Quite often, when building a private house, the question arises: is it necessary to build a monolith ground floor, and if so, how to do it? You should know that the base can give the building great view, and also bear a functional load. If the base itself is high and the foundation is low, then the space under the house can be used as a basement, garage or living floor. That is why people who are thinking about how to build a basement floor must decide for what purpose the structure will be built.
The first step is to dig a pit and compact its bottom with a cushion of sand and crushed stone.
Many people want to build cottages with basements just because it is fashionable today. But there are also situations when it is impossible to create a cozy home. For example, when the site intended for construction has a considerable slope. In this situation, the ground floor monolith will be practically immersed in the ground on one side, and on the other side it will completely remain on the surface, that is, it will actually create a flat area on which the construction of a private house will be carried out in the future.
Buildings with basement floors are also erected when construction multi-story building due to the specifics of the soil, it is impossible to carry out. In such a situation, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that this structure can be easily erected only if the groundwater lies in the sand to a depth not exceeding 1.5 m from the earth’s surface.
During the construction of the basement floor, it is necessary to take into account the design of the building itself.
Scheme of the pit structure.
You should pay attention to the foundation, because the monolith base is a separate type.
The general technology for constructing a monolithic base is as follows. First of all, you need to dig a pit, which equal to the perimeter private house. Its bottom should be compacted with a cushion of crushed stone and sand. Next, you will need to lay monolithic pillars and a foundation slab on the pillow. The pillars on the slab will act as supports for the above-ground construction part. Another slab is installed on them, which will act as the first floor. When making a plinth, place it between the floor of the first floor and the foundation, on the slab.
The monolith base can also be residential, so during its construction you will need to ensure that you can stay in the rooms located in it without harm to human health. The residential monolith base must be well insulated and protected from rotting and dampness.
Elements that will be needed to construct the basement floor of a private house with your own hands:
Scheme of the basement floor.
The most common type of base is recessed. The point is not that it looks beautiful, but that the structure is less susceptible to moisture getting into it, because the water will drain faster. This will make it possible to protect the ground floor, walls of the house and foundation from destruction. It is recommended to build a protruding type of plinth if the walls of the house are thin.
Nuances worth paying special attention to
The first step is to decide on the project. Next, the wall material is selected. It can be concrete blocks or brick. If the existing soil is not too saturated with water, it is recommended to build a base from lightweight concrete blocks with voids. When choosing a material, you will definitely need to consult with an experienced architect. The speed of construction will directly depend on the choice of the owner of the site. For example, it takes less time to build a basement from blocks than to build a basement from bricks. The most durable is the monolith base, about which it makes sense to learn more.
The foundation for the plinth can be strip or monolithic.
There are some nuances that you should pay attention to when building a house with a basement:
Basement floor ventilation diagram.
How to start making a monolith base?
Scheme for preparing concrete mortar.
As mentioned earlier, the construction of the basement should begin from the foundation pit. If you dig a pit in the spring, there is a high probability that there will be water in it. The water will either need to be pumped out or wait until it goes away on its own. The next step is to form a cushion of concrete and sand, which can create natural drainage for the strip base. Both river and quarry sand good for forming a pillow.
When choosing concrete, it is recommended to give preference to low grade concrete (for example, M25 or M50). You should not save money during construction, because a good foundation guarantees a dry and clean base, as well as the fact that after some time cracks and other types of deformation will not appear on the walls of a private house.
To avoid cracking of the sand cushion, you will need to fill it with water. The pillow is aged for about 2-3 weeks in most cases. If construction time is shortened and the weather is hot and dry, then this time can be reduced to 1 week.
The base tape must be made of heavy concrete grades M200 or M150. Its reinforcement occurs using reinforcement rods, which have a diameter of about 10 mm. Transverse reinforcement is performed using reinforcement with a diameter of 6 mm. It is recommended to make a rod spacing of 20 cm.
It is worth paying attention that you will need to maintain a distance of 20 mm from the reinforcement mesh to the bottom of the strip base. This distance can protect the foundation from groundwater and aggressive environment. Experienced designers recommend that when making window openings in the basement, they should be located on the east, west and south sides. Their installation on the north side will entail the snow pushing through the glass, as well as the penetration of water from the snow in the event of the first rays of the sun.
Durable monolith base on a slab: stages of construction
Options for waterproofing the basement.
Any work with monolithic reinforced concrete must be divided into 3 stages. This also includes the construction of a monolithic base.
The first stage is to assemble the wooden formwork. To build it, it makes sense to use unedged board. The formwork will need to be installed on spacers, because the basement monolith has a large height, and therefore the walls of the formwork can be squeezed out. This factor can lead to loss of the shape of the base wall, which means that it will be necessary to spend a certain amount of money on its restoration in the future.
It should also be noted that in in this case formwork cannot be reused.
