The well-being and confidence of every state is based on its army. It is the military, which is an indestructible symbol of strength and power, that is respected by all citizens without exception. In addition to the infantry, paratroopers, tank crews and signalmen representing the ground forces, there is also this military power that protects the peace of the citizens of their country from the water borders. In accordance with the regulations, each military man is assigned a rank. This also applies to sailors. True, they have a slightly different gradation.
Naval ranks are divided into:
a) qualification and professional;
b) naval;
c) honorary.
The first category includes the ranks of sailors who sail on civilian ships. These naval ranks were first used in the 18th century. These include: boatswain, skipper and navigator. A person could receive one of them only after passing a special certification approved by the Russian Admiralty. At the beginning of the 20th century, this system underwent a total reform, as a result of which naval ranks were replenished with another category - navigation ranks, which began to include captain and navigator. The merit of each of them was measured in four categories. Reforms have affected the flotilla more than once. Today, the naval ranks of the civil fleet include the following categories:
Navigators:
a) long-distance/short-distance captains;
b) long/short navigation navigators;
c) ship mechanics of three categories;
d) ship electromechanics of three categories;
e) ship radio specialists of the first and second category, as well as ship radio telegraphists and operators.
Assigned to people who joined or were called up to serve in the navy. However, the initial rank depends on qualifications, special military training, as well as skills. A young man called up for military service on a ship receives the rank of sailor. It corresponds to the rank of private in the ground forces.
A senior sailor is commensurate with the rank of corporal. The commanders of the ground squads are similar to the foreman of the first and second articles. The ranks of chief petty officer and chief petty officer in the fleet correspond to such ranks on land as deputy platoon commander and combat unit foreman. An ensign of the ground forces is not inferior to a midshipman on a ship. For this reason, the senior warrant officer should not be the first to give the military salute to the senior midshipman, since their ranks are equal. The gradation of lieutenants (from junior to senior) is similar. Then the differences begin. Thus, a lieutenant commander in the navy corresponds to a captain in the ground forces. The admiral of the fleet is the same general. The highest naval rank is admiral general - it is similar to field marshal general.
Naval ranks and shoulder straps are inseparable, however, like ranks, military epaulettes in the navy differ from those of the ground forces: along with the stars, stripes are sewn onto them - drags.
Perhaps, during his student years, a teacher of military training told you about the various ranks that are used in our army, but it is unlikely that you absorbed this information with the same eagerness with which you laughed furiously in class, smoked in the school yard or pulled the pigtails of the girls from your class.
However, knowledge about this subject should be in every man’s head, so that he, without hesitation, understands who is a “real major” and who is “Warrant Officer Shmatko.”, military ranks in the Russian army.
There are two main groups of ranks in the Russian troops:
They do not chase unscrupulous fishermen who caught a couple of buckets of crucian carp without permission. Their direct responsibility is the capture of illegal immigrants and other criminals on the country’s waterways.
It is not so easy to see sea captains in snow-white uniforms on the streets of cities, especially if there is no sea nearby. But this is no reason to be upset!
Titles are also given in:
Vadim, an Emergency Situations Ministry worker from Khmelnitsky, says that many people imagine the Ministry of Emergency Situations workers as real rescue heroes who live all day long as if in a thriller. Unfortunately, this is not entirely true. The life of an EMERCOM nickname consists of daily visits to some priests in order to carry out explanatory work, otherwise they will inadvertently burn down the church and everyone who came there. Rescuers also remove cats from trees and teach old women how to light the stove so as not to die from carbon monoxide. But the Ministry of Emergency Situations employees still evaluate their work positively. This is facilitated by titles, uniforms and social benefits.
