| The steering device must have two drives: main and auxiliary. The main steering drive is the mechanisms, actuators for shifting the rudder, power units of the steering drive, as well as auxiliary equipment and means for applying torque to the stock (for example, a tiller or sector), necessary for shifting the rudder in order to control the vessel at normal speed. - low operating conditions. Auxiliary steering gear is the equipment necessary to steer the vessel in the event of failure of the main steering gear, excluding the tiller, sector or other elements intended for the same purpose. The main steering drive must ensure that the rudder can be shifted from 35 0 on one side to 35 0 on the other side at maximum operating draft and forward speed of the vessel in no more than 28 seconds. The auxiliary steering gear must ensure that the rudder can be shifted from 15 0 of one side to 15 0 of the other side in no more than 60 seconds at the maximum operating draft of the vessel and speed, equal to half its maximum forward operating speed. The auxiliary steering drive must be controlled from the tiller compartment. The transition from the main to the auxiliary drive must be carried out in a time not exceeding 2 minutes. The steering wheel is the main part of the steering device. It is located in the stern and operates only while the ship is moving. The main element of the steering wheel is the feather, which can be flat (plate-shaped) or streamlined (profiled) in shape. Based on the position of the rudder blade relative to the axis of rotation of the stock, they are distinguished (Fig. 6.2): - ordinary rudder - the plane of the rudder blade is located behind the axis of rotation; - semi-balanced steering wheel - only a large part of the rudder blade is located behind the axis of rotation, due to which a reduced torque occurs when the steering wheel is shifted; - balancing rudder - the rudder blade is so located on both sides of the axis of rotation that no significant moments arise when shifting the rudder. |
| An active rudder is a rudder with an auxiliary screw installed on it, located on the trailing edge of the rudder blade (Fig. 6.3). An electric motor is built into the rudder blade, driving the propeller, which is placed in an attachment to protect it from damage. By turning the rudder blade together with the propeller through a certain angle, a transverse stop appears, causing the vessel to turn. Active rudder is used at low speeds up to 5 knots. When maneuvering in tight water areas, the active rudder can be used as the main propulsion device, which ensures high maneuverability of the vessel. At high speeds, the active rudder propeller is switched off and the rudder is shifted as usual. Separate rotary nozzles (Fig. 6.4). The rotating nozzle is a steel ring, the profile of which represents the wing element. Nozzle inlet area more area day off. Propeller screw is located in its narrowest section. The rotary attachment is installed on the stock and rotates up to 40° on each side, replacing the rudder. Separate rotary nozzles are installed on many transport vessels, mainly river and mixed navigation, and provide their high maneuverability characteristics. |
| Before each departure to sea, the steering device is prepared for operation: all parts are carefully inspected, any detected faults are eliminated, the rubbing parts are cleaned of old grease and lubricated again. Then, under the guidance of the officer in charge of the watch, the serviceability of the steering device in operation is checked by testing the rudder. Before shifting, you need to make sure that the stern is clean and that there are no watercraft or foreign objects do not interfere with the rotation of the rudder. At the same time, check the ease of rotation of the steering wheel and the absence of even minor jams. In all positions of the rudder blade, the correspondence of the indications of the steering indicators and the time spent on shifting are compared. The tiller compartment must always be locked. The keys to it are stored in the chart room and in the engine room in specially designated permanent places, the emergency key is at the entrance to the tiller compartment in a locked cabinet with a glazed door. Two independently operating lines must be installed between the navigation bridge and the tiller compartment Upon arrival at the port and upon completion of mooring, the steering wheel is placed in a straight position, the power to the steering motor is turned off, the steering gear is inspected, and if everything is found in proper order, the tiller compartment is closed. |
Gaki, their structure, types. Determination of the lifting capacity of the hook. How is the hook put on the butt? For what defects is it unacceptable to use a hook?
Rigging hooks- forged steel hooks used for fastening cables, chains, laying blocks, slings, etc. Consists of a butt with an eye, a back, a toe...
There are three types of hooks: simple, folding, swivel, cat-hook, pen-hook and crane hook.
- Simple - used almost everywhere in ship armament.
- Foldable- on boats and in general in those cases when it is necessary to prevent the hook from catching on something with the toe.
- Swivel- can turn around in its bar and is very convenient where the tackle or tackle has to be untwisted without removing the hook from the butt in which it is embedded.
