Specifics
Flaws
Reviews and opinions
“The whole family thought for a long time about how best to build a house outside the city. We consulted and considered. As a result, we decided on a monolith with no removable formwork. As a result, construction took about 20 days from foundation to roof. Of course, they took a lot of money. But, after living in the house for 3 years, we came to the conclusion that we made the right choice. Warm, quiet, cozy. The neighbors, who built bricks before us, now rushed to insulate and sheathe their houses, making it expensive to heat in the winter. We have no problems with this.
We save about 25% on heating alone.”
Eduard Verigin, Krasnoyarsk.
Vladimir, Moscow.
Sergey, Omsk.
Among the many different methods of building construction invented by mankind over its centuries-old history, the most advanced method is to create solid structures from reinforced concrete. Without in any way detracting from the advantages of other technologies, it is worth noting that now buildings erected using a reinforcement frame filled with concrete occupy a leading position in the real estate market. However, monolithic houses have pros and cons. They are buildings erected by pouring ready-made concrete mixture in a special formwork, inside of which a reinforcement cage is installed. The result is one-piece, seamless structures or individual elements(foundation, walls, ceilings).
Specifics
Monolithic housing construction technology involves the use of certain techniques that distinguish it from other methods of building construction.
Depending on this, there are two main types of buildings made of solid structures:
1. A monolithic frame house is a lightweight structure built according to the most modern technology. Its essence lies in the fact that first of all the frame is assembled - columns, floor slabs, crossbars. This process takes place in the factory workshops, and the elements are brought to the construction site in finished form, and there they are assembled into a complete system. External and interior walls are made of lightweight materials, which allows you to adapt the layout of the building to any project.
2. Brick- monolithic house consists of solid reinforced concrete structures, lined with bricks or blocks on the outside. Layers of insulation and waterproofing are often laid between them. The monolith is poured using formwork, which is special equipment for forming various elements buildings: foundation, walls, ceilings and so on. After installing the deck system, reinforcement mesh is laid inside and concrete is poured. Formwork is made of aluminum, steel, plastic or wood and comes in two types:
Despite the rapid development of technology, people have not yet created an ideal structure that satisfies all their needs, so they have to choose options that, under certain conditions, have more positive properties. Advantages monolithic house the following:
Monolithic construction is almost a third cheaper than the construction of brick or block buildings due to savings Supplies, lower costs of labor, equipment and time.
Flaws
As paradoxical as it sounds, there are some disadvantages monolithic houses follow from the above advantages. These include:
In addition, the disadvantages of monolithic houses are associated with mechanical and physical properties concrete:
Reviews from residents of a monolithic house built using multilayer permanent formwork, refute the statement about insufficient thermal insulation of buildings. The emergence of this new type of frame material makes it possible to achieve good heat saving performance even in areas where the average winter temperature ranges from 25 to 35°C below zero.
Summing up the comparison of the positive and negative qualities of buildings, we can state that monoliths have more advantages than disadvantages, and this gives reason to recommend houses built using this technology for everyone who wants to acquire new housing.
Reviews and opinions
“A year ago we bought an apartment in a monolith, before that we lived in a block panel house. Among the significant advantages, I was pleased that now we have +24–26°C in our rooms, even at the most severe frost(and sometimes it’s pressed outside and at -40°C). It doesn't matter with soundproofing. If the neighbors are having a celebration, you can hear it through the wall, like there’s a table in our apartment, in principle, it’s probably even worse than it was in the old one.”
Alina Svirskaya, Naberezhnye Chelny.
Eduard Verigin, Krasnoyarsk.
"We have an apartment in brick-monolithic house. First of all - worthy appearance. The cladding and finishing are on par. Secondly, high-quality insulation is installed, so heat does not “fly out” through the walls. Sound insulation is also good. I don't know why anyone complains about their neighbors. Apparently, the point is not in the construction technology itself, but in how much it is adhered to. Knowledgeable people They explain: if the partitions between apartments are made as they should be, there will be no problems.”
Vladimir, Moscow.
“I wanted to speak out about the shrinkage. My team does repairs in new buildings. So, the new monolithic one (it was commissioned 3 months ago) was done on a turnkey basis, a year and a half has already passed - the customer is happy, the tiles are in place, the ceiling is not falling off, and so on. For comparison: a similar renovation was done in a brick building. The kitchen and bathroom were tiled. We moved to other rooms. While they were working on it (no more than a month passed), the tiles in the kitchen fell off, and then in the bathroom they began to fall. The owner accused us of all our sins. But the house just has to shrink!”
