Photos of the victims of the Red Terror in Russia during the Civil War and their executioners.
Attention! Shock content! Not to look nervous!
A corpse found in the courtyard of the Kherson Cheka.
The head was cut off, the right leg was broken, the body was burned
Mutilated corpses of victims of the Kherson Cheka
Head of a village in Kherson province E.V. Marchenko,
martyred in the Cheka
Corpses of those tortured at one of the stations in the Kherson province.
The heads and limbs of the victims were mutilated
The corpse of Colonel Franin, tortured in the Kherson Cheka
in Tyulpanov's house on Bogorodskaya street,
where was the Kherson emergency situation
Corpses of hostages found in the Kherson Cheka
in the basement of Tyulpanov's house
Captain Fedorov with signs of torture on his hands.
On the left hand there is a mark from a bullet wound received during torture.
At the last minute he managed to escape from being shot.
Below are photographs of torture instruments,
depicted by Fedorov
Leather found in the basement of the Kharkov Cheka,
ripped off the victims' hands using a metal comb
and special forceps
Skin flayed from victims' limbs
in Rabinovich's house on the street. Lomonosov in Kherson,
where the Kherson emergency tortured
Executioner - N.M. Demyshev.
Chairman of the Executive Committee of Evpatoria,
one of the organizers of the red “Bartholomew’s Night”.
Executed by the Whites after the liberation of Yevpatoria
The executioner is Kebabchants, nicknamed “bloody”.
Deputy Chairman of the Evpatoria Executive Committee,
participant of "Bartholomew's Night".
Executed by the Whites
Female executioner - Varvara Grebennikova (Nemich).
In January 1920, she sentenced officers to death
and the “bourgeoisie” on board the steamship Romania.
Executed by the Whites
Executioners.
Participants of Bartholomew's Night
in Evpatoria and executions in “Romania”.
Executed by whites
Executioners of the Kherson Cheka
Dora Evlinskaya, under 20 years old, female executioner,
executed in the Odessa Cheka with my own hands 400 officers
Saenko Stepan Afanasyevich,
commandant of the concentration camp in Kharkov
Corpses of hostages shot in Kharkov prison
Kharkiv. Corpses of hostages who died under Bolshevik torture
Kharkiv. Corpses of tortured female hostages.
Second from left is S. Ivanova, owner of a small shop.
Third from left - A.I. Karolskaya, wife of a colonel.
The fourth is L. Khlopkova, landowner.
Everyone's breasts were cut open and peeled out alive,
the genitals were burned and coals were found in them
Kharkiv. The body of the hostage Lieutenant Bobrov,
to whom the executioners cut out his tongue and chopped off his hands
and removed the skin along the left leg
Kharkov, emergency yard.
The corpse of hostage I. Ponomarenko, a former telegraph operator.
The right hand is chopped off. There are several deep cuts across the chest.
There are two more corpses in the background
The corpse of hostage Ilya Sidorenko,
owner of a fashion store in the city of Sumy.
The victim's arms were broken, his ribs were broken,
genitals cut open.
Martyred in Kharkov
Snegirevka station, near Kharkov.
The corpse of a tortured woman.
No clothing was found on the body.
The head and shoulders were cut off
(during the autopsy the graves were never found)
Kharkiv. Corpses of the dead dumped in a cart
Kharkiv. Corpses of those tortured in the Cheka
Courtyard of the Kharkov gubchek (Sadovaya street, 5)
with the corpses of the executed
Concentration camp in Kharkov. Tortured to death
Kharkiv. Photo of the head of Archimandrite Rodion,
Spassovsky Monastery, scalped by the Bolsheviks
Excavation of one of the mass graves
near the building of the Kharkov Cheka
Kharkiv. Excavation of a mass grave
with the victims of the red terror
Farmers I. Afanasyuk and S. Prokopovich,
scalped alive. At the neighbor's, I. Afanasyuk,
on the body there are traces of burns from a red-hot saber
The bodies of three hostage workers from the striking factory.
