Building blocks are a common material for constructing structures for various purposes. They differ in size, components, manufacturing method, but all are popular wall structural material. Building blocks are manufactured in industrial conditions, in household They also make concrete products and cinder blocks, which requires a DIY building block maker. Based on the material used, these products are divided into the following types:
Cinder block is a standard concrete product, but instead of heavy gravel and crushed stone, aggregate in the form of waste slag is used. This replacement gives the material lightness compared to concrete and additional thermal insulation properties, since slag compares favorably with heavy and dense crushed stone in terms of thermal conductivity.
The production of cinder blocks requires precise dosage of components in the solution, namely:
To obtain cinder blocks of the same quality as in the factory, use a solution of medium viscous consistency. A liquid solution will reduce the strength of the blocks, and a thick solution will create uncontrollable voids inside when it hardens.
Building blocks made of cement, sand and crushed stone are used for the construction of wall and other structures if increased strength is required. The ratio of components for standard concrete is taken in the ratio 1:3:6; other options for the concrete mixture are described in the builder's handbooks and depend on the brand of cement used, the size of the aggregate and the type of sand.
For the construction of residential buildings, dachas, cottages, light and warm wall material from sawdust, sand and water. The binding component in the solution is lime. The amount of material added to the solution changes the properties of the final product. An increase in the mass of sawdust leads to an increase in thermal insulation properties, but contributes to a decrease in strength. With an increase in the amount of sand in the solution, the strength increases, while the frost resistance limit increases, which increases the performance properties of the material. Blocks are widely used in private housing construction as cladding for insulating structures.
The main advantages of the blocks are the availability of materials and low price, long service life without destruction, environmental friendliness of the material, and ease of production. The installation for the production of building blocks with your own hands is available in manufacture and is popular among home craftsmen. Sawdust concrete has an increased drying time, so several through holes are made inside the product to improve air flow.
The dimensions of sawdust blocks are not strictly regulated; their width is taken as a multiple of the wall thickness. If we talk about standard sizes, then the blocks are made according to twice the thickness of the brick (140 mm - 65x2 + 10 cm). When making sawdust stones, the dry ingredients are first mixed, then water is added, and mortar mixers are used for the work.
Their preparation involves a complex process of saturating the solution with gases, which is difficult to reproduce at home. Aerated concrete building blocks are distinguished by their lightness, high noise-insulating and heat-insulating properties.
Fiber foam concrete is inherently an environmentally friendly wall material containing sand, foam and cement. High-tech machines for building blocks spray foam into the mass of the solution, it forms uniform closed particles of space. To increase the strength of the blocks, manufacturers use polyamide fiber reinforcement throughout the entire mass. This wall material is very durable, does not rot, is lightweight and durable.
Their fiber foam concrete blocks are produced various sizes. For load-bearing walls use 20x30x60 cm, which weighs 22 kg. To build a brick wall of the same size, you will need 18 stones, they will weigh 72 kg. Blocks of smaller thickness (10 cm) are used in the construction of walls inside a building, partitions, and they are used to insulate floors and walls. The thermal conductivity of fiber foam concrete is 2.7 times less than that of brick and 2 times less than that of slag concrete and shell rock.
Large block sizes reduce the use of cement-sand mortar for masonry by 20 times compared to building a wall from small-sized stones. Fiber foam concrete does not burn, does not change shape when exposed to high temperatures and does not emit harmful impurities when heated.
The material is classified as another type of light wall concrete blocks. It differs from standard concrete in better performance and reduced production costs. The innovative wall material surpasses all known lightweight concrete in weight, even foam concrete is one and a half times heavier. Thanks to this indicator, houses are built without the usual massive foundation, and the cost of transporting material is reduced.
The production of polystyrene foam blocks involves carefully combining cement, sand, polystyrene foam particles and special additives to retain air in the total mass. All other physical characteristics of the material put it a step above conventional materials. Low water absorption and vapor permeability make expanded polystyrene concrete resistant to repeated freezing and thawing, which affects the durability of constructed structures. After the construction of walls from standard materials, slight shrinkage occurs during the year. In the case of polystyrene foam blocks, they do not wait this long.
For the manufacture of building structures, a special device is used that operates on the principle of a vibration processor.
Such a vibrating machine or vibrating table is designed independently. A self-made installation for the production of building blocks significantly reduces the cost of the blocks and, accordingly, the walls of the house.
The solution is prepared from sand, cement, water and filler, which is used as various materials, as written above. To check the consistency of the solution for fluidity a small amount of thrown to the ground. A high-quality mixture does not spread in watery streams; when clenched in a fist, it sticks together into a lump.
The production of cinder blocks involves thorough cleaning of the slag from foreign debris; chips and unburned parts of coal are not allowed to get into the solution. Sometimes gypsum is added to the solution. In this case, three parts of slag and one part of gypsum are mixed, and water is introduced at the same time. This solution is quick to use as the plaster hardens in minutes. The slag is pre-soaked with water before mixing. To improve the quality of output products, modern plasticizer additives are added to the solution. Their action increases frost resistance, water resistance and mechanical strength blocks.
