The Russian language is the national language of the Russian people, a form of national Russian culture. It includes all the linguistic elements of the Russian ethnic group, including dialects, dialects and jargons. Highest form manifestations of the Russian language is the Russian literary language, which is characterized by a variety of speech styles used in various spheres of communication.
Studying the system of language styles, norms and methods of use literary language Depending on the conditions of linguistic communication, depending on the type and genre of writing, on the sphere of public life, a special branch of linguistics is engaged - stylistics.
The functional style of speech is usually understood as a variant of a literary language that has a specific sphere of use and has stylistically significant linguistic means. To correctly understand what speech styles are, you need to know the characteristics of each individual style.
Currently, there are five functional styles in the Russian language. At the same time, there is a distinction between colloquial and book styles: official business, scientific, journalistic and style fiction(artistic style).
Conversational style of speech is a tool for direct communication between native speakers. It serves to transmit information in everyday situations, outside of official settings. With its help, a person can convey his feelings, thoughts and emotions, therefore the conversational style of speech is often accompanied by gestures and facial expressions, which makes speech lively and expressive. The conversational style of speech may contain colloquial and even profanity.
The most common form of using a conversational style of speech is dialogue, because... Usually the colloquial style is used orally. In writing, the conversational style can be observed in personal correspondence or diary entries.
There are many different types of speech used in conversational style. linguistic means. For example, incomplete sentences, modals, repetitions, introductory words, interjections, subjective evaluation suffixes, etc.
It shows quite clearly what a style of speech, a scientific style, is. It serves to disseminate scientific information and evidence of its truth. It is the language of science and is most often found in scientific research and publications, monographs, articles, educational literature.
As a rule, the scientific style is expressed in a written monologue form, but oral presentation (message, report) is also possible. The scientific style is characterized by logic, accuracy and generalization. In a scientific style text, nouns, terms, and words with abstract meaning predominate.
The official business style of speech is used to convey information in an official setting in the field of legal, business, official and industrial relations. This style of speech is used when drawing up various kinds of documents (orders, laws, regulations, contracts, etc.). His distinctive features are:
It becomes obvious that this style of speech involves the use of speech cliches, abbreviations, nomenclature names, and verbal nouns. Typically, formal business style is used only in writing.
The main task of the journalistic style is to influence the audience through means mass media. This is the language of political, socio-economic, cultural relations. In addition to communicating information, journalistic style implies the formation of a certain reader’s opinion in relation to what is being communicated.
The journalistic style of speech, an example of which can be found in such genres as a newspaper article, essay, interview, feuilleton, etc., is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary in the text, emotionality, appeal, evaluativeness and logic.
Artistic style is the language of a work of art. Its main task is to influence the thoughts and feelings of the reader through the images created by the author. In an effort to convey to the reader his vision of the picture of the world, the author can use a variety of artistic techniques, which significantly expands the visual possibilities of the artistic style. In the artistic style of speech in the text, the use of speech templates and stencils is excluded, because Each author tries to find new forms to express his thoughts. Therefore, the artistic style is characterized by an abundance expressive means and techniques (epithets, metaphors, inversions, comparisons, etc.), as well as a variety of genres.
The artistic style belongs to the book class of speech styles, therefore it is based on the Russian literary language. However, to create a reliable image, the author can use elements of various styles, be it scientific terminology or colloquial vocabulary.
In addition to the emotional impact piece of art It is also intended to carry an aesthetic function, which is the main difference between the artistic style and other styles of speech.
So, understanding what a speech style is and the ability to choose the right word depending on the stylistic situation allows native speakers to avoid mistakes in oral and written speech.
At school I was taught that speech styles in our native language There are the following: Spoken and Book. Book, in turn, is divided into scientific, journalistic, official business and artistic. Types of speech: Narration, reasoning and description. Literate people use each of these types of speech in conversations. By the ability to correctly express one’s thoughts, both on paper and orally, one can judge the degree of literacy and passion of a person in a particular matter.