Sergey, Omsk.
Among the many different building construction techniques invented by mankind over its centuries-old history, the most advanced is the method of creating solid structures from reinforced concrete. Without in any way detracting from the advantages of other technologies, it is worth noting that now buildings erected using a reinforcement frame filled with concrete occupy a leading position in the real estate market. However, monolithic houses have pros and cons. They are buildings erected by pouring ready-mixed concrete into a special formwork, inside which a reinforcement cage is installed. The result is one-piece, seamless structures or their individual elements (foundation, walls, ceilings).
Specifics
Monolithic housing construction technology involves the use of certain techniques that distinguish it from other methods of building construction. Depending on this, there are two main types of buildings made of solid structures:
1. A monolithic frame house is a lightweight structure built using the most modern technology. Its essence lies in the fact that first of all the frame is assembled - columns, floor slabs, crossbars. This process takes place in the factory workshops, and the elements are brought to the construction site in finished form, and there they are assembled into a complete system. External and internal walls are made of lightweight materials, which allows you to adapt the layout of the building to any project.
2. A brick-monolithic house consists of solid reinforced concrete structures, lined with bricks or blocks on the outside. Layers of insulation and waterproofing are often laid between them. The monolith is poured using formwork, which is special equipment for forming various elements of the building: foundation, walls, ceilings, and so on. After installing the deck system, reinforcement mesh is laid inside and concrete is poured. Formwork is made of aluminum, steel, plastic or wood and comes in two types:
Despite the rapid development of technology, people have not yet created an ideal structure that satisfies all their needs, so they have to choose options that, under certain conditions, have more positive properties. The advantages of a monolithic house are as follows:
Monolithic construction is almost a third cheaper than the construction of buildings made of bricks or blocks due to savings in consumables, less labor, equipment and time.
Flaws
As paradoxical as it may sound, some of the disadvantages of monolithic houses arise from the above-mentioned advantages. These include:
In addition, the disadvantages of monolithic houses are associated with the mechanical and physical properties of concrete:
Reviews from residents of a monolithic house built using multi-layer permanent formwork refute the claim that the buildings are insufficiently insulated. The emergence of this new type of frame material makes it possible to achieve good heat saving performance even in areas where the average winter temperature ranges from 25 to 35°C below zero.
Summing up the comparison of the positive and negative qualities of buildings, we can state that monoliths have more advantages than disadvantages, and this gives reason to recommend houses built using this technology for everyone who wants to acquire new housing.
Reviews and opinions
“A year ago we bought an apartment in a monolith; before that we lived in a block panel house. Among the significant advantages, I was pleased that now we have +24–26°C in our rooms, even in the most severe frost (and sometimes it is pressing outside and at -40°C). It doesn't matter with soundproofing. If the neighbors are having a celebration, you can hear it through the wall, like there’s a table in our apartment, in principle, it’s probably even worse than it was in the old one.”
Alina Svirskaya, Naberezhnye Chelny.
“The whole family thought for a long time about how best to build a house outside the city. We consulted and considered. In the end, we decided on a monolith with permanent formwork. As a result, construction took about 20 days from foundation to roof. Of course, they took a lot of money. But, after living in the house for 3 years, we came to the conclusion that we made the right choice. Warm, quiet, cozy. The neighbors, who built bricks before us, now rushed to insulate and sheathe their houses, making it expensive to heat in the winter. We have no problems with this. We save about 25% on heating alone.”
Eduard Verigin, Krasnoyarsk.
“We have an apartment in a brick-monolithic building. Firstly - decent appearance. The cladding and finishing are on par. Secondly, high-quality insulation is installed, so heat does not “fly out” through the walls. Sound insulation is also good.
I don't know why anyone complains about their neighbors. Apparently, the point is not in the construction technology itself, but in how much it is adhered to. Knowledgeable people explain: if the partitions between apartments are made as they should be, there will be no problems.”
Vladimir, Moscow.
“I wanted to speak out about the shrinkage. My team does repairs in new buildings. So, the new monolithic one (it was commissioned 3 months ago) was done on a turnkey basis, a year and a half has already passed - the customer is happy, the tiles are in place, the ceiling is not falling off, and so on. For comparison: a similar renovation was done in a brick building. The kitchen and bathroom were tiled. We moved to other rooms. While they were working on it (no more than a month passed), the tiles in the kitchen fell off, and then in the bathroom they began to fall. The owner accused us of all our sins. But the house just has to shrink!”
Sergey, Omsk.