The second stage consists of carrying out reinforcement work. For the basement wall, the need to construct a spatial reinforcement frame is determined by the fact that concrete does not work well in tension, but does well in compression. In order to determine the most effective reinforcement, it is necessary to contact a specialist, because different thicknesses and heights of the plinth wall require individual consideration.
At the third stage, concrete is poured. The mixture can be ordered from the manufacturer or prepared directly at construction site. The pouring of a monolithic plinth wall does not need to be divided into stages. The best thing to do would be to fill it completely. To ensure that the concrete mixture does not have air voids, it will be necessary to vibrate the mixture during the pouring process using deep vibrators. The concrete mixture is cured for 30 days.
Pasting or coating waterproofing plinth on the stove: choosing the appropriate method
Waterproofing should be done in 2 layers. The choice of materials with which the basement will be waterproofed depends on the absence or presence of groundwater. All horizontal and vertical sections of the walls of the plinth and foundation in places of contact with the earth's surface must be covered with waterproofing. Waterproofing the floor and walls of the basement is carried out from the outside of the house; the inside does not need to be covered with waterproofing.
Insulation diagram for the basement floor.
Coating waterproofing is carried out using bitumen mixtures by applying them to the surface in a hot state.
Pasted waterproofing can be made from roofing materials using the same application technology.
The answer to the question of how much it costs to build a basement floor can only be given by specialists. The price will include not only everything necessary materials, but also design and preparatory work. Despite this, we can name several components based on which the cost of building a basement is planned:
Make a monolith base with your own hands foundation slab very simple. To do this, you need to purchase the necessary materials and adhere to manufacturing technology.
Monolithic ground floor: stages of construction
Many home craftsmen include the construction of a basement floor in the construction plan of a private house. It is believed that it makes the operation of the home rational and more economical. Let's figure out why such a floor is needed and how you can build it yourself.
The construction of private housing construction with the tier we are interested in is classified as economic construction. Basement usually means a floor that is completely or partially buried in the ground. In essence, it is a large basement, used as the first (or zero) level of the house. It is usually used for garages, various utility rooms, swimming pools, gyms, and saunas. If a private dwelling is being built on a modest area plot of land, the ground floor becomes indispensable. It makes it possible to significantly increase usable area Houses. In this case, there is no need to expand the existing plot allocated for development.
Also ground floor:
The main disadvantage of the base is the need to invest financial resources in its construction. But the resulting “extra” square meters make it possible to quickly recoup construction costs. By the way, reducing them is not at all difficult if the basement floor is being built with your own hands. The technology of its construction is clear and relatively simple.
Experts divide plinths into recessed, protruding (protruding) and built flush with the base of the house. Which option should I choose? Protruding structures are optimal for dwellings with fairly thin walls. In the protruding plinth, as a rule, rooms are set up for storing various objects and structures that are not often used, and home workshops.
Buried structures are perfectly protected from moisture. Thus they protect load-bearing elements residential buildings from the negative influence of weather. This determines the popularity of recessed plinths. They are built most often. But structures flush with the foundation are very rarely built. They do not provide adequate protection of the building from moisture. And purely outwardly they don’t look the best. Houses with such plinths do not have a very presentable appearance.
The described part of the house construction is a continuation of its foundation. It is quite logical that the base is built from the same material as the base. This approach is considered optimal. It is allowed to construct a zero tier from the materials used for the construction of the walls. In most cases, the base is made from:
It is convenient to equip the floor surface of an underground room using a concrete screed or slabs. If desired, the floors can be finished wooden products. If the basement level protrudes above the ground to a relatively large height, it is allowed to make doors and windows in it. Important! Window and door openings are never made on the north side. In winter, a large amount of snow will stick to them. This will lead to deformation of the installed structures.
The standard height of the basement level is 230–250 cm. If you plan to make a full floor out of it, you will have to dig a pit of greater depth, which is not always rational.
The thickness of the walls of the basement is usually taken identical to the thickness of the walls of the house itself. But this option is only suitable for cases when the building is being erected on solid, non-moving soil. On problem soils, it is recommended to make the walls thicker (20–25 cm). But when building a house from natural wood, it is advisable to choose solid concrete blocks as the material for the side surfaces of the base.
Particular attention should be paid to the depth of the pit and the preparation of the site for it. When there is an extensive occurrence of groundwater on a site, it is necessary to take measures aimed at diverting it from the foundation under construction. The easiest way is to drain the site or lay a special drainage line under the future foundation.
If the groundwater is high, it is advisable to raise the ground at the site where the house is being built. But such a procedure requires additional financial, labor and time costs. Therefore, most often on difficult soils the base is deepened a short distance, content with a more modest height of the tier being built.