In order to make the description of ranks less boring, we decided to present information about them as a cheat sheet (military and ship ranks, located on the same line, are analogous):
| Type | Military | Korabelnoe |
| Non-officer | private, corporal, Lance Sergeant, sergeant, staff Sergeant, foreman, ensign, Senior Warrant Officer |
sailor, senior sailor, foreman of the second article, foreman of the first article, chief petty officer, chief ship's foreman, midshipman, senior midshipman |
| Junior officers | junior lieutenant, lieutenant, senior lieutenant, captain |
junior lieutenant, lieutenant, senior lieutenant, captain-lieutenant |
| Senior officers | major, lieutenant colonel, Colonel |
captain 1st rank, captain 2nd rank, captain 3rd rank |
| Senior officers | major general Lieutenant General, Colonel General, army General, Marshal of the Russian Federation |
rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral, fleet admiral |
Of course, when reading the text, many have difficulty trying to imagine appearance shoulder straps Therefore, especially for them, there is a picture in which all of the above is clearly depicted.
Without holding back his laughter, military pensioner from Kharkov Alexander says that a colonel, whether retired or in reserve, will instill fear in any traffic cop who stops him on the road for traffic violation. The guy will get off a hundred sweats while he pretends to reprimand the offender, and then he will completely let the colonel go without a fine. So, a title always helps in life.
Of course, it’s a long way from George Clooney from ER, but it still sounds decent!
| Rank | Job title |
| Private | All those newly called up for service, all lower positions (gunner, driver, gun crew number, driver, sapper, reconnaissance officer, radio operator, etc.) |
| Corporal | There are no full-time corporal positions. The rank is given to soldiers in the lowest positions, with a high level of training. |
| Junior Sergeant, Sergeant | Squad, tank, gun commander |
| Staff Sergeant | Deputy Platoon Leader |
| Sergeant Major | Company Sergeant Major |
| Ensign, Art. ensign | Material support platoon commander, company sergeant major, warehouse chief, radio station chief and other non-commissioned positions that require a high level of training. Sometimes they work in lower officer positions when there is a shortage of officers |
| Ensign | Platoon commander. This title is usually awarded when there is an acute shortage officers after completing accelerated officer training courses |
| Lieutenant, Art. lieutenant | Platoon commander, deputy company commander. |
| Captain | Company commander, training platoon commander |
| Major | Deputy battalion commander. Training company commander |
| Lieutenant colonel | Battalion commander, deputy regiment commander |
| Colonel | Regiment commander, deputy brigade commander, brigade commander, deputy division commander |
| Major General | Division commander, deputy corps commander |
| Lieutenant General | Corps commander, deputy army commander |
| Colonel General | Army Commander, Deputy District (Front) Commander |
| Army General | District (front) commander, Deputy Minister of Defense, Minister of Defense, Chief of the General Staff, other senior positions |
| Marshal of the Russian Federation | Honorary title given for special merits |
The ranks of sailors are somewhat different from the ranks of the ground, missile, space forces, airborne forces, and air force. Let's take a closer look at this classification, starting with an idea of what ranks exist in the Russian Armed Forces.
In total, there are two types of ranks for the military in our state - military and ship (sea) ranks. Their list is established in the Federal Law "On military duty And military service".
Naval ranks are assigned to sailors:
Components of the Navy:
Let's look at each one briefly:
IN navy two main categories of shoulder straps: for officers and for junior personnel.
Midshipmen, foremen and sailors:
Officer naval ranks and shoulder straps:
Sailors wear shoulder straps without insignia; only senior sailors have one transverse stripe (galloon).