Starting construction own home, the question invariably arises of what material to make the walls from. Typically, the materials for building houses were either wood or stone (brick, concrete and ceramic blocks). And when choosing, we were guided by the following wooden houses warmer, lighter, they breathe, but they burn too well. Stone houses more durable, reliable, but too heavy and cold.
Scheme of foam concrete masonry.
Meanwhile, technology construction work They are not standing still, and now many new building materials and new ways of constructing buildings have appeared. One of these innovations is the technology of monolithic construction of houses. It is this that has become the construction standard in recent years, and is used in the construction of modern houses, since the speed of work is several times higher than the speed of work using conventional methods.
The construction itself is fundamentally different from the construction of houses made of timber, iron concrete products and brick. A simplified construction of a building using this technology is as follows: directly on the foundation of the future house, formwork is installed along the contour of a wall or, for example, a column, where reinforcement is installed and concrete is poured. When the concrete has hardened, the formwork is dismantled, and a finished part of the wall or column is obtained.
Roughly speaking, poured houses are houses made of concrete covering a “skeleton” of reinforcing mesh.
There are two ways to build a house using this technology: by making the walls completely cast or by combining monolithic frame with walls made of hollow blocks. Of course, such a structure is a complex structure, its strength and stability depend on correct engineering calculations. When the house is made completely cast, the formwork is done around the perimeter of the entire house, leaving space for entrance and interior doors, and then (at the window level) for window openings.
Scheme of a wall made of poured foam concrete.
As usual, a foundation needs to be made for the building. Here we also do it, but again, depending on the soil, it must be made 20-30% wider and deeper than when building a brick house.
Now, to the reinforcement of the foundation frame at the corners and at the junctions of the partitions, you need to attach the following reinforcement frames with tying wire (making them above the pouring level) and fill them with concrete.
In combined construction, columns are poured with concrete required height(size 40x40 cm), at the ends of which protruding parts of the reinforcement are left for the manufacture of the lintel frame. In this case, the lintels (their size is also 40x40 cm) will seem to hang in the air, and you will get a concrete frame. Gaps can be laid foam concrete blocks, brick or fill with sawdust concrete (the composition for filling the walls is prepared from a mixture of sawdust, cement and sand in a ratio of 1: 2: 6; practical builders recommend using large wood chips soaked in lime mortar instead of sawdust).
If we plan to build a second floor, then we continue to do everything in the same way, only with lintels on the window and doorways with a width of 40 cm, they will have a height of 20 cm. In terms of seismic resistance and load-bearing capacity, such a structure will comply with building codes.
Upon completion of this work, you can begin installing the roof and interior decoration of the room. Concrete lintels allow the installation of floor slabs, as they are very durable.
The outside of such a house requires decorative finishing.
When determining the feasibility of using a technology for constructing a poured house, one should compare its advantages and disadvantages.
Heat block diagram.
Like any technology, monolithic housing construction has its problems. First of all, weather, creating some difficulties in production structural elements, especially when negative temperatures V winter time. The chemical activity of the water contained in the solution leads to hardening of the concrete. An increase in temperature increases the activity of water; as the temperature decreases, it decreases, which slows down the hardening process. During frost, water freezes and increases in volume, disrupting the structure of concrete and reducing its strength, and this, in turn, reduces the frost resistance and water resistance of the entire building. Therefore, it makes more sense to build a flooded house in the summer, when the air temperature is more stable.
This technology requires the involvement of professional craftsmen. Yes, and ourselves technological processes(installation of reinforcement, installation of formwork, pouring concrete) are very labor-intensive and expensive (when compared with masonry work). In addition, the process of pouring concrete is lengthy; it takes 28 days to completely harden. At the same time, brick is more expensive than concrete, especially since it is possible to reduce material costs using self-cooking concrete mixture. Hence the conclusion: the construction of a poured house will cost more than the construction wooden log house, but cheaper than erecting a classic brick structure.
Using this technology, interior spaces can be planned without focusing on load-bearing walls, since the external walls are load-bearing. Can be done different heights ceiling in different rooms, use wide interior openings or arches, form any curvilinear shapes, which allows architects to create unique images of buildings. There are practically no seams on monolithic walls, hence the absence of problems with their sealing. As a result, increased sound insulation and dust resistance. Since the load-bearing frame is able to withstand various loads, it is possible to erect buildings of various heights and purposes.
Since concrete is a good conductor of heat, poured houses take a long time to warm up. Using external insulation, you can not only eliminate this problem, but also turn it into an advantage: by accumulating heat in your walls, it will cool for a long time and keep it cool in the summer. Until now, only adobe buildings had this ability.