Digging a foundation pit is the first stage of construction zero level Houses. We dig a hole over the entire area of the planned structure. We make its depth 50–60 cm greater than the depth of the underground part of the foundation. We will need the extra centimeters to arrange a special pillow. It reduces the likelihood of soil heaving and performs important function for groundwater drainage.
It is very difficult to dig the entire pit by hand. There is no need to skimp here. We order an excavator and an additional vehicle to transport the excavated soil from the work site. We should end up with a uniformly deep hole. Therefore, the excavator does the main part of the activity, and then we have to remove the last 30–50 cm of earth by hand with a shovel, and also level the corners of the pit. If there is water at the bottom, pump it out with a pump. You don’t have to use such equipment, but simply wait a while until she leaves.
Let's move on to arranging the pillow. We fill the bottom of the pit with a layer of gravel (or crushed stone as an option) of a fraction no higher than 50 mm. We compact the bedding. Its height should be about 10 cm. Pour a layer of sand on top. We compact it, then water it with plain water (preferably 2-3 times). This is done to ensure high-quality compaction of the sand.
Now we mix concrete (use grade M100) with water. Pour the resulting mixture onto the compacted surface. We get a concrete layer 5–6 cm thick (no less). It will level the base and act as waterproofing. After the concrete has dried, we additionally protect it from moisture using roll materials(for example, roofing felt). They should be mounted in two layers, connecting them together using the surfacing method or using bitumen mastic. They are attached to the concrete pad in the same way.
We begin to build the foundation with the planned basement floor. The slab filling scheme is as follows:
After this you will have to wait 4-5 weeks until slab foundation won't harden. Then you can continue concrete works. We have to build formwork for the zero-level walls. The process will be similar to that already described. But in this case, it is better to make the formwork from polypropylene panels (again, non-removable). Such products will serve as a heat insulator for walls. This will allow you to equip in the basement not only a utility room, but also a full-fledged living space.
The formwork for the walls must be reinforced in the longitudinal direction. Moreover, we connect the used rods with previously mounted vertical rods. If a house is being built on heaving soils that are prone to horizontal movement, it is recommended to install one or two more reinforcing belts. We pour concrete. Preferably at once. If this does not work, apply the solution in separate layers. But with one condition. After pouring the first layer, we wait three days, and only after that we supply the next portion of concrete.
After 4 weeks, we begin waterproofing the walls and base. We do it outside and inside. External moisture protection is provided with polystyrene foam boards. They are easily fixed with adhesive. You can additionally secure them with dowels in the above-ground part of the structure. We waterproof the structure from the inside with pasting or coating materials. Experts advise using penetrating type protection. It, firstly, increases the strength characteristics of concrete, and secondly, does not disturb the vapor exchange processes.
Pouring a slab base requires significant time and labor costs. Therefore, some home craftsmen prefer to build a base for a plinth from foundation blocks. Their disadvantage is their large dimensions and high weight. Such products will have to be delivered to the construction site, as well as installed in the pit, using special equipment.
The final part of the work involves installing ceilings on the constructed basement walls. As such, ready-made reinforced concrete slabs are most often used. However, timber beams are often used instead wooden floors. They are much easier to install. When using beams, they should be insulated with slab or roll insulation, and it is also necessary to carry out rough and finishing cladding.
During the planning stage country house many critical questions arise. One of them is whether it is worth it. Therefore, before starting construction of a basement floor, it is necessary to take into account the costs of its construction and its indispensability during operation. The construction of cottages with basement floors is considered the most economical option in the construction of country houses.
A properly constructed basement floor should be at least 2.5 meters high.
Ground floor is a kind of basement. But its fundamental difference is that the basement can be used as a living space and occupy an entire (below ground level) floor.
The plinths can be used both as basements and cellars. If certain conditions are met during construction, the basement can become a full-fledged living room.
Another thing that speaks in favor of houses with plinths is that if they are present, the building acquires special respectability, and the thermal protection factors are significantly increased.
In addition, when building a house within the city, the basement adds significant (never unnecessary) space. An important feature of the basement floors is the absence of loads that can be caused by the floors of the house.
From a construction point of view, the base can be:
- speakers. Is the best option, if the walls of the future house are supposed to be built thin. Thanks to your quality characteristics, protruding foundations serve perfectly well when located below ground level, while the heat on this floor does not escape. And if the basement will be used only for storing food, then the walls can be built thin. If the walls are pre-coated with waterproofing mixtures, the moisture resistance indicator increases;
- flush with the foundation. These types are less common because their ability to protect the walls of a house from moisture is zero;
- in-depth. One of the most common types because it is the most reliable. When constructing a house with a recessed base, the foundation, ground floor, and floors of the house will be maximally protected from destruction by moisture. Water falling on the walls of the house will not stagnate, but will flow safely along the base of the base.
