INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION. METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION
INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION. METROLOGY AND
CERTIFICATION (ISC)
Official publication
Standardinform
The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 “Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-2009 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Rules for development, adoption, application, updating and cancellation"
Standard information
1 DEVELOPED by the Limited Liability Company NIUPTS "Interregional Window Institute" (NIUPTs "Interregional Window Institute") with the participation of the Institution "Scientific* Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences" (NIISF RAASN). State Unitary Enterprise "Research Institute of Moscow Construction" (SUE "NIIMosstroy")
2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 465 “Construction”
3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization, Technical Regulation and Conformity Assessment in Construction (MNTKS) (Minutes dated June 14, 2012 No. 40)
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Short name of the country no MK (ISO 3166) 004-97 |
Country code no MK (ISO 3166) 004-97 |
Abbreviated name of the government agency for construction management |
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Azerbaijan |
Gosstroy |
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Ministry of Urban Development |
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Kyrgyzstan |
Gosstroy |
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Ministry of Regional Development |
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Tajikistan |
Agency for Construction and Architecture under the Government |
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Uzbekistan |
Gosarkhitektsgroi |
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Minoegion of Ukoaina |
4 By Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated December 27, 2012 No. 1983-st, the interstate standard GOST 30971-2012 was put into effect as a national standard Russian Federation from January 01, 2014
5 INSTEAD GOST 30971-2002
Information about changes to this standard is published in the annual information index “National Standards”, and the text of changes and amendments is published in the monthly information index “National Standards”. In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, the corresponding notice will be published in the monthly information index of the National Standards." Relevant information, notifications and texts are also posted in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet
© Standardinform. 2014
In the Russian Federation, this standard cannot be fully or partially reproduced, replicated and distributed as an official publication without permission from the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology
This standard is intended for use when performing work on filling installation gaps between the surface of a wall opening and the frame planes of a window (door) block, as well as when designing junctions of window and door blocks.
This standard was developed on the basis of a technical analysis of many years of operation of window (door) units in various climatic conditions on the territory of the Russian Federation and the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
This standard is aimed at improving the comfort of living, increasing durability and energy efficiency in construction in terms of increasing the requirements for the heat-shielding characteristics of the junction points of window (door) units.
The requirements of this standard are intended for use by organizations operating in the field of construction and design, regardless of their form of ownership and nationality.
Appendix 6 Examples of design solutions for window connection units
Appendix E Calculation method of assessment temperature regime nodes
Appendix E Assessment of thermal characteristics of junctions of window blocks to wall openings in laboratory
Appendix G Methodology for determining the water permeability of junctions of window blocks to wall openings in laboratory
Appendix I Methodology for determining air permeability and defects in junctions of window blocks to wall openings
INTERSTATE STANDARD
MOUNTING JOINTS OF JOINTS OF WINDOW UNITS TO WALL OPENINGS General technical conditions
Erection to joints of window assemblies adjoined to wall openings
Date of introduction - 2014-01-01
This standard applies to assembly seams at junctions of window blocks (including balcony ones) and transparent structures to the openings of the external walls of heated buildings.
This standard is used in the development of design and technological documentation for installation work during new construction and reconstruction (including replacement window designs in operated premises).
The requirements of this standard can be applied in the design and installation of junction units for external doors, gates, stained glass structures and strip glazing.
This standard does not apply to all types of suspended facade structures, winter gardens and translucent roofs, as well as attic window units, on window blocks special purpose regarding additional requirements for fire safety and burglary protection.
This standard uses normative references to the following interstate standards:
GOST 8.586.1-2005 (ISO 5167-1:2003) State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Measurement of flow and quantity of liquids and gases using standard restriction devices. Part 1. Principle of measurement method and general requirements
GOST 166-89 (ISO 3599-76) Calipers. Technical specifications GOST 427-75 Metal measuring rulers. Technical specifications GOST 2678-94 Rolled roofing and waterproofing materials. Test methods
GOST 7076-99 Construction materials and products. Method for determining thermal conductivity and thermal resistance under stationary thermal conditions
GOST 7502-98 Metal measuring tapes. Technical specifications GOST 10174-90 Polyurethane foam sealing gaskets for windows and doors. Specifications
GOST 17177-94 Heat-insulating construction materials and products. Test methods
GOST 21751-76 Sealants. Method for determining the conditional strength of relative elongation at break and relative residual deformation after break GOST 23166-99 Window blocks. General technical conditions GOST 24700-99 Wooden window blocks with double-glazed windows. Technical specifications GOST 25898-83 Construction materials and products. Methods for determining vapor permeation resistance
GOST 26254-84 Buildings and structures. Methods for determining the heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures
GOST 26433.0-85 Accuracy assurance system geometric parameters in construction. Rules for performing measurements. General provisions
GOST 26433.1-89 System for ensuring the accuracy of geometric parameters in construction. Rules for performing measurements. Factory-made elements
Official publication
GOST 26433.2-94 System for ensuring the accuracy of geometric parameters in construction. Rules for performing measurements of parameters of buildings and structures
GOST 26589-94 Roofing and waterproofing mastics. Test methods GOST 26602.2-99 Window and door units. Methods for determining air and water permeability
GOST 26629-85 Buildings and structures. Method of thermal ion control of the quality of thermal insulation of enclosing structures
GOST 27296-87 Noise protection in construction. Sound insulation of enclosing structures. Measurement methods
GOST 30494-96 Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters GOST 31167-2009 Buildings and structures. Methods for determining the air permeability of enclosing structures under natural conditions
Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of the reference standards using the “National Standards” index compiled as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the corresponding information indexes published in the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (changed), then when using this standard, you should be guided by the replacing (changed) standard. If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which a reference is made to it is applied in the part that does not affect this reference.
The following terms with corresponding definitions are used in this standard:
3.1 weather protection: An additional element installed externally to protect against the effects of atmospheric phenomena (rain, snow, wind, etc.) if the material of the outer layer of the assembly seam does not provide the required protection class.
3.2 water and vapor barrier layer: A layer that protects moisture or steam from the wall material from penetrating into the seam.
3.3 deformation resistance of an assembly seam: The ability of a seam to withstand changes in the linear dimensions of an assembly gap within specified limits (the value of the maximum permissible deformation) while maintaining the main characteristics under operational influences, expressed in cycles.
3.4 durability: Characteristics of the assembly seam. determining its ability to maintain performance qualities for a given period, confirmed by test results and expressed in conditional years of operation.
3.5 installation gap: The space between the surface of the wall opening and the frame of the window (door) block.
Note - There is an end (side) installation gap - the space between the wall opening and the end surface of the window frame and a front installation gap - the space between the surface of the quarter (full quarter) of the wall opening and front surface window box.
3.6 installation seam: An element of an abutment assembly, which is a combination of various insulating materials that fill the installation gap and have specified characteristics.
3.7 window quarter: Part of the wall protruding beyond the plane of the slope of the window opening.
3.8 vapor-permeable sealant: Sealant, the vapor permeability of which ensures compliance with the requirements of this standard for resistance to vapor permeation and the thickness of the outer layer of the installation joint.
3.9 pre-compressed sealing tape: PSUL: Pre-compressed elastic porous material based on polyurethane in the form of a tape, usually rectangular section impregnated with special compounds. An adhesive layer is applied to one side of the sealing tape, which can be reinforced with glass fiber (or other material) and protected with an anti-adhesive film according to regulatory documents 1.
3.10 window sill: A detail of the lower part of the internal frame of a window opening: a board, profile or slab, laid at the level of the lower beam of the window frame and made of wood. PVC. stone, metal, reinforced concrete.
3.11 working compression ratio of the tape: The ratio of the width of the tape after installation in the assembly seam to the maximum value of its expansion, at which the performance characteristics (parameters) declared by the manufacturer are ensured.
"GOST R 53338-2009 is in force in the Russian Federation. 2
3.12 assembly seam layer: Component part (zone) of the assembly seam. performing certain functions and meeting specified requirements.
3.13 junction of a window (balcony) block to a wall opening: A structural system that ensures the connection of a wall opening (including external and external parts) internal slopes) with a window (balcony) block box, including an assembly seam. window sill, ebb, as well as facing and fastening parts.
Figure 1 - Diagram of installation of a window unit in the opening of the outer wall of the building
1 - central layer; 2 - outer sealing layer; 3 - inner layer sealing; 4 - additional sealing layer; 5 - low tide; b - window sill
3.14 operational force impact on the assembly seam: Impact on the assembly seam. arising as a result of deformations of the wall opening and frame of the window block due to changes in temperature and humidity conditions and wind loads during operation.
3.15 operating conditions: Temperature and humidity characteristics of the internal microclimate, construction region and installation of the assembly joint.
4.1 Classes of construction joints
Depending on the basic operating requirements, installation seams are divided into classes according to Table 1.
Table 1 - Classification of installation seams according to performance characteristics
Notes
1 The value of the relative humidity of the indoor air, less than which there is no condensation on the inner surface of the assembly seam. determined for the temperature conditions of the coldest five-day period in the construction region and the conditions of the internal microclimate in the room according to its purpose. The value is determined by calculation method in accordance with the methodology in accordance with Appendix E or during a field survey in accordance with the methodology in accordance with Appendix E.
2 The value of the permissible deformation of the assembly seam is taken according to the worst indicator of the materials of the outer, central and inner layers and is determined as a percentage.