Petty officers have insignia - stripes, fabric braids yellow color(for both everyday and festive uniforms). Naval ranks:
Midshipmen's shoulder straps are somewhat similar to those of officers, but are made without gaps (vertical sewn stripes); edgings can be added. The insignia is small vertical stars. Naval ranks:
Junior officer naval ranks of Russia wear one gap on their shoulder straps (a yellow vertically located sewn stripe). Standard size metal stars - 13 mm. Differences:
Senior officer ranks of the navy already have two clearances and the stars on their shoulder straps are larger - 20 mm. Differences:
Senior officers wear shoulder straps without gaps with large embroidered stars (22 mm):
In the navy, in addition to shoulder straps, officers also have insignia on the sleeves of their uniforms - yellow stripes and stars. The latter for junior and senior officers are filled with a solid yellow stripe, and for senior staff An anchor is embroidered inside the outline of the star. The width and number of stripes vary by rank:
Military and naval ranks correspond as follows:
| Marshal of the Russian Federation | |
| Fleet Admiral | Army General |
| Admirals | Colonel Generals |
| Vice Admirals | Major Generals |
| Rear admirals | Lieutenant Generals |
| Captains 1st rank | Colonels |
| Captains 2nd rank | Lieutenant Colonels |
| Captains 3rd rank | Majors |
| Captain-lieutenants | Captains |
| Lieutenants | |
| Junior lieutenants | |
| Senior midshipmen | Senior warrant officers |
| Midshipmen | Ensigns |
| Chief petty officers of the ship | Petty Officers |
| Petty Officers 1 article | Sergeants |
| Petty Officers 2 articles | Junior Sergeants |
| Senior sailors | Corporals |
| Sailors | Privates |
Naval ranks and insignia on shoulder straps in Russian army are clearly structured, so they are quite easy to understand even with a superficial familiarization.
The list of military ranks is established by the Law of the Russian Federation “On Military Duty and Military Service”. They are divided into military and naval (sea).
Naval ranks are assigned to military personnel of submarine and surface forces Navy. Military applies to ground, space and airborne forces.
These include:
Each department has its own responsibilities, but they have the same basic functions:
During the first months of service in the Russian Navy, soldiers are called sailors. Until 1946, they were called “Red Navy men.” This rank is equivalent to private in the ground forces.
To the best sailors for excellent performance of official duties and observance of discipline is assigned to the senior sailor. They can replace squad commanders during their absence. The corresponding military rank is corporal.
The squad leader is a foreman of the first or second class. These titles began to be used in 1940. In the ground forces they are equivalent to sergeant and junior sergeant.
The deputy platoon commander is called the chief sergeant major. Among army servicemen, he corresponds to a senior sergeant. The rank above him is the chief petty officer.
Midshipman - this military rank is assigned to persons who remain in service in the ranks of the Navy after the expiration of the established period. They are trained in schools or courses. Senior midshipman is a rank higher. The ranks are equivalent to military warrant officer and senior warrant officer.
The first rank of junior officers in the navy is junior lieutenant. Upon completion of their period of service and successful completion of certification, they are transferred to lieutenants.
The next level is senior lieutenant. The rank corresponds to a cavalry captain, infantry captain or captain of the Cossack troops. The highest rank of junior officers is captain-lieutenant.
A captain of the 3rd rank is sometimes called a "captri". Equivalent to a major of the ground forces. Abbreviated name of captain 2nd rank -"kavtorang" or "kapdva". Corresponds to a lieutenant colonel in the armed forces. A captain of the 1st rank or “kapraz” is equivalent to the rank of colonel, and can command ships.
Rear admiral is the first admiral rank established on May 7, 1940. He serves as deputy fleet commander. A similar rank in the aviation and ground forces is major general. Above are the vice admiral and the admiral. Similar to them are army servicemen, lieutenant general and colonel general.
The post of Commander-in-Chief of the Navy is occupied by the Admiral of the Fleet. This is the highest action ship's rank In Russian federation.
Shoulder straps of sailors without insignia. Senior sailors have one galloon - a transverse strip. The foreman of the second article has two yellow fabric braids, the first article has three. The shoulder straps of the chief petty officer have one wide stripe. The chief petty officer has one longitudinal braid.
Midshipmen's shoulder straps are marked with small stars, which are located vertically. The midshipman has two stars, the senior midshipman has three.
Junior officers They wear a vertical yellow stripe on their shoulder straps - a gap. They have 13mm stars sewn on them. The junior lieutenant has one star in the clear, the lieutenant has two stars on both sides of the yellow stripe, the senior has one in the clear and two on the sides, the captain-lieutenant has two on the line and two on the sides.
The shoulder straps of senior officers have two parallel gaps and stars measuring 20 millimeters. The captain of the 3rd rank has one star between the yellow stripes, the second - one on each gap, the first - one between the lines and one on them.
