Depending on the design of the base, there are several options for how to attach the timber to the foundation for the longest possible service life. For this purpose, embedded pins are used, metal dowels, anchors or screws.
Before laying the first row of a timber frame or panel, frame or panel cottage, you must consider:
To do this, two methods of fixation with embedded elements are used:
Options for corner and transverse connections of timber. The first row must also be fastened using such connections.
When using screw piles with plate or U-shaped heads, the lower crown can also be replaced after the service life has been exhausted. Rigid fastening of lumber into concrete with anchors has zero repairability.
Attention! Regardless of the type of foundation and the method of fastening the first row of timber or frame, it is necessary to take care of the shut-off waterproofing between the foundation and wooden wall, any waterproofing material is suitable for this roll material, laid in 2 layers.
The main advantage of foundations with a continuous supporting surface (slab, grillage, strip) is the ability to adjust the first row of timber with your own hands in the horizontal plane. Fastening the crown/timber beam is possible in several ways:
In the first case, a pin can be used that passes through the beam, which is attracted to the foundation by a nut recessed into the body of the lower crown. Excess threads are cut off with a grinder. To prevent the nut from crushing the wood, wide washers are used.
Another option is a dowel:
This method allows you to eliminate the displacement of the beam in the horizontal plane.
In the second option, in order to properly attach the lumber to concrete surface with your own hands, you need to lay the beams on all the walls, connect the crowns with locks, check the coincidence of the diagonals. After that, all that remains is to drill holes through it, hammer in 12 x 129 mm anchors with larger washers, and tighten the nuts with a wrench.
Attention! The only drawback of the anchor method is zero maintainability. When replacing a rotten lower crown, you will have to cut it into pieces for dismantling. It will not be possible to install a new beam using the same method.
To mount the first row correctly on reinforced concrete piles or poles with your own hands, only anchors are used. You can secure the first crown correctly with your own hands only after assembling all the elements with locks. It is forbidden to make joints in a canopy; after assembling the lower rim with your own hands, it is impossible to lift it manually in order to put it on embedded pins or dowels.
For wooden houses Pile-screw foundations are often used. Therefore, technologies that make it possible to correctly fasten the bottom trim beam horizontally or the half-timber posts vertically are of interest to individual developers. Headings will solve several problems:
If top part the pile is far from the ground, the easiest way is to weld a plate on it. When the height of the pile field is 0.4 - 0.5 m from the blind area, it is inconvenient to make the ceiling seam in place; reinforced heads are used - a piece of pipe large diameter with a welded plate reinforced with gussets.
In any case, the supporting surface turns out to be flat; the plates have holes or additional holes are made through which they are fastened with self-tapping screws. The first crown can be easily changed during operation if necessary.
Attention! The vertical beam posts of the half-timbered structure are attached to pile-screw foundation only in U-shaped heads. In monolithic tape, slab foundations For them, embedded elements are installed, which also have a U-shape.
Manufacturers of screw piles took into account the peculiarities of technologies for constructing houses made of wood. For ease of fastening, there are U-shaped heads made of channel bars, between the shelves of which it is convenient to lay timber. In this case, fastening methods become much more convenient:
The framing bars can be secured only after the laying of all sides of the lower crown has been completed and the diagonals of the building have been verified.
Attention! U-shaped heads are used only on straight sections. It is impossible to mount them in wall joints, so either plate heads or bent plates are used, the shelves of which are located outside the frame.
Thus, the choice of method for attaching the lower beam of the “frame” frame, a house made of SIP panels, or the lower crown of a log house depends on the type of foundation. First, lumber is laid on all sides, locks are made in the corners, T-shaped wall joints, and diagonals are measured. After this, the beam can be laid and secured with self-tapping screws, anchors, or put on metal dowels.
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The lower crown works in the most difficult conditions - close to the ground, more wet than other crowns during rain and snowfall. Therefore, traditionally, special attention was paid to its production.
Before laying the first (lower) crown of the log house, do not forget about waterproofing, which is 2-3 layers of rolled bitumen waterproofing material laid between the foundation and the logs to prevent the walls from getting wet from the foundation.
