Millions of thousands of drops from all streams and rivers, after snow and rainfall, tend to hide in the thickness of the earth's crust. This water wealth is valued by agronomists in steppe and semi-desert areas. The amount of moisture that plant roots receive directly determines what the harvest will be like. Availability of water in earth's crust 14 times less than in all oceans, therefore it is stored like underground wealth. But this is on a national scale. When it comes to a house built with one’s own hands, a person changes his attitude towards groundwater. Moisture comes from almost all sides and imperceptibly falls apart foundation blocks and a home made with your own hands. Sometimes the destruction cannot be restored even major renovation. Conclusion: it is better to prevent sad consequences.
To do this, you need to pay attention to the strip foundation. Moreover, from the very first steps, when the foundation is laid and the first wall panel is constructed. The base, made with your own hands, must be durable and last for many years. Subsequently, it is more difficult to calculate and repair blocks buried in the ground. Therefore, the construction of the foundation will require a lot of money and correct calculations.
Water washes out the main components from concrete and, as a result, leads to corrosion of embedded reinforcement products. Wall structures lose over time bearing capacity, there is no need to talk about the durability of FBS. Further, the inhabitants of the house discover not only the foundation damaged by moisture, but also internal communications and room furniture. Mold and fungi caused by moisture spread along walls, floors and ceilings. The house and foundation are collapsing - the calculation was wrong. The owners, turning to the craftsmen, learn that waterproofing will help protect their home from the destructive power of moisture. Then no repairs will be needed.
In the old days, people didn’t think much about the materials needed for waterproofing. They removed birch bark from the snow-white trunks of birch trees and laid it on the foundation: it does not rot and does not let water into the house. Currently, they are easily replaced with rolled bases such as roofing felt. If the house has no basement, then horizontal waterproofing receives paramount importance. This will prevent repairs. To protect vertical surfaces foundation blocks, insulation is applied to the internal and external planes of the foundation. Based on the methods of its application, the following varieties are recognized: coating (painting), penetrating, pasting, mounted (screen).
The first type involves the application of several waterproof layers that are firmly held on the vertical surfaces of the FBS. Progressive foundation materials for this are cement and polymer-cement mortars, which are easy to use and waterproof. The main advantage of penetrating waterproofing is the protection of blocks from the inside when moisture enters from the outside. It is used in semi-basements and basements. Pasting will help avoid repairs and is suitable for those who rely on low price and ease of application. However experienced craftsmen When making repairs, they say that roll materials are capricious and difficult to lay. Mounted is used when installing FBS and wall slabs rarely, it involves the creation of protective screens. Traditionally they were created from clay, and in last years- made of polymer geomembranes.
Holland and St. Petersburg like another type of waterproofing of buildings - injection: through holes located in the FBS and walls, cement mortar or liquid glass with a hardener from the inside of the building outwards, into the space between the soil and the foundation. This block insulation is expensive and requires special equipment.
When thinking about choosing the type of waterproofing for blocks, thinking about their repair, one must be guided by the chemical composition and level of soil waters, which interact with mineral and organic particles, ultimately changing their own composition and concentration.
Ruberoid, profiled membranes, liquid rubber, plastering compositions - what kind of materials are not offered for! What is suitable for a particular foundation is determined by the climate of the area where the house will be built or repairs done with your own hands. These include air humidity, rise groundwater, probability of precipitation. The higher the degree of their impact on the house, the more powerful the material and the more accurate calculations need to be used. One of the frequently used materials of our time is bitumen overlay material. It is affordable, versatile, resistant to mechanical stress, as well as static and hydrostatic pressures. In addition to its main property, low water absorption, it has flexibility: it can be attached by free laying directly on the base in a continuous direction in one layer. You can protect the basement from the outside using waterproofing membrane. It will create an obstacle to water and drain it from soil soil into the drainage.
Waterproofing mastics, which do not contain harmful toxic substances, are also considered popular materials for FBS insulation. However, be careful! It is better to work with them outside, as they are flammable. Where the soil is especially wet, you can cover the blocks with roll materials yourself, using several layers. All components must be secured with mastic.
