisely the instability of the technology that gives it internal color shifts, and the whole picture a shimmering shine. The color range of smalt is unlimited, and its durability lasts for millennia. For example, mosaics from the palace in the capital of Macedonia Pella (see figure) have survived to the present day without any signs of dilapidation.
The Romans, having adopted mosaics from the conquered Hellenes, valued them so highly that they called them opus musivum, i.e. a work dedicated to all muses at once. Hence the modern name. The Latins also began to make mosaics not only from smalt, but from square pieces of natural stone. This made it possible to make mosaic floors. The point here is not only that smalt is scratched by sand, but also that it is very slippery. Agree, this is completely useless in the baths or banquet hall-triclinium.
Unfortunately, the artistic level of most Roman mosaics cannot be compared with Greek ones, see fig. below. The reason is extreme labor intensity, which is why mosaicists (mosaicist is an ignorant amateurish expression) in Rome were mainly artists in a slave state. They, understandably, had no time for such masterpieces as the Fayum portrait or the Pompeian “Poetess”.
Roman mosaics
Byzantine mosaic "Boy and Donkey"
The next step in the development of mosaic art was taken by Rome's successor, Byzantium. Before the onset of Islam, the streets there had just not been paved with gold, and free people artists could count on decent payment for their work, which gave rise to exceptionally expressive compositions that were included in the world treasury of art, see fig.
The Byzantines made an important improvement in the layout technique: they began to collect the background and extensive details of the image from intersecting arcs, see fig. left. When viewed from a certain distance, the drawing lost its “pixelated” character and looked completely alive.
Fragment of a Byzantine mosaic
Byzantine mosaics are inseparably linked with Old Russian ones. Although smalt was very expensive (Byzantium strictly maintained a state monopoly on its export), ancient Russian mosaics of world significance are known. But the Mongols completely destroyed it, and only foreign masters occasionally worked on mosaics in Rus', which was reviving before M.V. Lomonosov.
During the Renaissance, mosaics returned to Italy. She reached the highest level of skill in Florence (see figure below; right fragment - modern panel according to the Florentine technique). The Italians introduced perspective into mosaic, which ancient world did not know. In addition, they developed a binder composition (see below) that held the set on the stone much more firmly than before.
Florentine mosaics
Bead mosaic
During the Rococo period, mosaic received impetus for development from France. There they began to widely use seashells for sets, and since 1837, colored porcelain and earthenware beads, these are the so-called. mosaic Emaux de Briare, see fig., after the name of the porcelain factory, which still exists today. “Pixels” of a uniform shape and very small size made it possible to lay out a very accurate drawing with soft tints of halftones. And, what’s even more important, using the French technique, it became possible to decorate small curved surfaces with mosaics.
Mosaic Emo de Briard
However, back in the middle of the 18th century, in 1750-70, the Van Seelow manufactory produced mosaic panels from beads using the reverse laying method (see below) onto wax paper and then transferring it to the base. The secret of this technology was lost after the death of the founder (it is not clear how they fixed the beads with wax without losing their adhesion to the binder), but these days it has been revived based on adhesive tape and silicone, see fig. on right.
Muslim mosaic
Muslim artists were forbidden to depict anything living under pain of impalement. Instead, they brought the pattern to incredible sophistication. Muslims introduced new materials into mosaics. Firstly, tiles, which we call tiles. Ceramic mosaic is by far the most common and in demand. Secondly... eggshells. The technique of mosaics made from shells is not complicated, we will tell you about it, and mosaics made from painted shells last for centuries, see fig.
Note: picture in fig. The above was made in the period 1905-1915. M. S. Prokudin-Gorsky, a student of D. I. Mendeleev and one of the pioneers of color photography. His life and work are a separate topic, but it is noteworthy that in the process of creating a color image, a microscopic mosaic of starch grains (crystalline starch is transparent) painted in basic colors - red, blue, green - was used. In Fig. on the left is a photograph of L.N. Tolstoy by Prokudin-Gorsky.
Russian mosaic
Before Catherine II, mosaics were made extremely rarely in Rus' due to the high cost of the material and work. M.V. Lomonosov, not only a brilliant scientist, but also an extraordinary artist and poet, developed original technologies for smalt smelting and founded a mosaic manufactory. Much of his work has survived; The “Battle of Poltava” was included in the world fund, see fig. Unfortunately, after the death of Lomonosov, the mosaic business died out until the middle of the 19th century, when Nicholas I ordered the icons of Isaac to be converted into mosaics.