3 The value of the permissible deformation of the assembly seam is determined as the ratio of the value of the largest possible operational change in the size of the assembly seam without its destruction or reduction of the specified characteristics to the initial value of this size.
4 The required classes of construction seams are installed in working documentation to junction nodes
window blocks for wall projects._
4.2 Symbol
4.2.1 The symbol for an installation seam must include the letter index “ШМ” - installation seam, numerical designations of classes in terms of relative humidity, water permeability, air permeability, the value of permissible deformation and the designation of this standard.
An example of a symbol for an assembly seam with classes based on relative humidity - S. permissible deformation values - A, according to GOST 30971-2012:
ШМ 8-А GOST 30971-2012
Note - In the documentation for installation seams (agreement, contract, etc.), it is recommended to indicate the characteristics of the seams according to other classified parameters, as well as technical information as agreed between the manufacturer and the consumer (including specific values of the technical characteristics of installation seams and materials used for their devices, confirmed by test results).
If the documentation for assembly seams does not indicate a class, then it must be at least class B.
5.1 General provisions
5.1.1 Assembly seams at the junction points of window and door units are made in accordance with the requirements of this standard and design and technological documentation approved in accordance with the established procedure.
5.1.2 When developing structural solutions for installation joints, a set of materials should be used that work together and ensure that the following requirements are met:
Tightness (tightness) when exposed to precipitation and wind in accordance with current regulatory documents (ND); determined by the outer layer:
Absence of local freezing along the contour of the junction of the window block and the wall opening;
Resistance to operational loads:
Durability in accordance with the estimated service life of the window unit, but not lower than the requirements of this standard.
8 depending on the installation location, the design of wall openings and operating conditions, the installation seams of the junctions of window and door blocks can have different designs and the number of layers, and the rule must be observed: the inside is denser than the outside.
The materials used in the manufacture of assembly seams at the junction points of window and door units must ensure the possibility of their replacement during operation after the durability specified in this standard. The use of non-replaceable materials is permitted subject to confirmation of their durability for the entire period specified in the contract.
5.1.3 The construction of the assembly seam includes three or four layers that have different functional purposes:
The main central layer provides heat and sound insulation;
The outer layer of sealing - ensuring the diffusion of moisture from the assembly seam and protection from atmospheric influences(rain moisture, ultraviolet radiation, wind);
The inner sealing layer provides vapor barrier and protects the insulating layer from diffuse vaporous moisture from inside the room.
When installing window structures in external walls constructed using wet processes (masonry, monolithic concrete), it is necessary to protect the insulating layer from the migration of process moisture from the adjacent wall by installing an additional layer:
An additional layer is a water and vapor barrier layer between the middle layer of the seam and the surface of the opening, which can be arranged to prevent moisture or vapor from the wall material from penetrating into the seam.
Deformations of the window (door) block resulting from temperature differences (shear forces and tension-compression) must be absorbed by any one layer of the installation seam or due to the combined work of materials of two or three layers.
the choice of a constructive solution for the junction of the window (door) block to the opening of the outer wall is carried out at the stage of developing architectural and design solutions, taking into account the existing loads and is confirmed by appropriate calculations.
Application of the design principle of construction of an assembly seam. different from that specified in this paragraph above is permitted subject to appropriate justification in the form of calculations, full-scale or laboratory tests.
options for constructing an assembly seam are shown in Figure 2 (see options A and B).
I - outer waterproofing, vapor-permeable layer;
II - central heat and sound insulation layer:
III - internal vapor-layer:
IV - additional water and vapor emission layer
Figure 2 - option for constructing an assembly seam
5.1.4 Structural solutions for installation joints must be developed taking into account the material of external walls and the geometry of window openings, as well as special technological requirements for window blocks in accordance with GOST 23166. Examples of design solutions for junctions of window blocks with wall openings are given in Appendix c.
5.1.5 Construction joints must be resistant to various operational influences and loads: atmospheric factors. temperature and humidity influences from the room, force (temperature, shrinkage, etc.) deformations, wind and other loads (in accordance with the required class).
Requirements for thermal performance and deformation resistance of installation joints must correspond to the values in Table 1 and are established in the design and working documentation.
5.1.6 Materials for construction of installation joints are selected taking into account the force operational influences.
5.1.7 Thermal characteristics of the assembly joint must ensure temperature values on the inner surface are not lower than the dew point temperature at given values of the internal microclimate (depending on the purpose of the room) in accordance with GOST 30494 and outdoor air for the temperature conditions of the coldest five-day period in a particular region.
5.1.8 Air performance indicators. waterproofness and sound insulation of the seam must be no lower than the corresponding indicators for the window block.
Note - The required levels of sound insulation are ensured by the design of the junction unit, which includes the assembly seam. The specified characteristics of installation seams are not regulated by the requirements of this standard, but are ensured by compliance with the requirements of GOST 27296.
5.1.9 The general design solution of the junction unit (including the installation seam, elements of additional weather protection, finishing of the slopes, as well as all other elements that ensure the complete connection of the window block with the opening) must exclude the possibility of cold air infiltration through the installation seams in winter time(through blowing).
5.1.10 The outer sealing layer (see position 2, Figure 1) may have additional weather protection in the form of special profile elements, safety strips, linings, etc.
On the inside, the installation seams are covered with a layer of plaster or cladding parts for window slopes and a window sill.
8 of the lower part of the window opening, protection from atmospheric influences is additionally provided by ebb (see position 5. Figure 1), additional profile elements and etc.
5.1.11 The durability of assembly joints must be at least 20 conventional years of operation.
5.1.12 General requirements for construction seam materials - in accordance with Appendix A.
5.2 Dimensional requirements
5.2.1 The minimum dimensions of installation gaps for window blocks of various designs are taken in accordance with Table 2. Figure 3, as well as from the condition of ensuring the possibility of free thermal expansion of the window block without the occurrence of bending deformations of the profile elements.
It is recommended to additionally confirm the design dimensions of installation gaps in relation to the climatic conditions of the construction area by calculating the possible temperature change in the size of the window unit in the direction perpendicular to the designed seam (Appendix B).
The value of the installation gap for strip glazing structures exceeding 6 m and facade glazing is taken on the basis of technical calculations (recommendations of the manufacturer of the profile system).
Figure 3 - Installation gap location
5.2.2 The dimensions and configuration of window openings must correspond to those established in the working design documentation.
Table 2 - Installation clearance dimensions
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Material profile elements |
Overall size of the window block, mm |
Installation gap size, mm |
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2 Aluminum alloys | |||
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3 white PVC | |||
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4 PVC white | |||
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5 PVC. mass-dyed | |||
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6 PVC. mass-dyed | |||
The maximum size of the installation gap is determined based on the characteristics of the material of the central layer; the recommended size is no more than 60 mm.
5.2.3 The deviation from the vertical and horizontal sides of the opening should not exceed 4.0 mm per 1 m.
The check is carried out in three ways:
Construction level, with the width and height measured at least three times;
Measuring the diagonals of the opening.
Laser plane builder.
5.2.4 When determining installation gaps, it is necessary to take into account the maximum deviation from the dimensions of the window block frames. Deviations from the vertical and horizontal of the mounted window blocks should not exceed 1.5 mm per 1 m of length, but not more than 3 mm per product height. Installation of window blocks in openings with deviations in geometric dimensions exceeding those specified in 5.2.3. not allowed.
5.3 Requirements for the preparation of installation gap surfaces
5.3.1 The edges and surfaces of openings should not have chips, cavities, mortar overflows and other damage with a height (depth) of more than 10 mm.
Defective areas must be filled with waterproof compounds.
Voids in the slopes of wall openings (for example, cavities at the joints of the facing and base layers of brickwork at the junctions of lintels and masonry; gouges formed when removing frames when replacing window blocks, etc.) should be filled with inserts made of rigid foam insulation. anti-selted wood or plaster mixtures. When using mineral wool insulation, it is recommended to provide protection against moisture saturation. When installing window blocks in quarter openings, the recommended penetration beyond the quarter frame of the window block should be at least 10 mm.
Surfaces contaminated with oil should be degreased. Loose, crumbling areas of the opening surfaces must be strengthened (treated with binders or special film materials).
5.3.2 Before installing insulating materials into the installation gap, the surfaces of window openings and structures must be cleaned of dust, dirt and oil stains, and in winter conditions - from snow, ice, frost with subsequent heating of the surface.
5.3.3 Sequence of technological operations required to perform an assembly seam. is developed in the work production project in the form of technological maps. Technological maps should be developed taking into account the general climatic characteristics of the construction area, as well as the expected time of year for installation work.
The development of a technological map or regulations should be carried out taking into account the operations necessary to prepare the surfaces of the wall opening, as well as taking into account the requirements established in Appendix D.
5.4 Safety requirements
5.4.1 When carrying out work on installation of installation joints, as well as when storing and processing waste insulating and other materials, the requirements of building codes and regulations on safety in construction, rules fire safety during construction and installation work, sanitary standards and safety standards, including the Occupational Safety Standards System (OSSS). For all technological operations and production processes safety instructions should be developed (including operations related to the operation of electrical equipment and work at height).
5.4.2 Persons involved in installation must be provided with special clothing and personal protective equipment in accordance with RD.
5.4.3 Persons involved in installation, upon hiring, and also periodically, must undergo a medical examination in accordance with the current rules of the health authorities, safety instructions and be trained in safe work rules.
