Indoor renovation work is most often completed by installing decorative finishing elements on the walls, floor or ceiling. One of their varieties is ceiling baguettes. Another name is cornices, fillets or plinths. They allow you not only to emphasize the aesthetic beauty of the new coating, but also to hide defects resulting from repairs.
Baguette photo
But how to choose the right product so that it not only stays securely in its place, but also fits harmoniously into the interior? What criteria should you use when choosing? Let's look at it below.
Thanks to the wide range of products offered by manufacturers building materials, you can decorate the room in any style - Provence, country, high-tech, classic, rustic, etc. The main thing is to qualitatively fit individual decorative elements into the future interior.
Therefore, when choosing ceiling cornices, important attention should be paid to the material used in their manufacture:
The main advantage is the environmental friendliness of the material and its safety for health.
Such cornices are rarely found in the design of ceilings in a standard apartment due to their high cost. More often, gypsum plinths are installed in buildings that are historical monuments, or country houses, the pomp of which emphasizes the wealth and status of its owner. Elements of gypsum stucco molding or a plaster ceiling plinth in the room will set the tone for the entire stylistic direction.
Plaster does not burn, but installing it to the ceiling is quite difficult due to its heaviness and fragility. Therefore, it is worth entrusting the installation to professionals.
This is the most popular and sought-after material in the manufacture of ceiling moldings. Due to their increased flexibility, such products can be installed on curved surfaces. And its lightness allows you to mount the polyurethane ceiling plinth under tensile structures or plastic trim.
The moisture resistance of the material opens up wide possibilities for decorating with ceiling plinths not only living rooms, but also bathrooms or kitchens. Polyurethane can be painted and washed.
Despite the rather high cost compared to existing analogues, polyurethane skirting boards adapt well to indoor conditions, as well as withstand the aggressiveness of the room environment.
Polyurethane baguettes are available in many variations, ranging from white classics to unique ones decorated with different surfaces samples. The latter are more expensive, but it is practically impossible to distinguish them from real natural material.
On a note! Such curtain rods can be used to hide LED lighting. There are models on sale specially designed for this with a wide bottom surface and a groove where the LED strip is placed.
They represent classic design elements for ceiling surfaces. The natural beauty of wood and its texture bring warmth and comfort to the room. Modern designers include wooden ceiling plinths in the interior of the room, the walls of which are covered with clapboard or blockhouse. Valuable wood species are used to decorate the interior of work offices. For example, they create from them.
The main disadvantage of wood is its fire hazard. Therefore, all material intended for the manufacture of furniture and other decorative items, is pre-treated with appropriate compounds that prevent it from igniting.
This ceiling molding has the lowest cost compared to other variations. On sale you can find foam products with a completely smooth surface or ornamental design. Scope of application – finishing concrete ceilings or mounted.
The material is very flexible, but completely devoid of plasticity. Therefore it is easy to break. However, the softness and lightness of polystyrene foam makes it possible to glue it to alabaster or putty using special compounds. But painting such surfaces is unlikely to be possible due to the loose structure of the foam. In addition, it is highly flammable.
They are used in most cases when installing plastic panels or lining to close the formed joints between the wall and ceiling surfaces. Thanks to the U-shaped groove located along the baseboard, it is possible to mount the panels into a baguette without the use of an adhesive base.
Ceiling baguette made of plastic is very light, can withstand physical, minor mechanical influences, moisture resistant, with a long service life. Thanks to the wide range of colors, you can easily match the skirting board not only to the plastic finish, but also to match wood, stone, etc.
This type baguette is used more often than others due to its good flexibility and ductility, which are achieved due to the increased density of the material. And the complex relief applied to the surface of polystyrene foam baguettes allows the products to organically fit into any style and interior. It goes well with plasterboard ceilings, plastic panels, classic plaster or beamed ceiling finishing options.
Expanded polystyrene fillet is easy to cut, and if you are very careful when working, the joints can be installed almost unnoticeably. Among other things, such baguettes can be painted or decorated with patina.
They represent a new trend in the design of ceiling surfaces. Such textures will organically fit into any space and interior style. Strength and durability are the main advantages of the material. Painting makes it possible to decorate the surface of the aluminum cornice in silver or gold even at the production stage.
Ease of adjustment in corners, variety of shapes and designs are additional advantages of aluminum fillets.