To the advantages monolithic technology construction can be attributed to its durability (engineering calculations prove a 150-year service life) and the absence of risks of collapse due to the fact that the load is distributed evenly throughout the entire frame of the building. Among other things, concrete is non-toxic and safe for humans.
On modern construction market a lot of new materials have appeared. What developers offer to build houses from is plastic, polystyrene foam, mixed blocks. Thanks to new technologies, such as monolithic construction of private houses, you can find your own home much faster.
This technology is most popular among both developers and customers.
Foamed polystyrene blocks are used as formwork.
They come in different types:
These types of blocks have wells formed by lintels. Reinforcement is installed in the wells and concrete is poured.
Passage blocks with jumpers are installed one after another, forming a row. End blocks are used at the beginning and end of the row.
Thanks to a special tongue-and-groove fastening, the upper and lower blocks are easily connected to each other into “floors”.
What happens as a result:
A simple and convenient technology is a “sandwich”: expanded polystyrene block - concrete - expanded polystyrene block.
In addition to rectangular straight blocks, curved semicircular blocks are used. With their help you can diversify the layout and design of your home.
What building materials are used in monolithic construction of a private house? Let's roughly estimate what the material consumption for the construction of 1 square meter will be. meter of monolithic wall. The formwork can be either removable or permanently made of polystyrene foam. The result will be a wall about 300 mm thick. Don't be confused by such a small thickness of the wall.
Expanded polystyrene on both sides of the wall, due to its thermophysical properties, provides sufficient thermal insulation.
Necessary materials and estimated cost of building a monolithic private house:
Total: from $140 per 1 m2.
Construction work and overhead costs are additionally paid, starting from $200 per 1 m2.
Prices are indicative and depend on the quality of materials used and the level of the contractor. But even an approximate calculation indicates that the cost of erecting monolithic walls is significantly lower than brick ones.
The construction company "TopDom" has been in the construction market of Moscow and the Moscow region for more than 10 years and has proven itself well among customers. At your service are professional craftsmen, a full range of construction services and high level responsibility for the final result.
Be sure: no matter what technology you choose - brick or monolithic construction of a private house - the house we built will definitely please you!
Monolithic house frame
An example of a constructed monolithic frame
Houses. Click on the photo to enlarge.
Construction of a private house based on a monolithic reinforced concrete frame is practically perfect way building a house. The foundation, load-bearing columns and floors are made of reinforced concrete, and the walls are filled with masonry blocks. The house turns out to be super durable; in fact, the same technology is used in the construction of modern skyscrapers. If the house is planned ground floor, then it is also made of monolithic reinforced concrete.
Building a house based on a monolithic frame allows you to implement any planning ideas. You can make rooms different sizes, heights and shapes. You don’t have to be tied to the standard dimensions of concrete products (floor slabs). In too large rooms Load-bearing columns may appear on the “territory” of the room, this is inevitable.
Concrete frames are rarely built “by hand”, using non-professional labor. Usually they hire a normal construction company. Concrete, of course, is also used purchased. An electric vibrator is used to compact the concrete mixture after pouring.
In monolithic construction concrete works can be performed at once, when the entire concrete structure is poured, or in stages, when concrete is poured in parts. It is clear that you cannot fill a two-story house frame entirely at once. Therefore, concrete is poured in stages as the previous part of the structure hardens: for example, load-bearing columns on the second floor are poured after the monolithic one between the first and second floors has hardened.
At this moment the concept arises cold seam. Temperature has nothing to do with it; the cold joint is the boundary between hardened concrete and a new batch of freshly poured concrete. Unfortunately, a cold seam is a weak point in the concrete frame of a house; the adhesion of concrete here is worse than in simply monolithic concrete.
But you don’t need to worry too much about this issue. The appearance of cold seams is inevitable when building a monolithic concrete frame of a house. Therefore, in order to improve the adhesion of hardened concrete to fresh concrete, the surface of hardened concrete must be cleaned of dust, dirt, water, as well as cement film caused by the presence of salts.
Monolithic slabs are made using horizontally exposed formwork (such as moisture-resistant plywood) mounted on multiple vertical metal jack stands. A reinforcement cage is tied onto the formwork, which is then filled with concrete.
What are monolithic houses: an overview of the advantages and disadvantages
The supporting posts are removed from under the ceiling gradually as the concrete sets.
It is necessary to provide technological openings in the ceiling: for the chimney, ventilation ducts, cables, sewerage pipes, water and heating.