5.4.4 For all installation operations (including loading and unloading and transport), work safety instructions must be developed and approved in the prescribed manner.
5.5 Environmental requirements
5.5.1 All construction seam materials must be environmentally friendly. During transportation, storage and operation, these materials must not release toxic substances into the environment in concentrations exceeding permissible standards.
5.5.2 Disposal of waste generated during installation must be carried out by industrial processing in accordance with the terms of the current ND and legal documents.
6.1 Acceptance of finished assembly joints is carried out at construction sites (or house-building enterprises). Window openings with installed window blocks and completed assembly seams, made using the same technology, are subject to acceptance.
6.2 Acceptance of installation joints is carried out in stages by:
Incoming inspection of materials used;
Controlling the preparation of window openings and window blocks:
Monitoring compliance with requirements for the installation of window units;
Production operational control:
Acceptance tests upon completion of work;
Qualification and periodic laboratory tests of materials and assembly joints carried out by testing centers (laboratories).
The results of all types of control (tests) are recorded in the appropriate log books.
Completion of work on installation of installation joints is documented with an act for hidden work and an act of acceptance.
6.3 Incoming inspection of materials and products upon their receipt and storage is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the RD for these materials and products. At the same time, they check sanitary and epidemiological conclusions, expiration dates, labeling of products (containers), certificates of conformity (if available), a document confirming the quality of the batch for the materials used, containing the results of acceptance and delivery periodic testing to the extent of technical indicators, in accordance with Appendix A. as well as fulfillment of the conditions established in supply contracts.
6.4 Control of the preparation of window openings and installation of window blocks is carried out in accordance with the technological documentation for installation work, taking into account the requirements of the current design documentation and this standard.
When drawing up a work acceptance certificate, the following is checked:
Preparing the surfaces of window openings:
Dimensions (maximum deviations) of window openings:
Deviations from the dimensions of installation gaps;
Compliance of installation clearances with the requirements of working documentation (RD);
Other requirements established in the RD and technological documentation.
If the quality of the openings does not meet at least one of the above requirements, then the opening cannot be accepted according to the acceptance certificate, and an act is drawn up with a list of deficiencies that need to be eliminated.
6.5 When drawing up an installation report for fasteners, check:
Type and dimensions of fasteners:
Compliance of the location of fasteners with the requirements of the RD;
Compliance of the depth (screwing in) and fit of the dowels with the dimensions specified in the RD-
6.6 When drawing up a quality report for filling installation gaps, check:
Filling depth, installation joint size;
No voids, cracks, or peelings:
Size of sinks (if available).
6.7 When drawing up a quality report for applying the outer and inner layers of the assembly seam, check:
Compliance of the installation of insulating materials with the requirements of the RD:
The thickness of the layer and the width of the strip of contact of the sealant with the surfaces of the window opening and the window structure.
6.8 Operational quality control of installation seams is carried out immediately after completion of sealing work before the start of finishing of internal slopes, while:
Window openings for control measurements are chosen arbitrarily;
To assess the quality of sealing, non-destructive testing methods are used based on the criterion of continuity and uniformity of the sealing contour around the perimeter of the window opening:
To evaluate the above parameters, a method is used to remotely measure temperatures using a non-contact method on the inner and outer surfaces of the seam in accordance with the control measurement scheme presented in Figure 5 using a portable pyrometer. Instruments used for measurements must undergo initial verification according to (1).
The measurement results are recorded in a special annex to the acceptance certificate for hidden work.
1 - overall outline of the window block: 2 - installation seam: 3 - control points along the perimeter of the window opening for measuring temperatures on the inner surface of the seam;
Where is the temperature of the inner surface of the wall; Where is the temperature of the outer surface of the wall; G * w - temperature of the inner surface of the seam; Гнш - temperature of the outer surface of the weld; H - distance from the plane of the window opening to the measuring point
Figure 5 - Temperature control measurement diagram for quality assessment
construction seam execution
6.9 Monitoring of the thermal characteristics of the installation space is carried out using the method in accordance with Appendix E.
6.10 Classification and periodic laboratory tests of installation joints are carried out at the request of design, construction and other organizations to confirm the classification characteristics and performance indicators of installation joints in accordance with Appendix A.
It is allowed to determine the characteristics of installation seams by calculation methods according to the RD. approved in accordance with the established procedure.
7.1 Test methods for materials at entrance control qualities are established in the technological documentation taking into account the requirements of the ND for these materials and the requirements of this standard.
7.1.1 Determination of conditional strength and elongation at break of sealants, diffusion and vapor lamination tapes are determined according to GOST 21751.
7.1.2 Determination of tensile strength and elongation at break of foam seal
7.1.2.1 Test specimen
The test specimen is a prism of cured foam with dimensions cross section 50><50 мм и толщиной 30 мм. приклеенную между двумя жесткими пластинами, приготовленную следующим образом.
The foam container is pre-shaken 20-30 times. The baked goods are released from a cylinder into a mold measuring 50 mm wide. 50 mm high and 300 mm long, which is lined with anti-adhesive paper on the inside (surface treatment with anti-adhesive compounds is allowed). The mold surfaces are pre-moistened.
After curing, excess foam protruding beyond the dimensions of the mold is cut off. Five foam prisms of the required size are cut out from the resulting board.
The samples are glued to metal plates measuring 70x50 mm. The thickness of the plates is selected from the condition that they should not deform under the force generated when the sample is destroyed. The plates can be concrete, metal, wood or other material. The adhesive should not destroy the structure of the foam and ensure the adhesion strength of the foam to the plates is higher than the strength of the foam itself upon destruction.
7.1.2.2 Test performance
The tensile test is carried out on a tensile testing machine in accordance with GOST 21751 at a speed of 10 mm/min. The tinplate sample and plates are secured into the clamps of the tensile testing machine.
The tensile force is applied perpendicular to the surface of the sample in the direction that simulates the direction of force loads on the material under the conditions of its use. An example of attaching samples to a tensile testing machine is shown in Figure 6.
7.1.2.3 Evaluation of results
Tensile strength S p , MPa. calculated by the formula
where F p is the maximum tensile force. N;
S - cross-sectional area, mm 2.
The test result is taken as the arithmetic mean value of the indicator, calculated from at least three parallel determinations, the discrepancy between which does not exceed 10%.
Relative elongation at break e.%, calculated by the formula
Figure 6 - Example of attaching a sample to a tensile testing machine when determining the tensile strength of a linen seal
where / 0 is the initial height of the sample, mm:
/h - height of the sample at the moment of rupture, mm.
The test result is taken as the arithmetic mean value of the indicator, calculated from at least three parallel determinations, and the average value should not differ from any used in the calculation by more than 20%.
7.1.3 The adhesion strength of sealants to the materials of wall openings and window structures is determined according to GOST 26589. Method B.
7.1.4 Peeling resistance (adhesive strength) of film and tape materials is determined according to GOST 10174.
7.1.5 Determination of the adhesion strength of foam insulation to the materials of wall openings and window structures
7.1.5.1 Test specimens
The adhesion strength is determined on samples - fragments of seams, in which a foam seam measuring 50x50x30 mm is located between two substrates. Samples are prepared by foaming. The material for which the adhesion strength of the foam is determined is used as a substrate: P8X. metal, concrete, painted wood, etc. The size of the substrates should be 70x50 mm. and the thickness is 3-20 mm depending on the type of material.
To make samples, prepare a mold from particle boards or other rigid material with the following dimensions: width 70 mm. height
70 mm and length 300 mm. which is lined with paper on the inside. The substrates are placed in the mold across the length like this. so that between the 1st and 2nd. 3rd and 4th and so on for five samples the distance was 30 mm. the distance should be set using wooden inserts measuring 10x30x70 mm. wrapped in anti-adhesive paper. Foam prepared in accordance with 7.1.2.1. fill the space between the liners approximately 60% from the cylinder with adapter and 100% from the cylinder with the gun. After curing, the samples are removed from the mold and cleaned of excess foam. There should be five samples for testing.
7.1.5.2 Testing - in accordance with 7.1.2.2.
7.1.5.3 Evaluation of results
The adhesion strength of the foam insulation to the substrate material is calculated in accordance with 7.1.2.3. The nature of destruction of the samples is also recorded: adhesive or cohesive.
7.1.6 Water absorption of flax insulation by volume under surface exposure to water is determined according to subsection 10.4 of GOST 17177.
7.1.7 Resistance to vapor permeation and coefficient of vapor permeability of construction seam materials - in accordance with GOST 25698.
7.1.8 Thermal characteristics of construction seam materials - in accordance with GOST 7076.
7.2 Qualification and periodic laboratory test methods
7.2.1 The deformation resistance of the assembly seam is determined by cyclic tensile-compression tests with a permissible deformation value corresponding to the class of performance characteristics at which the integrity of the seam is maintained.
7.2.2 Test specimens
The test is carried out on samples - fragments of seams made according to 7.1.5.1. 8, substrates with dimensions of 100x50 mm can also be used as substrates in the manufacture of samples. Accordingly, the width of the mold for making samples should also change. The number of samples for testing is at least three.
7.2.3 Test performance
For testing, use a low-cycle fatigue machine of the MUM-3-100 type (see Figure 7) or any testing machine that provides alternating deformation of samples with a given deformation value and rate. The test speed should be 5-10 mm/min. The test is carried out at a temperature of (2013) °C.