Officers top level wears shoulder straps with large stars and no gaps. A rear admiral has one star, a vice admiral has two, and an admiral has three. On the shoulder straps of the fleet admiral there is only one large star measuring 4 centimeters.
On the sleeves of officers' uniforms there are yellow stripes and stars. Higher ranks have an embroidered anchor inside the star.
The number of stripes and width vary by rank:
The law establishes the following stages of increase:
For special achievements, early receipt of the next military rank is possible.
Since the time when the boats of our distant ancestors began to accommodate not one, but several people, the one who steered the boat with a steering oar began to stand out among them, while the rest, following his instructions, rowed or set the sail. This man, who enjoyed the unlimited confidence of the crew, since he was able to steer the ship, relying on own experience and intuition, and was the first helmsman, navigator and captain all rolled into one.
Subsequently, as the size of ships grew, so did the number of people required to set the ship in motion and control it. A natural division of labor began, when everyone became responsible for their specific business and, all together, for the successful outcome of the voyage. This is how gradation and specialization began among seafarers - positions, titles, and specialties appeared.
History has not preserved the first names of those whose destiny was navigation, but it can be assumed that already thousands of years before our era, the coastal peoples had terms that defined people’s belonging to the maritime profession.
One of the seven estate castes in Ancient Egypt there was a caste of helmsmen. These were brave people, almost suicide bombers according to Egyptian standards. The fact is that, leaving the country, they were deprived of the protection of their native gods...
The first reliable information about the system naval ranks date back to the times Ancient Greece; it was later adopted by the Romans. Arab sailors developed their own system of maritime knowledge. Thus, the word “admiral”, derived from the Arabic “amir al bahr”, which means “lord of the seas,” has become firmly established in all European languages. Europeans learned about many of these Arabic terms from the oriental tales “A Thousand and One Nights,” in particular from “The Voyage of Sinbad the Sailor.” And the very name of Sinbad - a collective image of Arab merchants - is a distortion of the Indian word “Sindhaputi” - “ruler of the sea”: this is how the Indians called shipowners.
After the 13th century, a distinctive system of naval ranks arose among the southern Slavs: shipowner - "brodovlastnik" (from "brod" - ship), sailor - "brodar" or "ladyar", oarsman - "oarer", captain - "leader", crew - “posada”, head of the naval forces - “Pomeranian governor”.
In pre-Petrine Russia there were no naval ranks and there could not have been, since the country did not have access to the sea. However, river navigation was very developed, and in some historical documents of those times there are Russian names for ship positions: captain - “head”, pilot - “vodich”, senior over the crew - “ataman”, signalman - “makhonya” (from “waving” ). Our ancestors called sailors “sar” or “sara”, so in the menacing cry of the Volga robbers “Saryn to the kichka!” (on the bow of the ship!) "saryn" should be understood as "ship's crew."
In Rus', the shipowner, captain and merchant in one person were called “shipman”, or guest. The original meaning of the word “guest” (from the Latin hostis) is “stranger.” IN Romance languages it has gone through this path of semantic changes: stranger - foreigner - enemy. In the Russian language, the development of the semantics of the word “guest” took the opposite path: stranger - foreigner - merchant - guest. (A. Pushkin in “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” uses the words “guests-gentlemen” and “shipmen” as synonyms.)
Although under Peter I the word “shipbuilder” was supplanted by new, foreign-language ones, it existed as a legal term in the Code of Laws Russian Empire"before 1917
The first document in which, along with the old Russian words “shipman” and “feeder”, foreign words were found, was the “Article Articles” of David Butler, who led the team of the first warship “Eagle”. This document was a prototype of the Maritime Charter. On its translation from Dutch by the hand of Peter I it is written: “The articles are correct, against which all ship captains or initial ship men deserve to be used.”
During the reign of Peter I himself, a stream of new, hitherto unknown job titles and titles poured into Russia. “For this reason,” he considered it necessary to “create” the Naval Regulations, so that on every large and small ship “everyone knew his position, and no one would excuse himself by ignorance.”