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Measuring work
Throughout all stages, the construction of the basement must comply with the following parameters:
- Height. The height of the basement should not be lower than 2.5 m. However, in order to make the basement a full-fledged living space, some builders are trying to increase this figure. For this purpose, a technique is used to excavate the earth to a certain depth, based on the parameters required by the consumer.
- Thickness. If the house is planned to be built in a safe place with solid soil, then the thickness of the basement floors can correspond to the thickness of the remaining walls of the building. If the house is being built on unreliable soil, then the walls should be made much thicker (at least 20 cm). During construction wooden house Solid concrete blocks should be used as basement walls.
- Depth. If the area where the house is being built suffers from surges in groundwater, then you should first find out the water level. And only after this operation determine the possible depth of the base. To reduce the risk of water entering the house, the construction site is first filled with additional soil. Thus, the area of the future building rises considerably in height. It is possible to drain and remove the flow of water from the site with significant ground flows. If it is determined that the appearance of groundwater is a seasonal effect, then a special protection technology can be constructed. When the soil freezes, a drainage system is laid at a special angle.
In general, the following tools and materials are needed to build a basement:
- excavator;
- shovel;
- concrete;
- boards;
- reinforcing rods, mesh;
- waterproofing materials;
- foundation blocks;
- shields.
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Construction of a foundation pit
The first stage of construction of the basement floors is the organization of the foundation pit. But before that, it is best to build a water pumping station. So, work begins with the arrangement of the area. Next, a pit is dug. With a house size of 15x10, the depth of the pit cannot be less than 2 m. After the excavator work, you will have to decorate the edges of the pit yourself.
Next comes the turn of the concrete pad. To do this, markings must be made at the bottom of the pit according to the dimensions of the future house. In the place where the supporting structures will be, it is necessary to dig trenches. Their depth should be at least 30 cm. Next, they are strengthened with boards and covered with crushed stone. Next, the pit is reinforced with metal rods and filled with concrete. You can proceed to the next work only after 20 days (this is the time needed for the concrete to harden).
The next stage is waterproofing work. To do this, a wide concrete blind area is constructed along the outer perimeter of the house. If the base goes deep into the soil, then with outside A special roll of protective material is laid. This waterproofing material (hydroisol) must first be heated and, in a molten state, attached to the base of the structure.
Waterproofing work is also required under the foundation. First, bitumen mastic is laid, waterproofing is placed on top of it, then mastic again. It wouldn’t hurt to do additional external waterproofing. It consists of digging a deep hole 0.5 - 1 m from the building. Next, the pit is filled with a mixture of clay, crushed stone, concrete mortar based on sand and gravel.
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Construction of the foundation
The next step is the construction of the foundation. First, you need to decide on the type of foundation (strip, prefabricated). Preliminary calculations should determine the permissible depth of the foundation. If the figure is 2 m, then the foundation needs to be lowered to a depth of 2.15 m. But you should not lay it flush with the soil. You can start directly only after 1.5 weeks (the time required for the concrete to harden).
The construction of a foundation for a plinth involves the use of large blocks. These blocks must be placed evenly throughout the entire area of the house. It is worth laying them as evenly as possible (in the future it will save time when plastering). The blocks are attached to each other using cement mortar.
Openings must be left between the foundation blocks. Wiring and plumbing will be located there. At this stage you should think about window spans. The width of the window should be sufficient to provide light in the room. For ventilation, it is necessary to make special holes at a distance of 15 cm from the floor, as well as at the base of the ground.
Next, the holes should be covered with mesh. There should be a distance of 1 m from the soil to the outermost row of blocks. A reinforced concrete belt is constructed on top of the blocks. Why is reinforcement placed in board formwork, which is then filled with concrete. After this, the slabs for the base of the first floor are laid.
When planning the construction of a residential building, a lot of thoughts and doubts arise about whether it makes sense to include the construction of a basement in the plan. To make the right decision, you need to immediately figure out whether you will need a basement floor in the future. According to experts, the construction of residential buildings with a basement will be as economical and rational as possible. But how does one build a basement floor with one’s own hands without violating any requirements or standards that apply in the construction industry?
The construction of houses with a basement is classified as economical construction. First, it’s worth understanding what the basement floor is. There are various explanations on this matter. Architects say that ground floors are nothing more than basements that tend to occupy the space of the first floor. Builders have a different point of view: they decipher the ground floor as a floor that is located below ground level.
The height of this floor, according to standards, must be at least 2.5 meters. The basement floors can be used as a basement, cellar or utility room. It can also be used to make a living room or other living room. In addition, a building built with a basement floor looks more respectable, and the thermal insulation performance of the house increases.
If you are building a house in the city, then extra square meters will not hurt you. Using these surpluses at your own discretion, in the future you will be able to quickly recoup all the costs that were incurred during the construction of the basement. The basement floor allows you to forget about the loads exerted by the walls of the house, which is important for a certain type of soil.