Mosaic by M. V. Lomonosov “Battle of Poltava”
We had to attract Italians from the Vatican studio, and they sent their own people there for training. In 1851, the Mosaic Workshop of the Academy of Arts was opened, which still exists today. Many panels of outstanding merit came out of it, but work on Isaac dragged on until the revolution, and after the revolution - until the present day.
Modernity
Modern mosaic artistically makes extensive use of the findings of pointillism, impressionism and various kinds of abstract modern movements in fine arts. Cubism seems to have been deliberately created as a mosaic. There is even a term - Art Nouveau mosaic (art nouveau, new art).
As for technology, porcelain stoneware immediately came into use among mosaicists. They work with it in the same way as with smalt and tiles. Traditional mineral binders on eggs are increasingly being replaced by PVA and silicone glue. They are unlikely to last for millennia, but houses are not being built to last forever.
Glued mosaics have an important advantage - maintainability, up to complete disassembly and assembly at a new location. If the Chinese bring their giant 3D printer to mass production, a revolution of unheard-of proportions will occur in construction. And glued mosaics will organically fit into it as an exquisite method of decoration, giving the home uniqueness.
Laying mosaics is necessary for both branded ready-made and homemade ones. So let's start with it technology topics, especially since this process is not complicated. In essence, mosaics are laid directly in the same way as tiles.
According to the direct method, image fragments are laid out face up/outside. Mosaics on the floor are usually laid out according to location. Wall panels are now often laid out on a fiberglass mesh and then moved into place; It is more convenient to type the image in a horizontal position. The mosaic on the grid is assembled only with glue. Grouting of the seams is done after gluing the entire panel onto the base.
Note: laying on a mesh for transfer to curved surfaces is unsuitable - the set cracks when bent. Curved mosaics are laid out only locally.
Materials for direct mosaics made of glass and ceramics are ordinary tiles: mortar or glue, grout. For glued mosaic tiles in the bathroom, you need to use silicone glue. Firstly, it is not only waterproof, but also waterproof; secondly, when frozen, it has the consistency of dense rubber. Both are important for a set of small fragments, often irregular shape. When laying ordinary tiles of a regular shape, the seams also hold the coating, but in mosaics they do not.
For the same reason, the surface of the base should be completely flat and somewhat rough, firstly. Smoothing with a grinder with a cup-shaped wheel is not enough; sandblasting is also needed. Secondly, the base must be perfectly fat-free; if there are greasy stains from old oil paint, it is better to choose a different finishing method. And finally, there should be no traces of rust, rubber, cement laitance, etc. on the base. At the end of the preparation, the base is treated with a deep penetration primer for concrete or stone.
Gluing a mosaic template
Grouting, especially if it is a set of glass and mirror pieces, needs to be done without sand, otherwise it will scratch the fragments. After the grout has set, its traces are removed from the face with a soft (flannel, calico, cotton, felt) damp rag without pressure; the same, but completely new and clean, polished after the binder and grout have completely hardened.
Reverse
Artistic mosaics are most often laid out on small curved surfaces in reverse way. First of all, it requires a template drawing in a mirror image; When laying in a direct way, with some experience, you can work by eye.
The original drawing is scanned or photographed and output in Photoshop right size, broken into A4 pieces and printed in color, this will make laying out much easier. The margins of the fragments are cut off on both sides, forming the upper right corner, and the following sheets are glued to the lower left, see fig. When printing on a regular home printer of any type, the contours along the edges of the sheets will not converge by 1-2 mm, so you need to ensure that the discrepancy does not exceed half the size of the set element.
Note: better sheets First, lay it out on a dry surface, bring together the contours, and, without disassembling it into sheets, glue it together with office glue.
Next, the design is covered with transparent self-adhesive film with sheets end-to-end, adhesive side up. The protective film is removed gradually (the adhesive layer loses its stickiness in air after 3-10 minutes) and the elements of the set are laid out on it face down according to the picture; immediately pressed. Each element must be placed immediately in exactly the same place; this requires the right hand.
Note: old way reverse casting - the pattern is covered with ordinary flour paste; the pattern shines through its thin layer. But the materials don’t stick well to the paste, and many don’t stick to it at all. Many sources recommend using some latex-based adhesives, but it is not possible to find specific brands.