The first (flashing) crown is made from the thickest logs.
If you have such an opportunity, then it is best to make the first crown from the types of wood that are most resistant to rotting. Larch or oak are best suited for this purpose.
It is obvious that sides 1, 3 and 2, 4 are at different horizontal levels, which differ in height by half the diameter of the log. Therefore, the first crown, from which the entire frame begins, can be realized in two ways.
Despite some inconveniences, such a crown will be more durable due to the fact that the logs are subject to minimal processing and remain almost solid.
To prevent rotting of the logs of the first crown, special attention must be paid to thoroughly antiseptic surfaces in contact with waterproofing (hewn surfaces). Before laying, coat the hewn surface with an antiseptic using a brush 3 - 5 times. By the way, this is the only place in the bathhouse where I used antiseptic.
Backing boards should not be coated with melted resin (bitumen) or wrapped in roofing felt. A tree clogged with resin or wrapped in roofing felt will rot very quickly.
An inter-crown sealant is laid between the foundation waterproofing and the backing board, between the backing board and the first crown.
Manufacturing process decorative crown featured in a series of videos frame (first) crown of the log house.
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Cover crown. Part 2. Chopping logs |
During construction wooden house great importance has the quality of laying the first row of beams. It depends on this how even the walls will be, because correcting mistakes during the construction process is quite difficult.
The strength and reliability of the entire structure as a whole depends on how well and correctly the first crown of a house made of timber is laid.
To properly lay timber on the foundation, it is not necessary to have specialized knowledge or experience, but, of course, you will have to try very hard.
The timber for building a house must be of high quality.
For a house made of timber, it is necessary to choose the highest quality wood, with high density, flat surface and not raw. It is advisable that the beams for the first row be cut from the core of the tree; this can be determined by the annual rings on the cuts; they should be located very tightly and diverge from the center. Logs with black spots or bluish-tinged cuts cannot be used as a base.
They select the most smooth beams with the smallest number of knots and impregnate them with liquid bitumen mastic, to which waste oil is added. Protective composition applied 3 or 4 times so that the wood is saturated as deeply as possible, while the cuts must be left untreated - moisture will escape through them. The impregnated beams are laid out on a flat, open surface and allowed to dry completely. After this, the material is ready for installation.
Waterproofing a timber house should be done after checking the foundation with a water level. If differences in height exceed 1 cm, the surface of the foundation must be leveled using concrete mortar. Next, prepare a bitumen mixture and cover the base with a dense layer, carefully filling the smallest cracks and gaps. After this, the roofing material is heated with gasoline or gas burner, cut it into strips and lay it directly on the mastic. The width of the strips should be approximately 20 cm greater than the width of the foundation. At the joints, roofing felt is overlapped by 10-15 cm, heated separately and coated with mastic again. When the first layer of waterproofing is laid, another one is made according to the same scheme.
It is recommended to lay a layer of glass insulation on top of the roofing felt; all layers should protrude beyond the edges of the foundation at the same distance along the entire perimeter. Instead of glass insulation, you can use a laying board, but then it should be covered with roofing felt on top and all seams should be glued with mastic. The better the waterproofing, the more durable the building will be.
To properly lay the first crown of the house, you should prepare the following materials:
The slats must be impregnated with any antiseptic, which will protect the wood from damage. During the work you will need the following tools:
First, slats are laid on the waterproofing. They should be located across the foundation strip every 30 cm, and the length of the slats should correspond to the width of the foundation, as shown in the figure. Now they begin to lay the prepared beams on top, which form the first crown.
It is very important that the angles correspond to 90°, otherwise the house will be skewed. Also, after the row is formed, its location relative to the horizontal is checked.
If individual sections protrude from the general plane, they are leveled using a plane. The corner elements are joined at the ends and fixed with metal brackets.
When the crown of the house is laid, the resulting gaps between the waterproofing and the timber are filled polyurethane foam. This will not only strengthen the structure, but also protect it from the penetration of rodents, insects, water and snow. There is no need to attach the timber to the foundation, since the structure will be quite heavy and will not be able to move. At this point, the installation of the first row is considered complete. Next comes the stage of installing vertical posts inside the perimeter and cutting out holes in the timber for the logs, after which you can begin further construction of the walls of the house from timber.
