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The theme of the peasantry, the common people, is characteristic of the progressive Russian literature of the 19th century. We encounter wonderful images of peasants in the works of Radishchev, Pushkin, Turgenev, Gogol and other classics.
In working on his fundamental poem, Nekrasov also relies on his own poetic experience. After all, the peasant theme occupies a huge place in his work.
Already in his first poems, the poet acts as a denouncer of the despotism of the landlords and a defender of the disenfranchised and disadvantaged people.
Despite the fact that Nekrasov wrote the poem after the reform of 1861, it contains moods characteristic of the era of serfdom. Nekrasov does not deprive the poem of new rebellious motifs: his peasants are far from meek and humble “peasants,” in their images the poet typified protesting-active features and conveyed the inexhaustible possibilities of internal struggle, ready to break out at any moment. At the same time, Nekrasov's peasants are characterized by such qualities as spiritual kindness, honesty, justice, love of nature and a general lyrical perception of life.
Already in the "Prologue" we get acquainted with peasant peasants who have gathered from different villages (whose names speak for themselves) in order to go on a long and difficult journey in search of people's happiness.
Despite the troubles, hunger and poverty, the peasants are full of strength, optimism and are romantically disposed to find people who “have a fun, free life in Rus'”, satisfied with their lives. After all, the Russian peasant is stubborn and stubborn in achieving his goal, especially "bliss", dreams, in search of truth and beauty.
In the chapter "Drunk Night" appears in all its glory the image of Yakim Nagogo - the carrier characteristic features working peasantry. He appears before the reader as the son of the mother of the damp earth, as a symbol of the labor foundations of peasant life. This is also emphasized by his portrait characteristics: “The chest is sunken, like a depressed stomach”, “bends near the eyes, near the mouth, like cracks in the dry earth”, “the neck is brown, like a layer, cut off by a plow”, “the hand is a tree bark, and the hair - sand". And his death will be like the earth:
And death will come to Yakimushka -
Like a clod of earth will fall off,
What is dried up on the plow ...
In the fate of Yakim, we see the woeful fate of the oppressed peasant masses: for decades he has been walking for a plow, "roasting on a strip under the sun, under a harrow he escapes from frequent rain ...". He works to the point of exhaustion, but is still poor and naked.
Yakim does not look like a downtrodden and dark peasant, he appears as an ambitious peasant, an active fighter and defender of peasant interests. In addition, Nekrasov demonstrates the broad and noble soul of his hero: during a fire, he saves his favorite pictures, and his wife saves icons, completely forgetting about the monetary wealth accumulated throughout his life.
Another bright peasant image presented by Nekrasov in the poem is the image of Yermila Girin.
Yermil, like Yakim, is endowed with a sharp sense of Christian conscience and honor. This hero of the poem is similar to a mythological hero, even his mythological name is Yermilo. The story about him begins with a description of the hero's lawsuit with the merchant Altynnikov over an orphan's mill. When at the end of the auction it turned out “the case is rubbish”, Yermil turned to the people for support and was not mistaken - the people helped to raise money and buy the mill. With his whole life, Yermil refutes the initial ideas of wanderers about the essence of human happiness. It seemed that he had everything he needed: peace of mind, money, and honor. But at a critical moment in his life, Yermil sacrifices this "happiness" for the sake of the people's truth and ends up in jail. But he is happy because he gave his life to serve the downtrodden peasants Yermil Girin has everything he needs to be happy, living according to the laws of the people's truth. He does not accept a life built on self-interest and lies, he fights for goodness and truth. His happiness is in the happiness of the peasants:
Yes! there was only one man!
He had everything he needed
For happiness: and peace,
And money and honor
Honor enviable, true.
Not bought by money
Not fear: strict truth,
Mind and kindness!
The theme of the people, their suffering, ways out of this situation became the leading theme in the work of N. A. Nekrasov. The author's hopes for a happy deliverance of the people from a difficult fate are connected with Grigory Dobrosklonov. His image stands apart from all other people from the people - the characters of the poem. Nekrasov speaks with deep understanding and sympathy about the fate of the poor peasants, about the fate of Saveliy, the Holy Russian hero, about the fate of Matryona Timofeevna. But the lines that tell about Grisha Dobrosklonov are especially sympathetic.
The childhood of Gregory is not much different from the childhood of many representatives of the poor class. His family is poor, his father is lazy - his interests are focused only on deep drinking, and not at all on the well-being of his wife and children.