- Kat-gak-hook of the lower cut-block; With this hook the cat is placed in the anchor bracket.
- Penter-huck- like at the end of the fish, with which the anchor rises behind the uterus.
- Crane - of special strength, has the shape of an anchor and is made at the end of crane guineas (thick hoists); used for lifting weights, e.g. masts, steam boilers, etc.
Fig.1 Rigging hooks.
Ordinary hooks are simple in shape (Fig. 1,a ) , if the plane of butt 2 is perpendicular to the plane of the back and rotated (Fig. 1, b), if the butt, back and toe lie in the same plane. By means of the butt, the hook is embedded in the cable fire or secured in the suspension of the structure. A variety of ordinary hooks is the penter-hook (Fig. 1, c). In the lower part of the back it has a pad for attaching a guy. For cargo pendants, rotated hooks of a special design are used. This hook, called a cargo hook, or pendant hook ( Fig. 1, d), has a toe curved inwards, covered with a special tide on top. This design of the hook prevents it from getting caught on the protruding parts of the ship's hull and the cargo hatch when lifting the cargo.
Swivel hook (Fig. 1, d) Instead of a butt, it has a neck, which ensures the hook is secured and freely rotates in the block frame or other suspension. Swivel hooks are used to prevent cables from twisting.
Verb-hack (Fig. 1, f) consists of the hook itself with an elongated folding toe and butt (2) in the form of an eye, a round fastening link (3), an elongated link (4) and locking (5) and connecting (6) links connected to it. The latter is embedded in a butt welded to the deck or superstructure. The dimensions of the locking link allow it to be put on the toe of the hook pressed against the extended link after the cable end or a link of the rigging chain is laid on the hook. When the gear attached to the hook is in a tense state, spontaneous release is excluded, but if you knock the locking link off the toe of the hook, the gear is quickly released.
Snores (Fig. 1,g) They are a folding hook formed by two simple hooks. When folding the hooks, a kind of closed ring is formed, which, being ensconced, ensures reliable fastening of the sling or cable end.
Hooks experience stress mainly through bending. Their strength is significantly less than the strength of rigging brackets.
The hook is stamped with a number corresponding to its capacity. Working strength P = 0.6d 2 (kg), d is the diameter of the backrest in mm. The hooks are placed behind the butts, frames, and slings so that the toes point up (the tension is taken by the back)
Butt(Fig.2)- a steel bolt with a ring or a special forging with an eye instead of a head in the upper part. Butts are used to attach standing rigging gear to the ship's hull, blocks lifting devices and portable anchor chain stoppers to the deck, as well as for other purposes.
Rice. 2. Laying hooks behind the butts and eyes:
The hooks are systematically inspected to detect cracks, cavities and other defects and the rubbing surfaces are lubricated. The swivel hooks move around periodically. It is unacceptable to use the hook if there are cracks, bent or worn out butts and backs. Worn necks or heads of swivel hooks (>10% of thickness)
Items and devices of rigging equipment are chains, staples, hooks, butts, eyes, thimbles and other useful things.
Lifting chains 3 times stronger than steel cables of the same diameter and more durable, but they are almost 5 times heavier than steel cables of equal strength.
Rigging chains are used to maintain various ship structures in a fixed position, make stoppers, steering ropes, handrails, secure deck cargo, etc. They consist of steel links connected by welding. Cast and stamped chains are also used. The shape of the chain links is round and oval (short- and long-link). The thickness, or gauge, of a rigging chain is measured in millimeters of the diameter of the round steel from which the links are made.
When accepting rigging chains, they check for cracks, delaminations and other defects on the links. Lifting chains to be stored are coated with anti-corrosion lubricant and hung in a dry room. Chains that do not experience friction during operation are painted, and chains in motion are regularly lubricated.
The chains do not have elasticity, but due to the grinding of the links under tensile load, the new chains lengthen by 3-4%. At low temperatures, chains do not withstand shock loads well. If the thickness of the links has decreased by 10% of their original thickness, the chain is considered unsuitable for further use.
Shackles are used as equipment elements and various ship devices. The bracket consists of a back, tabs with eyes and a pin. The pin in the bracket is held in place by a thread at the end of the pin and in one of the lugs, or by a cotter pin inserted into the holes in the tab and pin. With a threaded connection, the head of the pin has a small butt, into which a pile is placed to screw and unscrew the pin. Threaded connection allows you to quickly secure or release rigging gear, a stopper, a block, connect or disconnect rigging chains and cables.