The middle one, A. Ivanenko, has his eyes burned out,
lips and nose cut off. Others have their hands cut off
The corpse of an officer killed by the Reds
The bodies of four peasant hostages
(Bondarenko, Plokhikh, Levenets and Sidorchuk).
The faces of the dead are terribly cut up.
The genitals were mutilated in a special savage way.
The doctors conducting the examination expressed the opinion that
that such a technique should only be known
Chinese executioners and according to the degree of pain
exceeds anything imaginable to man
On the left is the corpse of hostage S. Mikhailov,
grocery store clerk
apparently hacked to death with a saber.
In the middle is the body of a man hacked to death with ramrods,
with a broken lower back, teacher Petrenko.
On the right is the corpse of Agapov, with his
previously described genital torture
The corpse of a 17-18 year old boy,
with a cut-out side and a mutilated face
Permian. Georgievskaya station.
The corpse of a woman.
Three fingers right hand compressed for baptism
Yakov Chus, a seriously wounded Cossack,
abandoned by the retreating White Guard.
The red ones who approached doused them with gasoline
and burned alive
Siberia. Yenisei province.
Officer Ivanov, tortured to death
Siberia. Yenisei province.
Corpses of tortured victims of Bolshevik terror.
IN Soviet encyclopedia
“Civil War and Military Intervention in the USSR” (M., 1983, p. 264)
this photograph, from a slightly different angle, is given as an example
“victims of Kolchakism” in Siberia in 1919
Doctor Belyaev, Czech.
Brutally killed in Verkhneudinsk.
The photograph shows a severed hand
and a disfigured face
Yeniseisk. Captured Cossack officer
brutally killed by the Reds (legs, arms and head burned)
The victim's legs were broken before his death
Odessa. Reburial of victims from mass graves,
excavated after the Bolsheviks left
Pyatigorsk, 1919. Excavation of mass graves
with the corpses of hostages executed by the Bolsheviks in 1918
Pyatigorsk, 1919.
Reburial of victims of Bolshevik terror.
Memorial service
Russian Civil War
1. One of the main goals of the white movement in the Civil War was:
A) strengthening Soviet state
B) destruction of Soviet power
B) restoration of the autocratic monarchy
2. The white camp during the Civil War did not include:
A) representatives of the Cadets and Socialist Revolutionaries
B) Russian officers
B) committees of the poor
3. Find the odd one out among the intervention goals:
A) preventing world revolution
B) return of royal debts
C) economic and political weakening of Russia
D) establishing relations with the new government in Russia
4. Execution royal family in Yekaterinburg took place:
A) after the verdict of a public court
B) at the request of the population
B) secretly without trial
5. Movements led by Antonov and Makhno include:
A) to labor movements
B) to the movements of the intelligentsia
B) to peasant movements
6. As a result of the Civil War on Russian territory:
A) the standard of living of the population has increased
B) Soviet power was destroyed
B) the white movement was defeated
7. Combine the names of the leaders of the white movement and their characteristics:
1) A.V. Kolchak
2) A.I. Denikin
3) N.N. Yudenich
4) P.N. Wrangel
5) L.G. Kornilov A) general who led the campaign of the Volunteer Army from the South of Russia to Moscow in 1919.
B) commander-in-chief of the armed forces in the South of Russia, leader of the anti-Bolshevik regime in Crimea in 1920.
B) a general who undertook two campaigns against Petrograd in 1919 from the north-west of Russia
D) admiral, proclaimed Supreme Ruler of Russia in 1918, leader of the anti-Bolshevik regime in Siberia
D) the general who led the “ice campaign” against Soviet power in the winter of 1919.