In construction, there are 3 types of plinth: protruding, recessed and plinth flush with the foundation. The most common type of foundation is called buried, but not for the reason that it looks the most beautiful. The fact is that it is this type of basement that is least exposed to moisture, because water drains from it faster and this protects the foundation, basement and walls of the house from destruction.
If the walls of your residential building are thin, then in this case a protruding plinth will suit you best. This type of basement is the most justified if you want to arrange a basement room, which is located almost underground and, of course, should be warm. But if you plan to use the basement floor after construction for storing unnecessary things, then it is quite possible to make the basement thin.
It is highly not recommended to make the base flush with the foundation, as it will serve as the beginning of the walls and will not provide you with the necessary protection from moisture. Such a base also needs to be covered with waterproofing material, which will be uneconomical, and it will not add beauty to your home.
We have already noted that the height of the basement floor should reach 2.5 meters, which is regulated by the relevant documents. But many developers are trying to increase it even more in order to turn the ground floor into a full first floor. To increase the height, the technology most often used is to dig the earth to a certain depth, determined by your personal needs.
So, you started building your house by building the basement. And the first point that you need to decide is the thickness of the walls. If your house is located on solid ground, you can make the thickness of the basement walls similar to the thickness of the building walls.
If you plan to build a house on unfavorable soils, then make the walls of the basement a little thicker - 20 centimeters will be enough. During construction wooden building, you can build a basement using solid concrete blocks.
If the site contains groundwater in the soil almost all year at a distance of one meter from the surface level, then it is recommended to deepen the ground floor no more than one meter. In the place where the house is located, it is possible to lift the soil by pouring soil around the house. As a result, a raised platform is formed, but this technology for constructing a basement floor will cost you a little more.
If there is too much groundwater under the house, you can resort to procedures such as draining the area and draining water from the foundation of the house. If under a residential building groundwater is formed exclusively seasonally, then you can use a method to protect the foundation from the effects of lateral forces if the soil freezes and lay a drainage line at a special angle.
At this stage, it is highly recommended to install a standpipe, since during the construction process an extremely large amount of water will be consumed. Immediately prepare the terrain and dig a pit with an excavator. For example, a house that measures 14 by 11 meters requires a pit almost two meters deep. Remember, when you dig a hole with an excavator, you need at least two machines that will transport the soil to the side.
If you have to dig a pit in early spring, then you can see accumulated water at its bottom, so in this case you should wait until the water goes away by itself. You can also try to pump out the water. The excavator does not dig the hole very smoothly, so you will need to level the bottom and corners of the pit.
After this, it is necessary to build a concrete pad. Make a mark at the bottom of the pit and indicate the dimensions of the house. At the place of passage load-bearing walls trenches need to be dug. If you plan to build a basement floor with your own hands, then you need to do this work yourself, as shown in the video about the construction of a basement floor.
Be sure to monitor the depth of the trench so that it is at least 30 centimeters. It wouldn’t hurt to strengthen it with boards. Fill it with crushed stone, reinforce it with metal rods and fill it with concrete. After this you need to wait 3 weeks.
Next, you need to move on to work related to waterproofing, because the construction of the basement floor is connected with the foundation, and in this case it is important to do everything correctly. Otherwise, moisture will enter the basement, and this may ultimately even cause the collapse of part of the house or the building as a whole.
From the outside of the house along the entire perimeter, to protect the foundation, it is necessary to make a sufficiently wide blind area from concrete mixture. To avoid destruction of the foundation and basement masonry buried in the soil, they must be protected from the outside using a special roll waterproofing material, preheated and melted to the building structure material.
In this process, waterproofing is now widely used - a practical and easy-to-use material that can be bought everywhere. In addition, the cost of building a basement using it will pleasantly surprise you. Perform waterproofing under the foundation as follows: first lay a layer of bitumen mastic, then place the waterproofing and after that place another layer of mastic.
For reliable protection It’s not enough to prevent moisture in a residential building just internal waterproofing. Qualified experts advise not to neglect external waterproofing. About half a meter from the wall of the basement, dig a deep hole and fill it with pre-prepared materials: a layer of clay, then a layer of crushed stone, then a layer of concrete mortar with the addition of crushed stone and sand.
The construction of the basement foundation involves the use of large-sized foundation blocks. It is impossible to manually place such blocks in their places; this process requires the use of special equipment for the work. When building a basement yourself, most often you choose a strip or prefabricated foundation.
When calculating its parameters great importance has the depth of its location. If you have calculated that the foundation should have a height of at least 2 meters, then this means that you need to make the depth of the foundation 2 meters 15 centimeters. But not level with the soil. When the foundation has become 80 percent strong, that is, ten days after pouring, you can begin to build the base.