Gregory's mother died early, unable to bear the brunt of the trials that befell her. WITH young years Grigory did not think about his well-being and comfort, he was worried about the fate of the people. And he is not afraid to sacrifice his own life, just to become useful to people. From childhood, Gregory's life passed among the poorest and most unfortunate people. The drunkenness of his father, like many others, in principle, was the result of this hopelessness. The poor man could not do anything for himself and his loved ones, therefore, he often lost his last confidence in himself and his strength, and, in order to forget about his bitter fate, plunged into a state of unrestrained drunkenness.
Gregory has a remarkable mind, he could direct all his strength to create his own well-being. But selfish interests are alien to Dobrosklonov. He thinks least of all about himself, considering it impossible to build his happiness when life is so hard around him. In the chapter “A Feast for the Whole World”, a song is heard about two roads (“One is spacious, the road is torn”, “The other is a narrow road, honest”), from which Grisha had to choose one. And he chose:
Enticed Grisha narrow,
Winding path…
They walk on it
Only strong souls
loving,
To fight, to work.
For the bypassed
For the oppressed...
Grigory Dobrosklonov is the bearer of revolutionary ideas. Dobrosklonov's ideas will gradually help change the minds of ordinary people, awaken in them the desire to fight for their own happiness and well-being. Gregory is not afraid of the difficulties and dangers that will inevitably fall to his lot. He himself will never become happy in the sense that is characteristic of most people. In his life there will be no peace, comfortable and prosperous existence. But Gregory is not afraid of this, he does not understand how you can take care of yourself when there are so many disasters and misfortunes nearby:
Gregory already knew for sure
What will live for happiness
Wretched and dark
native corner.
He is not like any character in the poem, his way of thinking surprises and delights the reader. Gregory himself seems to be a completely unique person, possessing an extraordinary mind and talent, knowing all the disasters and difficulties of people firsthand. He sees in the people a force capable of carrying out the reorganization of the world:
Rat rises -
Innumerable!
The strength will affect her
Invincible!
The poet draws the image of such an amazing and wonderful person to show that changes in the country are possible. And even though now the men have gone through the hard way in vain - they did not manage to find a happy person among ordinary people:
To be our wanderers under the native roof. If only they could know what happened to Grisha. But very little time will pass, and their fate will change. And the reader clearly feels the author's hope for the best:
He heard immense strength in his chest,
Gracious sounds delighted his ears,
Radiant sounds of the noble hymn -
He sang the embodiment of the happiness of the people! ..
Nekrasov does not and cannot have poems without the “boiling of human blood and tears” that he encounters everywhere.
This is true, but it cannot be denied that Nekrasov's love lyrics open the poet from a new, unexpected, or rather, unusual side for the reader. Nekrasov, like every poet, has such verses in which all the most secret, most personal finds expression. This is written either “in a difficult moment of life”, or at a moment of supreme happiness - this is where the poet’s soul is revealed, where you can see another secret - love.
Restless heart beats
Eyes blurred.
A sultry breath of passion
It came down like a thunderstorm.
In Nekrasov, love appears in a complex interweaving of the beautiful, the sublime and the mundane. No wonder that his love lyrics are often compared with Pushkin's. But in Pushkin, the heroine is an object of lyrical feelings, exists as a kind of beautiful ideal, devoid of specific features, but in Nekrasov, the “lyrical heroine” is the “second face” of the poem, she always exists next to the hero - in his memoirs, in his dialogues with her - not just as an ideal, but as a living image.
This is especially noticeable in the elegy “Ah! what exile, imprisonment! ”, Referring to the so-called“ Panaevsky ”cycle, inspired by the memories of Nekrasov’s love for A. Ya. Panaeva. A contradictory and at the same time bright feeling is conveyed here: “jealous sadness” and the desire for happiness for the beloved woman, confidence in unquenchable mutual love and a sober consciousness of the impossibility of returning the departed happiness are intertwined in it.
Who will tell me? .. I am silent, I hide
my jealous sadness
And I wish her so much happiness
So that the past is not a pity!
She will come ... and, as always, bashful,
Impatient and proud
He lowers his eyes silently.
Then... What shall I say then?...
In this poem, the author paints a picture of the life lived by the heroes together, where they shared with each other both moments of happiness and a harsh fate. Thus, the poem is viewed from a double perspective - not one, but two destinies, two characters, two emotional worlds.
So, in the poem "Zina" a sick person appears before the eyes of the reader. He can no longer hold back the groans, he is tormented by pain, and this pain continues endlessly. And nearby - loving woman. She has the hardest time of all, because it is better to suffer herself than to see how the closest and dearest person suffers, and to realize that nothing can help him, there is no way to save him from this terrible pain and torment. Moved by love and compassion, she does not close her eyes for "two hundred days, two hundred nights." And the hero no longer hears his moans, but how they echo in the heart of the woman he loves:
Night and day
In your heart
My moans respond.