8. Combine the names of the leaders of the white movement and the places of existence of their regimes:
1) A.V. Kolchak
2) A.I. Denikin
3) N.N. Yudenich
4) P.N. Wrangel
A) South of Russia
B) Crimea
B) Siberia
D) North-West Russia
9. The civil war in Russia is:
A) armed struggle between supporters and opponents of Soviet power, which covered all the main regions of the country from 1917 to 1920.
B) the struggle between various political parties in the elections to the Constituent Assembly
C) the struggle of the Russian population in 1917–1920. against the invasion of the army of European countries into the territory of the former Russian Empire
10. The name of the military-political force in the Civil War, whose representatives advocated the overthrow of the Bolshevik government:
A) Red camp
B) white camp
B) green camp
11. Foreign intervention is called:
A) armed intervention in the internal affairs of Russia during the Civil War of foreign states with their own political and economic goals
B) declaration by foreign states of a complete economic and diplomatic blockade of Russia until the royal debts are paid
B) mass exodus of White Guards to other countries after defeat in the Civil War
12. Surplus appropriation is:
A) the duty of peasants to sow and grow the amount of grain necessary to support the army
B) the obligation of peasants to hand over to the state all surplus grain and other agricultural products
C) the duty of peasants to provide the army with horses and fodder
Civil war in Russia in the early 20th century.
1. The nature of the Civil War in Russia in 1918 - 1922. ...
a) folk; b) imperialist; c) fratricidal.
2. Beginning civil war usually attributed to the period...
a) after the establishment of Soviet power (October 1917) in the form of local resistance to the establishment of the Bolsheviks coming to power locally;
b) landings of foreign troops in Murmansk and Vladivostok (March-April 1918);
c) mutiny of the Czechoslovak corps (May 1918).
3. Economic policy of the civil war period in Soviet Russia got the name...
a) new economic policy;
b) the policy of war communism;
c) the policy of “self-reliance”.
4. One of the economic policy measures of the Bolsheviks during the Civil War was the introduction
a) tax in kind; b) labor service; c) hard currency.
5. Give definitions of the concepts and terms proposed below:
1.Entente, 2.White Terror, 3.War Communism, 4.VChK, 5.Civil War, 6.Green Movement, 7.Red Terror, 8.Kombeda, 9.Prodazvestka, 10.Red Army
6. DEFINE WHO IS SHOWN IN THE PHOTO
A) Played an important role in the defeat of the armies of Denikin and Wrangel. Three times Hero of the Soviet Union. During the Civil War, commander of the 1st Cavalry Army.
B) Polar explorer and oceanographer, participant in the Russo-Japanese, World War I and Civil Wars. The leader and leader of the White movement both on a nationwide scale and directly in the East of Russia. The Supreme Ruler of Russia (1918-1920), was recognized in this position by all the leaders of the White movement, “de jure” by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, “de facto” by the Entente states.
7. Who follows from the logical series
a) L. D. Trotsky b) I. I. Vatsetis c) S. S. Kamenev d) V. M. Altfater e) M. V. Alekseev
8. Which country did not participate in the intervention of the Entente countries:
a) Great Britain
b) Portugal
c) India
d) France
e) USA
Find and write which cities were under the rule
a) Kolchak
b) Petlury
10. Mass terror during the Civil War:
a) used red ones;
b) used white;
c) used both military-political camps.
11. The execution of the royal family in Yekaterinburg occurred:
12 . Movements led by Antonov and Makhno include:
a) to labor movements;
b) to the movements of the intelligentsia;
c) to peasant movements.
13. Combine the names of the leaders of the white movement and the places of existence of their regimes:
a) A.V. Kolchak; 1) South of Russia;
b) A.I. Denikin; 2) Crimea;
c) N.N. Yudenich; 3) Siberia;
d) P.N. Wrangel. 4) North-West Russia.
14. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed:
15. Match the statement politician, on the signing of peace with Germany with its author:
a) “Declare a revolutionary struggle for Germany and its allies,
to spark a world revolution"; 1. Trotsky
b) “No peace, no war, disband the army”; 2. Lenin
c) “Sign peace on Germany’s terms.” 3. Bukharin
16. This is a propaganda poster:
a) white
B) red
Civil war in Russia in the early 20th century. Answers:
In the USSR, it was customary to view the White Guards as enemies of Soviet power and to depict their atrocities. In the post-perestroika era, the term “red terror” came into use, which is usually used to designate the Bolshevik policy towards the nobility, bourgeoisie and other “alien classes”. What about the “white terror”? Did it actually take place?
“White terror” is a rather conventional term that modern historians use to designate repressive measures directed against the Bolsheviks and their supporters.
As a rule, violent acts were spontaneous, unorganized, but in some cases they were sanctioned by the temporary military and political authorities.
The first officially recorded act of “white terror” took place on October 28, 1917. The cadets, who were liberating the Moscow Kremlin from the rebels, lined up the unarmed soldiers of the 56th reserve regiment, who had sided with the Bolsheviks, at the monument to Alexander II, ostensibly for the purpose of checking, and opened fire on them with rifles and machine guns. As a result of this action, about 300 people died.
It is believed that one of the White Guard “leaders”, General L.G. Kornilov allegedly gave the order not to take prisoners, but to shoot them on the spot. But no official order in this regard was ever found. Kornilovets A.R. Trushnovich later said that, unlike the Bolsheviks, who declared terror by law, ideologically justifying it, Kornilov’s army stood for law and order, so it avoided requisitioning property and unnecessary bloodshed. However, it also happened that circumstances forced the Kornilovites to respond with cruelty to cruelty on the part of their enemies.
For example, in the area of the village of Gnilovskaya near Rostov, the Bolsheviks killed several wounded Kornilov officers and the nurse who accompanied them. In the Lezhanka area, the Bolsheviks captured a Cossack patrol and buried them alive in the ground. There they ripped open the belly of a local priest and dragged him by the intestines throughout the village. Many relatives of the Kornilovites were tortured by the Bolsheviks, and then they began to kill prisoners...
In the summer of 1918, supporters of the Constituent Assembly came to power in the Volga region. The White Guards massacred many party and Soviet workers. On the territory under the control of Komuch, security structures, military courts were created, and so-called “death barges” were used to execute Bolshevik-minded individuals. In September-October, workers' uprisings in Kazan and Ivashchenkovo were brutally suppressed.
In northern Russia, 38 thousand people were imprisoned in Arkhangelsk on charges of Bolshevik activity. About 8 thousand prisoners were shot, and more than a thousand died within the prison walls.
In the same 1918, about 30 thousand people became victims of the “White Terror” in the territories under the control of General P.N. Krasnova. Here are the lines from the order of the commandant of the Makeevsky district dated November 10, 1918: “I forbid arresting workers, but order them to be shot or hanged; I order all arrested workers to be hanged main street and don’t take off for three days.”
In November 1918, Admiral A.V. Kolchak actively pursued a policy of expulsion and execution of Siberian Socialist Revolutionaries. Member of the Central Committee of the Right Socialist Revolutionary Party D.F. Rakov wrote: “Omsk simply froze in horror... There were an infinite number of those killed... in any case, no less than 2,500 people. Entire cartloads of corpses were transported around the city, just as they transport lamb and pork carcasses in winter...”
General A.I. Denikin was accused of treating the Bolsheviks too softly. However, there is an order No. 7 signed by him dated August 14 (27), 1918, according to which “all persons accused of promoting or favoring the troops or authorities Soviet republic in their military or other hostile actions against the Volunteer Army, as well as for premeditated murder, rape, robbery, robbery, deliberate incendiary or drowning of someone else’s property” were ordered to be brought to “court-martial of a military unit of the Volunteer Army, by order of the military governor.”
Be that as it may, one cannot consider the “reds” bad and the “whites” exceptionally good, or vice versa - as you like... Any war is, first of all, violence. And the civil war is terrible tragedy, in which it is difficult to find the right and the wrong...