The best way to build a basement for the price is to use foundation blocks. Blocks are usually placed around the entire perimeter of the house. The foundation blocks should lie as level as possible, this allows the plastering process to be carried out faster in the future.
Attach the blocks to each other using cement. In the spaces between the foundation blocks, you need to arrange special holes for water and wiring. Make sure that the windows in the ground floor are quite large, otherwise there will not be enough light in the basement.
Don't forget about the holes that are required to ventilate the space. They must be done at a distance of at least 15 centimeters and at the same level with the ground. Cover the holes themselves with mesh to prevent debris from collecting in them, and close them in winter thick fabric. The final row of blocks should eventually rise to a height of about one meter above the ground.
Next, it is necessary to lay the floor of the first floor on these blocks, but it is recommended to make a belt on top of the blocks. It performs two functions: aligning the entire tier horizontally and connecting the blocks to each other. Bricks are often placed between slabs and blocks, but it is best to build a reinforced concrete belt - lay reinforcement in board formwork and pour concrete.
The lower basement rows will act as the basis of future walls, take on the entire load from the house and the objects in it and transfer the demands placed on them to the foundation blocks that are located below highest demands. Therefore, bricklaying patterns should satisfy these requirements as much as possible.
The number of rows of bricks that are necessary to achieve a certain height of the ceiling of the basement should be determined in advance. When building a basement yourself, you need to know and adhere to some simple rules. The basis of all further work is the construction of the first row.
Before installing bricks on cement mortar It is recommended to lay the first row “dry”, without using a binder. The procedure for laying the first row of bricks is carried out on a layer of waterproofing, which is previously laid on the upper surface of a monolithic or block foundation.
Do not forget to comply with the necessary geometric parameters future building. When laying out corner bricks, you need to periodically measure the diagonals and achieve the ideal rectangularity of the walls. You cannot carry out work without checking the straightness and flatness of the rows, as well as without checking the horizontal and vertical surfaces of the row.
The above described is especially relevant if there are various complex elements in the walls of the house, for example, multifaceted bay windows, the use of which in the design gives the entire product an attractive, interesting view, but it significantly complicates the process of building a base with your own hands.
The construction process of the basement floor is completed with the installation of reinforced concrete slab floors on its upper rows. Instead, you can use wooden beam floors, making rough and finishing floor coverings and always laying roll or slab insulation.
The formwork itself can be purchased ready-made or erected yourself. For formwork under the ceiling, take boards and boards. Plane the required planed boards on the side that you will attach to the concrete. After this, make shields from them, which will need to be secured properly.
Maintain millimeter gaps between boards and millimeter differences in height between two boards. Remember that the formwork should not be made vertical for the foundation, but horizontal.
And finally, I would like to add that the ground floor can also be built from natural stone, but this process requires high skill from the developer, because stones meet various sizes and forms. Therefore, we advise you to give preference to the construction of a red brick plinth, which can be plastered to give an aesthetic appearance.
Often in private houses a basement is created. It is first or ground floor. Although, in essence, this basement. Work on it must be carried out in strict compliance with certain criteria. The law has specific criteria (from 2.5 to 3 meters). They touch the height of this space.
There are also taxes on the area built for living. This question interests everyone who is planning their home.
The disadvantages of a basement are the enormous costs, from digging holes to electrical wiring. The estimated cost is calculated after a geological and engineering study: the type of soil and groundwater level are determined. There are situations when these factors categorically do not allow creating a basement floor - its construction and maintenance will be unreasonably expensive.
Basement rooms in private buildings need good drainage, powerful and insulating. Simply forming a continuation of the foundation is not enough. By neglecting the rules of waterproofing and using low-quality materials in your work, you seriously increase the risk of drowning.
Important! Work should be carried out only by highly qualified specialists.
Usually windows in plinths are not suitable, it is almost impossible. Exceptions are in the photo below. But even if there are windows, full natural light It doesn't work here. Therefore, such premises are not considered residential. Here, as a rule, they organize: sports facilities, domestic cinemas, saunas, etc. The issue of ventilation in the basement is especially relevant when a gym is being built. It is necessary to install pressure sewerage here if saunas and showers are created.
Usually, a plan to create a basement appears when it is not possible to create all the intended rooms in the house or their area is small for some of the owner’s ideas. Also, the need for a base is determined by when the site has a slope with a significant difference in height. But with proper construction, good savings can be achieved and the pace of work can be increased.
How to arrange this? First of all, chase the number of residential square meters useless. It is better to choose small premises (the result can be up to 3 floors). But there should also be ideas about the purpose of the plinth. What is going to be there? A playroom, a warehouse-cellar, a recreation room or a place for other activities? Let's say building a storage room or shed separately, or attaching it to the house, is much cheaper. The basement or basement will definitely need to be heated, not every year, but still most owners of the basement are forced to take measures against increased dampness.