To carry out waterproofing you will need the following tools and materials.
Materials:
Tools:
Expensive but durable liquid glass is among the favorites; it can be replaced by penetrating treatment of the foundation with a special solution.
Before laying a foundation of blocks, you should take into account that it is necessary to carry out waterproofing. To implement it, it is important to make a calculation and identify: at what level the groundwater is located, what forces of soil swelling are observed in the post-frost period, how heterogeneous the soil is and what are the conditions for using the building. If the highest level of soil water is located below the base of the foundation at a distance of more than 0.9 m, then vertical coating waterproofing can be done, and horizontal waterproofing can be done using a material such as roofing felt. If the water level is higher, but does not reach the basement level or rarely reaches it, then you need to make the insulation yourself more reliable. Perform the horizontal layer in 2 layers, covering with mastic. For vertical applications, use coating and pasting methods. As an addition, you can treat the foundation blocks and basement with penetrating waterproofing. If it often rains in the area where the house will be built, you will have to make a drainage system around the building. If we take into account the economy of the material, it is better to choose bitumen. Complex different types insulation will require large investments.
Tape and monolithic foundation require insulation to be made at or below the level of the basement floor by 10 cm, both in the basement and in the place where the foundation joins the wall. Clay should be poured into the bottom of the pit and compacted. Fill the top with concrete. After 10 days, treat it with bitumen mastic and lay roofing material on it. Then lubricate the surface of the foundation blocks with mastic again and lay the roofing material. Fill the top with concrete, which must be leveled and reinforced. The second thing to do is this: after 2 hours, pour sifted cement on top of the concrete and level it. After it gets wet, they act in the same way as with a concrete screed. When the strip foundation is completed, it is waterproofed again. To do this, the blocks are covered with bitumen mastic and roofing material is laid on top. The procedure is performed 2 times. The edges of the rolled material, which hang from the FBS, are brought down and pressed down with vertical waterproofing.
Foundation insulation diagram.
Waterproofing may require the presence drainage system, if the ground water is high and the soil permeability is insufficient.
To arrange it, dig a trench around the perimeter of the house at a distance of 0.7 m from it. The depth is determined by the water level. The width is approximately 40 cm. The trenches should be located with a barely noticeable slope towards the storage pit. Geotextiles need to be laid on the bottom, the edges are wrapped around the sides of the trench by about 90 cm. A layer of gravel is poured over the entire trench. Then special perforated drainage pipes. A layer of washed gravel (20-30 cm) is poured again. They wrap everything in the remaining edges of geotextile and take the pipes into a collection pit. Next they are covered with soil.
You can do this waterproofing yourself, based on an individual calculation. Blocks and materials may be different.
The most standard way is to coat the strip foundation or blocks with bitumen resin. Pour 70% bitumen and 30% used oil into a bucket. Then heat the bitumen to a liquid consistency and apply 2 layers onto even blocks.
The total thickness should be 5 cm. To extend the life of this insulation, bitumen-polymer mastics can be used for FBS.
Additionally, the blocks can be covered with a material such as roofing material with your own hands, having previously treated them with bitumen primer or mastic.
Then heat the roofing felt gas burner and attach it to the foundation with an overlap. You can fix the roofing material using adhesive mastics. Then cover the top with bitumen again and stick on roofing felt.
Regardless of the type of foundation (monolithic, prefabricated, pile) and the depth of groundwater layers, protection of the structure from negative impact moisture. This task is especially relevant in prefabricated foundations, since the seams between the blocks are a rather vulnerable place in terms of the degree of water permeability. Therefore, waterproofing FBS blocks in prefabricated strip foundations is mandatory.
There are several methods of waterproofing and many modern materials with moisture-proof properties, but many of them are expensive and can only be performed by specialists. But even today, with an abundance of new polymer materials, most often old and proven methods are used. They are also applicable to private developers, as they are the most profitable in terms of financial costs. The basement is waterproofed using FBS in the same way, if the design does not provide for additional moisture protection.