The tensile-compression strain value is set in the test program, corresponding to a certain class of installation seam. but not less than 8%. The amplitude of tensile-compressive deformation l (, mm. is calculated using the formula
where £ is the given deformation. %; b - sample thickness, mm; l(- amplitude of tension - compression, mm;
At least 20 cycles of tension and compression of the samples are carried out.
7.2.4 Evaluation of results
After completion of the cyclic tests, the samples are subjected to visual inspection. The test result is considered satisfactory if each sample does not have through delaminations, delaminations from the substrates and destruction.
Figure 7 - Low-cycle fatigue machine when testing foam insulation for deformation resistance
7.3 The resistance of the installation seam to operating temperatures is determined by the materials of the outer insulating layer.
7.3.1 The assessment of frost resistance is determined by the flexibility on a beam with a radius of curvature of 25 mm in accordance with GOST 26589 at a temperature of minus 20 ° C for conventional seams and minus 40 ° C for frost-resistant seams.
7.3.2 Heat resistance assessment is determined according to GOST 26589.
7.4 The preparation of the surfaces of window openings is assessed visually.
7.5 Geometric dimensions of installation gaps, wall openings, mounted windows
structures and the size of defects in the surfaces of openings are measured with a metal measuring tape in accordance with GOST 7502, a metal ruler in accordance with GOST 427, and a caliper in accordance with GOST 166 using methods in accordance with GOST 26433.0 and GOST 26433.1. Others may be used
measuring instruments verified (calibrated) in accordance with the established procedure, with an error specified in regulatory documents.
When measuring deviations from the plumb line (vertical) and horizontal level of the surfaces of window openings and structures, you should use the measurement rules in accordance with GOST 26433.2.
7.6 The appearance and quality of construction of the layers of the assembly seam are assessed visually with illumination of at least 300 lux at a distance of 400-600 mm.
The thickness of the sealant layer and the width of the contact strip with the surfaces of the window opening and window structure are checked as follows.
7.7 The thickness of the sealant used as the outer (inner) layer of the assembly seam. measured after the sealant has cured. A U-shaped cut is made in the sealant layer, and the cut out part of the sealant is bent outward.
The designated U-shaped section of the sealant is separated from the foam base and the thickness of the narrowest part of the sealant film is measured using a caliper.
To control the degree of compression K.” % of self-expanding tape (PSUL), it is necessary to select a piece of tape, measure the restored dimension by thickness H^ the width of the seam at the point where the tape is taken H and calculate the degree of compression using the formula
7.8 Qualification and periodic laboratory test methods
7.8.1 Thermal characteristics of the assembly joint are determined by calculation method in accordance with Appendix E in laboratory conditions or by field examination using the method in accordance with Appendix E.
The water permeability of outer layer sealants is determined according to GOST 2678.
7.8.2 The air permeability of installation joints is determined in laboratory conditions according to the method specified in GOST 26602.2. It is recommended to determine the air permeability of installation joints under natural conditions in conjunction with monitoring the overall air permeability of a building or a separate room in accordance with GOST 31167 (Appendix I).
When conducting tests in laboratory conditions, the opening of the test chamber must be identical to the design of the wall opening, and the sample window block must be identical to the window block given in the design documentation for the assembly joint being tested (junction assembly). The design and technology of the installation seam are adopted in accordance with the design solution of the junction unit established in the design documentation.
7.8.3 Sound insulation of installation joints is determined according to GOST 27296.
The requirements for the test chamber are similar to those specified in 7.8.2, but the following conditions must be met:
the box of the window unit is filled with a panel, carefully insulating the gaps in the connection between the box and the panel.
The design of the panel and the insulation of gaps during sound insulation tests must provide a calculated sound insulation of at least 45 dBA.
Test conditions are specified in the test assignment (direction).
7.8.4 The resistance of the installation seam to operating temperatures is determined by the materials of the outer insulating layer.
7.8.5 Methods for testing the indicators of materials used for construction of construction joints are established in the RD for these materials and in current standards.
7.8.6 The durability (service life) of an assembly seam can be determined as the minimum durability of the materials that make up the outer central or inner layer of the assembly seam. determined according to methods agreed upon and approved in accordance with the established procedure.
7.8.7 The compatibility of the construction seam materials is confirmed by comparing the pH values of the contacting materials, while contact of materials with an acidic or alkaline reaction is not allowed.
The work contractor guarantees compliance of the installation joints with the requirements of this standard, provided that the requirements of this standard are met and the operational loads on the installation joints comply with the design values established in the RD.
The warranty period for the installation seam is established in the contract between the work manufacturer and the customer, but not less than five years from the date of signing the acceptance certificate at the construction site or from the date of shipment of the factory-made panel with the installed window unit.
A1 General requirements for materials
A.1.1 Materials used in the construction of assembly joints must comply with the requirements of standards, technical specifications and the terms of supply contracts. The use of materials with an expired shelf life is permitted only if the results of repeated (additional) tests are positive for their compliance with established requirements.
A. 1.2 Materials used in the construction of assembly joints must have a sanitary and epidemiological certificate in accordance with state legislation.
A. 1.3 Materials used for installation joints must have an operating operating temperature in the range from minus 10 *C to plus 40 *C.
A. 1.4 The installation unit must be designed so that the durability of the materials used for installation joints is at least 20 years in accordance with 5.1.9.
A. 1.5 Materials used for the construction of various layers of the construction seam. must be compatible with each other, as well as with the materials of the wall opening, window frame and fasteners.
A.1.6 the possibility of using a particular combination of materials should be checked by calculating the humidity conditions of the installation joint, taking into account the operating conditions of the premises. The defining criteria in accordance with the current ND are:
Inadmissibility of moisture accumulation in the installation seam during the annual period of operation;
Limiting the accumulation of moisture in the heat-insulating layer during the period of operation with negative average monthly outdoor temperatures.
A. 1.7 When making installation joints with a vapor permeability resistance of the outer waterproofing layer of less than 0.25 m 2 h Pa/mg and a vapor permeability resistance of the inner vapor barrier layer of more than 2 m*h-Pa/mg, checking the humidity conditions according to A.1.6 is not required.
A. 1.8 Materials for constructing assembly joints should be stored in compliance with the storage conditions specified in the ND for these materials.
A.2 Requirements for the outer layer
A.2.1 The outer layer of the assembly seam must be waterproof under rain exposure and a given (calculated) pressure difference between the outer and inner surfaces of the assembly seam.
The water permeability limit of the installation joint must be at least 300 Pa.
A.2.2 The materials of the outer layer should not interfere with the removal of vaporous moisture from the central layer of the seam.
The vapor permeability value of the outer layer of the seam should be no more than 0.25 m 2 h Pa/mg.
A.2.3 The materials of the outer layer of the assembly joint must be resistant to the following operating temperatures:
For conventional seams - from plus 70 *C to minus 30 *C;
For frost-resistant seams - from plus 70 * C to minus 31 C and below.
A.2.4 When making the outer layer with a vapor-permeable sealant, the requirements given in Table A.1 must be met.
Table A1 - Technical requirements for vapor-permeable sealants
|
Indicator name |
measurements |
Meaning indicator |
|
Conditional strength at the moment of rupture, not less | ||
|
Relative elongation e moment of rupture on sample blades is not less than | ||
|
Strength of adhesion to materials of wall openings and window structures, not less | ||
|
Permissible deformation, not less * | ||
|
Note - Reference indicators are marked with “*”. |
||
The contact surface of the layer of vapor-permeable sealant with the material of the wall opening and the window block must be sufficient to ensure the required adhesion strength. The width of the contact layer is at least 3 mm.
The actual layer thickness must be specified in the RD. The minimum layer thickness after shrinkage should be no less than that. on which the sealant was tested for durability. If there is no data on the thickness of samples during durability tests, it must be taken equal to 3 mm. The maximum layer thickness should be no more than that. on which the vapor transmission resistance values corresponding to A.2.2 were obtained.
The maximum permissible radius of curvature of the sealant layer in the areas of the “mounting foam/window block” and “mounting foam/wall opening” joints must be specified in the manufacturer’s RD for the sealant.
The thickness of the sealant layer is measured according to 7.7.
The surface of the sealant should not have cracks, the sealant layer should not delaminate or peel off from the materials of the assembly seam.
A.2.5 When making the outer layer with self-expanding vapor-permeable sealing tapes, the following requirements must be met:
The value of the coefficient of vapor permeability in the state of working compression is not less than 0.14 mg/(mchPa);
Water absorption by the surface of self-expanding sealing tapes by volume during working compression of the tape for 12 hours should not exceed 4%;
Self-expanding sealing strips must cover the installation gap in a state close to the optimal operating compression ratio, which must be at least 25% of their total expansion. The compression resistance of sealing tapes at 50% deformation must be at least 2.5 kPa:
Resistance to peeling of sealing and diffusion tapes from concrete base must be at least 0.3 kN/m (kgf/cm).
In cases where tapes are used to seal assembly gaps in building structures intended for use with increased wind (for example, in high-rise construction) and other loads, sealing tapes should be used in conjunction with protective overlay profiles (flashing).
A.2.6 When using plaster mortars in the outer layer of the assembly joint, it is necessary to ensure appropriate adhesion with the materials of the wall and the structure of the window block, in the places where the plaster mortar adjoins PVC profile sealing required.
Application of a plaster layer, putty or painting compounds that impair the performance of installation joints on the vapor-permeable material of the outer layer is not allowed.
