Stairs. Entry group. Materials. Doors. Locks. Design

We present to you the first article in the “Grammar” series in English for beginners". In this series of materials, we decided to present all the rules briefly and in simple words so that beginners “from scratch” or those who do not remember the basics of English well can independently figure out the grammar, understand it and apply it in practice.

Plural in English

In English, as in Russian, all words are divided into countable and uncountable. This is important to understand in education. plural one word or another. Countable nouns denote those objects that can be counted, for example: table (table), book (book), apple (apple). Uncountable nouns are abstract concepts, liquids, products, etc., that is, things that cannot be counted. For example: knowledge, water, meat, flour. These words do not have a plural or singular.

Countable nouns can be used in singular or plural. A singular noun denotes one thing; this is the form of the word that is indicated in the dictionary: apple - apple. A plural noun denotes several objects: apples - apples.

How to form the plural of nouns:

Usually the plural of nouns is formed by adding the ending -s to the word: book – books (book – books). However, there are several spelling features:

• If the word ends in -o, -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, then add the ending -es: hero – heroes (hero – heroes), bus – buses (bus – buses).

  Exceptions: photo - photos (photo - photographs), video - videos (video recording - video recordings), radio - radios (radio - several radios), rhino - rhinos (rhino - rhinoceroses), piano - pianos (piano - several pianos), hippo - hippos (hippopotamus - hippopotamuses).

• If the word ends in -f, -fe, then change the ending to -ves: knife – knives, leaf – leaves, wife – wives.

  Exceptions: roof - roofs (roof - roofs), giraffe - giraffes (giraffe - giraffes), cliff - cliffs (cliff - cliffs).

• If a word ends in -y, preceded by a consonant, then we change -y to -ies: body – bodies (body – bodies).
• If the word ends in -y, preceded by a vowel, then add the ending -s: boy – boys (boy – boys).

In English there is also exception words, which form the plural irregularly. You just need to learn such words by heart; fortunately, there are not very many of them.

Try our test to see how well you have understood the material.

English Plural Noun Test

Articles in English

There are two types of articles in English: definite and indefinite. They are not translated into Russian. In the vast majority of cases, one of these articles must be placed before a singular noun.

Not definite article a/an is used only with singular countable nouns: a girl, a pen. If a word begins with a consonant sound, we write the article a (a girl), and if the word begins with a vowel sound, we write the article an (an apple).

The indefinite article a/an is used in the following cases:

• We name any indefinite object, and we have only one, which is why we use the article a, which comes from the word one (one):

  It is a book. - This is a book.

• We mention the subject for the first time in speech:

  I see a shop. - I see (some, one of many) store.

• We talk about a person’s profession or indicate his belonging to a certain group:

  He is a teacher. - He is a teacher.
  She is a student. - She is a student.

We use the definite article the when we're talking about about a specific subject familiar to us. This article can appear before a singular or plural noun.

The definite article the is used in the following cases:

• We have already mentioned the subject earlier in our speech:

  I see a shop. The shop is big. - I see a store. (This) The store is big.

  It is believed that the definite article comes from the word that (that), therefore it is intended to indicate some specific object familiar to the interlocutors.

• We are talking about an object that in this context is one of a kind and cannot be confused with something else:

  Honey, I'm washing the car. - Honey, I'm washing the car. (the family has one car, so we are talking about a specific item)
  Look at the girl in the red dress - Look at the girl in the red dress. (we point to specific girl in a certain dress)

• We are talking about a one-of-a-kind object, there is no other like it: the sun, the moon, the world, the President of France, etc.:

  The earth is our home. - Earth is our home.

Verb to be

IN English sentence there is always a verb. And if in Russian we can say “I am a doctor”, “Mary is beautiful”, “We are in the hospital”, then in English this is unacceptable: in all these cases the verb to be must appear after the subject. Therefore, you can remember a simple rule: if there are no ordinary verbs in a sentence, then the verb to be is needed.

The verb to be has three forms:

• Am is added to the pronoun I when we talk about ourselves:

  I am beautiful. - I am beautiful.

• Is is placed after the pronouns he, she, it:

  She is beautiful. - She's beautiful.

• Are is used after you, we, they:

  You are beautiful. - You are handsome.