For modern domestic media serving the ruling elite, the October Revolution was a putsch that was forcefully imposed on a passive society by a bunch of cynical conspirators who did not have any real support in the country. This putsch, and the media do not call the October Revolution otherwise, crossed out natural way the development of a rich, hardworking, pre-revolutionary Russia on the right path to democracy.
Within the framework of these views, a myth developed about the civil war, in which the Bolshevik party, using “red” terror, defeated the bourgeois “white” parties.
The victims of the Red Terror were 20 million citizens, including a million Cossacks, destroyed as a class, and 300 thousand Russian priests, killed for their faith. The purpose of this myth was to demonstrate the final break of the current elite, almost entirely consisting of the Soviet nomenklatura, with the Soviet system that gave birth to it and a symbolic transition to the side of its irreconcilable enemies. As always, in competently designed, historical myths There are elements of truth in this myth, thickly mixed with malicious lies and unreliable information. Indeed, the main opposing forces in the civil war were the “reds” and the “whites”. Indeed, according to various sources, between 15 and 20 million people died in the civil war. Indeed, the Bolsheviks announced the introduction of red terror. To understand a myth, it is necessary to clarify the basic concepts used in it.
About the warring forces. The left Socialist Revolutionaries and anarchists participated in the coalition with the Bolsheviks. In addition to the whites and reds, various nationalists and “greens” took part in the civil war. The White coalition was represented by a whole spectrum of parties of various orientations, from monarchists and Cadets, to Socialist Revolutionaries and Social Democrats. In the ranks of the Whites, from the end of 1918, the so-called “ democratic revolution“, declared the need to fight both against the Bolsheviks and against the generals’ dictatorship.
A civil war is always a tragedy, a collapse of statehood, a social catastrophe, unrest, and decomposition of society accompanied by terror. About terror. This term covers two fundamentally different phenomena. Terror is called mass repression, officially applied by the authorities in the territory controlled by it. Another meaning of the word terror is demonstrative murders or attempted murders of political opponents. The first type of terror is usually called state terror, and the second - individual terror. Civil war is always accompanied by terror. First of all, state terror in territories controlled by the warring forces. However, the creators of myths try to classify “red” terror as “institutional” terror, and define “white” terror as “secondary, retaliatory and conditioned by the vicissitudes of the civil war.” But this position does not stand up to criticism. I will refer to a serious study of this issue: “A review of the legislative acts of white governments contradicts judgments about the absence of an “institutional component” of white terror, about its supposedly exclusively “hysterical” form.” (Tsvetkov V. Zh. White terror - crime or punishment? The evolution of judicial and legal norms of responsibility for state crimes in the legislation of white governments in 1917-1922) Individual terror, as is known, was widely used by the Socialist Revolutionary Party. The Bolsheviks, and above all, V.I. Lenin denied the usefulness of individual terror in political struggle.
The excesses of an armed crowd that kills officers, for example, for calling for the continuation of the imperialist war, can hardly be attributed to terror of the first or second type. It should be classified as a third type of terrorism, rooted in the depths of history, marked by the centuries-old hatred of peasants for landowners, distrust of the city, and of any form of government intervention. This anarchist, peasant terrorism was quite common during the Civil War, but it would be wrong to attribute it to the Bolsheviks. As M. Gorky wrote in the brochure “On the Russian Peasantry”: “I explain the cruelty of the forms of the revolution by the exceptional cruelty of the Russian people. The tragedy of the Russian revolution is played out among “half-savage people... When the leaders of the revolution - a group of the most active intelligentsia - are accused of “atrocity” - I consider this accusation, like lies and slander, inevitable in the struggle political parties, or - among honest people - as a conscientious delusion... A recent slave became the most unbridled despot as soon as he acquired the opportunity to be the ruler of his neighbor." Banal banditry has much in common with anarchist terrorism, the victims of which millions of residents became victims of during the civil war, but in difference from terrorism, the motivating force of banditry is self-interest.At the same time, not only criminals, but also sometimes representatives of armed groups of various colors, green and white, red and anarchists, participated in banditry.