The second method, which is not so expensive, is to lay out the drawing on plastic film(so as not to wet the floor or table) and cover it in parts with egg white. After laying out, the reverse set is dried on the protein for a day or two. Glass and ceramics hold on to the squirrel rather weakly, so transferring the set to the base must be done carefully, and the panel must be broken into book-sized pieces, which is not always possible.
Then prepare the base, cover it with a binder and transfer the set onto it; both in parts. When typed on self-adhesive paper, one part can be up to A3 in size. For transfer, the set is cut with a mounting knife into pieces of acceptable size along the spaces between the fragments. Each piece is gently but firmly pressed against the base so that the set pieces are pressed into the binder.
Note: A roller or any method of pressing that creates lateral force cannot be used. You need to press with your palm through a microporous rubber gasket with a thickness of 12 mm, or with a flat board covered with felt.
Once the binder has completely hardened (at least 3 days for silicone and at least 20 days for the old solution, see below), the self-adhesive is removed, and the remaining tape is removed with a cotton swab moistened with ethyl alcohol or nitro varnish solvent (646, 647). If the set was made with paste or protein, soak the paper with a sponge soaked in plenty of water, and the remaining glue is washed off with a moderately damp sponge. Grouting and polishing are done as with direct casting.
Note: Before applying the binder, the stone or concrete base is moistened with a brush (a wide soft flute brush), and when directly set in place, each element is dipped in water before laying. Each fragment of the reverse self-adhesive set can be sprayed with water from a spray bottle for indoor gardening immediately before placing it on the base; it does not produce visible splashes, but mist.
Video: laying out mosaics
About countertops
Mosaic countertops are now back in fashion. Mosaic furniture was extremely popular in Europe at the end of the 17th century. early XIX centuries However, only a few copies of it have been preserved in museums, and most have not outlived their owners. The reason is simple - mineral mosaics and the organic base are completely inconsistent with each other in terms of temperature coefficient of expansion, moisture absorption and strength.
For countertops and mosaics on furniture, in general, only three methods can be recommended. The first is plastic on liquid nails or mounting adhesive. The technology is simple; you can paint white PVC with graffiti paints from a spray can. But plastics last no more than 5-7 years, and then they begin to crack and fade.
The second is a mosaic of eggshells using crackle technique. In the old days it was not used; there was no sufficiently stable glue. Now PVA can be considered fully tested for durability; second-hand book dealers already use it without fear for the restoration of books instead of bone or fish. We will talk about shell mosaics in more detail later.
The third is made from an alabaster-glue mixture. This kind of mosaic will last for about 10 years if used carefully, but it is very easy to make and replace. Compound:
Casting mosaic elements
The glue is dissolved in water, then alabaster is added in portions with stirring until the consistency of liquid sour cream; after that - pigment. In a glue solution, alabaster does not set as quickly as in plain water, but the mixture must be mixed in no more than 5 minutes and prepared in 200-300 ml portions.
Next, take a rubber door mat with square cells and pour the mixture into it, see fig. Level with a rubber spatula. Drying continues for at least 36 hours. Once the mixture has hardened, bend the mat slightly, and the “chips” themselves will come out of their nests, like ice cubes from a mold.
Such “pixels” are glued onto a smooth, sanded wooden surface using PVA for glass and stone (not stationery) or liquid nails. The alabaster-adhesive compound does not get dirty, so additional varnishing is not required, although impregnation with a water-polymer emulsion will not hurt.
Video: decorating a table with mosaics
Manufacturing
Making a mosaic with your own hands begins with preparing the elements of the set. Most often these are squares from 1x1 cm to 5x5 cm. They can and should be prepared for future use, so that later you will not be distracted from creative work.
Here the problem arises: how to cut pieces of the same size? Advice to use pliers, side cutters, and a glass cutter probably comes from people who have not tried it themselves - but what will happen?
The “pixels” of the mosaic need to be chipped like smalt. For this purpose, a special device is used - a barber, see fig. By the way, it is clear that this is not at all hand tool a fence used by sculptors. There is no need to buy expensive smalt: the tile is also very viscous and chips just as well. In a construction company or store, broken tiles will be sold for pennies or given away for nothing, but at the fence you can chop pieces into a mosaic of tiles that is not inferior to the Byzantine ones, if only it were tasteful.
Cutting tiles and smalt for mosaics
Note: Porcelain stoneware is the most accurate and easiest to chip. Considering its high resistance and durability, it is better to start mastering “real” mosaics with porcelain tiles, and choose the pattern according to color scheme material.