And yet this darkness is not terrible, even death and illness are not terrible, since such pure, bright and sacrificial love unites people.
Another masterpiece of Nekrasov's love lyrics - "I do not like your irony" - can be simultaneously attributed not only to love, but also to intellectual lyrics. The hero and the heroine are cultured people, in their relationship there is not only love, but also irony and, most importantly, high level self-awareness. They both know, understand the fate of their love and are sad in advance.
The intimate situation reproduced by Nekrasov and the possible ways of resolving it are reminiscent of the relationship between the heroes of Chernyshevsky's "What is to be done?".
In Nekrasov's love lyrics, love and suffering are closely intertwined, and joy and happiness are interspersed with tears, despair, and jealousy. These feelings are understandable at all times, and the poems excite and make you empathize even today. Attempts to analyze their feelings resonate in the hearts of readers, and even the painful jealousy and pain from separation from their love, which the lyrical hero experiences, makes him believe in the light of love.
The epic poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'” is a kind of final work in the work of N. A. Nekrasov. The poem is indicative of the extreme breadth of comprehension of contemporary Russian reality.
The contradiction between the peasant world and the landowners, lawlessness, the arbitrariness of the authorities, the extremely low standard of living of the people, the oppression of their culture - all this prompted the poet to difficult reflections on the fate of Russia.
Peasant life is hard, and the poet, not sparing colors, shows rudeness, prejudice, drunkenness in peasant life. The position of the people is depicted by the names of the places where the wanderers come from: Terpigorev district, Pustoporozhnaya volost, the villages of Zaplatovo, Dyryavino, Znobishino, Neyolovo ...
Perhaps, among well-fed gentlemen, there is human happiness. And the first person they met was a minister of the church. To the question of the peasants, what is happiness, he answered:
What is happiness, in your opinion?
Peace, wealth, honor -
Isn't that right, dear ones?
But the priest was not really happy, realizing that too often, not giving the common people rest, the church is a burden for them.
Maybe the “lucky ones” will be a landowner or an official, a merchant or a noble boyar, a minister, or at least a tsar?
But no, the men understand that happiness has not only a material side. And wanderers are already looking for the happy among the people.
In the chapter “Happy”, one after another, the call comes from the peasants, whom the whole “crowded square” listens to - all the people are already looking for the “happy one”.
Popular rumor leads wanderers to Matryona Timofeevna - the heroine of the poem, embodying the fate of all Russian women, best qualities feminine character:
stubborn woman,
Wide and dense
Thirty eight years old
Beautiful, gray hair,
The eyes are large, stern,
Eyelashes are the richest
Stern and swarthy...
Telling travelers about her hard life, about the severity of serfdom, Matrena Timofeevna comes to the conclusion that no, she is unhappy...
Later, wanderers meet Yakim Nagogoi, a man of strong peasant character, who appears before the reader in the form of the son of mother earth:
Chest sunken as if depressed
Belly, at the eyes, at the mouth
Bends like cracks
On dry ground
And myself to mother earth
He looks like...
In the life of this man, at one time, a story happened that proved that for him money in life is not the main thing. During the fire, he does not save his savings, but the pictures that he bought for his son. So, happiness was in them, or rather, in love for their child, their family.
Ermil Girin, one of the wanderers he met on the way, was also happy, but in his own way. He had money, and honor, and peace of mind. But he sacrificed everything for the sake of the truth, and he was put in prison.
The author supports the peasants who are not reconciled with their existence. The poet is close not to the meek and submissive, but to the brave and strong, such as, for example, Savely, the “Holy Russian hero”, whose life speaks of the awakening consciousness of the peasants, of the protest of the peasant people against centuries of oppression. Thus, as the plot develops in the poem, a detailed answer to the question of happiness is created. Happiness is both peace, and will, and prosperity, and freedom, and self-esteem - happiness has many faces.
This idea is imbued with the whole life of another, one might even say, the main character of the poem - Grigory Dobrosklonov. Grisha is perhaps the happiest person the wanderers have met. He is still young, but he already dreams of national happiness, a fighter for justice is maturing in him, and he knows that his life in this field will be very difficult.
There is a lot of melancholy and sadness in the poem, a lot of human suffering and grief. But the result of the search for wanderers and the author along with them is encouraging - in order to be happy, one must be able to understand not only one's own life, but also the life of other people. Nekrasov calls truly happy people those who give their lives to serve the people, their happiness, their future.