Let's try to take at least a quick look at the history of the origin of the main terms related to the composition of the ship's crew - the crew of a yacht or boat.
BATTALER- the one who manages clothing and food supplies. The word has nothing to do with “battle”, since it comes from the Dutch bottelen, which means “to pour into bottles,” hence bottelier - cupbearer.
BOATSWAIN- the one who monitors order on deck, the serviceability of the spar and rigging, manages general ship work, and trains sailors in maritime affairs. Derived from the Dutch boot or English boat - “boat” and man - “man”. In English, along with boatsman, or “boat (ship) man”, there is the word boatswain - this is the name of the “senior boatswain”, who has several “junior boatswains” under his command (boatswain’mate, where our old “boatswain’s mate” comes from).
In Russian, the word “boatswain” is first found in D. Butler’s “Article Articles” in the forms “botsman” and “butman”. There, for the first time, the scope of his responsibilities was defined. In the merchant navy, this rank was officially introduced only in 1768.
WATCH MAN- this initially “land” word came into the Russian language from German (via Poland), in which Wacht means “guard, guard”. If we talk about maritime terminology, then the Naval Charter of Peter I includes the word “watchman” borrowed from Dutch.
DRIVER- helmsman on a boat. IN given value This Russian word appeared recently as a direct translation of the English driver. However, in the domestic maritime language it is not so new: in the pre-Petrine era, words of the same root - “vodich”, “ship leader” - were used to call pilots.
“Navigator” is a currently existing and purely official term (for example, in maritime law), as is “amateur navigator” - in the meaning of “captain”, “skipper” of a small recreational and tourist fleet.
DOCTOR- a completely Russian word, it has the same root as the word “liar”. They come from the Old Russian verb “to lie” with a primary meaning of “talk nonsense, idle talk, speak” and a secondary meaning of “conspiracy”, “heal”.
CAPTAIN- sole commander on the ship. This word came to us in a complex way, entering the language from medieval Latin: capitaneus, which is derived from caput - “head”. It appears for the first time in written records in 1419.
The military rank of “captain” first appeared in France - this was the name given to the commanders of detachments numbering several hundred people. In the navy, the title "captain" probably came from the Italian capitano. On the galleys, the captain was the first assistant to the “saprokomit” in military matters; he was responsible for the training of soldiers and officers, led in boarding battles, and personally defended the flag. This practice was later adopted by sailing military and even merchant ships, which hired armed detachments for protection. Even in the 16th century, those who could better protect the interests of the crown or the shipowner were often appointed to the position of first person on a ship, since military qualities were valued above maritime knowledge and experience. Thus, the title “captain” became mandatory on warships of almost all nations from the 17th century. Later, captains began to be divided into ranks in strict accordance with the rank of the ship.
In Russian, the title "captain" has been known since 1615. The first "ship captains" were David Butler, who led the crew of the ship "Eagle" in 1699, and Lambert Jacobson Gelt, who led the crew of the yacht built together with the "Eagle". Then the title of “captain” received official status in the Amusement Troops of Peter I (Peter himself was the captain of the bombardment company of the Preobrazhensky Regiment). In 1853, the rank of captain in the navy was replaced by "ship commander". On ships of the ROPiT since 1859 and the Voluntary Fleet since 1878, skippers from military fleet officers began to be unofficially called “captains,” and officially this rank in the civilian fleet was introduced in 1902 to replace “skipper.”
COOK- a cook on a ship, so called since 1698. The word came into the Russian language from Dutch. Derived from Lat. cocus - "cook".
COMMANDER- head of the yacht club, leader of a joint trip of several yachts. Initially it was one of the highest degrees in knightly orders, then, during the times crusades, - the rank of commander of an army of knights. The word is derived from the Latin: the preposition cum - “with” and the verb mandare - “to order”.