The reasons for the widespread use of terror to the detriment of legal methods of resolving social and political conflicts in Russia are fully explained by Herzen’s statement: “The legal insecurity that has weighed heavily on the people from time immemorial was a kind of school for them. The flagrant injustice of one half of his laws taught him to hate the other; he submits to them as a force. Complete inequality before the court killed all respect for the rule of law. A Russian, no matter what his rank, circumvents and breaks the law wherever this can be done with impunity, and the government does exactly the same.”
The well-known exposer of the Bolsheviks S.P. Melgunov in the book “Red Terror” writes: “The bloody statistics, in essence, cannot yet be counted, and it is unlikely that they will ever be counted.”
Dzerzhinsky’s note, submitted to the Council of People’s Commissars in February 1922, summarizing the work of the Cheka, states: “Under the assumption that the old hatred of the proletariat against the enslavers will result in a whole series of unsystematic bloody episodes, and the excited elements of popular anger will sweep away not only enemies, but also friends , not only hostile and harmful elements, but also strong and useful ones, I sought to systematize the punitive apparatus of the revolutionary government." Essentially, he agrees with Lenin's observations given in the description of myth 5 about the mood of the armed people. And he says that for To prevent bloody excesses caused by the people’s hatred of politicians who do not want to listen to their aspirations, it is necessary to channel anger into a legal framework.
The declaration of the “red terror” by decree of the Council of People's Commissars on September 5, 1918 was a step in this direction. The “Red” Terror set itself the task of fighting counter-revolution, profiteering and crimes in office by isolating “class enemies” in concentration camps and through the physical destruction of “all persons connected with White Guard organizations, conspiracies and rebellions.”
The basis for declaring “red” terror was “white” terror. The murder of Socialist-Revolutionary Kanegiser Uritsky, the attempt on V.I. Lenin, the Socialist-Revolutionary Kaplan, the uprising in Yaroslavl raised by the Socialist-Revolutionary terrorist B. Savinkov.
How many people became victims of terror during the Civil War? S.P. In 1918, Melgunov cites the number of people executed by the Bolsheviks as 5,004. Of these, 19 are priests. At the same time, he adds that this is only the data that he was able to document. Latsis, referring to the publication of “execution” lists, for the first half of 1918, that is, before the murder of Uritsky and the attempt on Lenin, names 22 executed (estimated execution was legalized on June 18, 1918), and in the second half of the year, after the announcement of the “red” terror, 4,500 were executed. In total, taking into account those executed in north-eastern Russia, data on which were not included in the initial figures, Latsis gives the figure 6185. As you can see, the discrepancy is not that big, and is quite explainable by different counting methodology. Consequently, the data of Latsis, obtained from the registration of those repressed by the Cheka authorities, can be fully trusted. Latsis claims that in 1919, according to the decisions of the Cheka, 3456 people were shot, i.e. in just two years 9641, of which 7068 were counter-revolutionaries. Formally, the Red Terror was ceased on November 6, 1918.
Data on victims of the White Terror vary quite widely depending on the source. It is reported that in June 1918, supporters of the white movement in the territories they captured shot 824 people from among the Bolsheviks and sympathizers, in July 1918 - 4,141 people, in August 1918 - more than 6,000 people (Lantsov S. A. Terror and terrorists: Dictionary .. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University Publishing House, 2004. - 187 p.) For comparison, statistics on executions of revolutionaries for two years in tsarist Russia, given by P.A. Sorokin in testimony in the Conradi case 1907 - 1139; 1908 - 1340;
During the civil war, mutual bitterness increased. Thus, a former Narodnaya Volya member, repeatedly arrested by both the tsarist secret police and the provisional government of V.L. Burtsev, wrote in his newspaper “Common Cause”: “It is necessary to respond to terror with terror... there must be revolutionaries ready for self-sacrifice in order to call Lenin and Trotsky, Steklov and Dzerzhinsky, Latsis and Lunacharsky, Kamenev and Kalinin, Krasin and Karakhan, Krestinsky and Zinoviev, etc." If before August-September 1918 there were almost no mentions of local Chekas directing the murders, then from the summer of 1918 the flywheel of the “red” terror began to work at full speed. Indirectly, the scale of the Red Terror can be judged by calculating the number of punitive bodies of Soviet power, which by 1921 reached a maximum of 31 thousand people (at the end of February 1918, this number did not exceed 120 people).