They work with a prisoner like this:
It may seem simple at first glance, but there are subtleties. Firstly, you need to hit not exactly against the tip of the wedge, but with a shift towards the stop by about half the thickness of the material, which should work during impact not in compression, but in shear, only then the fracture will be even and smooth. Secondly, if a glass mosaic is being made (you can cut mirror glass on a backsplash), you need to take into account the refraction in it, as shown in the inset at the top right, otherwise the glass will crack and crumble rather than break.
Thirdly, wedge. Its edge must be sharp; if it gets washed out (glass and ceramics are harder than metal), cracks and crumbs will appear again. In the old days, the pinning wedge was made from heavily carburized tool steel (can be made from a file), it soon chipped and had to be replaced. Now a piece of a guillotine shears blade tipped with Pobedit or other carbide will work well for a wedge; such a wedge is practically eternal.
About mosaic tiles: factory-made and homemade
There are special mosaic tiles on sale. This is the same tile, only small in size, from 1 to 5 cm. It costs much more than usual per square. If you don’t mind the money, you can buy it and not develop the stabbing skills yourself. However, the elements of the set, made on a fence, are in no way inferior to factory-made mosaic tiles. The size is even more accurate, because... There is no firing in the mold and the tiles do not heat up. And the corners are very sharp, which allows you to create a seamless pattern. By tilting the stop, you can get oblique pieces suitable for setting curved lines.
Note: The seamless set turns out to be quite durable only on silicone. When laying on a mineral binder or other tile adhesive, joints must be at least 1 mm wide. There are almost no ready-made crosses for corners of this size on sale, so you will have to lay them out in rows, using a homemade ruler from the lid of a PVC box and liners from it. But then you need to forget about Byzantine technology.
Binder
Ancient mosaic panels were laid out on lime-clay mortar with modifier:
The sand was sifted through a 1/100-inch sieve, approx. 0.25 mm. After adding the eggs, the solution was mixed until completely homogeneous; no shell particles should be visible; the shell served as a kind of indicator of homogeneity. The eggs in the mixture were not rotten at all, as the ignorant think. The organics interacted with the silicates of the clay, forming a very strong and waterproof impregnation of the entire conglomerate. Putrefactive and any other bacteria were not allowed to develop by lime.
The lime-clay mortar on the egg gained full strength after several years. Nowadays there is no need to spend valuable food product and protect the fruit of hard work from accidental influences for a long time. Cement-based tile adhesive has not yet been proven for centuries, but mosaic tiles laid with it will last outdoors for at least several decades.
Huichol Mosaic
As for glass mosaics, they need to be laid on glue without cement. The cheapest option is PVA for glass and stone. It can be used to assemble mosaics in residential areas. For exterior applications, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) adhesive in the form of a melt of copolymers is more suitable; it is somewhat more expensive. And finally, for kitchens, bathrooms and other rooms where, in addition to resistance to sudden changes in temperature and moisture, complete waterproofness is required - silicone construction adhesive. The aquarium one is even better, but its 10 ml tube costs about 20 rubles.
A mosaic made of beads or plastic can be laid on the same PVA, but it is better to use nitro adhesives: mounting, “Moment”, 88th. By the way, the famous masters of modern beaded mosaics are the Huichol Indians; see one of their products in Fig. - They have long given up gluing with wood gum and are using silicone and nitro adhesives with all their might.
Video: making and laying out mosaics
Special cases
Shells 
Stacked mosaic of shells
Shell mosaics are now experiencing a renaissance due to the fact that mosaicists have moved from laying out patterns from shells to creating expressive images, see fig. The decor with shell mosaics adds a subtle sophistication to any interior. The pattern is typed onto any base using PVA or silicone.
The material used is the shells of small marine bivalve mollusks - sharovka, pea, small scallops, venus, venerupis; from freshwater - zebra mussels. The shells of some gastropods are also used, mainly snails (nassa, Nassa sp.)
The best known are typesetting and bulk techniques, which are discussed below. In both cases, it is possible to include contours of sea sand in the design, most of which is made up of small broken shells. For bright white background or, let’s say, the Sun in backlit lighting (see figure below) uses coral sand, which is actually the same limestone in the aragonite modification as in the shells of warm-water mollusks.
Shell mosaic
Tool
Used for processing shells special tool, mostly homemade, see fig. The file at the top left is not a hacksaw, but a miniature jigsaw, the so-called. amber; The handle is held with two fingers. You don’t have to look for it on sale; you can make it yourself from a bicycle spoke.