Also, in addition to the listed types, there is a classification of baguettes by texture:
With the help of various types of ceiling fillets, you can change the proportions of the room - visually enlarge or reduce it, subtract or add height, hide LED strip, select the area where the chandelier is located.
In addition to the aesthetic function, the ceiling molding serves to implement practical solutions in the interior, hiding unevenness on the wall, flaws decorative finishing.
Therefore, when choosing a cornice, you should be guided by the following criteria:
If we talk about length, then the average value of this indicator for almost all types of baguettes is the same and is 2 meters. The width varies from 1 cm to 20 cm or more. When choosing a fillet, you need to pay attention to its width, since in some cases a massive molding can emphasize the sophistication and beauty of the renovation, in others, on the contrary, it can become its disadvantage:
If the rooms are narrow and low, you should not rely on the width of the baseboard, but use it in conjunction with lighting. This will make the room softer and more comfortable.
After choosing the material and width of the baguette, you should decide on its shade.
You can use classic white variations or bright explosive luminous decorative elements.
The main thing is to follow the following rules:
It is better that the decorative elements match the color of the ceiling surface, the tone of the walls, or have a bright contrasting shade.
The last important criterion that you should definitely pay attention to when choosing baguettes for finishing is their shape. The main task is to solve the problem: to purchase a regular baguette with the right geometric shape or buy a plinth with complex images?
baguette photo IN in this case A sense of proportion and natural taste will help. It is important to understand that overly complex reliefs will look appropriate in a pompous interior, including a large number of vintage elements.
On a note! The complexity of the work on adjusting the corners of the ceiling plinth directly depends on the nature of the pattern. The simpler the design, the fewer difficulties will arise during installation.
The simplicity of the shapes and lines on the ceiling molding will fit well into any interior, will not attract unnecessary attention, and will not visually change the volume of the room.
Advice! If a homogeneous smooth texture was used when finishing the walls and ceiling surface, you can use a plinth with a pronounced relief and complex ornament as a finishing element. On the contrary, the more unusual the texture on the walls and ceilings, the simpler the baguette should be.
The finishing fillet on the ceiling will help give the interior a finished and harmonious look. The low cost of this finishing element will visually change appearance premises. It is necessary to select a product taking into account the features design project or your own preferences.
The last stage of finishing work can be called bringing to perfection the places where the ceiling meets the walls, as well as masking the uneven edges of the pasted wallpaper. The solution to these problems are baguettes and baseboards, which hide all defects and complete the overall interior.
When choosing baguettes and determining their quantity, the following points should be taken into account:
You can do the gluing of baguettes yourself, provided you have certain skills and an understanding of what ceiling baguettes are. Before gluing the baguette, it is necessary to study all the advantages and disadvantages of the material from which it is made. This will help speed up the work process and avoid committing gross mistakes. However, to work with surfaces that have significant defects, it is better to invite a specialist.
When considering construction materials, you may come across such concepts as baguette and plinth. For simple home handyman It is important to know what a baguette looks like and what the difference is between the products.
In general, a baguette and a plinth are one and the same element of the interior; the main difference is the width of the product and the presence of a relief pattern. The width of the baguette can be more than 5 cm; gypsum, wood and polystyrene are used to make it. On front side The baguette has a relief pattern and ovals. For the manufacture of plinths, in most cases, foam plastic is used; its width does not exceed 5 cm, the front surface of the plinth is smooth without patterns.
Models of ceiling moldings presented on modern market, have different sizes, surface relief and color. This can be a product of a laconic form or with carved molding. In addition, various materials can be used for their manufacture, including flexible baguette.
In most cases, the baguette is tightly glued to the ceiling and wall, however, when used LED lighting the product is fixed only on the wall with a small indentation from the ceiling.
The color scheme depends on the preferences of the owner; the baguette can be chosen to match the ceiling, as well as to match the walls or wallpaper. In addition, finishing can be used to differentiate walls and ceilings. In any case, the end result should be a harmonious interior.
Gypsum baguettes are characterized by high resistance to moisture, but they are not recommended to be painted. Fastening of gypsum products is done using alabaster.
Wooden baguettes– these are durable and environmentally friendly products, the use of which gives the interior a rather rich look. Wood can be painted, but protected from moisture. To attach wooden baguettes, special adhesives are purchased, but they can be fixed using nails or self-tapping screws, covering the caps with putty.