In total, according to various archival sources, up to 50 thousand people died from the “red” terror. According to V.V. Erlikhman, 300 thousand people died from “white” terror. (Erlikhman V.V. “Population losses in the 20th century.” Directory - M.: Publishing House “Russian Panorama”, 2004.)
The bulk of human losses during the Civil War (from 15 to 20 million) were associated not with the “red” and “white” terror, but with hunger, typhus, and the Spanish flu. and the actions of the “greens” and other military formations. It is believed that about 2-3 million people died from the actions of the regular armies of the “white” and “red”.
Where do the figures repeated on TV come from about a million Cossacks executed or hundreds of thousands who died “for their faith”? Orthodox priests? The message about the Cossacks is based on a fake published in the 80s in a Canadian newspaper: “In Rostov, 300,000 Cossacks of the Don Army were captured, December 19, 1919. - In the Novocherkassk region, more than 200,000 Cossacks of the Don and Kuban troops are held captive. In the city of Shakhty and Kamensk, more than 500,000 Cossacks are held. Behind Lately About a million Cossacks surrendered. The prisoners are located as follows: in Gelendzhik - about 150,000 people, Krasnodar - about 500,000 people, Belorechenskaya - about 150,000 people, Maikop - about 200,000 people, Temryuk - about 50,000 people. I ask for sanctions." Chairman of the V.Ch.K. Dzerzhinsky." Lenin’s resolution in writing: “Shoot every single one. December 30, 1919.” Neither the commission created by Denikin to document the victims of the “red” terror, nor Melgunov in his book “Red Terror” mentions anything about such massacres. Finally, there is no information about mass graves of Cossacks in these areas, and no one has ever seen the original document.
It should be noted that the population size of most of these settlements, less than the named numbers of prisoners. The situation is similar with the 300 thousand Russian priests tortured for their faith. I quote: “We’ll probably have to wait until geniuses appear who will describe, like Tolstoy, the battle of Austerlitz, the death of three hundred thousand Russian priests who did not betray the faith. In the meantime, thank God, we have Solzhenitsyn, Shalamov.... And, thank God, they are in school curricula! (Vice-president of Lyubimov’s “Media Union”, Zelinskaya. Foma Magazine)
There is not a single document from which it follows that repressions against the clergy were carried out because of their faith. Priests were shot for participating in hostilities, for anti-Soviet agitation and calls in sermons to fight the authorities by armed means; there were numerous cases of murder for criminal reasons. Church historian D.V. Pospelovsky (member of the board of trustees of the St. Philaret Orthodox Christian Institute) wrote in 1994 that “during the period from January 1918 to January 1919, the following died: Metropolitan Vladimir of Kiev, 18 archbishops and bishops, 102 parish priests, 154 deacons and 94 monastics of both sexes." The accuracy of the calculations is questionable, but it is clear that the historian did not find thousands of those executed. And where would 300 thousand priests come from, if in Russia in 1917 there were about 100 thousand Russian clergy Orthodox Church, and the entire clergy class with families amounted to about 600 thousand people? So why is Mrs. Zelinskaya lying? The question is rhetorical, but, involuntarily, casts a shadow of doubt on the veracity of the publications of honored writers from the school curriculum.
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