Depending on the purpose, two types of concrete blocks are made - solid and hollow. The former are used for the construction of durable structures, load-bearing walls, and foundations. The second type of blocks is used as partition material; it insulates well from cold and extraneous sounds.
Of the two technologies, the use of a wooden form, which is designed to allow the solution to flow naturally without vibration, is in undiminished demand. Placing the solution into the prepared form is carried out in several stages. First, fill the container by a third with the solution, then carefully tap the mold walls around the perimeter with a hammer to ensure high-quality shrinkage of the concrete solution. In the next two stages, the solution is added according to the original technology until the mold is filled. The production of building blocks with voids involves inserting two plastic bottles with water, which remove it after setting.
The forms are left to dry for 2-5 days. Then the blocks are carefully removed from the collapsible structure and laid out on pallets until completely dry. With this method of production there is no need to purchase.
The following tools and equipment will be needed: a sieve for sifting sand, molds for mortar, a trough for mixing or a concrete mixer, a hammer for tapping, a bucket, a shovel, a trowel, and drying trays.
To do this, purchase or make your own vibrating machine for cinder blocks. A special metal form is installed on the plane of the machine, and a concrete mixture with slag filler is poured into it to one third. After this, a vibrating table is connected to the action for up to 20 seconds, which allows you to remove all unnecessary air bubbles from the solution, and the cement will receive good shrinkage. The solution is poured into the mold three times. The blocks are removed from the mold in the same way as with the vibration-free manufacturing method.
The cinder block does not tolerate drying out in hot weather in the open rays of the sun, so on hot days it is sprayed with water and covered with oilcloth or cellophane so that the moisture does not evaporate so actively. Formed, completely dried concrete blocks gain 100% strength on the 28th day, and after that they are ready for use in construction.
The molds are made independently, using metal or wood; the width of the boards is at least 190-200 mm. They are connected into a prefabricated structure, the side parts of which are detached to remove the finished block. The overall design combines no more than 6 cells for laying concrete. Ready design installed on a dense, waterproof material, such as oilcloth, forming the bottom of the mold.
If wood is chosen as the material for the mold, it is pre-treated with impregnations or primers to increase moisture resistance. The molds are made from dry wood. These conditions are met, otherwise during the work the tree will move away from the water and change geometric size block. The standard dimensions of stones are 400x200x200 mm, but each private manufacturer makes blocks for their own construction.
For metal matrices, sheets with a thickness of no more than 3-4 mm are taken. When welding a structure, all welds are made from the outside so as not to round the corners of the block. The voids inside the cinder block are made using segments metal pipes suitable diameter, for example 80 mm. The distance between the pipes and the distance from the walls are controlled, the composition is welded in strips for rigidity and fixation.
If equipment is being made for the production of building blocks, then when attaching the vibrator to the table, after tightening the nuts, they are still lightly welded. The motor must be covered with a protective casing made of any material against splashes of solution, water, and dust.
The available materials are not pre-processed, and you can buy them at any hardware store, so the production of blocks from sand, lime and sawdust begins immediately after purchase. To mix the solution, use a concrete mixer or mortar mixer, since mixing by hand wood waste difficult.
Dry sawdust, passed through a coarse sieve, is mixed with sand and cement. Lime or prepared clay dough is added to the solution. The resulting mixture is mixed well and only after that water is added, gradually pouring it in in small portions. To determine the readiness of the solution, squeeze it in your hand, after which fingerprints should remain on the lump, which indicates the correct proportions.
Before filling the molds with the solution, they are lined with a thin layer of sawdust. Internal holes in the blocks are made using wooden plugs about 70-80 mm in size, which are installed in the matrix before pouring the solution. The material of the building blocks is placed tightly into the mold using a special tamper. The container is filled to the top and left to dry for three days. After this period, the solution gains about 40% of its required strength.
The molds are disassembled, and the blocks are dried for another four days, after which the strength becomes 70% of the required limit. Finished products are placed on pallets and protected from direct sunlight. Drying of blocks is faster if you leave gaps between the products during storage. It is advisable to place the trays in a draft or use a fan for forced ventilation.
Opilko concrete blocks gain 100% strength after drying for 3 months, but they can be used after a month of ventilation. At this time their strength is 90%.
To make the number of blocks required for construction, a ready-made vibroforming machine is purchased. The TL-105 brand has good performance. And although its power is only 0.55 kW, it produces about 150 concrete blocks with different aggregates per hour of operation. Its approximate cost on the market is approximately 42,800 rubles. Modern manufacturers machine equipment produce many varieties of machines for the production of blocks with additional functions. Prices for machines are different, and the cost of building blocks directly depends on this.
For small private construction, a 1IKS vibration machine is suitable; it costs about 17,000 rubles, the power is only 0.15 kW, such equipment produces 30 blocks per hour. When buying a machine, take into account the level of production of blocks for construction needs.
In conclusion, it should be noted that making building blocks with your own hands will greatly save money on the production of products. The cost price does not take into account the wages paid to the employee. The cost of the block does not include overhead and production costs, taxes and other deductions, therefore, making the building material cheaper than the house.
Depending on the desired result, the shape for making the block will differ. Construction market is full of foreign/domestic manufacturers of concrete blocks. They produce material of any complexity category. In the case of self-repair, the option of creating a block at home is quite realistic.