Polyurethane ceiling molding glued using silicone sealant, and they are glued before finishing the walls and ceiling. Such elements can mask minor surface defects. Polyurethane is resistant to high humidity and temperature changes. Polyurethane baguettes are great for decoration LED backlight. The cost of this material is slightly higher than other types, but it has an elegant appearance.
Foam baguettes can be called ideal option for surfaces with significant defects. However, existing large cracks should first be covered with putty. The advantages of polystyrene foam include good moisture resistance, light weight, decent appearance and low cost. Foam moldings can be painted, which allows them to be used in any design plans. Fastening foam products is done using putty or special glue.
Plastic baguettes suitable for the design of oval and curved structures, as they have good flexibility. In addition, the products are lightweight, resistant to high humidity and are not very expensive. When installing a flexible molding for the ceiling, you must use metal or wooden slats, on which the baguettes are fixed with self-tapping screws.
Before you start gluing a ceiling molding or plinth, you need to carry out several preparatory measures:
To perform the work faster and more efficiently, you must follow certain instructions.
Gluing of a baguette for a polyurethane and foam plastic ceiling is carried out according to the following scheme:
Decorating the ceiling with a wooden ceiling molding is considered quite labor-intensive process, but this is justified by its luxurious and sophisticated appearance. The work is performed according to the following algorithm:
In rooms with high humidity, for example, in the bathroom or kitchen, it is recommended to install a plastic ceiling molding. In most cases, such elements are equipped with a special groove for connection with plastic panel. The panels are used to decorate the ceiling or walls. Plastic is practical, able to retain its original color and does not require special care. To cut polyvinyl chloride baguettes, use a hacksaw.
Installation work involves performing the following actions:
Gypsum elements for ceiling decoration are quite expensive, heavy and very fragile material. Therefore, it is recommended to invite an experienced technician for installation work.
Plastic moldings for ceilings are glued using liquid polypropylene or acrylic nails. When using this composition, there is no need to hold the baguette for adhesion to the surface; fixation is performed instantly.
Very often, putty is used as glue for baguettes, which remains after basic repair work has been completed. In the process of gluing baguettes, the joints of the elements, as well as the gaps between the baguette and the wall, are simultaneously sealed.
Special adhesive compositions allow you to create strong and durable structures, but they cannot be used for foam baguettes.
When using silicone sealant, the baguettes also firmly adhere to the surface, but when painting this adhesive composition is not subject to.
Fastening baguettes when decorating tension bars ceiling structures performed only against the wall. With their help, the junction of the ceiling and wall is masked. Gluing baguettes to a stretched fabric is not allowed, as this may cause damage to the fabric.
Required condition When installing baguettes with a suspended ceiling, a perfectly flat working surface is required. Even the slightest defect becomes obvious in the presence of baguettes.
Baguettes with good flexibility are great for round shapes and curves. To give the desired shape to a foam baguette, you can use the following methods:
Quality finish ceiling using a polyurethane ceiling baguette can be obtained, provided that the recommendations are followed experienced craftsmen. In particular we are talking about the following:
When installing a ceiling, you cannot do without a baguette - a special plinth that gives the design a complete look. This is a special element that differs depending on the function performed. Let's get to know it better, find out its varieties, materials of manufacture, popular sizes and features through its advantages and disadvantages.
Baguettes are an excellent way to mask visual repair errors. These are planks of a certain size and thickness that are used at the finishing stage of finishing ceiling systems. They are often called ceiling plinths. However, in reality they differ in width and the presence of figured decorations. They are larger than the baseboard, which is characterized by a smooth shape. Connecting together along the perimeter of the ceiling structure, they create the appearance of a frame.
Existing varieties can be divided into decorative and fastening. The former are distinguished by greater aesthetic appeal. They are designed for fixation to ceilings or walls. The latter are a hidden variety. They are durable and flexible.
Depending on the type of fastening, they are mounted into the wall using fasteners or glued with especially strong glue. In the first case, a hammer drill, self-tapping screws and a screwdriver are enough for this. In the second, you can use liquid nails. The baguette is pressed against the wall and held for several seconds. It may have a thickened lower part, as well as a special groove for mounting a flexible LED strip.