The verb to be in English is most often used in the following cases:

• We inform you that by whom is a person (name, profession, etc.):

  I am a doctor. - I am doctor.

• We inform you that what a person or thing has a quality:

  Mary is beautiful. - Mary is beautiful.

• We inform you that Where there is a person or object:

  We are at the hospital. - We're in the hospital.

Sentences with the verb to be in the present tense are constructed as follows:

We think you are now ready to take the test and test your knowledge.

Test for the use of the verb to be

Present Continuous Tense - present continuous tense

Present Continuous Tense most often shows that an action is happening at the moment.

Every English sentence has a subject and a predicate. In the Present Continuous, the predicate consists of the auxiliary verb to be in the required form (am, is, are) and the main verb without the particle to, to which we add the ending -ing (playing, reading).

She is playing tennis now. - She is now plays to tennis.
I am reading a novel at the moment. - I'm currently I'm reading novel.

The verb to be in this tense is auxiliary, that is, this is the word that comes before the main verb (playing, reading) and helps to form tense. You will find auxiliary verbs in other tenses; these types of verbs include to be (am, is, are), do/does, have/has, will.

Please note the following tense words Present Continuous: now (now), at the moment (at the moment), today (today), tonight (tonight), these days (these days), currently (these days), at present (currently), still (still).

Affirmative sentences in the Present Continuous are formed as follows:

Usually in this tense you just need to add the ending -ing to the main verb: walk – walking (walk), look – looking (look). But some verbs change like this:

• If the verb ends in -e, we remove the -e and add -ing: write – writing, dance – dancing.

  Exception: see – seeing (to see).

• If the verb ends in -ie, we change -ie to -y and add -ing: lie – lying (lie), die – dying (die).
• If the verb ends stressed syllable with a short vowel that comes between two consonants, the final consonant is doubled by adding -ing: begin – beginning (begin), swim – swimming (swim).

In negative sentences in the Present Continuous, you just need to insert the particle not between to be and the main verb.

She isn't cooking at the moment. - At the moment she doesn't cook.
You are not listening to me now. - You don't listen me now.

In interrogative sentences in the Present Continuous, you need to put the verb to be in the first place, and after it put the subject and the main verb.

Is she cooking at the moment? - She trains At the moment?
Are you listening to me now? - You me now are you listening?

Now we suggest you take a test on the use of Present Continuous tense.

Test for the use of Present Continuous

We have presented you with the first 5 basic topics of the English language. Now your task is to thoroughly understand them and work through them as productively as possible with the help of exercises. In order not to burden you with a large amount of grammar at once, we will release the next article in this series in a few weeks. Subscribe to our newsletter, then you will definitely not miss important information. We wish you success in learning English!

Start learning Englishbasically comes down to orderly actions from day to day. Today we will look at the main “corset” on which such a large fish as the English tongue rests. For some, this information may be enough, but for those who still decide to delve into all the intricacies, it is worth not dwelling on these rules.Learn English firstIt’s not difficult, you just need to understand its foundation.

For those who are just starting to learn English, today’s digest will seem quite comprehensive.

For those who consider themselves advanced in this area and these rules are no longer news, it would not be amiss to repeat what you have learned. As you know: “Repetition is the mother of learning!”

We tried to compress the huge amount of information as much as possible, let's see what comes of it. In fact, English grammar is quite easy to understand.

Today we will analyze only part of it, and of course we will continue in the following publications.

Nouns
In English theyare not declined, but in the plural the letter is added to them at the end-s or two letters -es:

In words ending-y, in the plural, the ending changes to two lettersie:

Ending with letters-f, or -fe, plural changef on v, and to them is added-es:

Ending with-ief, -oof, -ff, -rf,in the plural they get-s.

Let's not forget that if there is a rule, then there is an exception somewhere nearby:

When we need to indicate that something belongs to someone, the noun acquires a letter's, BUT with an apostrophe:

In cases with inanimate objects, the situation looks like this:

A preposition is usedof, while the noun itself does not change.

And since the topic is about prepositions: they are often used not only to connect words in a sentence, but also in this interpretation, and then they are not translated at all:

Article

These are tiny words that cling to nouns like little bugs; they are practically not translated into Russian.

And there are a huge number of features that we don’t understand at first glance, but we will return to them another time.