To correct a local natural disaster at the very bottom of the pit, it is advisable to look at this material:
The base continues the foundation. And the material used for it is similar. It is rare to use the materials that were used to create wall structures.
The most popular options for materials for the base:
Whatever option you prefer, work always starts from calculations. Particular care is required calculate wall thickness. Concrete screeds and slabs usually form the floor. The base can be created from already formed reinforced concrete slabs. Wood materials are used for cladding.
If the base is much higher than the ground level, then there, in the upper part, entire windows and doors are made. They should not go north. Thus, frames can become deformed due to significant accumulations of snow. 
The initial stage of facing is the creation stairs in the basement. The most commonly created options are:
For the base you need to do double-sided waterproofing. It is not necessary to isolate components that are concentrated above ground level.
The most powerful protection is provided only if the base is based on a concrete monolith. Again, the work must be carried out very efficiently, otherwise the slab will not adhere well to the walls under the influence of moisture. Do not forget about the standards for the height of the plinth - 250 cm. For this, a foundation pit of the appropriate depth is formed.
As already noted, it is very important to determine the required wall thickness. The type of soil, the location of the building, and the type and behavior of the soil are taken into account. If the soil is reliable, then the thickness of the basement walls can match the other walls of the house. If there are problems with the soil, their thickness increases by 20-30 cm.
If the building is built of wood, then the base can be created from concrete blocks.
The project must also reflect the position of groundwater. Since there is a requirement for the depth of the pit, it should not reach their level. The soil is studied in advance and the depth of these waters is determined.
For your information! A permit, or rather an update of the document, is needed if you initially submitted papers for individual housing construction without a base, but after some time you changed your mind in favor of the ground floor. And according to the law, if the area changes by 17% or more, documents must be submitted to the HOA for approval.
They are determined by the following factors:
Example 1. Base parameters: 10x10. The foundation is strip. Its depth is 240 cm, width – 30 cm, elevation above the ground: 60 cm.
The following materials are involved here:
Tools:
Their total cost is within 30,000 rubles.
Workers' services here will cost about 130 -140 thousand rubles. This includes their fee and expenses for accommodation and food.
If you carry out the work yourself, then other numbers appear here. Digging the necessary pit and filling it will cost approximately 50,000 rubles.
Example 2. The parameters of the plinth are 8 x 8 m. The walls are made of FBS blocks. The foundation is slab, monolith.
Materials:
The list of tools is almost the same. There will also be costs for work, equipment rental, and delivery of materials.
The total price of all of the above is about 1,000,000 rubles.
Of this amount, approximately 64% is spent on the purchase of materials, 7% on their delivery, 3% on tools, 14% on work, 7% on equipment rental, and 5% on change rooms.
When a basement is built in a location where groundwater is high, costs increase significantly. We will have to build a very strong foundation. Usually in such cases they create pile foundation and the base on it. The costs indicated in the first example may increase by approximately 1.5 - 2 times.
Of course, you can save money on the construction of the basement. The main thing is to do this without compromising quality. It is especially not worth saving on concrete and waterproofing, as well as insulation. It is better to create a base with smaller parameters, but reliable and with a powerful base.
Also, do not skimp on high-class workers. If you yourself are not able to carry out high-quality work or you do not have time, then it is better to entrust this matter to specialists with the characteristics. Today it is quite popular to order a turnkey base. The price range here is very wide. Much depends on the parameters of the planned base, geological factors, prices of materials and services of a particular company. Below are some examples of turnkey plinths, taking into account various parameters and factors.