Shell processing tool
Preparation of material
Already when collecting the shells, you need to roughly sort them by color and size. Set the white and light gray ones aside so they can be tinted, see below. The sand must be washed with boiling water several times until the water above it becomes almost transparent, then calcined in the oven on a baking sheet and sifted through different sieves to separate into fractions. You need to rinse in portions of a glass or two, otherwise the process will drag on indefinitely.
Note: do not neglect the dull shells of the salted sea stalk, see fig. below. When tinted, they produce mosaics of a “picket” type.
Sea stalk shell
Next, clean the sinks. Large ones with a dark outer layer - periostracum - made of the horn-like substance conchiolin (freshwater toothless fish, pearl barley) are treated with a soft brush with a 15% solution of hydrochloric acid. The softened conchiolin is peeled off with an instrument to the point of mother-of-pearl. After acid cleaning, the sink should be immediately dipped in a solution of baking soda (2 teaspoons per liter) and soaked in clean water, changing it at least 5 times after half an hour.
Small shells are treated for half an hour or an hour in table vinegar diluted by half; further, if tinting is not required, neutralize the acid and wash it like mother-of-pearl. If you need to tint, dilute the aniline dye in cold water, pour the solution over the shell so that it barely covers it (the solution is not suitable for reuse) and bring to a boil. The shell is put into toning immediately after the acid, and after the solution has cooled, it is washed under running water, the acid is neutralized, soaked and dried.
Note: It is impossible to tint coral sand in this way, but shell sand can. Mollusk shells consist of alternating thin layers of conchiolin and calcite or aragonite. Tinting occurs due to the penetration of the dye through the microcracks of the calcareous layers into the conchiolin layers. And coral sand is a product of the destruction of the skeletons of coral polyps. It is a dense mineral that does not contain conchiolin.
For a typesetting mosaic of shells, they need to be neatly sorted by color and size. This is the most boring and tedious part of the work, because... a 40x60 cm panel requires more than 5,000 shells. Place on glue with pressing. The contours under the sand are either fenced off with strips of cardboard that can then be removed, or covered with a template made of the same cardboard or plasterboard, wrapped in thin plastic film so that it does not stick tightly.
It is easier to make a loose shell mosaic. Firstly, there is no need to sort the material piece by piece; it is enough to scatter it more or less accurately according to colors. The filling is applied to a fresh adhesive layer, adding different colors and spreading the filling with your finger, like smearing watercolors. The contours under the sand are fenced off in the same way.
It is better to use silicone glue that dries slowly. Before pouring sand, the pattern is evenly pressed down with a board, then the sandy areas are smeared with glue, sand is poured in and pressed down. After the glue has hardened (3-5 days), shake off any excess that has not stuck to the panel; if necessary, glue the material into the gaps (gaps). After final drying, you're done!
Shell
Preparation
The technique of preparing eggshells for crackle mosaics (sometimes spoken in English - krake, from crack) is illustrated by the drawing. The shells are first kept for a day or three in a baking soda solution, this will soften the organic matter. Then the remaining protein is removed with a brush (pos. a). There is no need to remove the inner film from the shell! Painted in the desired colors with dye for easter eggs; It’s better to take shells from eaten paints, the paint holds more firmly there.
Preparing shells for mosaics
Next, on a flat wooden board, not necessarily the same size as the panel, place a sheet of paper or plastic tracing paper with the rough side up, grease with PVA, and leave until gelatinized (sticky, 3-15 minutes). Lay out the shells with the convex side up at intervals of their size, apply the same board and press firmly, flattening the shells, pos. b.
Note: It is not advisable to use nitro adhesives (“Moment”, etc.). After a year or two or three, the adhesive layer becomes brittle and the design deteriorates from the slightest impact.
After 10-20 minutes, the top board is removed and the shells are smoothed with a smoothing iron - wooden stick with rounded end, pos. V. Then the same board is applied again and the bag is held under pressure until the glue dries completely, pos. d. Next, we apply thin paper (cigarette, newspaper without text or the thinnest writing paper, not glued) on a thin flour paste, pos. d. All that remains is to cut the pieces with scissors to match the design and start laying, pos. e.
The drawing is also laid out on PVA. After the glue has completely dried, the covering paper is soaked and removed, then the remaining paste is washed off with a soft damp sponge. Now you need to wait a few days until the shell is completely dry to begin penultimate stage– manifestation of small cracks-craquelure.