In the Russian Navy early XVIII century, the officer rank of “commander” was introduced (between a captain of the 1st rank and a rear admiral; it still exists in foreign fleets). The commanders wore admiral's uniforms, but epaulettes without an eagle. Since 1707, instead of it, the title of “captain-commander” was awarded, which was finally abolished in 1827. This title was held by outstanding navigators V. Bering, A.I. Chirikov, and one of the last - I.F. Krusenstern.
CILEM(English cooper, Dutch Kuiper - “cooper”, “cooper”, from kuip - “tub”, “tub”) - a very important position on wooden ships. He not only maintained the barrels and tubs in good condition, but also monitored the watertightness of the ship's hull. Foreign word“kupor” quickly entered everyday Russian speech, forming the derivatives “cork” and “uncork.”
PILOT- a person who knows the local navigation conditions and takes upon himself the safe navigation and mooring of the vessel. Usually this is a middle-aged navigator, about whom sailors jokingly, remembering the lights installed for the pilot vessel, say: “White hair - red nose.” Initially, the pilots were crew members, but in XIII-XV centuries there appear those who work only in their own specific area. The Dutch called such a “pilot” a “pilot” (loodsman, from lood - “lead”, “sinker”, “lot”). The first document regulating the activities of pilots appeared in Denmark (the “Naval Code” of 1242), and the first state pilotage service was organized in England in 1514.
In Rus', the pilot was called the “ship’s leader,” and his assistant, who measured the depth at the bow with a lot, was often called the “noser.” In 1701, by decree of Peter I, the term “pilot” was introduced, but until the middle of the 18th century the term “pilot” could also be found. The first state pilotage service in Russia was created in 1613 in Arkhangelsk, and the first manual for them was the instructions for pilots of the St. Petersburg port, published in 1711 by Admiral K. Kruys.
SAILOR- perhaps the “darkest” word in origin. All that is known for certain is that it came to us in the 17th century from the Dutch sea tongue in the form of “matros”. And although in the Naval Charter of 1724 the form “sailor” is already found, until the middle of the 19th century “matros” was still more common. It can be assumed that this word comes from the Dutch mattengenoot - “bed mate”: matta - “matting”, “mat”, and genoot - “comrade”.
In the middle of the century, the word mattengenoot, in the truncated form matten, came to France and was transformed into the French matelot - sailor. And after some time, this same “matlo” returned to Holland again and, unrecognized by the Dutch, turned first into matrso, and then into the more easily pronounced matroos.
There is another interpretation. Some etymologists see the Dutch matt - “comrade” in the first part of the word, others - mats - “mast”. Some scholars see Viking heritage in this word: in Icelandic, for example, mati - “comrade” and rosta - “battle”, “fight”. And together “matirosta” means “combat friend”, “comrade in arms”.
DRIVER- the word is relatively young. It appeared at a time when sails in the navy began to be replaced steam engine, and borrowed from it. Mashinist (from the Old Greek machina), but first noted in Russian in 1721! Naturally, at that time this maritime specialty did not yet exist.
MECHANIC- the origin is similar to the word “machinist”, but in the Russian language in the form “mechanicus” it was noted even earlier - in 1715.
SAILOR- a person who has chosen the maritime profession as his destiny. This profession is believed to be about 9,000 years old. Our ancestors called its representatives “morenin”, “sailor” or “sailor”. The root "hod" is very ancient. The expression “walking on the sea” is found already in the chronicle when describing the campaign of Prince Oleg to Constantinople in 907. One can also recall “Walking across the Three Seas” by Afanasy Nikitin.
IN modern language the root “move” was fixed in the terms “seaworthiness”, “navigability”, “propulsion”, etc. Peter I tried to instill the foreign Italian-French name for a military sailor - “mariner” (from the Latin mare - sea). It has been found since 1697 in the forms “mari-nir”, “marinal”, but by the end of the 18th century it fell out of use, leaving only a trace in the word “midshipman”. Another Dutch term, “zeeman” or “zeiman,” suffered the same fate. It existed only until the end of the first quarter of the XIX century.