Please note: installation of blocks will take much less time compared to other materials due to their size.
More often, concrete blocks are used as the basic element of buildings: garages, multi-story residential buildings, offices, private houses, summer cottages, etc. The scope of application is not limited to large-scale construction projects. It is possible to independently produce/use concrete blocks at home. The only difficulty: it is necessary to use additional construction equipment (dryer, concrete mixer). Can be used as a dryer closed room(auxiliary), with a heater. Required temperature for a DIY dryer - 70 degrees. Concrete forms are used for the following products:
Feature: Depending on the product we need, the quality, parts, mold casting will be different. To create a form and then a product with your own hands, you must make accurate calculations, carefully monitor the process, follow the rules of creation, and know the features of the material/future product.
The variety of concrete blocks and the features of their application have brought many new materials to the market. Raw material, which will give the form quality characteristics, may vary depending on the requirements for the final product. Each material is designed for the price category, quality, processing methods, and technical indicators.
Silicone molds for volumetric products. The production of products with small parts, the creation of the most accurate copies, requires the use of elastomeric molds. Application area:
The production of these products is impossible without the following components:
Approximate material consumption: 10-40 kg/m2.
Disadvantage: making such a product at home is extremely difficult. Specialized cooking and crushing equipment should be used. In addition, before you start working on the substance, you should consult a specialist. Due to the intricacies of working with the material, such consultation is mandatory.
Large-sized constructions that do not require precise geometric calculations are best made from plastic molds. Basic materials:
If you decide to use plastic to make a block, be sure to ensure that you have rigid formwork. It is the formwork that will give the material the necessary relief, rigidity, and ensure easy removal. If this rule is not followed, the product will either fall apart during drying, or the result will be of poor quality and short-lived.
Please note that final processing of the product should be carried out after complete hardening. If the product is raw, further actions (for example, cutting) are illogical and ineffective. Creating a form:
If you do not have the time/desire to carry out the process yourself, use the services of construction companies. By contacting the company you need, you can place an order for the form you need. Explain the purpose of construction, the desired material, and specify the timing. For a set price (must be agreed upon in person, by phone), you will be advised and your order will be accepted. Thus, you can be confident in the quality of the resulting product, its durability, and the correctness of its creation.
People have always cared about the safety of their home and usually one of the measures taken for this was the construction of a fence. These designs can be different, for example, made of metal, which is very expensive, and made of wood, which requires constant maintenance. Now there is a wonderful option - a fence made of decorative concrete blocks, from which you can build a truly reliable and impressive fence. A fence made from them is universal, and the construction time is very short, because these materials are very easy to work with. In addition, concrete blocks for a fence can have different textures and colors, so you can get an original fence that is unlike any other.
Advantages of block fences
Concrete blocks for fences can be hollow, clay, or made from artificial stone. The shape of the masonry and its pattern depend on the choice of the customer and the skillful hands of the installers. The surface can be smooth, torn, or with a certain pattern.
The decorative block is of very good quality - it is the same on both sides. That is, the fence both outside and inside will be attractive, beautiful view. These structures are not afraid of temperature changes, humidity, and are fire resistant. The area they fence off will be protected from noise and dust.
As for the disadvantages, then, perhaps, this is the need to build a foundation when erecting a fence from blocks, and also quite labor-intensive process the construction of the fence itself.
Peculiarities
Concrete fence blocks are suitable for constructing a fence around a cottage or summer house. These modern materials are small concrete plates, and not monumental blocks. They can have notches, holes, or they can be smooth. Blocks can imitate cobblestones or brickwork. Although the thickness of the products may be quite small, they still have an excellent strength factor.
Installation
Before you start building the fence, you need to mark the area. First, mark the lines along which it will be laid strip foundation. It takes about a day to harden, but before this happens, you need to insert reinforcement into it. Concrete blocks for the fence will then be strung onto its vertical rods. They must be pressed firmly into the masonry mortar to ensure maximum structural strength. The cavities of the blocks also need to be filled with solution. There are seams between the blocks, the width of which is 10-12 millimeters; there should be no voids in them. Excess solution must be removed immediately with a trowel.
Fence design
The fence wall may not be straight, but to change the size of the block to the desired size, it is simply placed on soft ground and broken with a hammer. You can create interesting and original architectural forms from debris. 
Concrete fence blocks allow you to create fences of different designs. To do this, you can use decorative plaster. It will allow you to create both a perfectly smooth surface and one reminiscent of natural stone.
How to make blocks yourself
You can make concrete blocks for the fence yourself rather than buy them, then the construction will cost much less. To do this, you need to assemble a shape from planed boards, consisting of walls and a bottom. The thickness of the board must be at least 25 millimeters. The walls should be connected with nails or screws. To secure the walls, you need to take screws with ears. The form is carefully checked for compliance with dimensions, correctness of planes and angles. The blocks can be made with holes or shapes. To do this, you need to insert different liners into the mold: those that have the shape of corners are placed closer to the corners, and the square one is installed in the middle. In order for them to hold, you need to make holes in the bottom for the spikes.
Then a solution is prepared. For it, grade 250 cement is taken and sand and gravel aggregate is added to it. After pouring this composition into the mold, when it has partially hardened, the nail is removed from the ears, the liners are pulled out, and then the next block begins to be formed.