For the construction of large residential and industrial buildings detailed project documentation on structural calculations using data from geological surveys of the site and climatic conditions development area. At individual construction This is not required, but it is necessary to know the depth of groundwater and the composition of the soil. For example, if there is clay soil below the base of the foundation or large quantity groundwater, rain and flood waters can cause flooding in basements and basements. What is needed to prevent this from happening? The first is the mandatory installation of a drainage system around the perimeter of the foundation. And second, vertical and horizontal waterproofing of FBS blocks must be multi-layered. And third, a wide concrete blind area at the zero level along the entire perimeter of the building.
For horizontal waterproofing of a foundation made of FBS blocks, you can use ordinary roofing felt, laid in a continuous strip along the entire upper surface of the foundation. For fixing roofing felt or any roll insulating material Usually bitumen mastic is used. The material must necessarily hang over the sides of the foundation, partially protecting the side surface.
Waterproofing is applied to vertical surfaces in stages, in several layers. The thickness of the layer depends on the properties of the foundation material. Construction organizations who have their own FBS production and develop projects themselves can calculate minimum thickness layer for your materials. But when laying the foundation yourself, the waterproofing of FBS blocks should be maximum (up to 5 cm) in order to eliminate the possible need to strengthen it in the future.
For the first layer, use a mixture of heated bitumen mastic, which is quickly applied with a roller or brush. You can use a composition of 70% bitumen and 30% used machine oil. After the layer has dried, a second layer is applied. Upon further application more layers, reinforcing fiberglass is laid before the third and then mastic is applied again. To reduce the number of layers, they often use roofing material or a polymer material glued to bitumen mastic.
When waterproofing a plinth made of FBS with inside Additionally, you can use ready-made mixtures and compositions, for example Maxrest, Maxplug, Maxsil. These solutions, pumped into the seams between the blocks, eliminate the possibility of leaks. Similar mixtures are used for reconstruction work in basements and basements and for eliminating deficiencies in existing waterproofing.
The durability and reliability of reinforced concrete wall blocks largely determine their wide application during the construction of strip foundations. Laying work finished products significantly reduce construction time, allowing you to eliminate labor-intensive processes construction of the reinforcing frame, formwork, as well as preparation and pouring concrete mortar. In addition, their installation can be carried out regardless of weather conditions.
FBS blocks must be carefully isolated from the destructive effects of moisture contained in the soil. The hygroscopicity of unprotected concrete leads to corrosion of the material itself and the metal reinforcement embedded in it, which over time leads to a loss of strength and destruction of the load-bearing foundation of the structure.
Some calculations based on the provided characteristics of the soil layers lying on the construction site, the groundwater level, freezing depth and average annual precipitation will help you avoid making a mistake in choosing a method for waterproofing FBS blocks. Relevant reference books and standards that regulate the use of certain materials and determine the waterproofing technology for a specific foundation will provide all possible assistance in resolving the issue.
Waterproofing for foundations made of FBS blocks is carried out in two directions:
Horizontal waterproofing is required at the level of the base of the foundation and at the junction of the blocks with the walls. It is installed to protect structures from capillary penetration of moisture from the ground below. Vertical waterproofing is necessary to protect the side surfaces of foundation walls.
Waterproofing work must be carried out at the stage of foundation construction, since subsequently its implementation will entail large financial costs.
The installation of waterproofing is especially important during the construction of recessed basements under the building. In this case, it is not recommended to neglect its application on internal surfaces foundation walls. Double protection prevents the accumulation of condensation and the development of fungal mold.
Depending on the structure of the soil layers, as well as taking into account the height of the groundwater rise, strip foundations from FBS blocks are laid on different types of foundation:
Finished surface concrete screed treated with bitumen mastic followed by laying roofing material on it. Only after this is it possible to install FBS blocks. For horizontal waterproofing of a foundation mounted on a compacted crushed stone-sand base, a special “pouring” of heated bitumen is used.