And for those who still read to the end, we have prepared very necessary phrases, without which it is impossible to imagine every day.

"Greetings and Introductory Phrases"

"Farewell phrases"

Conversational vocabulary - This is only 1 of 7 parts of the system for accelerated learning of English, which we showed at the last online master class.

If you know a bunch of words, but you don't have 6 other parts of the system. You do not know English and will not be able to communicate freely. In addition to vocabulary, you need to train English grammar. But not the way many people do it in courses and with tutors, in isolation from practice, studying a lot of tablets with times. This is equivalent to learning to swim using signs. Or learn to drive using formulas? Will you sail far or will you drive away? I doubt…

Do you need to train your grammar naturally and regularly, like muscles in the gym? To do this, you need to constantly listen and repeat entire phrases with different grammatical structures until it becomes automatic. When you have listened and repeated 10-20 phrases at the same time, your brain begins to grasp the logic of using time. As a result, you not only remember the phrase, but also imprint into your subconscious an understanding of tenses, how and when to use different tense structures. For example, here's how our students do it to get the fastest results.

But that's not all. To speak fluently you need to master the following skills perfectly:

• Beautiful pronunciation. At the last master class at the end of the broadcast, we gave our guests 10 minutes correct pronunciation complex sounds of English.
• Ability to write and read correctly(We do this a lot in real life). Do you agree that you need to be literate?
• Ability to hear rapid speech of native speakers and understand it! This skill is also practiced on the conversation simulators that we showed at the master class
• The ability to speak freely, without a terrible accent? (To do this, you need to repeat after native speakers more often, compare speech, try to speak more. We also quickly practice this skill on English Revolution simulators)

Now you know what you need to improve to speak English fluently. So don't waste your time on the courses. Do only what gives results. We tested this on 20,000 students from all over the world.

And those who want to take the fast track and not look for the Magic Pill in English for years, can use our ready-made system English Revolution, which already includes everything described above. According to this system, the average path from zero to fluent English for our students takes only 6 months. Yes, these are not years, as many are used to. Just 6 months and you're talking. Hard to believe? Watch thousands of video reviews on our site?

By the way, today we still have 50% discount for all English Revolution training packages. Due to numerous requests, we have decided to extend this promotion for a short time. Also, whoever purchases training TODAY receives a second set of training for a friend or relative as a GIFT! This has never happened before and is unlikely to happen again. Don't miss your chance to master English in a matter of months and save big! You can reserve a discount using the button below.

Are you still wondering where to start learning English? Start with the basics - learn the alphabet, sounds and rules for reading words, and then just move on to learning the words, phrases and grammar of the English language themselves.

These 24 tables are arranged in such a way that you smoothly progress in learning English from the simplest to the most complex.

1. Let's start with the most basic thing - with articles. Here are the situations in which each of them is used.

2. We recommend that you first become familiar with the correct use of prepositions of place in English.

3. If you still don't understand the meaning of prepositions of place, look here.

4. The prepositions in and on, together with the preposition at, are also used to indicate time. Just learn all these phrases by heart.

5. And try to remember these.

6. Here are the cases in which you should use for, since, during and until in English.

The preposition for is usually translated as “during, in continuation.” As a rule, for is used to indicate a period, a period of time during which something is done, happens, for example: for 1 year, for 8 months, for 5 years. It also indicates the duration of action.

The preposition since is translated as “from” and is used to indicate the exact time, the moment in time from which something began, for example: since October, since last year, since 9:19 a.m.

The preposition during is translated as “during” and indicates that something happens within a certain period of time: during summer, during the lesson, during films.

7. Here are more examples of using these prepositions.

Until is also used as a time indicator. This word means that the action continued / is continuing / will continue until some point: until 10 o" clock.

8. From this table you will learn the difference between than and then.

Then is translated as “then, at that time, then, then, in that case.”

Than is used solely to compare one thing with another. It can be replaced with the phrases “compared with” (comparing with...) or “in comparison to” (compared with..).

9. Don’t know what to choose: whether or if? Here's a hint.

Whether is used to express doubt (I don"t know whether I can come to your party - I don’t know if I can go to your party) or in questions: Do you know whether it will rain tomorrow? - You don’t know - tomorrow it will be raining?