A.3 Requirements for the central layer
A.3.1 The central layer must provide the required thermal characteristics of the assembly seam.
A.3.2 As a rule, polyurethane foams are used as materials for the central layer. The optimal width of the foam seal layer is 15-60 mm. depth - no less than the thickness of the light-transparent box. Work using polyurethane foams is allowed at temperatures not lower than minus 10 °C. Technical characteristics for foam insulation of this layer are given in Table A.2
Table A.2 - Technical characteristics of foam insulation
|
Indicator name |
measurements |
Meaning indicator |
|
1 Tensile strength, not less* | ||
|
2 Elongation at break, not less | ||
|
3 Thermal conductivity coefficient in dry condition, no more than* | ||
|
4 Moisture absorption by volume with surface exposure to moisture in 24 hours, no more than* | ||
|
5 Strength of adhesion to materials of wall openings and window structures, not less |
End of Table A.2
Other sealants can be used as the material of the middle layer (for example, Germolen, jute strands, polyethylene foam tubes or tapes installed on the side of the inner layer of the seam), ensuring reliable operation of the assembly seam when installed using the caulking method with a compression ratio of the material of at least 75%.
At the same time, resistance to temperature effects must be ensured over the entire temperature range for the construction region.
A.3.3 The vapor permeability resistance of the central layer of the assembly seam must be within the range of values of this indicator for the outer and inner layers.
8 in the case of using window block frame profiles with a width of more than 80 mm and if the width of the installation gap exceeds the dimensions provided for by this standard by more than 1.5 times, the gap should be filled in layers, with intervals between layers using the technology recommended by the manufacturer of the foam insulation.
Cutting off excess foam sealant is allowed both from the outside and from the inside, provided that the sealant is covered with a continuous insulating layer.
A.3.4 In the case of installing an additional water and vapor barrier layer, insulating tapes (usually without aluminum foil), mastics or sealants are used to prevent the impact of diffusion moisture from the side of the wall opening on the materials of the central layer. The value of the vapor permeability resistance of the additional water and vapor barrier layer should not be lower than this indicator for the inner layer of the seam.
A.3.5 Filling the installation gap with heat-insulating materials must be continuous in cross-section, without voids and leaks, breaks, cracks and overflows. Delaminations, through gaps, cracks, as well as holes larger than 6 mm are not allowed.
A.4 Requirements for the inner layer
A.4.1 The inner layer must ensure vapor tightness of the assembly seam.
The vapor permeability resistance of the inner layer must exceed this figure for the central layer and have a vapor permeation resistance value of at least 2.0 m 2 h Pa/mg.
A.4.2 The materials used for the inner layer are mainly: self-adhesive tapes and vapor-release elastic sealants.
A.4.3 Vapor insulation materials along the internal contour of the installation gap must be laid continuously, without gaps, breaks or unsealed areas.
A.4.4 When making the inner layer with a vapor barrier elastic sealant, the following requirements must be met:
Conditional strength at the moment of rupture is not less than 0.1 MPa:
Relative elongation at the moment of rupture on blade samples is not less than 200%:
The contact surface of the sealant with the wall opening material and the window block must be sufficient to ensure the required adhesion strength. The width of the contact layer must be at least 3 mm:
The actual layer thickness must be specified in the RD. The minimum thickness of the layer after shrinkage must meet the requirements for vapor permeability in accordance with A.4.1 and durability in 5.1.11.
In the absence of data on the thickness of samples during durability tests, it is taken equal to 3 mm.
The layer thickness is measured according to 7.7:
Inner layer materials may be applied to a patch cord (tube) made of foamed elastic polyethylene with a water absorption by volume of no more than 1.5%;
The surface of the sealant should not have cracks, and the sealant layer should not delaminate.
Calculated change in the size of the window frame element (frame) dL. in the direction perpendicular to the designed seam. determined by formula (B.1):
AL = (k-ATI)K np . (B.1)
where I is the size of the window frame element in the direction perpendicular to the designed seam, m;
k - coefficient of thermal expansion of the window frame profile material, accepted for:
Pine, spruce/oak wood - 5/8(*10) in C;
Steel - 10(*10)*C;
Fiberglass - 12(*10) in C;
Aluminum -23(*10)*С;
PVC profiles reinforced with a steel liner, white/colored - 40/50(*10)®С;
DG - temperature interval that causes the maximum possible change in the size of the window frame for a given climatic region, determined by formula (B.2):
where G tp is the absolute minimum air temperature for a given climatic region, determined according to the current ND;
the maximum possible heating temperature of the surface of the box (frame) profile under operating conditions due to the unfavorable combination of high outside air temperature and directional exposure to solar radiation, for a white surface, equal to 55 ° C. for non-white color - 70 °C.
Kpr - dimensionless correction factor taking into account the influence of uneven heating (cooling) of the frame profiles across the cross section, accepted for window blocks of white color K w = 0.4 and non-white color = 0.5.
insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape (PSUL); 2 - foam insulation: 3 - anchor plate; 4 - laroiolating sealant
Figure B.1 - Unit for the top (side) connection of a window block to an opening with a quarter in a brick wall using PSUL tape without finishing
internal slope
1 - vapor-permeable sealant: 2 - frame dowel: 3 - decorative plug: 4 - sealant: 5 - foam insulation: b - vapor barrier sealant; 7 - plaster mortar
Figure B.2a - Assembly of the upper (side) connection of the window block to the opening with a quarter in a brick wall using a vapor-permeable sealant with finishing of the internal slope with plaster mortar
5 - linen insulation; b - vapor barrier sealant; 7 - plaster mortar; 8 - insulation
Figure 8.25 - Assembly of the upper (side) connection of the window block to the opening with a quarter in a brick wall with an offset inward using a vapor-permeable sealant
with finishing of the internal slope with plaster mortar
1 - insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape (PSUL) with a PVC strip; 2 - foam insulation: 3 - anchor plate; 4 - vapor barrier tape
Figure V.Z - Unit for the upper (side) connection of a window block to an opening without a quarter in a single-layer concrete panel wall using PSUL
1 - vapor-permeable sealant; 2 - foam insulation; 3 - frame dowel;
4 - vapor-tight sealant or vapor barrier tape; 5 - PVC corner; 6 - polyethylene film; 7 - painted plasterboard sheet; 8 - PVC corner
Figure B.4 - Assembly of the upper (side) connection of a window block to an opening without a quarter in a single-layer concrete panel wall using sealants and finishing the internal slope with a moisture-resistant plasterboard sheet
1 - ebb: 2 - noise-absorbing lining; 3 - linen insulation; 4 - support block; 5 - PVC corner; 6 - vapor-tight sealant or vapor barrier tape;
7 - support bar: 8 - PVC window sill; 9 - plaster mortar
Figure B.5 - Assembly of the lower connection of the window block to the opening without a quarter in a single-layer concrete panel wall using laroiolating tape
1 - insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape (PSUL); 2 - anchor plate; 3 - foam insulation; 4 - vapor-tight sealant or vapor barrier tape;
5 - liner made of antiseptic lumber; b - dowel with locking screw
Figure B.6 - Assembly of the side (top) connection of a window block to an opening in a three-layer concrete panel wall with effective insulation using PSUL and vapor barrier tape
1 - ventilated facade (shown conditionally): 2 - anchor Ф6*60 (fastening pitch - 500 mm); 3 - laron-resistant sealant: 4 - foam insulation: 5 - vapor-tight sealant: 6 - anchor plate: 7 - dowel with locking screw
Figure B.7 - Assembly of the upper (side) connection to the opening in the wall with a ventilated facade with brick cladding using sealants
1 - firewall: 2 - vapor-permeable sealant: 3 - decorative plug; 4 - construction screw; 5 - silicone sealant; b - laromatic sealant; 7 - linen insulation
Figure B.8a - Assembly of the upper (side) assembly of the junction of the wooden window block to the opening in
frame wall
1 - cover plate; 2 - vapor-permeable sealant: 3 - decorative plug; 4 - construction screw: 5 - silicone sealant: 6 - vapor barrier sealant: 7 - foam insulation
Figure B.86 - Assembly of the upper (side) assembly of the junction of a wooden window block to the opening in
wall made of logs and timber
1 - ebb: 2 - noise-absorbing lining; 3 - foam insulation: 4 - waterproofing tape;
5 - support block; 6 - silicone sealant; 7 - construction screw; 8~ anchor plate:
9 - silicone sealant; 10 - vapor barrier tape: 11 - support block; 12 construction screw;
13 - anti-elting block
Figure B.9 - Assembly of the lower junction of a wooden window block to an opening in a wooden wall
D.1 Installation and fastening of window units
D.1.1 The choice of installation location for the window block according to the depth of the wall opening is determined according to the design solution. In this case, the values of installation gaps should be taken into account in accordance with 5.6.1.
D.1.2 Window blocks are installed level within the permissible deviations and temporarily fixed with installation wedges or other means in places corner connections boxes and imposts. After installation and temporary fixation, the window block box is attached to the wall opening using fasteners (see Figure B.1). The installation wedges are removed before installing the insulating layer of the mounting seam. When installing window blocks, it is allowed to use support pads, which, after fastening, are turned from the installation position to the working position (see Figures B.2 and B.3), their installation sites are filled with insulating material from the outside and inside sides.
c) Fastening with flexible anchor plates
a) Fastening with spacer frame dowels (closed frame reinforcement)
b) Fastening with spacer frame dowels (U-shaped frame reinforcement)
Figure D.1 - Schemes for attaching window blocks to the wall
D.1.3 The selection of fastening elements and their embedment depth in the wall is established in the RD based on calculation bearing capacity fasteners
The distance between the window fastening points along the contour of the opening is established based on the technical requirements of the manufacturer of the profile system.