Nekrasov is the successor of Pushkin's line in Russian poetry, mostly realistic. In Nekrasov's lyrics there is a lyrical hero, but his unity is determined not by the range of topics and ideas associated with a certain type of personality, like Lermontov, but general principles relationship to reality.
And here Nekrasov acts as an outstanding innovator, who significantly enriched Russian lyrical poetry, expanded the horizons of reality, embraced by the lyrical image. The subject matter of Nekrasov's lyrics is varied. One thing remains unchanged for him in comparison with his predecessors: the theme of love.
The undoubted masterpiece of Nekrasov's love lyrics is the poem "I do not like your irony" (the poem is addressed to K. Ya. Panaeva, Nekrasov's beloved).
This is an example of intellectual poetry, the hero and heroine are cultured people, there is irony and, most importantly, a high level of self-awareness in their relationship. They know, understand the fate of their love and are sad in advance. The intimate situation reproduced by Nekrasov and the possible ways of resolving it are reminiscent of the relationship between the heroes of Chernyshevsky's "What is to be done?".
I don't like your irony.
Leave her obsolete and not alive
And you and I, who loved so dearly ...
Nekrasov seemed to have taken a vacation in the struggle for "people's happiness" and stopped to reflect on the fate of his own love, his own happiness.
The fierce singer of grief and suffering completely transformed, became surprisingly gentle, soft, and gentle, as soon as it came to women and children.
While still shy and gentle
Do you want to extend the date?
While still seething in me rebelliously
Jealous worries and dreams -
Do not rush the inevitable denouement!
These lines do not seem to belong to Nekrasov. So Tyutchev or Fet could write. However, here Nekrasov is not an imitator. These poets have surpassed various skills in the knowledge of their inner life, the nature of love. Their inner life was their battlefield, while Nekrasov, in comparison with them, looks like an inexperienced young man. He is used to solving problems unequivocally. Having dedicated the lyre to his people, he knew where he was going, what he wanted to say, and he knew that he was right. He is also categorical in relation to himself, to his loved ones. In love, he is the same maximalist as in the arena of political struggle.
Nekrasov's lyrics arose on the fertile soil of the passions that owned him, and the sincere consciousness of his moral imperfection. To a certain extent, it was his “guilts” that saved the living soul in Nekrasov, about which he often spoke, referring to the portraits of friends who “reproachfully from the walls” looked at him. His moral shortcomings gave him a living and immediate source of impulsive love and thirst for purification. The strength of Nekrasov's appeals is psychologically explained by what he did in moments of sincere repentance. Who forced him to speak with such force about his moral falls, why did he have to expose himself from a disadvantageous side? But obviously it was stronger than him. The poet felt that repentance evokes the best feelings of his soul, and surrendered himself entirely to a spiritual impulse.
We boil stronger, full of last thirst,
But in the heart there is a secret coldness and longing...
So in autumn the river is more turbulent,
But the raging waves are colder...
This is how Nekrasov describes his last feeling. This is not a philistine passion; only a true fighter was capable of such a gesture. In love, he does not recognize any half-measures, nor conciliation with himself.
The power of feeling causes an enduring interest in Nekrasov's lyrical poems - and these poems, along with poems, provided him with a paramount place in Russian literature for a long time. His accusatory satires are outdated now, but from lyric poems and Nekrasov's poems, one can compose a volume of highly artistic merit, the meaning of which will not die as long as the Russian language is alive.
Alexei Nikolaevich Nekrasov dedicated his work to the common people. In his works, the poet reveals those problems that were a heavy burden on the shoulders of the working people.
In the poem "Railway" N. A. Nekrasov, with anger and pain, shows how the railway between St. Petersburg and Moscow was built. The railway was built by ordinary Russian people, many of whom lost not only their health, but their very lives in such incredibly hard work. Leading the construction railway stood the former adjutant of Arakcheev, Count Kleinmikhel, who was distinguished by extreme cruelty and contempt for people of the lower class.
Already in the very epigraph to the poem, Nekrasov determined the theme of the work: the boy asks his father-general: “Daddy! Who built this road? The poem is built in the form of a dialogue between a boy and a random companion, which reveals to the child terrible truth about the construction of this railroad.
The first part of the poem is lyrical, it is filled with love for the motherland, for the beauty of its unique nature, for its vast expanses, for its peace:
All is well under the moonlight.
Everywhere I recognize my dear Rus' ...
The second part contrasts sharply with the first. Here, terrible pictures of the construction of the road emerge. Fantastic tricks help the author to reveal more deeply the horror of what was happening.
Chu! Terrible exclamations were heard!
Stomp and gnashing of teeth;
A shadow ran over the frosty glass...
What's there? Crowd of the Dead!