According to the shape of the back, the staples are straight (for any cables) and rounded (for vegetable and synthetic cables).
The size of the staple is determined by the diameter of its back and the characteristic number, which corresponds to the permissible working force on the staple.
Only serviceable staples that are free from cracks, cavities, burrs and other defects are allowed for use. The use of staples with wear of 10% of the original thickness is not allowed.
Rigging hooks– forged steel hooks. There are ordinary (simple, if the plane of the butt is perpendicular to the plane of the back and rotated, if the butt, back and toe lie in the same plane), swivel, verb-hacks and snores.
Butt– a device for reliable fastening of cables to ship structures. The tackle is usually attached to the butt using a rigging shackle, which is inserted into the butt with a pin. The butt is much stronger than a staple with a back of the same diameter.
Rym– a metal ring inserted into the butt. Serves to pass the cable and make it more convenient to fasten. It is much weaker than the butt, so cables under high tension cannot be secured to it.
Koush– a metal forging product in the form of a ring, heart-shaped oval or triangle with a groove for a cable. The thimbles are embedded in the ends of the cables; they serve to protect the latter from chafing when attached to butts, eyelets, brackets, etc. The staple number must match the thimble number. The use of thimbles that have cracks, delaminations, cavities, burrs and other defects is not allowed.
Ducks– wooden or metal double-horned planks, rigidly fastened to the bulwarks, mast, superstructures and other structures. They are used for fastening the running ends of cables, signal flags and other gear.
Nageli- wooden or metal rods intended for the same purposes as ducks. They are widely used on sailing ships for fastening running rigging gear.
Raxes– metal rings or half-rings used for fastening and stretching triangular sails – jibs and staysails.
Bugeli– metal rings with or without butts, solid or detachable. They are used to strengthen ship structures, as well as to secure blocks and cables for various purposes.
Lanyards They are used for covering ship's gear, as well as for reliable fastening of various objects and cargo while traveling. Lanyards are:
· Simple. They are usually based on simple or synthetic cables, which are passed several times between 2 eyelets, thimbles triangular shape or staples and connect to each other with the running end of the same cable. Used for tying lightly strained cables and for securing small cargo items.
· For fastening gear that experiences high stress, use screw turnbuckles. On ships, mainly twin-screw and swivel lanyards are used.
=Sea practice for a sailor (p. 26)=
PENTER-GAK
PENTER-GAK
Huck special type, tied into the sling of the lower block of fish hoists. It is laid behind the arm of the anchor when lifting the latter onto the rustic.
P.-G. there are one-horned And two-horned.
Samoilov K. I. Marine dictionary. - M.-L.: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the USSR, 1941
Penter gak, penter gak... Spelling dictionary-reference book
An iron hook of a special shape, used on ships for placing blocks or tackle in butts, rolls, etc. Parts of the hook: butt, toe and back. There are three types of hooks: simple, folding, swivel, cat hook, penter hook and crane hook. Simple G.... ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
- (Fish) one of the gears used to remove the anchor on a ship. The f. consists of a fish pendant and hoists. The fish pendant is braided around the thimble of the penter hook and goes into the block on the fish beam and stretches along the deck with the tackle through the rosin block. If F. has... ... Marine Dictionary
Shtert, taken by the penter hook. This pin is used to lay the penter hook behind the anchor. The one-horned penter has one F.Sh., the two-horned one has two. Samoilov K.I. Marine dictionary. M. L.: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the USSR, 1941 ... Marine Dictionary
Hooks are forged hooks made of mild steel. They are used for placing lifted loads behind slings, for attaching standing rigging, etc.
An ordinary hook (Fig. 5.4) can be simple (the plane of the butt is perpendicular to the plane of the back) and rotated (the butt, back and toe are located in the same plane).
Rice. 5.4. Ordinary hack:
a - simple; b - rotated; 1 - butt; 2 - back; 3 - sock; 4 - eye
Folding hook - snares (Fig. 5.5) - is used to prevent the tackle from spontaneously unfolding. The snares consist of two simple hooks, put on with eyes on the thimble. One side of the hooks is flat. With this side they fit tightly one to the other, forming a closed ring. For reliability during use, the snorers are covered with lint.