Distance from internal corner the distance between the box and the fastening element should not exceed 150-160 mm; from the impost connection unit to the fastening element - 120-180 mm.
The minimum distances between fastening elements should not exceed those indicated in Table D.1:
Table D.1 - Distances between fasteners
D, 1.4 To transfer loads acting in the plane of the window block to building structure support (bearing) pads are used from polymer materials hardness of at least 80 units. Shore A or preservative-impregnated hardwood. The number and location of support blocks are determined in the technological documentation. The recommended block length is 100-120 mm. The support blocks are installed after attaching the window block to
wall opening with fasteners.
An example of the location of the mounting points of the frame and support (bearing) pads and fasteners when installing a window unit is shown in Figure D.2.
6) Window block with a free-standing (shtulpoe) vestibule
a) Window block with vertical impost
A - distance between fasteners; shtt - support (load-bearing) pads;
Fasteners (systems).
Figure D.2 - Examples of the location of support (load-bearing) blocks
and fasteners
a) Window block with b) Window block with c) Window block with
tilt and turn swing system non-opening
sash opening system sash opening with sash
A - distance between fasteners;
M* - support (load-bearing) pads;
- « - fasteners (systems)
Figure D.Z - Examples of the location of support (load-bearing) blocks and fasteners in single-leaf window units
D.2 Requirements for finishing window openings
D.2.1 The junction of overhead internal slopes (regardless of their design) to the frame of the window block and the assembly seam must be sealed, and measures must be taken to prevent the appearance of cracks and crevices during operation (for example, sealing the junctions with sealants or other materials that have sufficient deformation resistance).
D.2.2 When installing a window drain at the junction points with the wall opening and frame of the window unit, it is necessary to ensure conditions that prevent moisture from entering the installation seam. and gaskets (dampers) should be installed under the drains to reduce the noise impact of raindrops. The angle of inclination of the drain must be at least 100* from the vertical plane.
D.2.3 The connection of the window sill to the frame of the window unit must be tight, airtight and resistant to deformation. The installation of the window sill is carried out on supporting bearing blocks, the dimensions and number of which must ensure a load in the vertical plane of at least 100 kg. When the window sill is moved out more than 1/3 of the width from the wall plane, it is recommended to install additional brackets. The deflection of the window sill should not be more than 2 mm per 1 m of length.
D.1 Essence of the method
This method is intended for assessing the temperature conditions of the junctions of window blocks with stack openings and selecting the most rational design solution for installation joints, taking into account geometric shape, location and thermal conductivity of sealing materials, window blocks and wall structures.
The essence of the method is to model the stationary process of heat transfer through the joints of the window block to the wall opening using appropriate software.
D.2 Software requirements
D.2.1 The software used to perform the calculation must have accompanying technical documentation and provide the ability to calculate a two-dimensional (flat) or three-dimensional (spatial) temperature field, heat flows in a given area of enclosing structures under stationary heat transfer conditions.
D.2.2 Input of initial data should be carried out either graphically (from a monitor screen, scanner, graphic or design file) or in the form of tabular data and provide the ability to set the required characteristics of materials and boundary conditions of the structure being calculated in a given area. Both the use of a data bank and the possibility of entering initial data should be provided.
D.2.3 Presentation of calculation results should provide the ability to visualize the temperature field, determine the temperature at any point in the calculated area, and determine the total incoming and outgoing heat fluxes through given surfaces.
D.2.4 The final results of the calculation must be presented in documented form and include the calculated temperatures of external and internal air, heat transfer coefficients of surfaces, temperature distribution over a given section of the calculated unit.
D.3 General instructions
D.3.1 An assessment of the temperature regime of junctions between the window block and wall openings should be carried out for the following characteristic sections (see Figure D.1):
The interface between the window block and the pier (horizontal section);
Interface unit with the window sill (vertical section);
Interface unit with window opening lintels (vertical section):
Threshold interface node balcony door with floor slab (for balcony doors).
When using a program for calculating three-dimensional temperature fields, the estimate
the temperature regime of the indicated sections can be carried out on the basis of the calculation of one spatial block, which includes a fragment of the outer wall with the filling of the window opening.
For surfaces bordering external and internal air. - in accordance with the outlines of the structural elements of the fences:
For surfaces (sections) limiting the calculation area - along the axes of symmetry of the enclosing structures or at a distance of at least four thicknesses structural element, falling into the section.
D.3.3 Boundary conditions should be accepted:
For surfaces bordering external and internal air. - in accordance with the design standards of relevant buildings and structures and the climatic region of construction;
For surfaces (sections) limiting the computational domain, heat flow and heat transfer coefficients. - equal to zero.
D.3.4 It is recommended to calculate the temperature conditions of junction nodes in the following order:
Determine the dimensions of the calculation area and select characteristic sections:
Design diagrams of abutment nodes are drawn up, and complex configurations of sections, for example curved ones, are replaced with simpler ones if this configuration has insignificant
influence in thermotechnical terms;
Initial data are prepared and entered into the program: geometric dimensions, calculated thermal conductivity coefficients, calculated temperatures of external and internal air, calculated heat transfer coefficients of surface sections:
Calculate the temperature field;
Visualize the calculation results, analyze the nature of the temperature distribution in the area under consideration, determine the temperature of the internal and external surfaces at individual points; set the minimum internal surface temperature; the calculation results are compared with the requirements of this standard and other normative documents; determine the total thermal flume included in the calculation area: if necessary, the design solution of the junction unit is changed and repeated calculations are carried out;
Prepare a documented report based on the calculation results.
D.4 Basic requirements for accompanying technical documentation
The accompanying technical documentation must contain:
Scope of application of the software:
Information about certification of software products;
A detailed description of the purpose of the program and its functions;
Description mathematical models used in the program:
Information about the specialist who performed the calculation and his qualifications.
D.5 Calculation example
It is necessary to calculate the temperature field and evaluate the possibility of condensation on the surface of the junction of a window block made of laminated wood according to GOST 24700 to the pier of a single-layer brick wall made of solid brick on cement-sand mortar (horizontal section). Outer waterproofing layer- pre-compressed sealing tape, central layer - foam insulation, inner layer - vapor barrier tape. Surface window slope insulated with a thermal liner made of extruded polystyrene foam 25 mm thick. The main dimensions and characteristics of the materials of the window block and the outer wall are presented in Figure D.2.
Initial data: calculated internal air temperature (, р = 20 °С: calculated external air temperature tf - minus 28 °С; “dew point” temperature Г р - 10.7 °С; calculated coefficient heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the wall a* - 8.7 W/(m 2 °C), calculated heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the window block a in °* = 8.0 W/(m 2 °C). heat transfer coefficient of the outer surface of the wall and window block a„ = 23.0 W/(m 2 °C).
The design area of the junction node is taken along the symmetry axes of the window block and the pier of the outer wall. The design diagram is presented in Figure D.2a). scheme for setting boundary conditions in Figure D.26).
The calculation results are presented in Figure D.Z in the form of temperature distribution (isotherms) over the cross section of the calculated area and the temperature values of the internal and external surfaces at the individual most characteristic points.
Analysis of the calculation results shows that the minimum temperature of the inner surface is observed in the area where the window frame meets the slope of the window opening and is t p Wft = 12.6 °C. A comparison of the minimum temperature of the internal surface with the dew point temperature indicates the absence of conditions for condensation on the surface of this junction unit (at the same time, the temperature on the internal surface of the glass unit in the area of the spacer frame is 3.4 °C, which leads to condensation in this area, but not contradicts the requirements of the current ND).
1 - horizontal section: 2.3. 4 - vertical sections a) window block 6) balcony door
Figure D.1 - Layout of sections for checking the temperature conditions of junctions of window blocks to external walls:
L p = -28 °C a* = 23 W/(I, -*C)
C * -28 “C oi * 23 W/(m*-”C)
se. = 8.0 W/(m a, C)
6) Scheme for specifying boundary conditions
1 - brickwork X = 0.8 W/(m °C); 2 - cement-sand mortar X = 0.93 W/(m in C); 3 - wood across the grain X = 0.22 W/(m °C); 4 - polyurethane foam X = 0.05 W/(m °C); b - extruded polystyrene foam X = 0.05 W/(m-°C); 7 - glass X = 0.76 W/(m °C); V - air gap 12 mm = 0.08 W/(m-°C); 9 - aluminum X = 220 W/(m-°C); 10-sealant X = 0.34 W/(m °C); 11 - vapor barrier tape X = 0.56 W/(m °C)
Figure L-2 - Design diagram and diagram for specifying the boundary conditions of the junction of the window block to the window opening
Figure D.Z - Results of calculating the temperature distribution along the junction of a window block from
laminated wood to a solid brick wall
E.1 Essence of the technique
The method for assessing the thermal characteristics of junctions between window blocks and wall openings is intended for laboratory and field work to control the thermal characteristics of the assembly joint.
The essence of the technique is to measure local temperatures on the inner surface of the assembly joint and assess their compliance with design standards for given parameters of the internal microclimate and climatic conditions of construction.