Craquelures are developed with ink, dripping it from a pipette. You can immediately see how the mascara spreads along the cracks. When the development has stopped, they drip onto the adjacent area, and so on until the end. Now you need to wait a few minutes and use a soft damp sponge to remove the remaining mascara from the surface; It may take several passes, but the movements should be as light as possible, without pressure! The drawing has not yet gained strength!
The essence of the method is this: the mascara contains shellac and bile. Thanks to bile, mascara spreads over the smallest cracks, and shellac, polymerizing, gives the set strength. With free access of air, the shellac layer will come out weak and wash off, but it will stick very firmly along the cracks. Therefore, we wait another day or three and only now we begin to complete it - polishing.
Eggshell crackle mosaic
Polish the shell mosaic with coated paper. Any other abrasives, even something as delicate as felt, can rub through a thin shell (especially if the eggs are from factory hens). The composition of coated paper includes chalk and kaolin, minerals softer than the shell. But you still need to rub a little and without pressure.
As you can see, it’s simple, but it requires painstaking work. But the result may be a table with an image like the one in Fig. Are you drooling? And, sealed with shellac, it will last at least 15 years, because thanks to the bile, the mascara will penetrate into the pores of the shell from the inside out.
Work examples
Here in Fig. examples of homemade mosaics. The first one on the left is a shell tabletop. The plot is not for a gourmet, but for coffee table just right in the boudoir.
Homemade mosaics
Second from the left is a bathroom with a mosaic made from factory-made 5 cm tiles. Laying mosaic tiles in this case has some features. The first is the choice of drawing. Dolphins and naiads looked good in the huge Roman baths, even if they were crudely executed, but modern bathrooms do not provide the sense of spaciousness necessary to perceive such scenes.
The second is that the use of black grout on a white background made it possible to get by with standard 3-mm crosses and conventional tiling techniques. By the way, there is no point in printing out the design for such large mosaics on sheets. You need one A4 printout to keep in front of your eyes. And on the wall only outlines are sketched with a pencil or marker. For greater reliability, you can mark each piece with a tick of the appropriate color, colored pencil or felt-tip pen.
Next pos. – mosaic sink. There are some subtleties here too. Look at any finished sink. There will definitely be bends of small radius, at least along the edges, on which no mosaic will fit. That is, you need to make the base for the sink yourself to match the mosaic.
Most often it is recommended to use wood for this. But, firstly, in conditions of constant humidity it will quickly begin to rot and become slimy. Secondly, not every carpenter, not to mention home-made people, will undertake to make a product of complex shape with smooth contours from wood.
Therefore, it is better to use extruded polystyrene foam or EPS as a blank for a mosaic sink. It is durable, like wood, but easily processed, like polystyrene foam, resistant to moisture, non-porous, and therefore hygienic. Sheets can be glued together to the required thickness with PVA without any problems, but the mosaic itself must be laid on silicone. Any other binder will create a favorable environment for microbes.
And finally, the last pos. – a mosaic made of broken tiles as is, only the round pieces have been turned on a grinder. Thanks to the author's developed taste and careful selection of fragments, the drawing turned out to be very nice.
Video: example of decorating a flower pot with mosaic
Something special
Sometimes you want to create something completely your own, so that everyone, as they say, gasps. An unusual mosaic with your own hands can be created quite simply, and even without any tool. To do this, you first need a board made of soft wood or pine plywood, and the board needs to be painted black with ink. Mascara will give a deep dark background, like the screen of a switched off display.
Mosaic of pushpins
The pixels will be ordinary pushpins with slightly convex mushroom caps of different colors; they also come in silver and gold. Pin buttons with high caps will allow, due to the play of light between them, to achieve fairly subtle halftones and expressiveness of the image, as in Fig.
But keep in mind that for a 320x200 pixel image you will need 64,000 buttons, and for a 640x480 - 307,200, without taking into account the waste of bent people. The size of the panel will be, counting the diameter of the cap as 8 mm, 2.56x1.6 m in the first case and 5.12x3.2 m in the second. Time to work - estimate for yourself. But it’s easy to correct flaws - pull it out, stick a new one.
And the most unusual of the mosaics consists of three-tetrahedral pyramids, the edges of which are painted in different colors. They assemble it in the opposite way to the Sumerian one: the pyramids are glued with their bases to the base. Depending on which side the light falls from, the pattern changes completely. The complexity of the work and labor intensity are incredible; There are only a few such mosaics all over the world, despite the fact that they were developed on computers.
0 (0 votes)