When constructing load-bearing columns, as opposed to floors, concrete with a higher mobility. The reason is the more abundant reinforcement of the columns, and the concrete must occupy all the available voids in the volume. Mobility should not be achieved by excessive addition of water. Movable concrete mixtures are designated P1, P2, P3, P4, etc.
For monolithic columns, special removable and reusable formwork is usually used. There is no need to save money here, otherwise the formwork may be torn apart by pressure from the inside. Normal construction companies have such formwork, although its use is not cheap. People who pour load-bearing columns themselves are forced to build very strong formwork for the columns. Sometimes they build “permanent formwork” from brick.
It is important to pour the entire column at once to avoid the appearance of a cold seam in the column. It will appear only at the junction of the column and the floors. The cold seam of the column must be horizontal.
It is highly desirable to carry out concrete work at positive temperatures. There are additives to concrete for working with it in cold weather, and heating cables are also sometimes used. You can also build a tent from polyethylene film over the construction site, but if possible it is better to work with concrete in warm time of the year.
The wall filler in a monolithic frame does not have to be very strong, because the load is carried by reinforced concrete columns. The wall in this case only performs a limiting and heat-protective function. In fact, you can fill the walls in a monolithic frame of a house with any material: warm ceramics, ordinary brick, cellular concrete blocks (foam concrete, aerated concrete, etc.), wood concrete, etc.
Combinations of wall materials can be used.
For example, outside facing brick, warm ceramics inside. Or a more expensive option: facing brick + warm ceramics + inner layer ordinary ordinary brick. The third inner layer of brick in in this case needed for comfortable use of the wall: it is convenient to tap, drill, fasten, guaranteed that nothing will fall out of the wall.
Houses based on a monolithic reinforced concrete frame may freeze monolithic floors, if they go outside and are not insulated. The thermal conductivity of reinforced concrete is approximately 1.69 W/(m °C), and this is a strong cold bridge into the house. Therefore, all ends of the floors must be insulated.
The columns of the monolithic frame must be “positioned” to the inside of the wall. The floor extends beyond the column and the wall material “goes around” the column from the outside. Thus, the load-bearing columns are constantly in the heat zone and do not freeze in winter. This extends the life of the columns, although it is already very long.
Place in external wall, where the load-bearing column is located, may result in poor heat transfer resistance. Therefore, it may be necessary to use insulation on this section of the wall.
Although the column must be pressed against the inside of the wall, there is no need to make the same flat surface, the column should be slightly recessed inward. Thanks to this, if the walls are then grooved, the grooves will not go along the column.
As one architect told me, there is a risk of moisture being sucked into a monolithic concrete frame from concrete foundation. In this case, it is necessary to separate the frame from the foundation with waterproofing. Those. the frame will stand on the foundation on waterproofing layer. There is no need to be afraid of the fact that there is no direct integral connection between the foundation and the frame; gravity holds everything tightly. The house is already super strong.
Houses on a monolithic frame are well suited for earthquake-prone regions of Russia (Sochi, Yekaterinburg and other areas).
| Igor I don’t understand those who worry about the “high cost and complexity” of the reinforced concrete frame. In aerated concrete - foam concrete walls, monolithic armored belts are required to be installed under the ceiling, you just need to add columns and here it is - the frame (in a simplified way) is almost ready... And this time you get a house of a completely different quality, which is not afraid of very strong earthquakes, ground subsidence... at severe fire- the frame will hold the floors (reinforced concrete) and allow for safe evacuation.... Has anyone ever seen cracked walls? aerated concrete house(sometimes you can stick your fist into them)? Such a house becomes unsuitable (unsafe) for living in and the money spent on its construction can largely be considered lost, plus the cost of dismantling... Yes, such cases are not widespread, but who can guarantee that the “savings” on columns will not come back to haunt you…. The British are right in this regard (even though I don’t like them) - your home should be a fortress)))) |
A concrete house is right choice, because it is much more durable and stronger than brick. However, it is necessary to distinguish between the technologies for building houses from monolithic concrete and concrete blocks, since these, as they say, are two big differences. This article will focus on the first case, in which the structure is a single non-prefabricated frame, which can then be finished to improve the appearance.
Solid structures have a lot of advantages over prefabricated ones: higher reliability, longer service life, low heat transfer rates, and so on. Let's take a closer look at the advantages of monolithic houses:
The main disadvantage of monolithic houses is high price. While the technology for 3-D printing of residential buildings is very poorly developed and is only capable of serving the low-budget sector, monoliths have to be built manually. But the procedure for constructing a monolithic house is quite difficult and therefore requires highly qualified builders.