For construction, you can use not only purchased concrete blocks, but also those made independently. The most important thing when making blocks is to make collapsible forms or buy them, to have a concrete mixer and a room with a temperature of 60-70 degrees for drying.
How to make a concrete block
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You will need
Iron for molds 
- concrete mixer
Instructions
1To make a mold for blocks, you need to take a sheet of iron, cut it to the required size of the desired shape. Cut grooves on the sides and assemble. You can make the shape and size of concrete blocks at your discretion, but it is better not to make them large - this will simplify and facilitate the construction procedure. 2To make concrete you will need high grade cement, fine crushed stone, clean river sand. Make the solution ratio at the rate of 1 part cement, 3 parts sand and 3 parts crushed stone. 3The solution must be thoroughly mixed in a concrete mixer. Manual mixing is not suitable for block production. Because their quality depends not only on the solution, but also on the thoroughness of its mixing. 4Pour the water gradually. The block mortar should not be liquid. 5Pour the solution into the molds in the drying room. Grease the molds with machine oil. 6For warmer concrete blocks, you can make blocks with voids, which will additionally help save mortar and make the finished block lighter. For voids can be installed in molds glass bottles. 7Blocks need to be dried when high temperature. 8After two days, you can remove the blocks from the molds and lay them evenly on the platform to gain strength. 9The molds can be refilled with solution. 10To avoid downtime due to drying the blocks, make a sufficient number of molds.
What are the benefits of cinder blocks?
Concrete blocks are an incredibly popular building material for the construction of residential buildings, as well as auxiliary buildings - garages, sheds, bathhouses, etc. Their hollow variety, in which waste from various “hot” industries or simply slag is used as filler, has excellent thermal insulation characteristics. Therefore, cinder blocks have found the widest use in domestic construction, as a reliable, time-tested insulation material.
What are the benefits of cinder blocks?
We make cinder blocks with our own hands. When using similar heat-insulating masonry elements, the walls of structures and buildings under construction are significantly warmer, with the same thickness parameters. The blocks are much larger than traditional bricks. This circumstance speeds up and facilitates the progress of construction work and provides an opportunity to save masonry mixture.
The recent adoption of new SNiPs (building codes and regulations) concerning thermal conservation in newly constructed buildings now does not allow the design and construction of buildings without the use of insulating materials. And cinder blocks are “two in one” - both the main structural element and insulation at the same time. At the same time, it is also lightweight and does not unnecessarily weigh down the building.
With all its advantages, this material is also quite cheap. Its cost (1 piece, this includes workers’ salaries) is only 10-15 rubles, depending on the region.
If you wish, it is quite possible to make cinder blocks with your own hands - you do not need to have deep engineering skills to do this. The main components of any blocks are cement, water and various aggregates. If you do not have enough slag, you can mix sand, crushed stone, expanded clay, sawdust, and crushed brick. In short - everything that is at hand and for which you don’t have to pay money or that costs mere pennies. To produce enough material for your needs, you don't need complex equipment and high-tech tools. At the same time, you have the opportunity to fill structural elements exactly the sizes that are most beneficial to you. To do this, you just need to make the necessary forms.
How to make cinder blocks to suit your needs manually
To produce materials in not very large quantities, only for the construction of buildings on your site, you will only need a container for mixing concrete and molds for blocks. make a cinder block Think about how many cinder blocks you can make with your own hands. If you manage to make 30 pieces in a day, then you need 30 molds, if 50 pieces, then there should be 50 molds. In this case, you can dry the products directly in them, and you will not need to take out half-dried preparations and risk spoiling them. Forms can be made of wood or metal. It is worth noting that the standard block sizes are 400mm / 200mm / 200mm. But, if for some reason these dimensions do not suit you, it’s your choice, make any size. The shapes must be knocked down, consisting of a bottom and side walls. It is best to make them modular to save materials and time. That is, in one form, in several cells, several blocks will be filled in at once. Before making such modules, decide what shape the cavities in the blocks will be. The economics of production depend on this.
It can be noted that although the most traditional cavities round shape– two or three per block, but the most advantageous configuration is with two squares. With such a volume of voids, by making molds for cinder blocks with your own hands, you will save up to 60% of concrete.
IMPORTANT!
If you decide to make forms from wood, then keep in mind that you only need planed lumber, preferably sanded, without cracks, knots or other defects. Otherwise, you will have problems when removing the finished product.
When manufactured using this method, the process of tamping by vibration is not provided, so the concrete must be made liquid enough so that the mixture is homogeneous and completely fills the entire mold.
Champagne bottles work best for rounded cavities. Therefore, stock up on them in sufficient quantities. They must be inserted into the mold with the neck of the block already poured down, and the squeezed out concrete must be removed, and the raw block should then be well leveled. After the solution has set - after 4/5 hours, the bottles must be removed. It takes about 24 hours to dry the products in the molds. The blocks are then carefully pulled out and stacked on top of each other.
The storage area must be level, clean and protected from rain and sun, otherwise the blocks may become deformed.