Cruelty towards ordinary builders, absolute indifference to their fate is shown very clearly in the poem. This is confirmed by the lines of the poem, in which people who died during the construction told about themselves:
We tore ourselves under the heat, under the cold,
With an eternally bent back,
Lived in dugouts, fought hunger,
Were cold and wet, sick with scurvy.
In the poem, Nekrasov paints a picture that hurts the heart of any kind and compassionate person. At the same time, the poet did not at all seek to arouse pity for the unfortunate builders of the road, his goal is to show the greatness and resilience of the Russian people. The fate of ordinary Russian people employed in construction was very, very difficult, but, nevertheless, each of them contributed to the common cause. Outside the windows of the cozy car, a series of emaciated faces pass, causing a shudder in the soul of a stunned child:
Lips bloodless, eyelids fallen,
Ulcers on skinny arms
Forever knee-deep in water
The legs are swollen; tangle in hair;
Without the labor, strength, skill and patience of ordinary people, the development of civilization would be impossible. In this poem, the very construction of the railway appears not only as real fact, but also as a symbol of the next achievement of civilization, which is the merit of the working people. The words of the father-general are hypocritical that:
Your Slav, Anglo-Saxon and German
Do not create - destroy the master,
Barbarians! A wild crowd of drunkards!...
No less scary is the final part of the poem. The people receive their "deserved" reward. For suffering, humiliation, illness, hard work, the contractor (“fat, crotchety, red as copper”) gives the workers a barrel of wine and forgives the arrears. Unfortunate people are already satisfied that their torment is over:
The Russian people carried enough
Carried out this railroad -
Will endure whatever the Lord sends!
Will endure everything - and wide, clear
The first in the gallery of "people's defenders" is Ermil Girin. He himself does not participate in the action, we learn about him from the stories of the peasants, who are checked by the world and supplemented by the world (which contributes to the objectivity of the image). Yermil decided to buy a windmill. He argued for a long time at the auction with the merchant Altynnikov and in the end named a large amount. But the clerks began to demand a deposit, which amounted to about a thousand rubles. There was no money under Girin, but he asked for an hour of time, went to the marketplace and turned to people for help. In his speech, he emphasizes that it is not so much material gain that is important to him, but the principle itself, because the clerks were opposed to him:
The merchant Altynnikov is rich,
And he can't resist
Against the worldly treasury -
Her like a fish from the sea
To catch a century - not to catch ...
The mill is not dear to me,
The insult is great!
The money that the peasants bring to Yermil is of great value - again, not material, but ethical. This is where goodness comes into play. It doesn’t matter how much a person gives, it’s important that he wants to help, even with the last he has: “Yermilo took - he didn’t disdain // And a copper penny. // If only he would begin to disdain, // When he came across here // Another copper hryvnia // More expensive than a hundred rubles! ” Later, when Yermil gives back the borrowed money, Special attention given to honesty:
However, there were no disputes
And give a penny extra
Ermil did not have to.
“How did Yermil deserve the love and trust of the people? the strangers ask. – By what kind of sorcery // A peasant over the whole district // He took such power? ” And they are answered that “not by witchcraft, but by truth,” and they say that when Yermil served as a clerk, he helped everyone to the best of his ability, without demanding any gratitude for this, he even refused to be rewarded. In the end, Yermila Girin, at the request of all the peasants, the master appointed steward. He "reigned" in honor, in conscience, but still the peasants remember one sin behind him:
There was a case, and Yermil-man
Gone Crazy: From Recruitment
Little brother Mitrius
He improved.
But Yermil after that began to "yearn, grieve." It ended up that his father found him about to hang himself. The peasants judged this way: return the son of Nenila Vlasyevna, and send Mitri to serve, and take a fine from Girin - part of the recruit, part of Vlasyevna, part of the world for wine. And so they did. But after that, Yermil "walked like a crazy one for a year," quit his patrimony and "leased a mill," again starting to live "in truth."
Further fate Yermila is connected, apparently, with the desire to atone for her sin. Although there is no direct indication that he did not want to extradite the rebels of the estate of the landowner Obrubkov, but the background allows us to draw just such a conclusion. He sits in prison, suffers (it is Nekrasov’s readiness and ability to suffer that are the main criterion for the internal viability of a person)
N. A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” was created over a period of more than ten years (1863-1876). The main problem that interested the poet was the position of the Russian peasant under serfdom and after the “liberation”. About the essence of the royal manifesto, N. A. Nekrasov speaks in the words of the people: “You are good, royal letter, but you are not written about us.” Paintings folk life written with epic breadth, and this gives the right to call the poem an encyclopedia of Russian life of that time.