The most difficult thing here is the construction of the formwork into which liquid concrete. The fact is that if you install it incorrectly, then during filling it will simply break and all the concrete will spill out. This problem This becomes especially acute in areas with soft soil, as it also contributes to its loosening.
U experienced craftsmen Construction work has its own secrets on how to strengthen the formwork, and that is why such workers are very expensive. Building a monolithic house on your own is far from the best idea, which is why there are relatively few such structures in our country.
The need to create high formwork. As already mentioned, the construction of solid concrete houses requires reliable scaffolding, which will not fall apart at the most crucial moment. Only an experienced team, which has already been involved in similar constructions many times, can design and build such floors. And of course, developing forests takes time.
Difficulty of installation concrete floors . The fact that concrete can break through the formwork is only part of the problem. In fact, quite often when it is built by unskilled workers, it breaks under its own weight.
High quality concrete required. Find good concrete- this is no longer an easy task, but this is the main thing when building an all-concrete house. After all, the service life of good and bad material can vary significantly (by 3-4 times). There is a widely known case when the Moscow Voentorg concrete store, built of concrete in 1912, became unsafe after only 80 years, although it should have stood for at least 250.
These 4 problems are the main obstacles to the popularization of concrete houses in our country, and it is because of them that only people with high incomes can afford the construction of monoliths. Therefore, if the budget does not allow, it is better to build from brick, as it will last longer than a low-quality concrete house built by cheap workers.
Construction of monolithic walls: We’ll talk about this in this article on the website. Monolithic walls made of lightweight concrete, compared to brick, they are just as strong, but less thermally conductive and more economical. For this reason construction of monolithic walls is gaining considerable popularity today. Due to this circumstance, we created this article. In it we described in detail the entire technology construction of monolithic walls with your own hands.
There are two technologies for constructing concrete monolithic walls. Their difference lies in the use of different formwork structures. The first option uses removable (the structure is removed after the concrete has hardened) and the second option uses permanent (dismantling is not provided) formwork.
The removable formwork used in the construction of monolithic walls is most often made of metal or wood and is prefabricated. Metal formwork has the appearance of assembled (like a constructor) shields. The wooden one is more popular; it is knocked together from boards and plywood directly onto construction site. This type of formwork can be reused.
During installation, the formwork is set to a height determined by the thickness of the concrete layer, which is planned to be poured at one time. This value can be veiled from 20 to 200 cm, and sometimes even more. The width of the formwork structure, and therefore the wall itself, is calculated based on the thermal conductivity of concrete and the region of construction.
The inner surface of the formwork (in contact with the concrete) should be as smooth as possible. For this purpose, plastic or laminated chipboard is used.
Construction (construction) of monolithic walls made of concrete (reinforced concrete) with your own hands:
It will take 4-5 weeks for concrete to reach maximum strength. After this period, you can begin insulation and finishing.
A wall reinforced with reinforcement with a diameter of 8 mm or more will be quite cold. The reason for this is the “cold bridges” created by the metal parts of the frame.
In the case when monolithic walls houses are built using, instead ordinary concrete can be used mixtures with much lower thermal conductivity. These include: expanded clay concrete, slag concrete, perlite concrete, sawdust concrete, wood concrete, etc. Walls made of such materials will be warmer, but at the same time less resistant to increased loads.
The permanent formwork used in the construction of monolithic walls of a house consists of blocks or panels made of various materials. They are mounted in a formwork structure, which is reinforced and filled with concrete mixture. After the concrete has set this formwork cannot be removed, it becomes a functional part of the wall.
The most common type of permanent formwork is blocks (thermal blocks) made of foamed polystyrene with voids. These are plates (usually 50 mm thick) located at an average distance of 150 mm from each other and connected to each other by removable or non-removable jumpers.
Constructing monolithic concrete walls with your own hands:
Formwork blocks are supplied standard sizes, so they have to be adjusted on site by cutting.
Only concrete should be used to pour permanent formwork. The use of warm mixtures is prohibited. The reason is that the vapor permeability of polystyrene foam is lower than that of warm mixtures - 0.05 Mg/(m*h*Pa) on 0.09 Mg/(m*h*Pa). Consequently, condensation will inevitably accumulate in warm concrete compressed between polystyrene foam. And this will inevitably lead to the formation of mold and mildew.