PILOT- driver (less often - navigator) of a racing boat; an obvious borrowing from aviation “as a sign of respect” for high speeds. During times early Middle Ages this was the personal rank of the pilot who accompanied the ship throughout the entire passage from the port of departure to the port of destination. This word came to us through the Italian pilota, and its roots are ancient Greek: pedotes - “helmsman”, derived from pedon - “oar”.
STEERING- the one who directly controls the progress of the ship, standing at the helm. The word goes back to the Dutch pyp ("rudder") and in this form is mentioned in the Naval Regulations of 1720 ("Inspect the Ruhr before going on a voyage"). By the middle of the 18th century, the word "ruhr" finally replaced the ancient Russian "helm", however, the title of "steerman" was officially retained in the Russian galley fleet until the last decade of the same century.
SALAGA- inexperienced sailor. Contrary to the original “interpretations”, for example, on the topic of a historical anecdote about the mythical island of Alag (“Where are you from?” “From Alag”), the prosaic version is closer to the truth, connecting this word with “herring” - small fish. “Salaga” in some Russian dialects, mainly in the northern provinces, has long been the name for small fish. In the Urals, the use of the word “herring” as a nickname has been recorded, that is, in the meaning of “new fish”.
SIGNALMAN- a sailor who transmits messages from ship to ship or to shore by means of manual semaphore or raising signal flags. The word “signal” came to us under Peter I through the German Signal from Latin (signum - “sign”).
STARPO- both parts of this word come from Old Slavonic roots. The senior (from the stem "hundred") here has the meaning of "chief", because it should be the most experienced of the captain's assistants. And “helper” originates from the now lost noun “moga” - “strength, might” (its traces have been preserved in the words “help”, “nobleman”, “infirmity”).
SKIPPER- captain of a civil ship. The word represents the "namesake" of the "shipman" - "schipor", and then goll. schipper (from schip - "ship"). Some etymologists see the formation from a word from Norman (Old Scand. Skipar) or Danish (skipper) with the same meaning. Others point to the closeness of the word to the German Schiffer (from schiff(s)herr - “lord, captain of the ship”).
In Russian, the word first appears at the beginning of the 18th century as a junior officer rank. According to the Naval Regulations, the skipper had to “see that the ropes were well folded and that they lay neatly in the interior”; “in throwing and taking out the anchor, you are responsible for beating [beatings] and watching over the tying of the anchor rope.”
In the merchant fleet, the navigator's rank of skipper was introduced only in 1768 with mandatory passing of exams at the Admiralty. In 1867, the title was divided into long-distance and coastal skippers, and in 1902 it was abolished, although the position of “under-skipper” - the keeper of the ship’s deck supplies - on large ships still exists, as does the word “skipper’s storeroom”.
Shkotovy- a sailor working on sheets (from the Dutch schoot - floor). The word "sheet" (gear for controlling the clew angle of a sail) first appears in the Naval Regulations of 1720 in the form "sheet".
NAVIGATOR- navigation specialist. This word in Russian was first noted in the form “sturman” in the “Article Articles” of D. Butler, then in “Painting of supplies for the barcolon...” by K. Kruys (1698) in the forms “sturman” and “sturman” and finally, in the Naval Charter of 1720 it is found modern form words. And it comes from the Dutch stuur - “steering wheel”, “to rule”. In the heyday of navigation, when the ships of the Dutch East India Company were already plying the waters Indian Ocean and the role of navigators increased enormously, the Dutch word "navigator" became international. So in the Russian language it replaced the ancient “helmsman” or “kormshchiy” (from “stern”, where since ancient times there was a ship control post). According to the “Article Articles”, the navigator had to inform the captain “the acquired height of the pole (pole) and show his notebook about the ship’s navigation and the book of the sea navigation in order to best advise on the preservation of the ship and people...”.
CABIN BOY- a boy on a ship studying seamanship. This word appeared in Russian vocabulary under Peter I (from the Dutch jongen - boy). At that time, there were “cabin cabin boys” recruited as servants, and “deck cabin boys” for deck work. Many famous admirals began their naval service as cabin boys, including the “admiral of admirals” - Horatio Nelson.