So, with regard to speech styles, we can distinguish five main styles that determine the sphere of communication, and here they are:
As you can see, first of all there is a division into bookish and colloquial, and then bookish have four subtypes.
But among the types of speech, the following three main ones stand out:
Speech styles in modern Russian are divided into colloquial and bookish. In bookstores, official business style, scientific style, journalistic style and fiction style are distinguished.
When it comes to types of speech, we mean, first of all, types of text: narration, description and reasoning.
The Russian language serves people as a means of communication, a means of communication and a means of influencing the listener, therefore five styles can be distinguished in it.
As a means of communication between people there is conversational style, which is characterized by special colloquial vocabulary (blunder, rumble, train, sniff), emotionality, and an abundance of interrogative and exclamatory sentences. When communicating, people use many words in an affectionate form: nanny, potato, Svetochka, sausage, bread.
Scientific style Works on various branches of knowledge have been written, lectures have been given.
This style is restrained and devoid of emotion. Its function is to provide information in a particular field of knowledge. It contains an abundance of terms and complex sentences.
All documentation is prepared in formal business style, which is distinguished by rigor, standard expressions, and the presence of words with the meaning of must (obliged, necessary, should, necessary).
Journalistic style is the language of newspapers, magazines, television, speeches at meetings, etc. It is replete with socio-political vocabulary. Special place belong to rhetorical questions that are asked to attract the public's attention to the issue being raised.
In artistic style novels, stories, dramas, comedies and other works have been written. This style is the most figurative and emotional, which is facilitated by metaphors, epithets, comparisons and other artistic tropes.
The main types of text are description, narration And reasoning.
With the help of a description, you can learn about an object, a place, a person’s condition, his appearance and character. The characteristics of the subject of description are indicated and an assessment is given. There is no development of action over time, as in a narrative.
Narration tells about the actions of the subject in a certain sequence.
Reasoning explains some phenomenon or fact, starting with posing a rhetorical question. Then arguments and facts are given in favor of or against this judgment, and a conclusion is drawn.
Types of speech
1 Description - speech that describes an event, action, or just a landscape.
3 Reasoning - analysis of what is happening now or what has happened and what will happen.
A table that defines types of speech.
Speech styles are presented in the table, functions and scope of use are given.
In modern Russian language exists:
Five styles of speech(colloquial, official business, scientific, journalistic and artistic)
The conversational style of speech provides for free communication in an informal setting. Accurate transmission of business information is a function of the formal business style of speech. Any scientific information is conveyed in a scientific style, clearly and with a logical sequence. The journalistic style of speech is characterized by appealing emotionality with which the author expresses his reasoning. In artistic style, emotionality is used for aesthetic purposes, conveying the feelings and thoughts of the author.
Three functional and semantic types of speech(description, narration and reasoning).
As far as I remember, modern Russian (as well as other languages) is divided into colloquial and literary styles of language. In the literary style, one can distinguish the artistic style, the scientific style, the official business style, and the journalistic style.
And the types of speech are distinguished: narration, description and reasoning.
There are three types of speech in the Russian language: reasoning, description and narration.
There are more styles of speech in the Russian language than types. You can call such styles of speech as scientific, artistic, and scientific. Plus business and journalistic.
If we talk about types of speech, there are only three of them: description, narration and reasoning. The name of each of these types fully reflects the meaning. What can we say about speech styles, there are only two of them: bookish and colloquial. In turn, the book is divided into four: artistic, journalistic, scientific and official business. There are no exceptions or discrepancies - everything is clear and understandable.
The following speech styles exist:
The following types of speech exist:
Characteristic of various types of communication. Each style is characterized by its own set of speech means, is appropriate in a certain area, has its own genres, and purpose of use.
What are the different speech styles? Let's take a closer look at their classification.
Colloquial. This is the style in which we communicate every day in everyday life. He is characterized by colloquial vocabulary, a large set of emotionally charged words (for example, “boy”, “cool”, etc.). In colloquial speech it is acceptable to use incomplete sentences, the meaning of which is clear from the context, informal addresses. Genres of style can be conversation or conversation (oral forms), notes, letters (written form).