Monolithic construction allows the use of solutions with different thermal conductivities and vapor permeability:
Monolithic concrete walls are not as easy to build as compared to laying piece material. But in some cases they will cost less, for example, when it is possible to “get” cheaper slag, shell rock, expanded clay, crushed stone, sand, sawdust - the main fillers of concrete. All that remains is to add cement, water, possibly clay and lime, mix it all mechanically, and then deliver it in buckets to the place where the formwork is poured.
The construction of concrete walls should be carried out only in accordance with the design (calculation). The documentation lays out the main decisions on the wall design, for example:
Concrete for wall construction can have very different composition, strength and thermal insulation parameters. The required strength can be achieved with very different wall thicknesses. And all this is determined by calculation.
Concrete, depending on its composition, can be divided into several types:
Construction organizations use pumping units, which greatly simplifies and speeds up the construction of concrete walls. But for a private developer, as a rule, it is cheaper to lay one floor manually than to rent such equipment. Complex mechanization makes sense when we're talking about about the construction of a multi-storey building or an entire cottage village.
In private construction, a concrete mixer, buckets, wheelbarrows, shovels, crowbars, and vibrators for compaction are often used to build concrete walls.
Usually, specialized teams are hired to build an entire concrete house. They have equipment, tools, formwork, and most importantly, experience in performing such construction work.
If you want to build everything yourself, involving relatives and friends, then equipment and formwork can be rented. It will be cheaper than purchasing everything yourself.
To cast walls, you need a special smooth formwork. Movable formwork is made from plywood panels and boards held together with ties and pins.
Another option is to use permanent formwork, i.e. After pouring the concrete, the formwork remains and forms another layer of the wall. Here are the possible options:
Pre-laid formwork can also serve as permanent formwork. Brick wall facade with foam plastic and a vapor barrier (separator) attached to it. And from the inside of the building, simply removable plywood panels can be used. This technology is being mastered by many teams, resulting in cheaper and faster construction of expensive three-layer walls.
To waterproof the wall from the foundation, waterproofing impregnations are now used in the lower layer of the wall, which are introduced into dense concrete using a special technology.
During the process of laying concrete, care must be taken to ensure that the formwork panels, removable or non-removable, do not come apart. Typically, the sidewalls of the formwork are fastened at the bottom with metal ties and at the top with wooden plates.
If design solutions provide for wall reinforcement, then all the reinforcement is pre-knitted inside the formwork. Vertical ties of the reinforced belt are made above the formwork (above the pouring), to connect with the next wall belt.
Concrete is laid in layers of 20 cm along the entire perimeter of the wall, while the concrete is carefully compacted, preferably with the help of vibrators. Laying and compaction begins at the corners of the building, then laying is carried out in the middle parts of the walls. The layers are laid until the installed formwork is filled. It is necessary to calculate the amount of concrete and labor costs so that the formwork is filled without interruptions in work for more than 2 hours and there are no beveled curved boundaries between the pouring belts.
At the same time, it must be remembered that concrete must be laid within 2 hours after it is made. And if there is a 2-hour break in styling, then work stops and styling can be resumed only after 48 hours. Time constraints are always difficult to meet, so working with concrete placement is also inconvenient. Also for this reason, the construction of houses in the private sector from concrete is not as popular as from piece materials.
The total time for concrete to gain strength is 28 days. During this time, the walls need to be covered with polyethylene, preventing moisture from evaporating, and watered every day to prevent premature drying and cracking of the monolith.
After this period, you can begin building the roof, plastering and finishing the walls.
When starting to build your own home, the question invariably arises of what material to make the walls from. Typically, the materials for building houses were either wood or stone (brick, concrete and ceramic blocks). And when choosing, we were guided by the following - wooden houses are warmer, lighter, they breathe, but they burn too well. Stone houses are more durable, reliable, but too heavy and cold.
Scheme of foam concrete masonry.
Meanwhile, construction technologies do not stand still, and now many new building materials and new ways of constructing buildings have appeared. One of these innovations is the technology of monolithic construction of houses. It is this that has become the construction standard in recent years, and is used in the construction of modern houses, since the speed of work is several times higher than the speed of work using conventional methods.
With proper design of a series of windows, you can decorate any of the rooms in the house (bedroom, living room, nursery, kitchen or dining room, billiard room and other rooms). Eat important points, which should not be forgotten when making a bay window. Firstly, its presence should not affect the temperature in the room in winter, so heat leakage must be prevented. The second point is that on the south side of the house too much heat can penetrate through the bay window. summer time. If your bay window is located at the very sunny side, nothing is not fits better than these blinds - http://xn—-7sbhaociizf7a6ap5n.xn--p1ai/zhaluzi-stavropol. Well, don’t forget that after all most important function These windows provide room lighting. This architectural design also has a minus - big window requires a lot of fabric to cover it. But even this minus can be avoided if you decorate the interior in Japanese style or hi-tech. In this case, you can use rolled or screen canvases, which will fit perfectly into the design and prevent the penetration of excess light.