The building material can be used for its intended purpose after 28 days. During this period of time, the full strength of the blocks occurs. A little about consumables. Cement, in principle, can be taken of any brand - from m400 and above. As for the variety, take general construction cement - Portland cement. But do not forget that the higher the brand of binder, the more expensive it is. The highest quality is blast furnace slag. But if you can’t get one, you can use shale or coal. Take the ratio of cement to aggregate 1/5 - the blocks will have the required strength and will not crack from internal stress arising from too much binder.
Mechanized method of producing material
The second method of producing cinder blocks is much more productive, but it requires some, although not very sophisticated, equipment. DIY blocks
Well, and of course, some investments. The minimum is a small concrete mixer and a vibrating table. Then you will only need 1-2 molds; be sure to make them from metal. Handles will need to be welded to the molds, and 2 or 3 pipes to the bottom. Their diameter should be 5/8 cm, as you guessed - they are needed to form voids. With this method of making blocks, the concrete must be made thick or, as builders say, with slight shrinkage. After pouring it into the mold, immediately place it on a vibrating table, where the concrete will be compacted within 30/40 seconds. Bring the block to the storage location, turning it over and tapping the mold, carefully remove the product. If the block begins to float or fall apart, it means that the thickness is either insufficient or excessive. You will quickly understand what degree of thickness is needed - experience is everything.
If you have enough skill, you can make a vibration table yourself. To make a cinder block machine with your own hands, you will need sheet metal, size 80cm/80cm/0.5cm, 2/3 kW electric motor and springs. The latter can be taken from an old car or motorcycle. Weld springs to the steel sheet at the corners and attach the motor to the center of the structure. Place a pulley on the shaft, always with a shifted center of gravity. Turn the machine over, place it on a secure base and secure it. Attention: pay attention Special attention cable - it must be connected securely and be well insulated. Be sure to ground the metal of the machine.
Industrial equipment for the production of cinder blocks
If you are facing a large construction project on your site, but you are not able to make a machine yourself, then it makes sense to purchase a ready-made one – an industrial one. There are two types of such equipment: stationary and mobile, popularly nicknamed “laying hen”.
It should be noted that stationary machines are very expensive and it makes no sense to buy them only for your needs; in addition, you will have to transport the blocks to the drying site manually. Therefore, the option remains with a compact vibrating machine “laying hen”. It has one mold per one or two blocks and produces them in one cycle.
The advantages of a mini-vibration machine include the following:
Relatively low cost
Very small mass
But, before placing the block on the machine, it must be prepared. Following the logic of saving time and reducing labor costs, you should not do this manually. To do this, you can purchase a concrete mixer. With its help, you will quickly, and most importantly – efficiently, prepare concrete mortar desired consistency in just five minutes. Naturally, you should buy a very small mortar mixer. Such equipment operates from a network with a voltage of 220 volts and there is no need to supply it with an industrial voltage of 380 volts.
Cinder block is one of the most popular materials for the construction of walls of one-story buildings. It is distinguished by its low cost and the possibility of producing it independently at home.
Cinder block - wall stone
This building material is intended for low-rise construction. There is an opinion that if you include “high” grade cement in the mix, then you can make a solid foundation for a bathhouse or house from homemade blocks. However, foundation blocks must withstand enormous loads, so the blocks should be purchased at the factory rather than made independently.
Cinder blocks are:
Due to sufficient strength characteristics, solid cinder blocks are used for cladding and construction of load-bearing walls, as well as partitions. At the same time, hollow products have good heat and sound insulation. Due to voids, raw materials are significantly saved, which means the cost of production is much lower.
Cinder blocks are also used as additional insulation when constructing frames.
The name of the building material “cinder block” speaks for itself. This means that the main component of the solution will be the slag obtained in blast furnace, which should be sifted through a special sifter (sieve).
We will need:
In addition to slag, other components can act as the main element: clay, expanded clay, sand, gravel, crushed stone, gypsum and many others. It should be noted that if you choose blast furnace slag as a filler, then other additives must not be used. If you want to get a colored cinder block, then you can add chalk or red bricks reduced to fine crumbs into the solution (they should be crushed).
In addition, during the production of cinder blocks, make sure that the solution does not spread.
| Component name | Qty components | Density, kg/m3 | Water absorption,% | Mrz, cycles not less | Compressive strength, kg/cm2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cement, kg Sand, kg (m3) Crushed stone, kg (m3) Water, l (depending on the moisture content of the components) | 500 900 (0,52) 900 (0,52) 100...200 | 2350 | 4 | 200 | 410 |
| Cement, kg Elimination, kg (m3) Sand, kg (m3) Water, l | 500 920 (0,54) 1150 (0,7) 100...200 | 2160 | 4,5 | 200 | 400 |
| Cement, kg Sand, kg (m3) Water, l | 600 1550 (0,9) 100...190 | 2200 | 5,3 | 200 | 436 |
Tip for obtaining durable blocks: you need to add a plasticizer to the solution (you can buy it at any hardware store). Then you will receive not only durable, but also frost-resistant and waterproof blocks.
When you are going to set up the process of creating cinder blocks yourself, you should understand that there is no universal solution recipe. Each master selects his own unique formula through trial and error. If you are a beginner, you can use the standard one.
plasticizer for concrete
There are two ways to obtain such blocks on your site.