Reliably protect the foundation when high level groundwater will be made possible by the additional construction of a drainage system along the perimeter of the building under construction, and to divert rainwater a blind area will help.
If the house design includes a basement, then horizontal waterproofing must be done below the level of the basement floor (at the point where it meets the foundation wall). In this case, the following work must be done:
After completing the construction of the strip foundation, horizontal waterproofing is also installed along its upper level. To do this, FBS blocks are covered several times with a layer of bitumen, on which heated roofing material is laid. The lower and upper edges of the rolled material extending beyond the structure are placed under subsequently installed vertical waterproofing in order to form a unified protection of the foundation from moisture penetration.
Before applying a waterproofing layer to the constructed structure, the surface of the FBS blocks must be prepared in a certain way - cleaned of dirt, gotten rid of protrusions, leveled cement-sand mixture. It is necessary to carefully repair chips and cracks, and the seams of the block masonry should be treated with a cement-polymer composition.
Depending on the materials used for vertical waterproofing, there are several main methods of its construction:
Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, and they are used depending on the ground conditions of the construction site. In particular, one of the determining factors is the groundwater level.
Plaster applied to foundation walls simultaneously performs two functions. In addition to sealing cracks and seams between blocks, it waterproofs the underground structure to some extent, which is a definite advantage. But plaster protection is used only if the groundwater level is below the foundation level.
In addition to cement, the mixture contains liquid glass, sodium aluminate and other additives. Ready solution applied with a spatula to the pre-installed one using dowels plaster mesh, which improves the retention of the applied layer on the foundation walls.
The main disadvantage of plastering is the low hydraulic stability of the cement layer, which contributes to the appearance of cracks in it.
It is the most common method used to protect underground structures from groundwater, the level of which rises above the base of the foundation. It is used as insulating materials wide range ready-made bitumen mastics. The availability and low cost of the ingredients that make up the mixture allows you to independently make a simple coating mastic from:
Cheap technical oil acts as a plasticizer, preventing molten bitumen from quickly hardening. When processing FBS blocks, the mastic penetrates into all cracks and gaps, preventing further moisture from penetrating inside the foundation walls. The surfaces are coated with the heated mixture in several layers. The disadvantages of using traditional bitumen mastic are its mediocre water resistance, weak adhesion and the fragility of the layer.
Cooling and reheating of bitumen is not allowed, as this leads to a partial loss of its waterproofing properties.
As a more reliable and high-quality alternative, it is recommended to use liquid polymer mastics on a bitumen or cement-sand basis, purchased in construction stores. They have increased moisture resistance due to the additional introduction of hydrophobic synthetic additives into the composition. Such mastics do not require heating, and the number of applied layers can be reduced to two. Their only disadvantage is their high cost.
One of the polymer materials that makes it possible to perform highly reliable waterproofing layer, considered liquid rubber. It is applied using a sprayer, deeply filling pores and cracks. Also, one- and two-component compositions are used in the work, spread on the surface to be treated with a brush or brush.
This method is considered quite effective, as it is used as an additional method when waterproofing FBS blocks with liquid bitumen. The block foundation is covered with roll or film materials on a surface pre-treated with mastic. It should be noted that the once widely used roofing felt and roofing felt are gradually being replaced by more progressive waterproofing materials made on the basis of fiberglass. It has a double-sided coating of modified bitumen with additional protection in the form of a polymer film.
Heated with a burner roll material, is overlapped on the bitumen layer, with an overlap of 10-15 cm. To avoid the formation of air inclusions, the surface of the waterproofing layer is rolled with a roller.
The need for waterproofing foundation blocks is due to the specifics of construction technology using FBS. Injection treatment of slab joints, filling voids and cracks with special mixtures guarantees a long service life of the structure.
Products made industrially from high-strength concrete are characterized by stable geometry, good water resistance and compressive strength. The main raw material for reinforced concrete blocks is granite crushed stone with permissible level background radiation and river sand without including clay. This provides the material with frost resistance.