Rice. 5.5. Snores
Rice. 5.6. Verb-hack:
1 - enlarged link; 2 - locking link; 3 - folding hook
Rice. 5.7. Penter-huck
Rice. 5.8. Swivel hook
Rice. 5.9. Double swivel hook
Rice. 5.10. Cargo hook (pendant hook)
Caring for hooks. Each hook is tested to a load 25% greater than its lifting capacity for at least 10 minutes. The lifting capacity of the hook in tons is stamped on its back.
Hooks with cracks, bent or worn out butts and backs are not allowed for use and must be replaced. The rubbing parts of the swivel hooks are lubricated with cannon fat. Old lubricant must be replaced periodically. Rusted swivel hooks are circulated, washed with kerosene, cleaned of rust, and then lubricated.
Items and devices of rigging equipment are chains, staples, hooks, butts, eyes, thimbles and other useful things.
Lifting chains 3 times stronger than steel cables of the same diameter and more durable, but they are almost 5 times heavier than steel cables of equal strength.
Rigging chains are used to maintain various ship structures in a fixed position, make stoppers, steering ropes, handrails, secure deck cargo, etc. They consist of steel links connected by welding. Cast and stamped chains are also used. The shape of the chain links is round and oval (short- and long-link). The thickness, or gauge, of a rigging chain is measured in millimeters of the diameter of the round steel from which the links are made.
When accepting rigging chains, they check for cracks, delaminations and other defects on the links. Lifting chains to be stored are coated with anti-corrosion lubricant and hung in a dry room. Chains that do not experience friction during operation are painted, and chains in motion are regularly lubricated.
The chains do not have elasticity, but due to the grinding of the links under tensile load, the new chains lengthen by 3-4%. At low temperatures, chains do not withstand shock loads well. If the thickness of the links has decreased by 10% of their original thickness, the chain is considered unsuitable for further use.
Shackles are used as equipment elements and various ship devices. The bracket consists of a back, tabs with eyes and a pin. The pin in the bracket is held in place by a thread at the end of the pin and in one of the lugs, or by a cotter pin inserted into the holes in the tab and pin. With a threaded connection, the head of the pin has a small butt, into which a pile is placed to screw and unscrew the pin. The threaded connection allows you to quickly attach or release rigging gear, a stopper, a block, connect or disconnect rigging chains and cables.
According to the shape of the back, the staples are straight (for any cables) and rounded (for vegetable and synthetic cables).
The size of the staple is determined by the diameter of its back and the characteristic number, which corresponds to the permissible working force on the staple.
Only serviceable staples that are free from cracks, cavities, burrs and other defects are allowed for use. The use of staples with wear of 10% of the original thickness is not allowed.
Rigging hooks– forged steel hooks. There are ordinary (simple, if the plane of the butt is perpendicular to the plane of the back and rotated, if the butt, back and toe lie in the same plane), swivel, verb-hacks and snores.
Butt– a device for reliable fastening of cables to ship structures. The tackle is usually attached to the butt using a rigging shackle, which is inserted into the butt with a pin. The butt is much stronger than a staple with a back of the same diameter.
Rym– a metal ring inserted into the butt. Serves to pass the cable and make it more convenient to fasten. It is much weaker than the butt, so cables under high tension cannot be secured to it.
Koush– a metal forging product in the form of a ring, heart-shaped oval or triangle with a groove for a cable. The thimbles are embedded in the ends of the cables; they serve to protect the latter from chafing when attached to butts, eyelets, brackets, etc. The staple number must match the thimble number. The use of thimbles that have cracks, delaminations, cavities, burrs and other defects is not allowed.
Ducks– wooden or metal double-horned planks, rigidly fastened to the bulwarks, mast, superstructures and other structures. They are used for fastening the running ends of cables, signal flags and other gear.
Nageli- wooden or metal rods intended for the same purposes as ducks. They are widely used on sailing ships for fastening running rigging.
Raxes– metal rings or half-rings used for fastening and stretching triangular sails – jibs and staysails.
Bugeli– metal rings with or without butts, solid or detachable. They are used to strengthen ship structures, as well as to secure blocks and cables for various purposes.