Art style. Its purpose is to influence readers, shape their feelings and thoughts, using a variety of images. The genres of this style are prose, drama, poetry. In order to convey images, writers use all styles of speech, all the richness of the Russian language.
The scientific style is intended to explain scientific works, and its scope of use is research activities. A distinctive feature of scientific speech is the abundance of terms - words that have a single, most precise, comprehensive meaning. Genres of science include reports, textbooks, abstracts, and scientific works.
The official business style is intended for communication between citizens and institutions or institutions among themselves. For this purpose, protocols, official letters, laws, regulations, announcements, etc. are used. There are a lot of stamps in this style ( set expressions), business vocabulary, official addresses.
Journalistic style has a strictly defined purpose. Translated from Latin, the word means “state”, “public”. It is needed for:
The sphere of use of this style is cultural, social, economic, and political relations. It is used in the media, public speaking, propaganda and political spheres. Features of the journalistic style of speech are:
It is quite natural that the emotional coloring of the style corresponds to no less emotional linguistic means. Political and social vocabulary is widely used here, the most different types syntactic constructions. The use of appeals, slogans, and incentive offers is allowed.
Genres of journalism:
To some extent, journalistic and scientific styles of speech are close. Both must reflect only verified facts, be reliable, strictly substantiated, and specific.
Some articles or speeches in journalism are even structured in the likeness of a scientific text. A thesis is put forward, followed by arguments, facts, and examples. Then a conclusion is drawn. But, unlike the scientific one, the journalistic style is characterized by high emotionality, tension, and often a personal attitude to what is happening.
Unfortunately, modern journalists do not always fulfill the requirements mandatory for publicists. Often their articles are based on unverified data, and to create sensational material, some publicists use deliberately false information.
When constructing your speech, addressing someone, creating an artistic or scientific text, you need to remember: parts of speech were not invented by chance. The ability to convey one’s thoughts accurately and appropriately characterizes a person as an educated, cultural person.
Related materials:
Stylistics is a branch of the science of language that studies language styles and speech styles, as well as visual and expressive means.
Style (from the Greek stylos - writing stick) is a way of verbally expressing thoughts, a syllable. Style is characterized by features in the selection, combination and organization of linguistic means in connection with the tasks of communication.
Functional style is a subsystem (variety) of a literary language that has a certain sphere of functioning and has stylistically significant (marked) linguistic means.
The following functional styles are distinguished:
conversational style, scientific style, official business style, journalistic style, fiction style.
Scientific style
Scientific style is the language of science. The most common specific feature of this style of speech is consistency of presentation . A scientific text is distinguished by its emphasized, strict logic: all parts in it are strictly connected in meaning and are arranged strictly sequentially; conclusions follow from the facts presented in the text.
Another typical sign of a scientific style of speech is accuracy. Semantic accuracy (unambiguity) is achieved by careful selection of words, the use of words in their direct meaning, and the wide use of terms and special vocabulary.
Abstraction and generalization necessarily permeate every scientific text. Therefore, abstract concepts that are difficult to imagine, see, and feel are widely used here. In such texts there are often words with an abstract meaning, for example: emptiness, speed, time, force, quantity, quality, law, number, limit; formulas, symbols, symbols, graphs, tables, diagrams, diagrams, drawings.
The scientific style is predominantly in written form, but oral forms are also possible (report, message, lecture). The main genres of scientific style are monograph, article, theses, lecture, etc.
Journalistic style
The purpose of the journalistic style of speech is informing , the transmission of socially significant information with a simultaneous influence on the reader, listener, convincing him of something, instilling in him certain ideas, views, inducing him to certain actions.
The sphere of use of the journalistic style of speech is socio-economic, political, cultural relations.
Genres of journalism - article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, report, interview, feuilleton, oratory, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report.
The journalistic style of speech is characterized by logic, imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, appeal
and their corresponding linguistic means. It widely uses socio-political vocabulary and various types of syntactic constructions.