A prefabricated foundation consisting of large blocks cannot be reinforced using traditional methods - rods and meshes bend under the weight of the slabs. The lack of stabilization of FBS leads to their deformation and the appearance of cracks. The voids between the blocks become a source of penetration of groundwater and storm water into the structure.
Walls and other surfaces ground floors damp, and the premises are subject to flooding due to violations of construction technology: lack of a drainage system, roll waterproofing foundation soles and ventilation ducts. Leaks occur due to the proximity of the groundwater facility to the walls.
Flooding of a FBS basement occurs when one of the construction stages is skipped: preliminary compaction of sand and crushed stone in a dug pit with a vibrating plate, filling the voids between reinforced concrete slabs with concrete. After installing the blocks, it is often necessary to create an armored belt on top of them under the Mauerlat and ceilings. TO technological requirements This includes mandatory waterproofing of the foundation if the groundwater level is high at the construction site.
Injection waterproofing of basements of buildings, industrial enterprises and other structures is produced as preventative measure to prevent leaks, it allows you to eliminate dampness and moisture that penetrates into the room through the joints of foundation slabs or at the places where utility lines enter.
Waterproofing of a block foundation, injection of special mixtures for treating seams, wall joints and voids, is carried out without restrictions regarding their location on the surface - horizontal or vertical. Liquid form and high viscosity values protective compounds create the opportunity for processing hard to reach places, guarantee their penetration deep into building materials. This effect is achieved incl. due to the presence of viscosity comparable to the fluidity of water, acrylate gels.
Waterproofing of FBS blocks by injection is carried out using the latest generation mixtures. Resins and gels made using innovative technologies, allow processing of the foundation without dismantling its elements. The chemical resistance and strength of the created protective screens reliably isolates basements from the penetration of melt, ground and storm water.
Polyurethane resins, which are used for waterproofing building structures made from FBS blocks, are two-component materials with high rates of adhesion and elasticity. When in contact with liquid media, the mixture increases in volume up to 20 times, demonstrating water resistance at pressure levels of 2 MPa and above.
Injection waterproofing of foundation blocks with resins is carried out in several stages:
Using polyurethane mixtures in basements, cracks of a minimum size, from 0.1 mm, are isolated by displacing moisture from voids and filling with resin. The created monolithic water barrier is characterized by high resistance to chemical media, strong adhesion to concrete surfaces and durability - service life up to 100 years.
Waterproofing a block foundation and basement with acrylate gels allows you to fill not only the cavities inside the walls, ceiling or floor with the material, but also the space around the seams. The technology of injecting the mixture under pressure is in many ways similar to the treatment of leaks with polyurethane resins.
There are several methods for carrying out work to insulate the foundation and basement from moisture with acrylate gels:
The technology of processing with acrylate gels has proven itself to be excellent in repairing expansion joints and treating foundations at the joints of FBS blocks. If there are pressure leaks protective screen Withstands water pressure up to 2 barrels.
Low viscosity up to 150 MPa of innovative materials for treating foundation leaks from FBS allows them to penetrate into all pores of the working surface. This provides protection from water even with subsequent deformation of the building structure and enlargement of the repaired cracks. Mixtures based on acrylates have increased tensile strength and retain their elasticity at sub-zero air temperatures.
Acrylate gels and polyurethane resins for insulation do not require pre-drying of the working surface of the foundation due to their high adhesion strength to dry and wet materials. One of the advantages created by the injection method of water barriers is their immunity to not only moisture, but also mold fungi. The use of innovative means for waterproofing FBS blocks is possible in a wide temperature range - from +3 °C to +40 °C.
Acrylate-based gels, which were used during the construction phase of the building, stabilize the soil adjacent to the structure and reduce shrinkage concrete foundation. Innovative materials make it possible to repair previously produced waterproofing of FBS blocks.
By phone you can get advice and call craftsmen, they will be able to assess the complexity of the work, calculate the estimate, and draw up an agreement for the performance of services.