E.2 Requirements for samples
E.2.1 When conducting laboratory tests, the opening of the test chamber must be identical to the design of the wall opening, and the sample window block must be identical to the window block given in the design documentation for the assembly joint being tested (junction assembly). The design and technology of the installation seam are adopted in accordance with the design solution of the junction unit established in the design documentation.
E.2.2 When conducting a full-scale survey, sample tests of typical junction units are carried out on each floor of the building, but not less than 10% of the total volume.
E.2.3 If there are special solutions for junction points, as well as identified deviations from design solutions carry out inspection of 100% of structures.
E.3 Conducting laboratory tests
E.3.1 When conducting laboratory tests, the climatic chamber must have a cold and warm compartment, comply with the requirements of GOST 26254 and be capable of maintaining the specified test conditions for at least 48 hours.
When conducting tests, the operator must be outside the cold and warm compartments of the climate chamber. It is allowed to enter the warm compartment to conduct thermal monitoring and check the quality of sensor installation. Recording of data after entering the warm compartment of the climatic chamber is allowed after confirmation of the release of heat flows and temperatures on the surface of the structure to a stationary mode.
E.3.2 When conducting laboratory tests, a program is drawn up taking into account the following conditions:
The temperature in the warm compartment of the climate chamber is selected according to the requirements for the internal microclimate (internal temperature, air humidity) in accordance with GOST 30494;
The temperature in the cold compartment of the climate chamber is selected in accordance with the requirements of the current ND as the temperature of the coldest five-day period for the construction region;
The heat transfer coefficient of the internal and external surfaces is selected and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the current normative documents.
E.3.3 The laboratory sample is maintained under conditions of selected external and internal temperatures until it reaches a stationary mode in accordance with the requirements of GOST 26254, but not less than 24 hours.
E.3.4 Before starting to record the results of measuring temperatures and heat flows, a thermal imaging survey is carried out on the inner surface of the window block and junctions with the wall structure in accordance with GOST 26629. Thermal imaging is performed perpendicular to the surface of the window block. Initially, the entire window block is photographed, including the mounting seams. After its completion, a detailed survey of structural fragments that have temperature inhomogeneities is performed.
It is permissible to select a difference between the warm and cold compartments of the climatic chamber that is less than that regulated by GOST 26254 and GOST 26629, with appropriate justification.
E.3.5 An example of thermal imaging of the inner surface of a window block and the junction with a wall structure is shown in Figure E.1.
If a temperature inhomogeneity is detected on the inner surface of the assembly seam, it is analyzed for compliance with the requirements of the current normative documents on the temperature on the inner surface, and the local temperature value is measured with a temperature probe or thermocouple.
Assembly seam. having local temperature values less than the dew point temperature for given internal microclimate conditions is considered defective.
Based on the results of measuring the minimum temperature on the inner surface of the assembly joint, taking into account data on the dew point temperature in a particular region and depending on the type of building in accordance with Appendix P, it is assigned a class according to Table 1 of this standard.
t *S Unicum: 2.6 "S^"i*ui 13.0 ‘SSgedyaeb zpechenie: 10.9 "S
Figure E.1 - Example of thermal imaging survey of the inner surface of a window block and the junction with the wall structure
E.4 Carrying out full-scale tests
E.4.1 Before conducting a full-scale survey, computer modeling of all typical units is carried out in accordance with Appendix E for the external and internal air temperatures expected during the full-scale survey. The modeling results are presented in graphical or tabular form for comparison with the results of the field survey.
E.4.2 Before conducting a full-scale survey, the structure must be brought to a stationary mode.
E.4.3 Control field measurements of temperatures on the inner surface of the weld can be carried out at any time of the year.
Provided that work on sealing seams is carried out in winter in unheated room Before starting measurements, the temperature in the control room must be raised to 20 °C and maintained for 24 hours before starting measurements.
It is allowed to carry out tests at a temperature difference between the external and internal air that is no less than 1.5 times greater than the accuracy limit of the thermal insulation chamber, but not less than 15 °C.
It is allowed to create the required temperature difference in the summer by heating the interior using heating devices, provided long-term exposure (at least 48 hours) and the absence of direct heating of the samples.
E.4.4 After establishing stationary conditions in the control room with a window, carry out:
External and internal thermal imaging survey;
Determination of thermotechnically homogeneous zones;
Measurement of temperatures on the outer and inner surfaces of the wall in homogeneous zones, excluding the influence of the window unit;
Measurement of temperatures on the inner surface of the assembly seam.
When conducting internal thermal imaging surveys, heating devices must be insulated and shielded.
E.4.5 Temperature measurements are carried out according to the results of preliminary thermal imaging survey in all areas of the assembly seam. as well as in areas of detected temperature inhomogeneities.
The results of measuring internal temperatures are compared with the results of preliminary computer modeling of typical units for the values of external and internal air temperatures.
If it is impossible to compare, recalculate the minimum of the measured temperature values on the inner surface of the assembly seam in accordance with the methodology of Appendix 7 of GOST 26254.
E.4.6 The suitability of the installation joint is assessed based on the conditions of exceeding local temperature values. If the minimum corrected local temperature value is lower than the dew point temperature for the given internal microclimate conditions, the installation joint is considered defective.
The class is confirmed according to Table 1 of this standard based on the results of measuring the minimum temperature on the inner surface of the assembly joint, taking into account data on the dew point temperature in a particular region and depending on the type of building in accordance with Appendix R.
G.1 Preparation for testing
G.1.1 Before starting testing, draw up a test program in which specific spill locations at the facility and their number are determined.
G.1.2 Prepare equipment, measuring instruments and auxiliary devices used during testing, including checking their serviceability.
G.1.3 The flexible hose through which water is supplied to the sprinkler device is connected to the nearest water supply source that provides the required pressure of 200-240 kPa.
G.1.4 Before testing, carry out test run equipment etc. if necessary, adjust the specified water pressure and distance to the object.
G.2 Test conditions
G.2.1 Tests are carried out in daytime with sufficient illumination of the test object.
G.2.2 The ambient air temperature must be at least 5 X.
G.2.3 The temperature of the water for spilling should be from 6 °C to 20 °C.
G.2.4 The nozzle of the sprinkler device should be located at an angle of (90 ± 15) °C to the surface of the test object.
G.2.5 The water pressure in the nozzle must be maintained within 200-240 kPa during the entire testing period of this object.
G.2.6 During testing, atmospheric moisture is not allowed to enter the surface of the test object.
G.3 Testing
G.3.1 The nozzle nozzle of the sprinkler device is located at a distance of (300 ± 30) mm from the surface of the selected area of the assembly seam.
G.3.2 Turn on the water supply to the sprinkler device.
G.3.3 The test is carried out by continuously pouring a selected area of the object for 5 minutes. in this case, the nozzle is moved evenly forward and backward parallel to the surface of the object, observing the requirements of G.2.4 and G.3.1.
G.3.4 Tests are carried out at the facility, starting with the spill from the lower selected area, then moving to the next sections located above, and at each one they start pouring from the bottom up.
G.3.5 During spillage of sections of the outer surface of the assembly seam, it is necessary to monitor its inner surface, identifying locations of water leaks and marking them.
G.3.6 When leaks are detected, photographs of the detected areas are taken and a note is made in the test report indicating the location and number of defects in the tested object.
G.3.7 If no leaks were detected after 5 minutes of spilling the selected area, you should move to the next area of the test object.
G.4 Safety precautions during testing
G.4.1 Persons conducting tests at sites must be familiar with the relevant safety instructions and comply with them when conducting tests.
G.4.2 It is prohibited to carry out tests in the area of operation of the installation crane and under the area (capture) of construction and installation work.
G.4.3 When conducting tests on objects above the second floor of a building, the spill is carried out from hanging platforms, cradles or telescopic lifts using safety devices.
Pressure gauge
I.1 Essence of the technique
The method for determining air permeability and defects in the joints of window blocks to wall openings is intended for carrying out full-scale work to control the quality of execution and air permeability of the assembly seam.
The essence of the technique is to create a standardized pressure difference between the internal space and the external space, measuring the air permeability of the installation seam. quality control of its execution using a device for creating a pressure difference between the room and the environment, thermal imaging equipment and a smoke generator.
When conducting full-scale tests, equipment in accordance with GOST 31167 is used, taking into account the requirements of GOST 8.586.1.
I.2 Requirements for samples
I.2.1 When conducting a full-scale survey, random tests of windows of each type of size are carried out, but not less than 5% of the total glazing area.
I.2.2 If there are special solutions for abutment nodes, as well as identified deviations from design solutions, 100% of the structures are inspected.
I.Z Preparation for full-scale testing
I.3.1 Before carrying out full-scale tests, select the most typical rooms that have standard window units installed in accordance with the design documentation.
I.3.2 It is recommended to use two equipment systems in accordance with GOST 31167. One of the sets of equipment creates the required pressure difference in the tested room, the other is installed on the entrance or on the floor to create compensating pressure and eliminate errors due to the pressure difference between adjacent rooms.
All doors, with the exception of the room under test, must be open.
I.3.3 Temporary sealing of window blocks and their adjoining units is carried out.
Temporary sealing of window blocks and seams of assembly units connecting window blocks is carried out with adhesive adhesive tapes and films using polyethylene films and other suitable technical devices and materials.