If in some cases has the same meaning as whether: I don't know if I can come to your party. The preposition if is used in complex sentences (2) and in requests (3).

10. You will definitely need to know irregular verbs. These are the easiest to remember - all three forms coincide and are pronounced the same.

11. These irregular verbs will be more difficult to remember. The first form of the verb - the infinitive - differs from the other two - Past Simple and Past Participle.

12. The third group of irregular verbs is the most difficult. All three words in the series differ in both spelling and pronunciation. Only cramming will help you remember them.

13. You need to remember not only regular verbs, but also a number of nouns that form the plural in a special way.

14. Let's expand our vocabulary further. Here is a selection of the most popular phrasal verbs that are often used when discussing the topic “Clothing”.

• Put on – put something on yourself.
• Take off - remove an item of clothing.
• Try on - try on something.
• Dress up - to dress up, dress for a special occasion, put on the best outfit.
• Do up - fasten (with buttons or other fastener), tie shoelaces.
• Zip up - fasten with a zipper.
• Hang up - hang clothes on a hook or hanger.
• Slip on - to attach (clothes).
• Throw on - throw, throw.
• Wrap up - wrap yourself in warm clothes.

15. After replenishing your vocabulary, you can begin to build sentences. A characteristic feature of sentences in English is rigid word order!

16. Interrogative sentences are constructed using question words. Here are the most popular ones.

• What: a question asking for information about something.
• When: specifying the time when something happened or will happen in the future.
• Where: specification of place or location.
• Which: clarification of information about countable items.
• Who: clarification of who exactly we are talking about.
• Whom: clarification of who exactly did the action.
• Whose: clarification of whether something belongs to someone.
• Why: clarification of the reasons.
• How: how this or that action was performed.

17. Here are more examples of using question words.

Note!

How many and How much are translated the same way - How much? The difference is this: the pronoun much is applied to uncountable nouns, and many is applied to countable nouns.

• How long - How long? / How much time?
• How far - How far?
• How often - How often?

18. Here is how to correctly use the modal verbs would, could, can, will in interrogative sentences.

The modal verbs would, could, can, will are used in requests. The difference between them is only in the degree of politeness.

Would and could are considered more “polite” verbs; use them when addressing a person who is older, respected, or has a higher social position.

19. Now you are ready to learn English tenses. Each of them has its own meaning and is translated differently.

20. This is how tenses are formed in English.

21. There are never many tables demonstrating the peculiarity of English times.

22. Learn the difference between personal and possessive pronouns in English.

23. You can convey someone else's speech in English using direct speech (Direct Speech) or indirect speech (Indirect Speech).

Verbs in direct speech in the Present Tense form are used in indirect speech in the Past Tense form.

Verbs in direct speech in the Past Tense form are used in indirect speech in the Past Perfect form (or may not be used).

Verbs in direct speech in any future tense pass into the corresponding future in the past in indirect speech.

24. For general development, you can familiarize yourself with the differences in the formation of nouns that have different genders.

The words in the table are divided into two columns: in the first - nouns that refer to the masculine gender, in the second - nouns that denote the female gender, refer to feminine(feminine gender).

Keep these useful tables so you don't lose them. You can print them out or save them on your gadget so that you can refer to them whenever necessary.

Friends, every language has its own basic rules regarding grammar, spelling, syntax, etc. English is no exception. On the pages of our website you can find detailed description each section of grammar, reading rules, syntactic rules, speech patterns of the English language.

In this article we will not dwell in detail on each section of the language.

Our material today is intended specifically for beginners in learning the language, for those who have taken up English from scratch. We want to present to you the most basic, most important and necessary rules of the English language, which you will encounter everywhere while mastering this language. If you are ready, then 15 basic rules are waiting for you!

You need to know these rules!

So, dear readers, now you will get acquainted with the basic rules of English from different sections of the language. They concern grammar, speech, syntax and much more. All you need is to read the rules carefully and thoughtfully, pay attention to the examples and, of course, remember them! If you wish, you can copy this information into your English notebook or notepad. This way, you can always remind yourself of what you need in a particular exercise.

Rule #1

After modal verbs particle to not used. We are speaking:

• Imust learn Englishmodalverbs. — I have to learn English modal verbs.
• You should listen to your parents. “You should listen to your parents.”
• May I take yournotebooktillSunday? — Can I borrow your laptop until Sunday?