Drawing numerous images of peasants, various characters, the author divides the heroes, as it were, into two camps: slaves and fighters. Already in the prologue we get acquainted with the peasants-truth-seekers. They live in villages with characteristic names: v Zaplatovo, Dyryavino, Razutovo, Znobishino, Gorelovo, Neelovo, Neurozhayka. The purpose of their journey is to find a happy person in Rus'. Traveling, peasants meet with different people. After listening to a story about his “happiness”, having received advice to find out about the happiness of the landowner, the peasants say:
You are past them, the landowners!
We know them!
Truth-seekers are not satisfied with the "noble" word, they need the "Christian word":
Give me a Christian word!
Noble with a scolding,
With a push and with a poke,
That is unsuitable for us.
Truth seekers are hardworking, always striving to help others. Hearing from a peasant woman that there are not enough working hands to remove the bread in time, the peasants offer:
And what are we, godfather?
Come on sickles! All seven
How will we become tomorrow - by evening
We will harvest all your rye!
Just as willingly, they help the peasants of the Illiterate province mow the grass.
Most fully, Nekrasov reveals the images of peasant fighters who do not reproach their masters, do not reconcile themselves to their slavish position.
Yakim Nagoi from the village of Bosovo lives in dire poverty. He works to death, escaping under a harrow from heat and rain.
The chest is sunken; like a depressed
Stomach; at the eyes, at the mouth
Bends like cracks
On dry land...
Reading the description of the appearance of a peasant, we understand that Yakim, all his life toiling on a gray, barren piece of land, himself became like the earth. Yakim admits that most of his labor is appropriated by "shareholders" who do not work, but live on the labors of peasants like him:
You work alone
And a little work is over,
Look, there are three equity holders:
God, king and lord!
Throughout his long life, Yakim worked, experienced many hardships, starved, went to prison, and, "like a peeled velvet, he returned to his homeland." But still, he finds the strength in himself to create at least some kind of life, some kind of beauty. Yakim decorates his house with pictures, loves a well-aimed word, his speech is full of proverbs and sayings. Yakim is the image of a new type of peasant, a rural proletarian who has been in a latrine trade. And his voice is the voice of the most advanced peasants: . Every peasant has
Soul that black cloud -
Angry, formidable - and it would be necessary
Thunders rumble from there,
Pour bloody rain...
WITH the poet has great sympathy for his hero Yermil Girin, the village headman, fair, honest, intelligent, who, according to the peasants,
At seven years of a worldly penny
Didn't squeeze under the nail
At the age of seven, he did not touch the right one,
Didn't let the guilty
I didn't bend my heart...
Only once did Yermil act out of conscience, giving the son of the old woman Vlasyevna instead of his brother to the army. Repentant, he tried to hang himself. According to the peasants, Yermil had everything for happiness: peace of mind, money, honor, but his honor is special, not bought by "neither money nor fear: strict truth, intelligence and kindness."
The people, defending the worldly cause, in difficult times help Yermil to save the mill, show exceptional trust in him. This act confirms the ability of the people to act together, in peace. And Ermil, not being afraid of the prison, took the side of the peasants when "the patrimony of the landowner Obrubkov rebelled." Ermil Girin is a defender of peasant interests.
The next and most striking image in this series is Saveliy, the Holy Russian hero, a fighter for the cause of the people. In his youth, he, like all peasants, for a long time endured cruel bullying from the landowner Shalashnikov and his manager. But Savely cannot accept such an order, and he rebels along with other peasants, he buried the German Vogel alive in the ground. "Twenty years of strict hard labor, twenty years of settlement" Savely received for this. Returning as an old man to his native village, he retained good spirits and hatred for the oppressors. "Branded, but not a slave!" he says about himself. Savely to old age retained a clear mind, cordiality, responsiveness. In the poem, he is shown as a people's avenger:
...Our axes
They lay - for the time being!
He speaks contemptuously of the passive peasants, calling them "dead ... lost."
Nekrasov calls Saveliy a Holy Russian hero, emphasizing his heroic character, and also compares him with folk hero Ivan Susanin. The image of Savely embodies the desire of the people for freedom.
This image is given in the same chapter with the image of Matryona Timofeevna not by chance. The poet shows together two heroic Russian characters. Matrena Timofeevna goes through many trials. She lived freely and cheerfully in her parents' house, and after marriage she had to work like a slave, endure the reproaches of her husband's relatives, in the fights of her husband. She found joy only in work and in children. She had a hard time with the death of her son Demushka, a year of hunger, and begging. But in difficult moments she showed firmness and perseverance: she fussed about the release of her husband, who was illegally taken as a soldier, she even went to the governor himself. She stood up for Fedotushka when they wanted to punish him with rods. Recalcitrant, resolute, she is always ready to defend her rights, and this brings her closer to Savely. Having told wanderers about her hard life, she says that “it’s not de-lo to look for a happy woman among women.” In a chapter entitled "A Woman's Parable", a Yankee peasant speaks of the female lot:
Keys to female happiness
From our free will
Abandonedlost
God himself.