Tools and materials for block production:
2,3,4 – pallet blanks. 5,6,7 – frame of the matrix from below (corner 25x25). 8 – bar for fastening hollow cores. 9 – emptiness. 10 – upper void plug. 11 – lower void plug 
cement-sand mixture
The design of the mold has the following form: bottom and side walls. Between a pair of transverse boards or sheets of metal, you should secure the crossbars at the desired distance. Maintain a step that corresponds to the size of the required cinder block.
Since it will be difficult to remove the finished product from the mold, the design of the container should be collapsible. For production efficiency, make formwork designed to produce 4-6 cinder blocks.
To make a mold to create cinder blocks you will need:
welding machine
Step 1. We mark the sheet according to the size of the blocks: we will need two longitudinal sides and two transverse ones. We cut out our plates with a grinder.
The width of the longitudinal plate is 210 mm, the length is 450 mm, the transverse plate is 210 by 220 mm.
Step 2. Wings 3.5 cm high should be welded to the bottom of the cinder block mold so that the mold does not move, and a handle to quickly release the poured solution from the mold.
Step 3. Notches are made along the contour of the transverse and longitudinal walls in order to hook the mold onto the longitudinally installed walls.
Step 4. Let's assemble our form.
Step 5. To create voids in the cinder block, we make hanging cylinders. They must be welded to a plate 3-4 mm thick, which should seem to penetrate the cylinders closer to the top. We make notches on the end walls of our container to hook them.
Forms have any dimensions. Standard sizes structures are 90x190x188 mm; in private construction, other sizes can be used, for example, 40x20x20 cm. In order to save material, it is better to use forms with cells of 4-6 blocks and cylinders (squares) to create cavities.
The homemade metal form (detachable) looks like this.
Let's look at the step-by-step process of making cinder blocks.
Step 1. Mix the solution in a concrete mixer.
Step 2. Pour the mixture into our mold with a shovel. In this case, the mixture is thick. You can also use a liquid solution.
Step 3. Be sure to ensure that the solution fills the container evenly. To do this, compact the filled solution. We control the filling of the form to the brim. Align upper layer using a spatula.
Step 4. If the solution is dry, then you should use a special lid, the holes in which will block the bayonets in the mold. This device will help compact our cinder block. This type of lid is not used for liquid solutions.
Step 5. Move our block to open area for further storage. After 30-40 minutes, remove the bottom, sides and top cover. To better remove the cinder block, we use a regular hammer to hit the top of the wall and a longitudinal strip with cylinders.
Step 6. It will take us at least a day to dry completely.
Step 1. We mix our solution, taking into account the proportions. Particular attention should be paid to the right amount of water, because the cinder blocks should not spread when you remove them from the mold.
Kneading
To find out the correct consistency of the mixture, do a small test. Squeeze the solution in your hand: if it connects in it and does not spread when it falls to the ground, it is a good and correct solution.
Step 2. We fill our form with a solution, with a slide.
Step 3 . We turn on the machine for 2-4 seconds, after which the loaded composition will be compacted. We level the mixture with our hands so that the iron pins (cylinders) are visible.
Step 4. If there is not enough mixture in the form, it needs to be replenished, insert the clamp and turn on the vibrator again. The completion of formation is indicated by the settling of the clamp on the stops.
Step 5 . Our vibration form should be turned on again for 6-10 s.
Step 6 . Close the top with a lid with holes for the cylinders. And we do another tamping by raising and lowering the lid 4-5 times.
Step 7 . Then, without turning off the machine, the uniform is removed - just take the machine to you.
Using a vibrating machine, you can produce up to 500 cinder blocks per shift.
Step 8 . We dry the blocks for 5-10 days. Complete hardening of the resulting building materials will take place after a month, while the humidity should be high and the air warm.
Step 9. After a day, the blocks can be moved to storage locations (they will not be broken), but they can only be placed together after a week. And if you do add a plasticizer to the solution, then after 6-8 hours they can be moved and stored.
Of course, it’s not worth purchasing a vibrating machine for a single production, but special attention should be paid to compaction when creating cinder blocks (the quality of the product depends on this process). In this case, you can use a regular vibratory grinder, on which you just need to place our mold with the mixture.
The resulting products are stored in pyramidal stacks, one hundred pieces at a time.
At the same time, they are stacked at small intervals. All you have to do is dry the material for a couple of months, then you can start building a bathhouse, an extension or a shed.
When producing cinder blocks, special attention should be paid to drying. For example, any dent or unevenness will ruin the building material. Another requirement for material quality is geometry. A large number of irregularities and defects are a prerequisite for increased costs for finishing the constructed walls. Therefore, in order for the product to turn out smooth, you should fill the mold or vibrating mold to the brim. Do not skimp on pouring the solution in heaps, because the vibration will shake out your mixture.
For better plasticity, when mixing the solution, do not forget to add plasticizer at the rate of 5 g per block. This will save the product from possible cracks, increase strength and frost resistance. For construction small bathhouse You can mix the solution by hand, but a concrete mixer will help speed up the process. You just need to buy or borrow a small unit with a capacity of 02-0.5 cubic meters. m.
