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It is known that the cells in our body are renewed. But how does this happen? And if cells are constantly renewed, then why does old age set in, and not eternal youth last?
Swedish neurologist Jonas Friesen found that every adult is on average fifteen and a half years old! But if many “parts” of our body are constantly renewed and, as a result, turn out to be much younger than their owner, then some questions arise. For example, why doesn't the skin remain smooth and pink all its life, like a baby's, if the top layer of skin is always two weeks old? If muscles are approximately 15 years old, then why is a 60-year-old woman not as flexible and mobile as a 15-year-old girl?
Swedish neurologist Jonas Friesen found that every adult is on average fifteen and a half years old! But if many “parts” of our body are constantly renewed and, as a result, turn out to be much younger than their owner, then some questions arise. For example, why doesn't the skin remain smooth and pink all its life, like a baby's, if the top layer of skin is always two weeks old? If muscles are approximately 15 years old, then why is a 60-year-old woman not as flexible and mobile as a 15-year-old girl?
Friesen saw the answers to these questions in the DNA in mitochondria (this is part of every cell). She quickly accumulates various damage. This is why the skin ages over time: mutations in mitochondria lead to a deterioration in the quality of such an important component of the skin as collagen.
According to many psychologists, aging occurs due to the mental programs that have been embedded in us since childhood.
Here we will consider the timing of renewal of specific organs and tissues, which are shown in the figures. Although everything is written there in such detail that this comment may be unnecessary.
Renewal of organ cells
Brain
Brain cells live with a person throughout his life. But if the cells were renewed, the information that was embedded in them would go with them - our thoughts, emotions, memories, skills, experience.
An unhealthy lifestyle - smoking, drugs, alcohol - all this, to one degree or another, destroys the brain, killing some of the cells.
And yet, in two areas of the brain, cells are renewed.
One of them is the olfactory bulb, which is responsible for the perception of smells.
The second is the hippocampus, which controls the ability to assimilate new information in order to then transfer it to the “storage center,” as well as the ability to navigate in space.
Heart
It became known quite recently that heart cells also have the ability to renew. According to researchers, this only happens once or twice in a lifetime, so it is extremely important to preserve this organ.
Lungs
For each type of lung tissue, cell renewal occurs with at different speeds. For example, the air sacs that are located at the ends of the bronchi (alveoli) are reborn every 11 to 12 months.
But the cells located on the surface of the lungs are renewed every 14-21 days. This part of the respiratory organ takes on most of the harmful substances coming from the air we breathe.
Bad habits (primarily smoking), as well as a polluted atmosphere, slow down the renewal of the alveoli, destroy them and, in the worst case, can lead to emphysema.
Liver
The liver is the champion of regeneration among organs human body. Liver cells are renewed approximately every 150 days, that is, the liver is “born” again once every five months. It is able to recover completely, even if as a result of the operation a person has lost up to two-thirds of the organ.
This is the only such organ in our body.
Of course, such endurance of the liver is possible with your help to this organ: the liver does not like fatty, spicy, fried, smoked foods. In addition, her work is made very difficult by alcohol and most medicines.
And if you don’t pay attention to this organ, it will cruelly take revenge on its owner with terrible diseases - cirrhosis or cancer. (By the way, if you stop drinking alcohol for eight weeks, the liver can completely cleanse itself).
Intestines
The intestinal walls are covered from the inside with tiny villi, which ensure the absorption of nutrients. But they are under constant influence of gastric juice, which dissolves food, so they do not live long. The time frame for their renewal is three to five days.
Skeleton
The bones of the skeleton are renewed continuously, that is, at any given moment in the same bone there are both old and new cells. It takes about ten years to completely renew the skeleton.
This process slows down with age, when bones become thinner and more fragile.
Renewal of body tissue cells
Hair
Hair grows on average one centimeter per month, but hair can completely change in a few years, depending on the length. For women, this process takes up to six years, for men – up to three.
Eyebrow and eyelash hairs grow back in six to eight weeks.
Eyes
In such a very important and fragile organ as the eye, only corneal cells are capable of renewal. Its top layer is replaced every 7 to 10 days. If the cornea is damaged, the process occurs even faster - it can recover within a day.
Language
10,000 receptors are located on the surface of the tongue. They are able to distinguish the tastes of food: sweet, sour, bitter, spicy, salty. The cells of the tongue are quite short life cycle- ten days.
Smoking and oral infections weaken and inhibit this ability, and also reduce the sensitivity of taste buds.
Leather
The surface layer of skin is renewed every two to four weeks. But only if the skin is provided with proper care and does not receive excess ultraviolet radiation.
Smoking also has a negative effect on the skin - this bad habit accelerates skin aging by two to four years.
Nails
Most famous example organ renewal - nails. They grow 3–4 mm every month. But this is on the hands; on the toes, nails grow twice as slow.
It takes an average of six months for a fingernail to be completely renewed, and ten for a toe nail.
Moreover, nails on the little fingers grow much slower than others, and the reason for this still remains a mystery to doctors.