If the material for construction is chosen correctly and the installation technology is strictly followed, the house will last for decades without requiring overhaul. The most important thing is to carry out each process as efficiently as possible, then even a lack of experience will not prevent you from building a strong, reliable and neat house with your own hands.
Before erecting the walls themselves, builders have a reasonable question: how to lay the first crown in the house? The first crown of the house must be installed thoroughly, using mathematical calculations, so that in the future the walls will be as smooth as possible, standing at a 90-degree angle. This work is not very difficult, the main thing is not to rush and prepare thoroughly for it.
Scheme of fastening the lower trim and waterproofing under the first crown.
To lay the first crown for a house made of timber, you should lay down at least two layers of waterproofing, then a backing board, and a waterproofing layer on top of it.
It is important to ensure effective system waterproofing for the foundation before laying the first crown of timber houses. For these purposes, roofing felt is laid twice, and then a one-time installation of Stekloizol is carried out. All layers should exceed the width of the base by approximately 25 cm along the entire length of the perimeter.
All the bars that are laid must be pressed closely against each other. It is unacceptable to form even small voids in the wall, and especially in its lowest area. Since in the future it is on the bottom that the floor will be hung and this is where the greatest loads will be placed.
The beams are fastened to each other using metal dowels, deepened into the wall by 3 cm, and finished off with a wooden mallet. If there is a slight bend on the beam, it is laid with its straight edge turned downwards. In some situations, it is necessary to additionally fasten the lower beams using nails or staples, which are placed through the two crowns of a bathhouse or sauna made of timber.
Before directly laying waterproofing on the surface of the foundation, you must check that its outer plane is clearly horizontal. Check the horizontal level of the foundation using a hydraulic level, since an ordinary level often shows some error. The dimples should not exceed 1 cm over the entire surface of the foundation. When the unevenness is more than 1 cm, the surface is leveled with a solution or another layer of waterproofing.
Suitable quality material should be prepared in advance. The first crown for a bathhouse made of timber must be formed with a material distinguished by its high quality characteristics:
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Before you start laying the crown on the foundation of a timber house, you need to think through and ensure the durability of the entire structure as a whole. For these purposes, slats are laid out, pre-treated with an antiseptic, which are 10-15 mm thick. A gap of 25-30 cm is made between them.
The slats are needed to prevent the crown of the timber house from coming into contact with its foundation. This measure allows you to extend the service life in the future. log bathhouse thanks to the provision additional protection from rotting.
The sequence of assembling a crown for a bath made of timber
As already noted, the preparation of timber should be done in advance. We repeat that it should have a minimum of knots, no blueness and be smooth with a high density of growth rings.
It is imperative to treat the first crown of the timber, and this must be done by coating all the wood several times with bitumen mastic, coupled with working off, so that the mixture is absorbed as deeply as possible into the timber for the bath. You just don’t need to process the ends, since they must be perfectly free so that excess moisture present in the wood can be removed through them. The service life of the lower crown and the period of time after which there will be a need to replace the old timber will depend on the quality of wood processing.
Often the first crown is not attached to the foundation - under the weight of the house it will not budge even without anchors. At the corners, the joints are made without locks, the beams are joined at the ends. The beams in the corners at the junction of the partitions are connected with metal plates or brackets.
How to lay timber on the foundation when building a house, bathhouse or other building from it? Exist various options fastening. An important point is the waterproofing of the base. Protection from water is needed to prevent the lower crowns from rotting. If the differences in the foundation level exceed 1 cm, then the supporting surface must first be leveled. Compliance with technology installation work allows you to get a high-quality result - a durable structure.
The lower crown of timber for a log house or frame-panel structure requires replacement most often, so the installation is carried out in such a way that repairs can be easily carried out.
The following materials are used to connect the beams to the foundation:
It happens that builders do not attach the first crown of timber to the base. Due to the significant weight of the structure, they believe that the erected structure will not move.