Formal business style
The official business style of speech is used in the sphere of legal relations, official, industrial.
The main stylistic features of the official business style are:
a) accuracy that does not allow any other interpretation;
b) non-personal nature;
c) standardization, stereotyped construction of the text;
d) obligatory-prescriptive nature.
Accuracy formulations for legislative texts is manifested primarily in the use of special terminology, in the unambiguity of non-terminological vocabulary. A typical feature of business speech is the limited possibilities of synonymous replacement; repetition of the same words, mainly terms.
Non-personal character business speech is expressed in the fact that it lacks forms of verbs of the \(1\)th and \(2\)th person and personal pronouns of the \(1\)th and \(2\)th person, and the \(3\)th person forms of the verb and pronouns are often used in an indefinite personal meaning.
In official documents, due to the peculiarity of the wording, there is almost no narration and description.
All documents are devoid of emotionality and expressiveness, so we will not find figurative language in them.
Conversational style
The conversational style is based on Speaking. The main function of the conversational style is communication ( communication ), and its main form is oral.
As part of the colloquial style, a literary-colloquial style is distinguished, which uses generally accepted words that correspond to the norms of the literary language, and a colloquial variety, which is characterized by words and phrases that deviate from literary norms, having a hint of stylistic decline.
The written form of the conversational style is realized in the epistolary genre (private letters, personal correspondence, and diary entries).
Art style
Artistic style is a tool of artistic creativity and combines the linguistic means of all other styles of speech. However, in artistic style these visual arts play a special role: the purpose of their use is aesthetic And emotional impact on the reader. Fiction allows the use of colloquial, dialect words and expressions and even vulgarisms. The language of fiction uses a whole variety of figurative and expressive means (metaphor, epithet, antithesis, hyperbole, etc.). The selection of linguistic means depends on the individuality of the author, theme, idea of the work, and genre. A word in a literary text can acquire new shades of meaning.
Every time you write a text or simply communicate with other people, you choose the style of speech that is most relevant for the given moment. There are five styles in total, but the success of your dialogue, both with your interlocutor and with the reader, depends entirely on the correct choice of each of them. For the reader, your style of presentation even has higher value, since when reading a person does not have non-verbal information about you, such as facial expressions, gestures, breathing rate, gaze, etc. So, today we will look at what text styles exist, what features they have and, of course, we will look at examples of these styles.
So, as mentioned above, any text that you create can be classified into one of five speech styles. Here they are:
Note: different kinds texts usually refer to different styles, although they can describe the same object. Let's look at an example. Suppose you need to write a text about washing machine. How can you write it:
However, for greater objectivity, today we will not focus on the washing machine, but will simply consider all five styles of speech with various examples.
The scientific style is characterized by strict writing requirements, which are described in more detail in the article "". In this article, an example of a scientific style will be more condensed, but if you are interested in an expanded version, it can be found at.
The scientific style is used among scientists as well as in educational settings. Distinctive feature scientific style lies in its objectivity and comprehensive approach to the issue under consideration. Theses, hypotheses, axioms, conclusions, monotonous coloring and patterns - this is what characterizes the scientific style.
An example of a scientific style of speech
Based on the results of the experiment, we can conclude that the object has a soft homogeneous structure, freely transmits light and can change a number of its parameters when exposed to a potential difference in the range from 5 to 33,000 V. Research has also shown that the object irreversibly changes its molecular structure under the influence of temperatures above 300 K. When mechanical impact on an object with a force of up to 1000 N, no visible changes in the structure are observed.
Unlike the scientific style, the journalistic style is more controversial and ambiguous. Its main feature: it is used for “brainwashing” in the media, and, therefore, is initially biased and contains the author’s assessment of ongoing events, phenomena or objects. The journalistic style is widely used for manipulation. Let's look at examples.