The use of medications slows down the restoration of cells throughout the body!
Now do you understand what affects the renewal of body cells?
Draw your conclusions!
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The human body is a most complex living machine in which the various systems. All parts of the body are made up of cells, of which there are about 100 trillion in the adult body.
Some of these cells constantly die off, and their places are taken by new ones. For different organs and tissues of the human body, the cycle complete update takes an uneven amount of time. And for many cells of our body this period has already been determined more or less accurately.
And even if, according to your passport, your age is, for example, 35 years, then your skin may be only two weeks old, your skeleton may be 10 years old, and the lenses of your eyes are approximately the same age as you. We will tell you in this article how often these and other cells in your body are renewed. 
We lose hair every day, but we usually don't go bald; We cut our nails, but they still grow back. We remove dead skin cells to give it smoothness and radiance, and carry out procedures that start the process of skin regeneration.
All this is possible thanks to the body’s ability to renew itself. You've probably heard that the human body is completely renewed every 7 years, that is, at the end of this period you become a different person, because every cell in your body is replaced by a new one.
Sounds amazing! But is this really so and why do we, despite the renewal of the body, continue to age?
Indeed, the lifespan of individual cells in the human body is limited. After this period has expired, the cells die and new ones take their place. The adult human body consists of a huge number of cells - approximately 50-75 trillion - and each type of cell has its own “lifespan”.
After a person dies, not all cells die immediately - some of them take a few minutes, others - hours, and others - a day. The rate of cell death is one of the factors used to determine the cause and time of death of a person.
The rate of cell death is one of the factors used to determine the cause and time of death of a person.
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Below are the approximate rates of cell renewal in the human body:
1. Red blood cells (erythrocytes), which carry oxygen, live for about four months.
2. The average lifespan of white blood cells is just over a year. At the same time, the most numerous group of leukocytes - neutrophils - live only a couple of hours, eosinophils - 2-5 days.
3. Platelets live for about 10 days.
4. Lymphocytes are renewed at a rate of 10,000 cells per second.
5. Epidermal cells are renewed approximately every 10-30 days of the week, the skin recovers 4 times faster after minor injuries.
6. The “age” of hair on the head can reach 6 - 7 years. Every day, the hair on your head grows by about 0.5 mm. Hair on other parts of the body - approximately 0.27 mm per day. Eyebrows are renewed every 64 days.
7. The surface of the cornea of the eye is covered with a thin layer of cells, which are constantly renewed over 7-10 days. Retinal cells do not renew themselves, as does the lens of the eye, which is why age-related vision deterioration is a common problem. However, experts are developing methods for retinal regeneration using stem cells.
8. Epithelial cells of the small intestine are renewed every 2-4 days, the colon - approximately every 4 days, the gastric mucosa - about 5 days.
9. Cells in the cerebral cortex, as far as is known today, are not capable of regeneration, unlike hippocampal neurons. Damaged nerve cells can recover to a certain extent if the cell body of the neuron is not damaged.
10. The rate of nerve regeneration after injury is approximately 2-3 mm per day.
11. The average age of a fat cell is 8 years. Every year, 10% of fat cells are replaced by new ones.
12. Liver cell renewal takes approximately 300-500 days. The human liver has an excellent ability to regenerate. If 70% of this organ is removed, it will recover to normal size in just a couple of months. Surgeons removed even 90% of the liver, but recovery was in this case was incomplete.
13. Kidney and spleen cells require 300-500 days to renew.
14. Nails grow approximately 3.5 mm each month, although the nail on the little finger grows slower than the others. Toenails grow at a rate of about 1.6 mm per month, with the big toenail growing fastest.
15. The heart is one of the slowest regenerating organs human body. In a 25-year-old person, only 1 percent of heart cells are renewed annually; this figure decreases with age. Less than half of the heart cells are renewed over a lifetime.
The heart is one of the slowest regenerating organs in the human body.
16. Taste buds on the tongue are renewed every 10 days.
17. Fingertips can partially regenerate after injury. Best results observed in children several months after injury. To restore the fingertips, an unaffected nail bed is necessary. The new fingertip is sensitive and has an imprint on it.
18. The mucous membrane of bronchioles is renewed every 2-10 days.
19. Microscopic air sacs - alveoli - are renewed in 11-12 months, and surface cells of the lungs - in 2-3 weeks.
20. Muscle cells are “long-livers”, since their life span is 15 years.
21. Skeletal cells are constantly renewed, but rather slowly - 10% per year, and for complete replacement skeletal cells take about 10 years.
The fact of body renewal was established back in the early 50s during the observation of the movements of objects with radioactive atoms embedded in them. Jonas Friesen, a molecular biologist from Sweden, has been studying body renewal by measuring levels of radioactive carbon-14.
He discovered that every 7-10 years, most of the body's cells are replaced by new ones. Of course, this figure is arbitrary, taking into account the rate of renewal, for example, of heart and skeletal cells or the lack of the ability to regenerate certain neurons, retinal cells, lens, and oocytes.
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