The studs are laid when the base is poured with concrete. At the same time, their height reserve is taken such that the first row of timber can be tightened using nuts without problems. To secure the lumber, holes are drilled in it for studs.
Pins are reinforcing pins. They are also embedded in foundation slab or tape at the concreting stage, in order to then lay the beams.
On screw piles with U-shaped or plate heads, the crowns located below can also be changed if they use up their resource.
Anchored, rigid fastening does not allow the structure to be repaired in the future.
To fix laid beams to each other, they are also used metal corners, staples, nails (including wooden ones). These fasteners are used in conjunction with groove joining.
Before laying the first crown, the upper foundation surface is leveled even if there is a centimeter deviation of its level from the horizontal plane. Afterwards they must be laid waterproofing material.
The upper surface of the base must be without slope, drops, and perfectly leveled. They check it with laser or water, or building level. Leveling is often performed with cement-sand mortar. They can also close the gap if there is between lower crown and foundation surface. IN Lately For these purposes they are mainly used construction foam. After hardening, its excess is cut off with a knife. At the end of the work, the sealed area is covered with a decorative strip or ebb.
As a moisture-proofing coating, roofing felt is often used simultaneously with glass insulation. The materials are laid on the base so that they protrude beyond its edges by approximately 0.25 m. It is recommended to make a waterproofing coating of two layers. Boards are placed between them. In the corners, roofing felt or other material used is overlapped.
The first crown must be placed on top of the waterproofing. This is due to the fact that capillary moisture reaches the lumber from the soil through the monolithic base. The wood quickly rots and the building requires repairs.
The preliminary stage before laying the first crown of timber on the foundation is to prepare the material and tools.
Everything you need for the job is presented in the table below.
For timber house the height of the strip base above the ground surface should be at least half a meter. Additional construction is often done with bricks.
The material for row 1 can be treated with waste oil, and the rest with antiseptic compounds.
Before starting construction, it is recommended to check all lumber for minor defects by marking these sides. They will place the timber up or down. The sides with bulges should be lateral.
The beams should be processed carefully so as not to miss any area. Otherwise, it will serve as a source of spread of the putrefactive process. The quality of the selected material is of paramount importance in ensuring the durability of the building.
The timber is laid on the foundation with or without securing it. If structural elements are joined to locks, then if dismantling is necessary, the entire dismantling process becomes much more complicated.
The joining of beams in the corners is carried out in the following basic ways:
The latter option has received the greatest practical distribution. The photo below shows, in addition to the main ones, rarely encountered methods of connecting beams without and with residue.
The sequence of actions showing how to correctly lay timber on a strip or slab base is as follows:
If, when pouring the base, fastenings were provided for the lower beam, embedded in concrete, then this greatly facilitates the entire process, speeding it up. In this case, the studs are inserted into the not yet hardened solution a third of their length every 50 cm. The minimum number of bolts (fasteners) for each crown should be two. The lumber is pre-prepared by drilling holes required diameter with the required step. Do not tighten the nuts too much to avoid distortion.
To secure the crowns to the piles, caps (for example, U-shaped) are mounted, which have holes on the sides for fastenings. The supports are first coated with roofing felt (2-3 layers). The beams are mounted in grooves, connecting in the chosen way in the corners. They are connected to the supports using pins or screws.
If the heights of the piles differ slightly, then timber is cut out in the required places.
The technology of overhead installation involves the absence of fastening of lumber to the base. The entire installation process is carried out similarly to the option involving rigid fixation, only without the use of fasteners.
The crowns must be connected at an angle of 90 degrees. Otherwise there will be problems with the further construction of the building. If you follow the technology, checking the geometry of the structure being built, then the likelihood of deformation of the building will be minimized over time.
The installation process of the first row of timber is shown in the video below.
Various methods of laying the first crown of timber on the base have their supporters and opponents. There is no clear opinion on this issue. Most experts recommend that the first row be secured because of the possibility of foundation movement. The rigid mount will take over the movements. Only under heavy loads can the harness move, tearing out the anchor. Reliable fastening will give stability to the constructed structure.