The ceiling molding differs from its wall counterpart. It has two gluing faces: side and wall. In addition to its main application, it is used as decorative frames for panels, mirrors, and for finishing architectural elements. When painted it looks especially expensive. This allows you to significantly increase the scope of application.
Ceiling moldings are a popular type of finishing for ceiling structures (single-level, two-level, multi-level). Let us outline their main advantages.
Baguettes are applicable in any ceiling designs. They look equally good with stretched fabric, plasterboard, plastic, ceiling tiles, cassette and slatted ceiling design options. In this case, the type of structure does not matter: it can be glued, hemmed or suspended.
The scope of their application is not limited. They can be used in offices, clubs, medical and educational institutions, city apartments and country houses.
Existing types of baguette can be classified according to the type of material from which it is made. Let's get acquainted with the main varieties.
Polyvinide chloride is a common material. Such baguettes are made specifically for systems with tension fabric and suspensions. It is universal, suitable for curved systems, durable, flexible, and easy to install. Among the varieties plastic baguette there are options with special purpose, which are used for finishing complex ceiling assemblies. These products are characterized by clarity of relief, cleanliness front surface. Their price is quite reasonable; they are sold in any hardware store.
These varieties are environmentally friendly. They do not emit toxic substances during operation, so they can be attached to the ceiling in children's rooms and homes of allergy sufferers. They are odorless, quite light, and do not weigh down even a multi-level structure. They look expensive, resemble plaster stucco and can be perfectly combined with the same decorative elements. Such products are cheap and can be painted any color.
The disadvantage of foam plastic products is their fragility: these baguettes are quite fragile, so they need to be glued especially carefully and without strong pressure.
The polyurethane profile is a good decision for installation of various ceiling lighting. Due to polyurethane, such a baguette is characterized by flexibility and strength. It does not break in places of bends and transitions. It can be used in unheated rooms (for example, in a country house or closed veranda). This material is resistant to moisture and provides for the organization of hidden lighting. It is characterized by high cost, but its properties are better than previous analogues.
Such baguettes are natural and harmless. Due to their natural ingredients, they are the best choice for those who care about their health. Such profiles are fastened with self-tapping screws. Wood can highlight the interior to its advantage; it looks respectable and goes well with different directions design. If processed correctly it will decorate for a long time ceiling.
Profiles of this type are especially appropriate if the room is equipped with an expensive wooden furniture. However, they are expensive.
A distinctive feature of such profiles is the need for installation on putty or alabaster. At the same time, the resulting cracks and defects are masked with the same composition. This material is more of a way to demonstrate prestige.
It has more disadvantages than advantages: it is afraid of water and moisture, it wears off with every cleaning, it weighs down the ceilings, so it is used extremely rarely. During installation, it is fragile and complex.
Aluminum baguettes are universal and invisible. The latest varieties are used to connect canvases to each other. Universal ones attach films to the ceiling. In addition, when creating complex frame systems Sometimes wall profiles are used, combining varieties with each other. To attach them, use self-tapping screws, attaching the profiles directly to the ceiling. These baguettes are strong and durable.
Not every type of baguette has the required flexibility. For example, this quality does not exist in wooden varieties. In addition, regardless of width, they seem massive, so they need careful selection, otherwise they can violate the concept of the chosen style. The same applies to gypsum products. Compared to their wooden counterparts, they are much heavier. Some baguettes may break during the cutting or bending process. Cutting is complicated by the presence of relief.
To make the joint in the corners correctly, you will have to place the baguette on the edge, otherwise cracks will form during the joint.
The shapes and sizes of baguettes are varied. The profile shape can be concave, spherical, convex, straight, curved, wavy and combined. The width of the back side varies. Depending on the model, the upper and lower sides of the profile can be 22x25, 30x30, 45x45, 32x33, 46x50, 70x70, 62x80, 35x35, 50x50 mm. For ease of selection trade marks offer markings in catalogs indicating sizes. You can choose the option you like, taking into account the ceiling height and the desired relief.
Profiles for ceilings can be symmetrical at the top and bottom, or different in thickness and pattern. For example, the upper part can be semicircular, while at the bottom there can be a complex ornament under plaster stucco molding. An interesting option The design is a combination of wooden baguettes with gilding. The shape of such a plinth can be stepped, decorated with gold in two rows.