I.3.4 The premises are prepared for testing in accordance with the requirements of GOST 31167.
I.3.5 It is allowed to carry out tests when the temperature difference between the external and internal air is no less than 1.5 times greater than the accuracy limit of the thermal imaging camera, but not less than 5 °C.
I.4 Carrying out full-scale tests of air permeability of seams of assembly joints connecting window blocks
I.4.1 8 selected rooms create negative pressure differences and conduct testing in accordance with section 8 of GOST 31167.
I.4.2 The maximum pressure difference is determined to be 100 Pa. The decrease and increase in pressure difference is carried out in steps with a difference of 10 Pa. Before the start and at the end of the tests, the static pressure drop is measured with averaging in an interval of 30 s. which is taken into account when processing the results. The minimum number of measurement points is seven.
When conducting tests, it is necessary to comply with safety requirements in accordance with section 11 of GOST 31167.
I.4.3 After completing the tests in accordance with I.4.1, the temporary sealing of window blocks and abutment units is removed. Window units are sealed, including opening elements and junction points of the glass package to the profile elements.
I.4.4 Repeat the procedure according to I.4.1 and I.4.2. Air permeability of junction points
/?“ . m 3 /(h linear m) is determined by the formula:
where L - total length joints tested simultaneously, m;
The difference between air flow at a given pressure lp. Pa. with temporary
sealing the seams of the assembly joints of the abutment of window blocks and without it.
I.4.5 The normalized value of air permeability of seams of assembly joints connecting window blocks is determined at a pressure drop value dr = 100 Pa.
I.5 Carrying out full-scale tests of air permeability of seams of assembly joints connecting window blocks
I.5.1 Before carrying out the tests according to I.4.1, thermal imaging survey of the seams of the assembly joints of the abutment of window blocks is carried out at a pressure difference of at least 50 Pa on the side of the lowest pressure. At the same time, photographic recording of all detected deviations from design solutions and the requirements of this standard is carried out.
I.5.2 After completion of work according to I.4.3, a repeat thermal imaging survey of the assembly seams of the junction points of the window blocks is carried out. If a difference in temperature fields from the results according to I.5.1 is detected, an analysis of each detected deviation is carried out.
I.5.3 If possible, check assembly joints with detected temperature inhomogeneities using a smoke generator.
A stream of smoke is directed directly to the detected area with detected temperature inhomogeneities from the outside.
If there is a defect caused by increased air infiltration through the assembly seam. smoke penetration is likely, allowing the detected defect to be localized.
I.5.4 If inhomogeneity of temperature fields is detected that does not change as a result of the creation of a pressure difference, the defect is probably in the nature of a transmission component (inclusions with increased heat loss) and must be diagnosed in accordance with Appendix E of this standard.
I.5.5 All identified defects are subject to correction. If correction is not possible, the window unit must be reinstalled.
I.5.6 After correcting the identified defects, a repeat full-scale test is carried out.
Bibliography
State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Primary pyrometric converters for total and partial radiation. Verification method
004 Design of thermal protection of buildings
UDC 692.299.057.47(083.74) MKS 91.060.50
Key words: assembly seams. window blocks, installation gap, junction of the window block and the stack opening, deformation effect, outer insulating layer
Signed for publication on 10/01/2014. Format 60x84V*.
Uel. oven l. 5.56. Circulation 66 zkz. Zach. 3003.
Prepared based on the electronic version provided by the developer of the standard
FSUE "STANDARTINFORM*
123995 Moscow. Grenade Lane.. 4. wvuw.gostinfo.ru
This standard applies to installation seams of junctions of window and external door blocks to wall openings.
The standard is used in the design, development of design and technological documentation, as well as the performance of work during the construction, reconstruction and repair of buildings and structures for various purposes, taking into account the requirements of current building codes and regulations. The requirements of the standard are also applied when replacing window units in operating premises.
The requirements of this standard can be used when designing installation seams of junctions of stained glass and other facade structures, as well as installation seams connecting structures to each other.
The standard does not apply to assembly seams at the junction points of window units for special purposes (for example, fire-proof, explosion-proof, etc.), as well as products intended for use in unheated rooms.
The standard can be used for certification purposes
| Title of the document: | GOST 30971-2002 |
| Document type: | standard |
| Document status: | active |
| Russian name: | Assembly seams of junctions of window blocks to wall openings. General technical conditions |
| English name: | Erection to joints of window assemblies adjoined to wall openings. General specifications |
| Date of text update: | 01.08.2013 |
| Date of introduction: | 01.03.2003 |
| Description update date: | 01.08.2013 |
| Number of pages in the main text of the document: | 62 pcs. |
| Substitute: | GOST 30971-2012 |
| Publication date: | 14.04.2003 |
| Reissue: | |
| Last modified date: | 15.07.2013 |
| Amendments and changes: | (2005-07-08) - in a new window: Amendment to GOST 30971-2002 |
                                                              | |
Installing PVC windows in compliance with the rules given in GOST 30971, adopted in 2012, will allow you to significantly extend their service life, avoid glass fogging and protect window openings from dampness. You can find out how to install a plastic window according to GOST, and what materials to use for this, by reading our article.
For high-quality and fast work you will need the following set of tools:
Depending on the type of window opening and window model, you may need additional tools not included in the list.
In addition to tools for installation plastic window You must have the following consumables:
If it is necessary to dismantle the old window, perform the following steps:
Before installing a plastic window in the opening, it is necessary to carry out a number of preparatory work:
After all the preparatory work, install the frame in the window opening:
The plastic window is installed, all that remains is to finish the opening slopes and then remove the protective film.
Look detailed instructions on installing a plastic window using GOST standards, you can also watch in the video:
The German company ILLBRUCK is a leader in the development and production of materials for insulating window openings; it has developed and implemented a unified EEC standard. On its basis, the Russian Federation developed a new GOST 30971-2002, which regulates methods for installing windows in terms of installation joints.
Illbruck installation technology
1. PSUL - pre-compressed, self-expanding sealing tape illmod 2D Protects the joint from action sun rays, rain, frost, temperature changes, ventilates the seam.
2. Vapor barrier sealing tapes illtape Vlies Duo and illdif I Protects the joint from moisture penetration from inside the room, prevents the appearance of condensation and mold on slopes.
3. Waterproof diffusion tape illdif A Protects the joint from the outside under the window drain from the accumulation of moisture, ventilates the seam.
4. Thermal insulating foam material illfoam Polyurethane foam is a high-quality heat-insulating and sound-proofing material. Disadvantages: it is destroyed by sunlight and absorbs moisture, as a result it is destroyed by temperature changes.
PSUL
illtape Vlies Duo
Illdif A
Polyurethane foam
From January 1, 2014, for voluntary use as a national standard of the Russian Federation, GOST 30971 - 2012 "Mounting seams of joints connecting window blocks to wall openings."
The new GOST is clearer, it takes into account most of the criticisms of the previous GOST, and introduces new requirements, materials and terms.
The GrandOkno company closely monitors changes in regulation and standardization in the field of translucent structures and therefore we provide our services taking into account the introduction of new materials and standards.
The structure has been changed, many new applications have been introduced:
Appendix A (mandatory). General requirements for construction seam materials.
Appendix D (mandatory). Rules for fixing window blocks in wall openings.
Appendix D (mandatory). Calculation method for assessing the temperature regime of junctions between window blocks and wall openings.
Appendix E (mandatory). Assessment of the thermal characteristics of junctions between window blocks and wall openings in laboratory and field conditions.
Appendix G (for reference). Methodology for determining the water permeability of junctions between window blocks and wall openings under natural conditions.
Appendix I (for reference). Methodology for determining air permeability and defects in junctions of window blocks to wall openings under natural conditions.
The standard applies to assembly seams at the junctions of window units (including balconies) and translucent structures to the openings of the external walls of heated buildings. Thus, it does not work on cold glazing of balconies and loggias. The requirements of the standard can be applied to the design and installation of junction units of external doors, gates, stained glass structures and strip glazing; it does not apply to all types of curtain wall façade structures, winter gardens and translucent roofs, as well as to attic windows, to special-purpose window units in part additional requirements for fire safety and burglary protection.
New terms have been introduced:
Weather protection - an additional element installed outside to protect against the effects of atmospheric phenomena (rain, snow, wind, etc.) if the material of the outer layer of the installation seam does not provide the required protection class.
Vapor permeable sealant - a sealant whose vapor permeability ensures compliance with the requirements of this standard for resistance to vapor permeation and the thickness of the outer layer of the assembly joint.
Window quarter - part of the wall protruding beyond the slope plane of the window opening.
Windowsill- a detail of the lower part of the internal frame of a window opening: a board, profile or slab, laid at the level of the lower beam of the window frame and made of wood, PVC, stone, metal, reinforced concrete.
Working compression ratio of tape - the ratio of the width of the tape after installation in the assembly seam to the maximum value of its expansion, at which the performance characteristics (parameters) declared by the manufacturer are ensured.
Window connection unit (balcony) block to the wall opening - a structural system that ensures the interface of the wall opening (including parts of the external internal slopes) with the frame of the window (balcony) block, including an installation seam, a window sill, ebb, as well as facing and fastening parts.
Operating conditions - temperature and humidity characteristics of the internal microclimate, the region of construction and installation of the assembly joint.
The connections between the window drain and the window sill are described.
Based on materials from the magazine "Translucent Constructions" No. 6, 2013.
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