The construction itself is fundamentally different from the construction of houses made of timber, reinforced concrete products and bricks. A simplified construction of a building using this technology is as follows: directly on the foundation of the future house, formwork is installed along the contour of a wall or, for example, a column, where reinforcement is installed and concrete is poured. When the concrete has hardened, the formwork is dismantled, and a finished part of the wall or column is obtained.
Roughly speaking, poured houses are houses made of concrete covering a “skeleton” of reinforcing mesh.
There are two ways to build a house using this technology: by making the walls completely cast or by combining a monolithic frame with walls made of hollow blocks. Of course, such a structure is a complex structure; its strength and stability depend on correct engineering calculations. When the house is completely cast, the formwork is done around the perimeter of the entire house, leaving space for entrance and interior doors, and then (at the window level) for window openings.
Scheme of a wall made of poured foam concrete.
As usual, a foundation needs to be made for the building. Here we also do it, but again, depending on the soil, it must be made 20-30% wider and deeper than when building a brick house.
Now, to the reinforcement of the foundation frame at the corners and at the junctions of the partitions, you need to attach the following reinforcement frames with tying wire (making them above the pouring level) and fill them with concrete.
In combined construction, columns of the required height (size 40x40 cm) are poured with concrete, at the ends of which protruding parts of the reinforcement are left to make the lintel frame. In this case, the lintels (their size is also 40x40 cm) will seem to hang in the air, and you will get a concrete frame. The gaps can be filled with foam concrete blocks, bricks, or filled with sawdust concrete (the composition for filling the walls is prepared from a mixture of sawdust, cement and sand in a ratio of 1:2:6; practicing builders recommend using large wood chips soaked in lime mortar instead of sawdust).
If we plan to build a second floor, then we continue to do everything in the same way, only the lintels on window and door openings with a width of 40 cm will have a height of 20 cm. In terms of seismic resistance and load-bearing capacity, such a structure will comply with building codes.
Upon completion of this work, you can begin installing the roof and interior decoration of the room. Concrete lintels allow the installation of floor slabs, as they are very durable. The outside of such a house requires decorative finishing.
When determining the feasibility of using a technology for constructing a poured house, one should compare its advantages and disadvantages.
Heat block diagram.
Like any technology, monolithic housing construction has its problems. First of all, weather conditions create some difficulties in the production of structural elements, especially at sub-zero temperatures in winter. The chemical activity of the water contained in the solution leads to hardening of the concrete. An increase in temperature increases the activity of water; as the temperature decreases, it decreases, which slows down the hardening process. During frost, water freezes and increases in volume, disrupting the structure of concrete and reducing its strength, and this, in turn, reduces the frost resistance and water resistance of the entire building. Therefore, it makes more sense to build a flooded house in the summer, when the air temperature is more stable.
This technology requires the involvement of professional craftsmen. And the technological processes themselves (installation of reinforcement, installation of formwork, pouring concrete) are very labor-intensive and expensive (when compared with masonry work). In addition, the process of pouring concrete is lengthy; it takes 28 days to completely harden. At the same time, brick is more expensive than concrete, especially since it is possible to reduce the cost of the material by preparing the concrete mixture yourself. Hence the conclusion: the construction of a poured house will cost more than the construction of a wooden frame, but cheaper than the construction of a classic brick structure.
Using this technology, interior spaces can be planned without placing emphasis on load-bearing walls, since external walls are load-bearing. You can make different ceiling heights in different rooms, use wide interior openings or arches, and form any curvilinear shapes, which allows architects to create unique images of buildings. There are practically no seams on monolithic walls, hence the absence of problems with their sealing. As a result, increased sound insulation and dust resistance. Since the load-bearing frame is able to withstand various loads, it is possible to erect buildings of various heights and purposes.
Since concrete is a good conductor of heat, poured houses take a long time to warm up. Using external insulation, you can not only eliminate this problem, but also turn it into an advantage: by accumulating heat in your walls, it will cool for a long time and keep it cool in the summer. Until now, only adobe buildings had this ability.
The advantages of monolithic construction technology include its durability (engineering calculations prove a 150-year service life) and the absence of risks of collapse due to the fact that the load is distributed evenly over the entire building frame. Among other things, concrete is non-toxic and safe for humans.