Let’s say that in the village of Experimentalovo, local resident Uncle Vanya conducted a series of tests of a new chemical preparation on the hen, causing her to lay golden eggs. Now let's see how the journalistic style can convey this information to us:
Example of journalistic style of speech No. 1
Incredible discovery! A resident of the remote village of Experimentalovo has invented a new drug that makes hens lay golden eggs! The secret that the world's greatest alchemists have struggled with for centuries has finally been revealed by our compatriot! So far there have been no comments from the inventor, he is currently on a heavy drinking binge, but we can definitely say that the discoveries of such patriots will definitely stabilize the economy of our country and strengthen its position on the world stage as a leader in the field of gold mining and production gold products for decades to come.
Example of journalistic style of speech No. 2
An act of unprecedented cruelty and inhumane treatment of animals was demonstrated by a resident of the village of Experimentalovo, who, for his own selfish purposes, with particular cynicism, used unfortunate chickens to create his “philosopher’s stone.” The gold was obtained, but this did not stop the flayer, and he, like an absolutely immoral type, went into a deep binge, without even trying to help the poor creatures who had become victims of his outrageous experiments. It is difficult to say what such a discovery entails, however, given the trends in the “scientist’s” behavior, we can conclude that he is clearly plotting to seize power over the world.
When you are overtired by the dryness of the scientific style or the duplicity of the journalistic style, when you want to breathe in the lightness of something beautiful, bright and rich, overflowing with images and an unforgettable range of emotional shades, then the artistic style comes to your aid.
So, the artistic style is “watercolor” for a writer. It is characterized by images, colors, emotions and sensuality.
An example of artistic speech style
Sidorovich slept poorly at night, waking up every now and then to the sound of thunder and flashing lightning. It was one of those terrible nights when you want to wrap yourself under a blanket, sticking your nose out for air, and imagine that you are in a hut in the wild steppe hundreds of kilometers from the nearest city.
Suddenly, out of nowhere, the palm of his wife, who was sleeping next to him, ran across Sidorovich’s ear:
“Go to sleep already, you damn traveler,” she moaned, sleepily smacking her tongue.
Sidorovich turned away offended, pouting. He was thinking about Taiga...
The main characteristics of business style are accuracy, pedantry to detail, and imperativeness. This style places the main emphasis on conveying information, does not allow dual interpretations and, unlike the scientific style, may contain first and second person pronouns.
Example of business style of speech
I, Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov, express my sincere gratitude to the employees of the Primer LLC company, in particular, S.S. Sidorov. and Pupkov V.V. behind high level quality of service and prompt resolution of all controversial issues right on the spot and I ask you to encourage them in accordance with the terms of the collective agreement of Primer LLC.
Conversational style is most typical for modern Internet. With the massive emergence of blogs, it has become dominant on the Internet and leaves its mark not only in web journalism, but also in selling texts, slogans, etc.
The conversational style essentially blurs the boundaries between the author and the reader. It is characterized by naturalness, relaxedness, emotionality, its own specific vocabulary and adjustment to the recipient of information.
Example of conversational style of speech No. 1
Yo, dude! If you read this text, you will understand the topic. Energy, drive and speed are what define my life. I love extreme sports, I love thrills, I love when the adrenaline rushes through the roof and blows my mind away. I can’t live without this, dude, and I know that you understand me. I really don't care: skateboard or parkour, roller skates or bike, as long as I have something to challenge. And that's cool!
Example of conversational style of speech No. 2
Have you ever wondered what would happen if the Earth switched places with Jupiter? I'm serious! Would New Vasyuki appear on his rings? Of course not! They're made of gas! Have you really bought such blatant nonsense for even a minute? I won't believe it in my life! What if the moon fell in Pacific Ocean, how much would his level rise? You probably think that I am a rare bore, but if I don’t ask these questions, then who will?
So, today we looked at examples of speech styles in all their, albeit not rich, diversity. For various situations Various directions will be optimal, but the main thing you should pay attention to when creating text is the language of your audience and a style that is convenient for them. The emphasis on these two parameters allows your texts to be read in one breath, and, therefore, increases your chances of successfully completing the task assigned to the text.