And in no case do we say: must to learn; should to listen; may to take etc.

Rule No. 2

You cannot use the definite/indefinite article with a pronoun:

• I love my mother. - II loveminemom.
• Where is your friend now? - WhereNowis yoursFriend?
• Yesterday I met Tom and his wife. — Yesterday I met Tom and his wife.

You can't say: the my mother or my mother; the friend or your friend. You can immediately see how absurd this looks, and even more so, how absurd it sounds. It really hurts my ears!

Rule No. 3

Adverbs of the English language (for the question “how?”) are formed according to the scheme: adjective + ending ly:

• Perfect - perfect ly- excellent, wonderful, wonderful
• Quick - quick ly- quickly, nimbly
• Rapid - rapid ly- fast
• Quiet - Quiet ly- quiet
• Nice - nice ly- cute
• Easy - easy ly- easily
• Beautiful - beautiful ly- Beautiful

• He entered the room quietly. - Hequiethas enteredVroom.
• Tom did his homework perfectly fine! - Volumedidmyhomeexcellent job (incredibly good)!
• Suelooksbeautifully today. — Sue looks beautiful today.

Rule No. 4

Use PresentSimple, after unions if,assoonasbefore,when,till,until,after,incase in sentences of time and conditions relating to the future:

• When I finish school, I will go to my grandparents in the countryside. - WhenII'll finishschool, II'll goTominegrandfatherAndgrandmaVvillage.
• After you study your family tree, you will find out where you descend from. - AfterTogo, HowYouyou will studygenealogicaltreeyoursfamilies, Youyou will find, fromwhomYouhappening.
• Your elder brother will certainly help you if you ask- Is yoursseniorBrotherNecessarilywill helpyou, IfYouhisask.

Rule No. 5

The word order in an English sentence is:

Subject + predicate + direct object + indirect object+ circumstance

Subject + predicate + direct object + indirect object + adverbal modifier

• Isentyoualetterlastweek. — I sent you a letter last week.
• I saw Mike in the club. - IsawMikeVclub.
• It was sunny yesterday. - Yesterdaywassunny.

In a Russian sentence, liberties are allowed, and there is no specific word order in it, everything depends on the emotion embedded in it. In an English sentence, everything is clear and strict.

Rule No. 6

Phrasal verbs (verb + preposition) of the English language have their own, separate meaning and your translation. For example:

To look- look; to look for- search

To put- put, put; to put on- put on

Compare:

• Put the plates on the table, please. - Put itdishesontable, Please.
• It is cold outside; put on your coat. - OnstreetCold, put it oncoat.

Rule No. 7

The most general rule for the definite and indefinite articles of the English language: the indefinite article is placed where nothing is known about the subject; The definite article is used where something is known about the subject.

• I see a The girl walking down the street is very beautiful. - II seegirl. The girl walking down the street is very beautiful.

Rule No. 8

Ending - ed characteristic of past times only regular verbs. U irregular verbs its own form for each past tense. For example:

Look -looked BUT! Bring -brought —brought

Rule No. 9

There are 4 types of questions in English:

We go to the theater every Saturday. - Welet's goVtheatereverySaturday.

• General(general): Do we go to the theater every Saturday? —Welet's goVtheatereverySaturday?
• Special(special): Where do we go every Saturday? —WhereWelet's goeverySaturday?
• Alternative(alternative): Do we go to the theater every Saturday or every Sunday? —Welet's goVtheatereverySaturdayoreachSunday?
• Disjunctive(separating): We go to the theater every Saturday, don’t we? —Welet's goVtheatereverySaturday, NotSowhether?

Rule No. 10

To make an impersonal sentence, you need a pronoun It:

• It is cold today. - TodayCold.
• It is morning. - Morning.
• It is difficult to translate this text. - Thistextdifficulttranslate.

Rule № 11

After alliances asif,asthough(as if, as if, as if, as if) in the conditional mood, verb tobe in the 3rd person singular takes the form were:

• She speaks so proudlyas if she wasn't guilty. “She speaks so proudly, as if she’s not guilty.”
• Tom looks as though he were rich. - VolumelooksSoas ifHerich.