Before preparing the mixture, the slag is moistened 5-6 hours before. This will allow better binding of cement grains and filler fractions. It should be noted that if you are filling wooden or metal forms without the possibility of vibrating, the mixture should be liquid.
The advantages of cinder block include:
Disadvantages of cinder block:
Each of us needs a family and our own comfortable place to permanent residence. Some people want to have an apartment in a big city, while others dream of living in a place where they can grow vegetables and fruits, keep pets, have a house suitable for habitation, and all the necessary outbuildings. But build all the necessary premises from purchased ones building materials Not everyone can afford it. In this case, we think about whether it is possible to build a house from self-made material.
Aerated concrete blocks are a lightweight building material, so when building a house there is no need to strengthen the foundation.
All generations before us have asked this question, so a sufficient number of ways to obtain building materials from improvised means have long been known.
The most optimal solution in this case is to build housing on your own from what can be obtained directly on the spot.
Elements of the supporting frame: 1 – the first row of blocks based on mortar; 2 – additional cellular blocks; 3 – ring reinforced belt; 4 – reinforced concrete floor slabs; 5 – heat-insulating gasket; 6 – monolithic reinforced concrete distribution belt; 7 – concrete reinforced lintel; 8 – concrete lintel; 9 – waterproofing; 10 – base.
The most accessible of materials that can be found everywhere is earth, or rather, the soil that is under fertile layer. Since ancient times, residential buildings and other buildings were built from soil, but more often in areas where there was little forest. Blocks were made from this material using plastic molding or compaction, as well as using formwork (soil was simply packed into it very tightly).
For example, if work on building a house with your own hands is planned without a basement, then the soil that was removed for the construction of the future foundation will be enough to build the walls of a one-story house. If you make a basement, then the house can already be made two-story. The soil that was removed during the construction of a pool, drainage or well is also suitable for walls.
Previously, it was not possible to mechanize at least some part of the process of manufacturing such building materials, but in our time, of course, you no longer have to mix the necessary ingredients with your feet, because special mechanized devices have been invented for this.
With the advent of special mechanisms, the situation with construction using scrap materials has changed significantly for the better.
Using an electrified tool, you can produce material - mix it and compact it. And the result is no worse than in ancient times, but it takes much less time and physical effort. To the authors of the equipment about which we're talking about
Soil manufacturing technology
Using such a machine, you can form wall blocks from local raw materials, incl. from soil using the “zone injection” technology. The basis production process This device reproduces a natural effect called “flowing wedge”. home technological feature
consists in the fact that the mold, the molding powder mass and the supercharger simultaneously move in it. And all this without any vibrations or noise. At the same time, such traditional processes as mass dosing, control of product size and pressure that is applied to the punch in similar molding factory installations are not needed.
Sequence of laying blocks: a – single-row ligation system; b – multi-row dressing system; c, d – multi-row ligation system using a mixed method (numbers indicate the sequence of masonry).
MH-05, which has no analogues in the world, is intended not only for the production of single-format blocks for construction needs, with its help it is possible to independently produce bricks, and various racks, blocks, slabs for window sills and much more necessary when building a house with your own hands. The raw materials for MH-05 can also be different kinds soils, and industrial waste, and other materials.
This molding kit is indispensable for owners of garden and summer cottages, cottages, farmers, landscape designers and architects, since there are endless opportunities for individual creativity both when building a house and when landscaping any areas, be it a personal plot or a park.
Everyone has the opportunity to work with this device. There is no need to do anything complicated. And at the same time, the cost of building a house is several times lower than usual. Here are some parameters of products that can be made on the MN-05 (name, size in millimeters and one-time quantity):
The “flowing wedge” phenomenon makes it possible to obtain unique properties of the material: its density reaches 99%, which prevents elastic stress, transverse delamination and expansion of compacts from occurring, since air is not pinched.
It is better to make a mold for making blocks with a removable bottom, this will make it easier to remove the finished blocks.
There are other technologies for making blocks for construction and other building materials for the house with your own hands from scrap materials (clay, sand, lime, sawdust, earthen) and from cement.
The technology that will be discussed now is similar to the technology called “tise” (technology + individual construction+ ecology), but this one is modified and universal, since with its help you can do building blocks both with voids (sand and cement mortar), and without them (clay, sand, sawdust, cement, lime, earthen).
The durability of structures made from blocks using this technology is greater than those made using traditional methods - up to 100 years or more. With the help of such blocks it is possible to construct buildings up to 4 floors.
The process of making a block with your own hands:
In this way, you can make up to 40 blocks per day with your own hands. And building blocks made in block form receive significant advantages over panel or brick blocks:
The main composition of wall blocks includes wood chips and concrete.
Wood concrete blocks are lightweight building wall blocks that are made from wood chips (usually from trees coniferous species), water, sawdust, chemicals and cement. In the sixties of the last century, the production of such blocks was carried out by more than 100 factories throughout the country. But after panel construction was approved, production was discontinued.
Nowadays, it is possible to make wood concrete blocks for building a house with your own hands, subject to strict adherence to all technological requirements. The requirements of GOST, according to which wood concrete was previously manufactured, require the use of wood particles whose size is strictly 40x10x5 mm. The amount of leaves and needles cannot exceed 5% and there should be no more than 10% bark.