Lanyards They are used for covering ship's gear, as well as for reliable fastening of various objects and cargo while traveling. Lanyards are:
· Simple. They are usually based on simple or synthetic cables, which are passed several times between two eyelets, triangular thimbles or staples and connected to each other by the running end of the same cable. Used for tying lightly strained cables and for securing small cargo items.
· For fastening gear that experiences high stress, use screw turnbuckles. On ships, mainly twin-screw and swivel lanyards are used.
=Sea practice for a sailor (p. 26)=
Blocks and hoists.
Blocks.
Blocks are used to change the direction of traction when lifting and moving small weights or when tightening gear, as well as for founding hoists. The block consists of a wooden, metal or cast plastic case, inside of which 1 or more metal pulleys are loosely mounted on an axis called a dowel. Blocks come in 1-, 2-, 3- and multi-pulley types. The block body has partitions that separate 1 pulley from the other. The outer surfaces of the outermost partitions are the cheeks.
The simplest design is a single-pulley block. A cable passed through a single-pulley block is a gantry (Fig. 1). It allows you to change the direction of thrust when lifting and moving a load, but does not provide a gain in strength, so it is used for raising flags and pennants, signal lights and signs. Wooden and plastic blocks are used only when working with vegetable and synthetic cables. Most marine work uses metal blocks.
Double pulley metal block(Fig. 2, a) consists of a housing 3, two steel or cast iron pulleys 4, a bushing 5 with a groove for lubrication or with a bearing, a dowel 6, a fitting 7, mounting bolts 1 and a suspension 2.
To equip the block, the cable must be passed between the cheeks of the block and placed in the pulley bale. Equipment simple block inconvenient, because you need to thread the cable from the end. Therefore, on ships they use single-pulley blocks with a folding cheek - rosin blocks (Fig. 2, b). The folding jaw allows you to insert the middle of the cable into such a block.
The blocks must be periodically disassembled, cleaned of dirt and rust, and lubricated rubbing parts. The block should be replaced if cracks or significant wear on the dowel or pulley are noticed. Units that are not in use must be thoroughly lubricated and stored in a dry place in a suspended state.
=Tutorial for a sailor and boatswain (p. 21), Maritime practice for a sailor (p. 13) =
Tali.
Hoists (ordinary and mechanical) are devices that allow you not only to change the direction of traction, but also to gain strength when lifting and moving heavy objects, when tightening gear and in other cases.
Ordinary hoists consist of 2 blocks, through the pulleys of which a cable is passed, called a shovel. One end of the shovel, attached to the block, is called the main end, the other, coming out of the block, to which an external traction force is applied, is called the running end. One block of hoists, fixed, is secured in place through a suspension. The other block is called movable, since during operation it rises along with the load or moves in the direction of tightening the gear. According to the number of pulleys in both blocks, hoists are divided into two-, three-, four- and multi-pulley.
The simplest are double-pulley hoists, based on a lopar between two single-pulley blocks. Such hoists can be based in two ways: the running end of the lopar comes off a fixed (Fig. 3, a) or from a movable (Fig. 3, b) block.
Ordinary hoists are used on ships various designs and load capacity. To tighten gear, use 3-pulley grab-waist(Fig. 4, a). Along with them, hoists are used, based between 2 blocks with the same number pulleys, - Gintsy(Fig. 4, b). The armament of heavy booms includes multi-pulley hoists having blocks with pulleys on ball bearings - gini(Fig. 4, b).
The methods for founding hoists depend on the number of pulleys in the blocks (Fig. 5). They are always founded with the root end of the lapar clockwise for right-hand descent cables and counterclockwise for left-hand descent cables. The hoists are based on the deck, placing one block opposite the other at some distance with the pendants outward. To base double-pulley hoists (Fig. 5, a), the fixed block is taken to be the one that has a device for attaching the root end of the lopar. The root end is passed through the pulley of the stationary block, then through the pulley of the movable one and attached to the stationary block.
When founding three-pulley hoists (Fig. 5, b), a two-pulley block is taken as a fixed block, and a single-pulley block is taken as a movable block. The root end is passed through the lower (closest to the deck) pulley of the two-pulley block, through the single-pulley pulley, then through the upper pulley of the two-pulley and attached to the single-pulley block.
When founding four-pulley hoists (Fig. 5, c), consisting of two two-pulley blocks, the root end is passed sequentially, first through the lower pulleys of the fixed and movable blocks, then through the upper pulleys of these blocks, after which the root end is brought to the fixed block and secured to it .