Notable decorative elements of such fillets are various leaves, curls, feathers, and plant branches. In addition, baguettes can often be decorated with geometric shapes. This allows you to select products most harmoniously for each specific design style, without violating its concept. Strict lines and carved elements are often intertwined in baguettes.
To make the choice of a molding for the ceiling successful, it is worth taking note of several useful recommendations.
Baguettes are selected based on style and the right type material.
The width of the baguette matters.
If you want to buy polystyrene foam baguette, choose extruded products. These fillets are characterized by greater density and the ability to bend. To make the ceiling appear higher visually, buy a white baseboard and paint it to match ceiling covering. Painting options are one of the selection factors.
To choose a high-quality polystyrene foam baguette, look at the front part of the fillet. If you notice heterogeneity in the form of pimples, you are looking at cheap and low-quality material. If the surface is smooth and dense, the product is worthy of purchase.
Ask the seller to bend the product. If he is confident in the quality of the product he is selling, he will do it.
Sometimes, after the renovation is completed, there is no feeling of integrity and harmony in the room. Neglecting decoration techniques can result in a visually unfinished interior. A ceiling molding, one of the popular types of final decorative finishing of a room, can solve this problem.
Baguette- This decorative frame along the line where the walls and ceiling meet in the form of a plank, used to decorate a home.
Decorative ceiling moldings-cornices have high aesthetic and practical value in the interior. With their color, shape or size they can emphasize exquisite wallpaper, soften the color transition between walls and ceiling or carefully walk along the border of combining different finishing materials. A ceiling molding can mask minor construction and repair errors, uneven joints between wallpaper or imperfect corner geometry.
Ceiling baguettes are made from various materials. When choosing, you should focus on the type of decoration in the room, the type of ceiling (painting, drywall, tension), style in the interior and according to your own taste preferences.
Ceiling foam plinth
The most popular type of skirting board.
Advantages:
Advice! If you want to save on repairs, choose foam ceiling plinth. This is a practical, beautiful and economical solution!
Flaws:
A natural wood baguette is considered the most expensive. It is installed using self-tapping screws on wooden triangular blocks pre-fixed between the walls and ceiling. The screw caps are masked with decorative plugs or covered with special putty if the baguette is to be painted.
Advantages:
Flaws:
Advice! To extend the life of a wooden baguette, treat it with an antifungal agent, and then periodically apply a special protective solution. Remember that the room in which wooden products are located must be regularly ventilated.
When choosing a plinth, you can find a wide variety of design forms and variations: from a laconic, discreet thin strip to a wide, carved, richly decorated baguette.
The width of the bar ranges from 3 to 25 cm, and some individual specimens may exceed the maximum value.
Advice! Before deciding on the width of the baguette to purchase, evaluate the height of the ceilings in your home. In rooms with low ceilings A plinth up to 10 cm wide would look more appropriate. Massive wide baguettes are suitable for rooms with high ceilings.
The choice of shape and pattern of the ceiling baguette is no less varied - these are curls and bas-reliefs, plant and animal patterns, geometric and openwork patterns.
When choosing a ceiling plinth, use our tips:
Three simple tricks when choosing the color of the ceiling plinth:
Thanks to wide variety decor and style, foam and polyurethane baguettes can be used in both classic and modern interiors. For a minimalist style, a thin baguette with a discreet design is suitable. In the kitchen and bathroom it is appropriate to use a moisture-resistant plastic baseboard.
Despite the high cost, a natural wood baguette is durable, and even with aging it will give the room an elegant vintage spirit. Carved wooden baguettes look great in classic living rooms, while more modest and unpainted ones look great in Mediterranean interiors and rooms in style Provence.
Each piece in the room should be framed, have clear boundaries and convey a complete thought. To achieve this we set interior doors, window frames, floor skirting boards. But we must not forget about the ceiling. There are many ways to frame this space too. The most common is the use of ceiling moldings (another name is “ceiling plinth”).
Baguettes for the ceiling are often used in modern interior in various variations. You can create sophisticated style Provence, or make a strict design in a minimalist style. And for all this you will need to use a ceiling molding.