Manufacturing requires a considerable amount of cement, which impairs the thermal insulation properties of the material. It is because of this ideal option Wood chips are considered the main raw material.
Arbolit – perfect material for the manufacture of walls of a bathhouse or sauna.
Experts recommend using sawdust and shavings, because wood shavings can serve both for heat and for reinforcement. The ratio of sawdust and shavings can be either 1:1 or 1:2. Before use, in order to avoid rotting, sugar must be removed from shavings and sawdust, and this requires keeping the material outside for 3-4 months. Without this procedure, the blocks may swell in the future.
During aging, it is necessary to periodically shovel the shavings and sawdust, but if this is not possible, then the mixture must be treated with calcium oxide. A solution is prepared at the rate of 150-200 liters of 1.5% solution per 1 m² of raw material. The treated mixture is left for 3-4 days with stirring several times a day.
For the manufacture of wood concrete it is necessary. Experts recommend using Portland cement 400 grade, and as additives - liquid glass, slaked lime, aluminum sulfate and calcium sulfate.
Additives are prepared in an amount of 2-4% of the cement mass. The best combination of additives is considered to be a mixture of 50% calcium sulfate and 50% aluminum sulfate or in the same ratio liquid glass and calcium oxide.
If possible, you can prepare both shavings and sawdust with your own hands using special machines and processes, but you can also purchase these raw materials in finished form and already processed.
This material is soaked in water with the addition of liquid glass. And to speed up the process of hardening and mineralization of the material, calcium chloride is added to the mass. In order to carry out disinfection, you need to introduce slaked lime.
And only after all these preparations is the mass mixed in a concrete mixer along with cement and other necessary ingredients. Next comes the filling of special forms with the resulting material, and it is necessary to compact the mixture using a manual tamper, a vibropress, or pneumatic or electric tampers.
Experts recommend making molds for blocks from boards and covering their walls with linoleum to make it easier to remove the building blocks. When manually tamping, it is done in layers using a tamper made of wood and lined with iron. Afterwards the block is kept for a day and then removed. Then it is left under a canopy to be fully refined to the required strength. In this case, it should still be wet cover to allow hydration to take place.
The optimal temperature and period for this is 15 degrees and 10 days. Lower temperatures will require longer soaking time. It is important not to allow the level to fall below zero and do not forget to periodically water the blocks with water.
You can do it yourself. First of all, to make expanded clay blocks you need to prepare a special mold. You can do it from regular board. The form is made from a pallet and two halves resembling the letter “G”. Boards are needed with inside either treat it with machine oil or beat it with tin. Special locks must be installed at the ends to prevent the mold from falling apart or changing size.
It will be a little more difficult to make a mold with void formers for an expanded clay block with voids, but this is compensated by the economical consumption of the expanded clay mixture. If desired, diagrams for them correct production can be found in articles on this topic.
The size of the form can be arbitrary and depend on the assigned construction tasks, but the following sizes are more often used:
In addition to the form, you will need the following tools:
To make a high-quality mixture, you need to take:
Experts advise adding a teaspoon of any washing powder to the solution to make the solution more flexible.
Using a trowel or shovel, you need to carefully pour all the components into a container of water and let this mass sit for some time. Next, it is transferred to a metal sheet and brought to the desired state by thorough mixing.
Afterwards, the finished mixture is placed in a mold and subjected to vibration using a special device that creates vibration impulses. You can also get by by tapping the sides of the mold with a shovel.
After two days, the compacted block must be carefully released from the mold by unhooking the closures on it, and in this form it must be left to harden for another 26 days.
A standard block of expanded clay weighs from 16 to 17 kg and requires about 1.5 kg of cement, 4 kg of sand and 10.5 kg of expanded clay. Having made some simple calculations, we find that each block costs about 25 rubles, with the average cost of finished expanded clay being 30 rubles without delivery.
To prepare aerated concrete blocks, you need the following components:
You will also need:
The components are taken in the required proportion: quicklime and Portland cement - 20% each; quartz sand – 60%; aluminum powder - less than 1% and a little more than 9% - water. All this is mixed in a mixer until it reaches the consistency of sour cream.
Experts advise purchasing molds for casting aerated concrete ready-made, giving preference to metal and plastic forms. And the finished mixture is poured into such forms, filling it halfway, since gas formation will raise the mixture to the rest of the part over some time. And if the mixture rises above the edges, then the excess is cut off with strings.
The mixture is kept in the molds for 6 hours. In this state, the blocks will be ready to be cut into smaller pieces after the formwork is removed from the precast forms. When cutting, it is necessary to form grip pockets and grooves for the fingers.
Then, in industrial conditions, the blocks are placed in an autoclave to gain strength, but these installations are very expensive, so if you make them yourself, the blocks will gain strength in natural conditions.
The extracted and cut blocks are kept indoors for another day before they can begin to be stacked on top of each other. Such material can be used to build a house only after 28-30 days, when the blocks have reached their final strength.
Whatever method you choose to prepare the material for building a house with your own hands, in any case, the construction of buildings from it will be cheaper, and in some cases also much more environmentally friendly, stronger and more comfortable than using industrially produced material.