But Nekrasov is sure that the "keys" must be found. The peasant woman will wait and achieve happiness. The poet speaks about this in one of Grisha Dobroskponov's songs:
You are still in the family as long as a slave,
But the mother is already a free son!
Nekrasov, with a special feeling, created images of truth-seekers, fighters, in which the strength of the people, the will to fight against the oppressors was expressed. However, the poet could not help but turn to the dark sides of the life of the peasantry. The poem depicts peasants who have become accustomed to their slave position. In the chapter "Happy", the truth-seekers meet with a courtyard man who considers himself happy because he was Prince Peremetiev's favorite slave. The courtyard is proud that his daughter, along with the young lady, “learned both French and all kinds of languages, she was allowed to sit down in the presence of the princess.” And the courtyard himself stood for thirty years at the chair of the Most Serene Prince, licked the plates after him and drank the remnants of overseas wines. He is proud of his "closeness" to the masters and his "honorable" disease - gout. Simple freedom-loving peasants laugh at a slave who looks down on his fellow peasants, not understanding all the baseness of his lackey position. The courtyard of Prince Utyatin, Ipat, did not even believe that the “freedom” was declared to the peasants:
And I am the Utyatin princes
Serf - and the whole tight tale!
From childhood to old age, the master in every possible way mocked his slave Ipat. All this the footman took for granted: ... redeemed
Me, the last slave,
In the winter in the hole!
Yes, how wonderful!
Two holes:
In one he will lower in the net,
In another moment it will pull out -
And bring vodka.
Ipat could not forget the master's "favors": the fact that after swimming in the hole the prince "brings vodka", he will plant him "nearby, unworthy, with his princely person."
A submissive slave is also "an exemplary slave - faithful Jacob." He served with the cruel Mr. Polivanov, who "in the teeth of an exemplary serf ... seemed to blow with his heel." Despite such treatment, the faithful slave protected and pleased the master until his very old age. The landowner severely offended his faithful servant by recruiting his beloved nephew Grisha. Yakov “fooled”: first he “drank the dead”, and then he brought the master into a deaf forest ravine and hung himself on a pine tree above his head. The poet condemns such manifestations of protest in the same way as servile obedience.
With indignation, Nekrasov speaks of such traitors to the people's cause as the headman Gleb. He, bribed by the heir, destroyed the "free" given to the peasants before his death by the old master-admiral, than "for decades, until recently, eight thousand souls were secured by the villain."
To characterize the yard peasants, deprived of a sense of their own dignity, the poet finds contemptuous words: slave, serf, dog, Judas. Nekrasov concludes the characteristics with a typical generalization:
People of the servile rank -
Real dogs sometimes:
The more severe the punishment
So dear to them, gentlemen.
By creating Various types peasants, Ne-krasov claims: there are no happy ones among them, the peasants, even after the abolition of serfdom, are still destitute and deprived of shelter, only the forms of oppression have changed. But among the peasants there are people capable of conscious, active protest. And therefore the poet believes that a good life will come in Rus' in the future:
More Russian people
No limits set:
Before him is a wide path.
N.A. Nekrasov - a classic of Russian literature, folk poet and writer. He devoted most of his works to ordinary people, workers. Nekrasov was worried about the fate of the peasants, their position during and after the abolition of serfdom. He believed that after the abolition of serfdom, the peasants did not become free at all, but continued to work hard. Nekrasov expressed his sympathy, faith in the strength of the common people, dissatisfaction with the patience of the peasants in the poem “Who should live well in Rus'”.
In the poem, Nekrasov describes Russia after the abolition of serfdom. Describing poor, barren villages, Nekrasov uses speaking names. All these names speak of the miserable, impoverished situation of the peasants. The songs that the peasants sing show their hard poor life. The song "Hungry" reveals the severity and hopelessness of the situation of the peasants. A peasant, an ordinary peasant, is so hungry that he does not even think about sharing bread with his children. The feeling of hunger drowns out everything human in him and makes him look like a beast.
Throughout the poem, the poet shows us several of the fates of the peasants. One of the poor peasant women turns out to be Matrena Timofeevna.