| № | Type of work | Footage | Price, rub.) | Amount (rub.) | |
| Works: | |||||
| 1 | Extracting axes | 100 m 2 | 40 | 4000 | |
| 2 | Excavation work (soil is not removed) | 252 m 3 | 329 | 82908 | |
| 3 | Creation of a separation layer (geotextile is used) | 210 m 2 | 20 | 4200 | |
| 4 | Creating a sand cushion. Its compaction using a vibrating plate | 36 m 3 | 529 | 19044 | |
| 5 | Creating a pillow from crushed stone. Its compaction using a vibrating plate | 18 m 3 | 529 | 9522 | |
| Cumulative: | 119674 rub. | ||||
| Foundation slab: | |||||
| 1 | Laying a waterproof membrane | 112 m2 | 30 | 3360 | |
| 2 | Work with formwork (installation, removal) | 40 m.p. | 300 | 12000 | |
| 3 | 2.12 t. | 15000 | 31800 | ||
| 4 | Vibrating concrete placement | 21 m 3 | 1500 | 31500 | |
| Cumulative: | 78660 rub. | ||||
| Basement walls: | |||||
| 1 | Eliminating axes | 100 m 2 | 40 | 4000 | |
| 2 | Work with formwork | 125 m2. | 300 | 37500 | |
| 3 | Creation and installation of reinforcement network | 2.69 t. | 21000 | 56490 | |
| 4 | 26.25 m 3 | 1500 | 39375 | ||
| Cumulative: | 137365 rub. | ||||
| Base covering: | |||||
| 1 | Work with formwork | 100 m2 | 320 | 32000 | |
| 2 | Creation and installation of reinforcement network | 2.12 t. | 15000 | 31800 | |
| 3 | Laying concrete. Its compaction using a vibrating tool. | 17 m 3 | 1500 | 25500 | |
| Cumulative: | 89300 rub. | ||||
| Cumulative: | RUB 424,999 | ||||
| Materials: | |||||
| 1 | Waterproof strip Megaizol GEO PRO 150 | 231 m2 | 40 | 9240 | |
| 2 | Sand. Sizes: medium and large. | 36 m 3 | 700 | 25200 | |
| 3 | Granite crushed stone (fraction range 20-40) | 18 m 3 | 1350 | 24300 | |
| Cumulative: | 58740 rub. | ||||
| For base plate: | |||||
| 1 | Geomembrane "Planter" | 123.2 m2 | 90 | 11088 | |
| 2 | Board 4 x 15 x 600 cm. 1-3 grades are used. | 1.22 m 3 | 8500 | 10370 | |
| 3 | Supports for reinforcement elements | 400 pcs. | 5 | 2000 | |
| 4 | Fittings, type d12 A500 | 2.05 t. | 33000 | 67693 | |
| 5 | Fittings, type d8 A500 | 0.06 t. | 33000 | 2139 | |
| 6 | Wire. Knitting type. | 19.08 kg | 360 | 6869 | |
| 7 | Concrete B22.5 | 21 m 3 | 3900 | 81900 | |
| Cumulative: | 182059 rub. | ||||
| For walls: | |||||
| 1 | Fittings, type d12 A500 | 2.69 t. | 33000 | 88770 | |
| 2 | Wire. Knitting type. | 24.21 kg | 360 | 8716 | |
| 3 | Vertical reinforcement clamp | 625 pcs. | 4 | 2500 | |
| 5 | Formwork. According to inventory. | 250 m2 | 580 | 145000 | |
| 6 | Concrete class B22.5 | 26.25 m 3 | 3900 | 102375 | |
| Cumulative: | RUB 347,361 | ||||
| For floor slab: | |||||
| 1 | Fittings d12 A500 | 2.05 t. | 33000 | 67693 | |
| 2 | Fittings d8 A500 | 0.06 t. | 33000 | 1980 | |
| 3 | Wire. Knitting type. | 19.08 kg | 360 | 6869 | |
| 4 | Chairs for reinforcement elements. | 500 pcs. | 5 | 2500 | |
| 5 | Formwork. Inventory view. | 100 m.p. | 280 | 28000 | |
| 6 | Concrete B22.5 | 17 m 3 | 3900 | 66300 | |
| Cumulative: | 173342 rub. | ||||
| Delivery: | |||||
| 1 | Formwork. According to inventory. | — | — | 14600 | |
| 2 | Materials | — | — | 15000 | |
| 3 | Tools | — | — | 1800 | |
| Cumulative: | 31400 rub. | ||||
| Total for materials: | RUB 792,902 | ||||
| Equipment: | |||||
| Concrete pump | 3 shifts | 14400 | 0 | ||
| Residential trailer | 13 shifts | 1000 | 0 | ||
| Conducting electricity to the work site | 13 shifts | 1000 | 0 | ||
| Overhead 2%: | RUR 24,359 | ||||
| TOTAL: | 1242260 rub. | ||||
Table. Calculations based on data in central regions
| Material. Parameter type | Meaning. |
| Foundation slab (PF). Square | 100 sq.m |
| PF perimeter | 40 shoulder straps m. |
| PF thickness | 20 cm |
| Sand pillow. | 15 cm |
| Crushed stone pillow. Thickness. | 10 cm. |
| Laying the foundation. Average depth | 150 cm. |
| Basement walls. Length. | 50 shoulder straps m |
| Basement walls. Thickness. | 20 cm. |
| Base height. | 250 cm |
| Total area of openings | 0 sq.m. |
| Floor slab (PP). Square | 100 sq.m. |
| PP perimeter | 40 shoulder straps m |
| PP thickness | 16 cm |
| Distance from the Ring Road: | 10 km. |
| Total price of a turnkey base: | 1242260 rub. |
The most often advised is the following:
Identified disadvantages during the construction process:
One of the most popular videos on the topic. The author is distinguished by both academic and worldly savvy, judging by the level of elaboration of the topic. In addition, the author is obviously a supporter of the construction of a basement floor and quite convincingly proves the practicality of its arrangement.