Rule No. 12

Conditional incentive sentences in the 1st and 3rd person are formed using the word Let's:

• Let's I have a look at these pictures. - Let me look at these photographs.
• Let's him sleep, he is tired. - Giveto himsleep, Hetired.

Rule No. 13

Everyone knows what the word is many is used with countable nouns, and the word much- with the uncountable. But, if suddenly you find it difficult, doubt, forgot the rule or don’t understand what noun is in front of you, feel free to use a combination of words alotof. It applies to both types of nouns.

• Many birds a lot of birds
• Much sugar - a lot of sugar

Rule no.14

A bunch of English words- polysemic, that is, they can have several meanings. It depends on the context and meaning of the sentence. To more accurately understand the translation, you should consult a dictionary and clarify in what context the word is used.

• Toshoot- shoot on video; toshoot- fire
• Country- a country; country- village, village

Rule No. 15

Verb do can replace the main verb in a sentence. For example.

IN last years learning English has become so popular that some are sometimes even surprised that someone does not know it. This is not surprising, since English can be considered the most “international”, it is spoken in almost all countries of the world (of course, in addition to the native language). Those who want further career prospects for themselves strive to learn it first, and only then can they start learning other languages ​​if they wish. Of course, this is not easy, because the rules of the English language, its grammar, are strikingly different from those inherent native language person. And, in addition to them, you need to learn many foreign words in order to be able to express yourself in such a way that you are understood. But let’s assume that you have already started studying a long time ago, and you need a list of the most common mistakes made when speaking or writing text. We suggest you take note of the basic rules of the English language, in which mistakes are most often made.

1. Verbs Present Simple (present indefinite tense): they are used when we are talking about any action (I do - I do) that occurs in general. For example: I drive a bus - I drive a bus. That is, this action does not necessarily happen at this moment, it happens in general, constantly. Remember that such verbs are used in their “pure” form only in relation to the pronouns I, we, you, they (I, we, you, they). With the pronouns he, she, it (he, she, it), the ending -s- is added to the verbs, for example: Henry works in a bank - Henry works in a bank.
2. The rules of the English language state that the auxiliary verb will (in in this case not translated), which serves to form the future tense, is not used with words such as while, when, after, before, as soon as, till, until - while, when, after, before, as soon as, until , until.
3. to and must, despite the similarity of meaning, still differ in meaning. Thus, I have to do it means “I must/forced to do this,” and I must to do it should be understood as “I am obliged to do this.”
4. Studying further the rules of the English language, please note that verbs ending in -ing- are used before at, in, of, with, for, instead of, about, in spite of (in, in, from, with, to, a, approximately , despite) and after after, before (after, before). For example: are you interested in reading of this book - are you interested in reading this book?

In addition, you need to remember about the correct construction of sentences. We are accustomed to the fact that the Russian language is so great and powerful that it allows arbitrary rearrangement of words among themselves, and the meaning of the sentence will not change and will be understandable. In English, everything is not like that: if you rearrange it as you please, you will get nothing more than an ordinary set of words that have no connection. It is for this reason that it is important to learn the rules of the English language, in which there are nine types of sentences, each of which is constructed according to its own laws. The classification of species is as follows:

1) narrative (subject - simple predicate - other parts of speech);

2) interrogative (built based on the expected answer: general issues, to which it is quite possible to answer “yes, no”; special, requiring only a complete answer; issues of choice; dividing, consisting of a sentence and the question itself);

3) imperative (the only one that does not have a subject);

4) exclamations (in structure identical to narrative ones, but with greater expression and intonation);

5) negative (have only one negation);

6) answers to questions (based on the question asked);

7) (nominal and verbal, for example: it is cold - cold, or it’s getting warm - it becomes warm);

8) vaguely personal (one can do it easily - it can be done easily);

9) complex sentences(consist of several independent clauses).

Of course, all this is just quick basics English language, because in fact there are much more rules. But, as you know, nothing is impossible. Therefore, if the desire to learn English is very strong, in addition to the rules, do not forget that you need to communicate in this language. The fact is that, having learned a language only on paper, you will hardly be able to understand it in real life. colloquial speech without having any practice. If you have no one to communicate with in English, the solution is simple: watch films without translation and try to catch intonations, peculiarities of pronunciation of words and other nuances. This way you will begin to think faster and, therefore, speak English as fluently as possible.