Her fate is sad, she causes sympathy and regret. Having married for love, she ended up in her husband's house, where his relatives disliked her. Hard work in the field, humiliation in the family, hunger - all this made the life of Matryona Timofeevna tragic and unhappy. She had a son, she felt the support of Savely, her husband's grandfather. However, soon her son was bitten by pigs, and Savely died. Many trials fell to the lot of Matrena Timofeevna, but they only made her stronger in spirit. When asked what happiness is for her, Matryona answered: the key to female happiness long lost. Matrena Timofeevna is a collective image of a peasant woman, since after the abolition of serfdom, women lived just as hard as under him.
The poet also shows us life path Russian "hero" - Savely. Before the reader, he appears as an old man who has experienced many difficulties and troubles. He had a difficult fate, but he endured all the trials and became stronger in spirit. Despite the fact that the household does not like Savely, he is a kind and sincere person. All those difficulties that he experienced did not break him, but pushed him onto the path of struggle, opposition to serfdom. Savely is freedom-loving, so he sees his happiness in the struggle for freedom and independence: "... Branded, but not a slave! .."
One of the heroes of the poem, Yermila Girin, attracts special attention. According to the men, he is happy, but he has an unhappy fate. Ermila Girin is a simple man, respected by the peasants for his honesty and love for the truth. Therefore, when he asks for help from poor peasants in order to buy the mill, everyone gladly responds to his request. Yermila buys the mill and soon distributes the money that the peasants lent him. He gives the last pennies to blind people, which speaks of his kindness and honesty. The main happiness for Ermil Girin is the happiness of the people, this is the struggle for honesty and justice.
Grisha Dobrosklonov is the son of the sexton Tryphon. He studies at the theological seminary, lives in poverty, starves and freezes. Grisha is fed by the peasants, so in return he helps them with household chores, and also tells them smart things. In the poem, Grisha Dobrosklonov is the image of a man of the future, namely, an active fighter for people's freedom, for happiness common man. In life, Grisha values people's happiness most of all, so he is ready to give his life for the well-being of the peasants.
In Nekrasov's poem, the people never find happiness. The peasants are not yet free, hard work burdens their situation, they are starving and freezing. However, people like Grigory Dobrosklonov will fight for the happiness of the people, they will free the common man and make him free and independent.
Updated: 2018-03-30
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Among the images of Russian peasants created by Nekrasov, the image of Yermila Girin stands out. He, as they say in the work, “is not a prince, not a noble count, but a simple peasant,” but, nevertheless, he enjoys great honor among the peasants. Using the example of the image of Ermila Girin in Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”, one can analyze what character traits were considered important for the Russian people, how the people saw their heroes.
“And young and smart” - with such words begins the description of Yermila Girin in the poem. Then the peasant, who spoke about Yermil, tells the peasant wanderers a story that testifies to the boundless trust of the people in him. Yermil kept the mill, which the merchant Altynnikov was going to buy out for debts. Yermil won the trial, but the lawyers arranged the case in such a way that he did not have money with him to pay. Then he rushed to the square, to the people and told them his misfortune. Yermil's request: "If you know Yermil, / If you believe Yermil, / So help out, eh! .." is the best evidence of his love and trust in his compatriots. In this episode, Nekrasov perfectly noticed the psychology of a Russian peasant, who prefers to experience troubles and make decisions "with the whole world". Yermil opens up before the crowd - and receives help, everyone who was in the square brought him at least a penny. This was enough to buy the mill.
The main feature of Ermil is his incorruptible honesty and love for the truth. He served as a clerk for seven years, and during all this time "he did not squeeze a worldly penny under the nail." Everyone could turn to Yermil for advice, knowing that he would never demand money or offend an innocent. When Yermil left his post, it turned out to be hard to get used to the new unscrupulous clerk. “A bad conscience is necessary - / A peasant from a peasant / To extort a penny” - such a sentence is passed by the people to “bureaucratic officials”.
With his decency, Yermil earned the faith of the peasants, and they repaid him with kindness: they unanimously elected Yermil as a steward. Now he is Ermil Ilyich Girin, who honestly reigns over the entire patrimony. But Yermil does not stand the test of power. Only once does he retreat from his conscience, sending another person instead of his brother as a soldier. And although he soon repents and makes amends for the harm done to him, the peasants remember this act. It is difficult to restore one's good name, which is considered the highest value among the people - this is what Nekrasov conveys in the image of Yermil.
In the poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus',” Yermil Girin also plays another important role. It is he who is the harbinger of the future image of Grisha Dobrosklonov. Yermil, like him, lives for the happiness of the common people, and among all the other heroes, he is closest to the image of a happy person whom wanderers are looking for.
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