Baguettes for the ceiling are used very often
This part has been used since ancient times. Let us remember the 18th century - the century of the dominance of aristocratic culture, and pay attention to the luxurious living rooms in palaces. They sparkle with gold, and you can see plaster stucco on the ceilings. Since then, this framing has undergone some changes and ceiling moldings are used instead of stucco. However, they have the same look and can recreate the mood of that era. We also find a huge variety of ceiling moldings. You have the opportunity to choose a plinth for any purpose and for every budget.
IN modern design baguettes for ceilings play a great aesthetic and practical role. In addition to decorating the room with the help of this detail, you will be able to hide some errors made during the repair (uneven joints of wallpaper, curvature of corners, etc.), soften the transition of colors of ceiling and wall wallpaper, and make a soft transition between walls and ceiling.
As we see in a modern interior, the ceiling molding is very convenient thing, which is used quite often. Let's consider all the nuances of use and make a choice.
In a modern interior, baguettes play a very important role We can divide these products into several types according to many criteria: appearance, method of fastening, material of manufacture, cost, etc. But the most advantageous classification will be based on the material of manufacture, since the method of fastening, care features, and other factors depend on this.
Baguettes are made with different materials Let's take a deeper look at the advantages of all types, and the difficulties that can await us in use.
PVC baguettes are very often used. They require minimal maintenance and are easy to install
This baguette can be painted in any color
This baguette differs from foam plastic in that it is more moisture resistant
This baguette is the most expensive and elegant
Use wooden frames in rooms that use a lot of wood Installing baguettes on the ceiling is a responsible undertaking, regardless of whether you do it yourself or entrust the work to a professional. The appearance largely depends on the installation, since during operation you can damage the wallpaper (if it is attached after gluing), or the suspended ceiling, and in general, sloppy installation will be visible in bright light.
The installation method depends primarily on the material of manufacture, additionally influenced by the shape of the mounting base and the size of the baguette.
The method of fastening depends on the material from which the baguette is made It is easiest to work with polystyrene (foam and extruded), polyurethane and polystyrene. These materials are lightweight and do not require additional fasteners. Mostly glue is used to install them. Sometimes they are attached before wallpapering, then they are placed on damp putty.
Things are more complicated with wooden and plaster ceiling plinths. They are heavy, so they require special fastening. Dowels are often used for installation ( additional elements fastenings).
Dowels are used for plaster and wooden baguettes In general, polymer glue is used for fastening. You need to work with it carefully so as not to stain the wallpaper or stretch ceiling.
Particular attention should be paid to the corners. Installing a baguette in this place is quite complicated. First you need to cut the products according to measurements, then process the cut area, and then fasten it. You need to be careful with external corners, so in this case, when measuring, you should add two widths of the plinth, while the required length of the baguette for internal corner measured along the length of the wall, without adding centimeters.
It should be noted that before installing the plinth, the base is processed. It is necessary to carefully level the walls and ceiling. Minor flaws can be hidden with baguettes, but not big flaws.
Pay special attention to the corners, they should be smooth We've sorted out the technical part. Now let's talk about the aesthetic role of the baguette. Besides the fact that it hides some imperfections and makes a smooth transition from the ceiling to the walls, such a detail can completely change the mood of the room. A correctly selected baguette can complement the idea, add rigor, elegance, and make the room playful, bright, and colorful. And on the other hand, an unsuccessful solution can completely ruin the design, and even more so, incorrect fastening. Therefore, the choice of color and size of the ceiling plinth must be approached with complete seriousness.
Baguette plays an important role in the interior of the room Everything must be appropriate. The baguette is a minor detail in the design, so it needs to be selected according to the main flow of the design. In a wooden room, a foam baseboard will look out of place, and the same must be said in the opposite situation.
IN modern world There is a wide variety of ceiling moldings. They vary in shape, decor, material and color. You can choose a product in the color you already need or paint it yourself. It's even easier with texture. You can choose the one you need from the catalog, or order production according to your wishes.
The size of the product depends on the height of the ceiling and the area of the room. The higher the ceiling, the wider the baguettes should be. This correspondence also works in the opposite case.
If the ceilings are high, you should use wide baguettes Most skirting boards can be wet cleaned. However, when doing it, you need to be careful, because stains may remain on plaster, polystyrene foam and polyurethane. Therefore, the rag should be slightly damp, not wet. This is the only rule worth remembering. Caring for ceiling moldings is quite simple. Don’t forget to wipe off dust from these products, and do it carefully so as not to stain the wallpaper or stretch ceiling.