The foundation between two three-pulley blocks of six-pulley guineas (Fig. 5, d) is carried out with the root end of the lopar according to the scheme: middle pulley of the fixed block - lower pulley of the movable - middle pulley of the movable - upper pulley of the fixed - upper pulley of the movable - to the attachment point on the fixed block. This wiring diagram for the root end of the paddle prevents the blocks from skewing while lifting the load.
In all cases, after passing the root end of the lapar through all the pulleys of both blocks, it is sealed with a fire and a thimble, with which it is attached to the butt on the corresponding block.
Ordinary hoists that are not in use are stored in a dry, ventilated area in a suspended state. All rubbing parts of the blocks are well lubricated. After finishing work with portable hoists, they are carefully folded, preventing the hoist from becoming tangled. When working with ordinary hoists, try to avoid sudden jerks, which can lead to breakage of the paddle or damage to the blocks. If, upon inspection of the blocks, significant wear of the dowels, hooks, brackets or butts is discovered, such blocks are replaced and the hoists are re-founded.
Mechanical hoists allow you to obtain multiple gains in strength, the ability to smoothly lift the load and keep it automatically locked in any position.
Wide Application Mechanical differential hoists were found on ships (Fig. 6). The suspension of such hoists contains a fixed block frame, which consists of 2 rigidly connected pulleys of different diameters with a diameter ratio of 7:8 or 11:12. The suspension with the block is attached to a fixed support or to the traverse of a trolley moving along a suspended rail. The lower 1-pulley block is also placed in a cage that has a hook for hanging a load. The closed operating chain sequentially covers the small pulley of the stationary block, the pulley of the movable and the large pulley of the stationary block, the pulley of the movable and the large pulley of the stationary blocks. Lifting of the load is ensured by turning the large pulley of the stationary block by applying a traction force to the branch of the working chain running from this pulley.
Mechanical hoists are kept clean, rubbing parts are regularly lubricated, and their serviceability is monitored.
=Training manual for sailor and boatswain (p. 24)=
Rigging hooks.
Rigging hooks– forged steel hooks used for lifting cargo, attaching gear and various rigging parts to the spar and hull of the ship.
Upper part what they call it butt, which has eyelet, middle part – backrest and the open protruding part - toe.
The following hooks are distinguished:
· By shape ordinary hooks there are simple(Fig. 1, a), if the plane of the butt 2 is perpendicular to the plane of the back 1 and rotated(Fig. 1, b), if the butt, back and toe lie in the same plane. By means of the butt, the hook is embedded in the cable fire or secured in the suspension of the structure. A variety of ordinary hooks is penter-huck(Fig. 1, c). In the lower part of the back it has a pad for attaching a guy. For cargo pendants, rotated hooks of a special design are used. This hook called cargo, or pendant hook(Fig. 1, d), has a toe curved inwards, covered with a special ridge on top. This design of the hook prevents it from getting caught on the protruding parts of the ship's hull and the cargo hatch when lifting the cargo.
· Swivel hook(Fig. 2, a) - has a neck instead of a butt, which ensures the hook is secured and freely rotates in the block frame or other suspension. Double swivel hooks are also used (Fig. 2,b). They are used to prevent cables from twisting (they are periodically walked around).
· Verb-hack(Fig. 3) consists of the hook itself with an elongated folding toe 1 and a butt 2 in the form of an eye, a round fastening link 3, an elongated link 4 and a locking link 5 and a connecting link 6 connecting to it. The latter is embedded in a butt welded to the deck or superstructure. The dimensions of the locking link allow it to be put on the toe of the hook pressed against the extended link after the cable end or a link of the rigging chain is laid on the hook. When the gear attached to the hook is in a tense state, spontaneous release is excluded, but if you knock the locking link off the toe of the hook, the gear is quickly released.
· Snores– a folding hook formed by 2 simple hooks. When folding the hooks, a kind of ring is formed, which, being lashed, ensures reliable fastening of the sling or cable end. Used in places where quick return of gear is required.
Hooks experience stress mainly through bending. Their strength is significantly less than the strength of rigging brackets. The hook is stamped with a number corresponding to its load capacity.
The hooks are systematically inspected to detect cracks, cavities and other defects and the rubbing surfaces are lubricated. Hooks with average wear of 10% of their original thickness are not allowed for use.
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