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"Prevention a social behavior and antisocial actions" Social teacher Municipal Educational Institution School p. Katravozh Koneva Veronika Vasilievna
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ASOCIAL BEHAVIOR is a type of deviant behavior that is harmful to society. Unlike antisocial behavior (theft, hooliganism, etc.), antisocial behavior is not directed against existing social relations.
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Deviant behavior (asocial behavior) is defined as deviant behavior, that is, as individual actions or a system of actions that contradict generally accepted legal or moral norms in society.
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The stages of antisocial behavior are determined on the basis of signs: 1) the degree of violation of social requirements, norms, laws on the part of the individual, which is determined by analyzing the actions committed; 2) the degree of non-compliance with social requirements, norms and laws; determined through an analysis of the individual’s attitude to these requirements and laws, as well as an assessment of one’s own behavior; 3) singularity and recurrence of antisocial actions.
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Stages of formation of antisocial behavior At the first stage of pre-asocial behavior, the characteristics of the violation include disagreement, disobedience, denial, and failure to fulfill certain social requirements. Genuine antisocial behavior is still absent. The individual perceives his behavior as normal, consistent with his own social values and attitudes. The reasons for deviation lie primarily in incorrect educational influence. Help here has two educational aspects: it is aimed at adjusting the educational impact or on the child’s personality, having the character of a modified educational activity. At this stage, initial elements of negative public opinion about the child’s personality; comments, disciplinary measures from parents, teachers, etc. Help from consultation rooms at schools, clinics, and regional institutions is possible social work. At successful work the prognosis may be positive. In the absence or failure of help, two outcomes are possible: either the individual will cope with the problems on his own or behavioral disturbances will deepen.
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At the onset of antisocial behavior, the characteristic includes violation of social requirements, norms and manifestations of illegal actions (petty theft, deception, hooliganism). Inclusion in groups with pronounced antisocial behavior is possible. The individual’s attitude towards social norms here can be different: - the individual perceives his behavior as normal - the individual approves of his behavior, believes that it corresponds to the norms and values of people from his close environment; - a person evaluates his behavior negatively and believes that it does not correspond to his own values and attitudes. Help and sanctions from society can have two aspects here. If the immediate environment has an asocial system of norms and values, then it is necessary that help be directed towards this environment. Can add special tips, family therapy, work of a social worker, school teacher and psychologist with families and small groups. Helping a child has the nature of a correctional activity. Its goal is to destroy the manifested elements of readiness for antisocial behavior and to form a stable system of norms and values that correspond to the norms and values of society. Individual and group work is required at school and extracurricular activity centers, and work with children's associations. In case of timely attention and successful assistance, the prognosis will be positive. Otherwise, behavioral disturbances are more likely to deepen.
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At the third stage of antisocial behavior, the characteristics include: relapses of illegal actions and accumulation of experience in this regard (theft, violence, gross hooliganism), inclusion in groups with antisocial behavior. The attitude of the individual to social norms: - the individual accepts his behavior as normal, consistent with his own values and attitudes, - a crisis occurs in the individual’s self-image and assessment of public opinion about him, which leads to conflict. Help should be in the nature of intensive correctional and educational activities with the aim of destroying socially negative and forming socially relevant dispositions. This can be achieved through individual and group educational work, individual and group therapy, work and the acquisition of professional qualifications, by creating conditions for the development of interests. Sanctions at this stage may be in the nature of forced stay in specialized educational institutions open type by court decision, at the suggestion of parents, teachers, social workers in order to separate from harmful influence environment. At this stage, the likelihood that the individual will cope with the problems on his own is minimal. The formation of a stable readiness for antisocial behavior and the enrichment of learned antisocial experience is more likely.
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The fourth stage is stable antisocial behavior: relapse and escalation of illegal actions, manifestation of dangerous crimes, inclusion in groups with a pronounced antisocial character. Perhaps the person evaluates his actions negatively, but he lacks confidence in his own abilities to overcome them. Help from society should consist of the creation of open educational institutions and specialized training of teachers and educators for them. The possibility of successfully solving problems is very small, renunciation of criminal actions is possible, but favorable result complicated by the fact that the processes of “labeling” are already stable. The fifth stage is stable, especially dangerous antisocial behavior; characterized by persistent illegal activities and serious crimes. Sanctions: forced stay in an institution closed type. At this stage, there is an insignificant probability of a favorable outcome, since the alienation of the individual from society is stable.
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DEVIATIONS Deviant behavior is one of the types of deviant behavior associated with a violation of age-appropriate social norms and rules of behavior characteristic of microsocial relationships (family, school). Manifestations: demonstration, aggression, challenge, deviation from studies; leaving home, vagrancy, drunkenness and alcoholism; early drug addiction; antisocial acts of a sexual nature; suicide attempts. Delinquent behavior is repeated asocial offenses that develop into a certain stable stereotype of actions that violate legal norms, but do not entail criminal liability due to limited social danger or the child not reaching the age at which criminal liability begins. Manifestations of insults, beatings, arson, sadistic acts, petty thefts, extortion, distribution and sale of drugs. Criminal behavior is an unlawful act, which, upon reaching the age of criminal responsibility, serves as the basis for initiating a criminal case and is qualified under certain articles of the criminal code. Negative forms of deviation are a social pathology: They disorganize the system, undermine its foundations and cause significant damage, first of all, to the personality of the teenager himself.
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What factors can explain antisocial behavior in society? predominance of biological instincts genetic characteristics regional factors psychophysiological characteristics social environment social environment psychophysiological characteristics genetic characteristics
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1. Low resistance to mental overload and stress. 2. Frequent self-doubt, low self-esteem, inflated demands on oneself. 3. Difficulties in communicating with peers on the street. Factors influencing the occurrence of antisocial behavior 4. Anxiety and tension in communication at the place of study. 5. The desire to obtain new sensations, and as quickly as possible. 6. Excessive dependence on friends, desire to imitate friends. 7. Intolerance of conflicts, desire to escape into the world of illusions. 8. Obsessive forms of behavior; overeating, gambling and computer gambling addiction. 9. Deviations in behavior due to injuries, diseases, brain pathology. 10. Post-traumatic syndrome; suffered violence. 11. Leaving home, belonging to informal associations. 12. Compounded heredity (alcoholism, drug addiction), obvious troubles in the family.
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A small or friendly group can also be a factor in antisocial behavior if there are antisocial elements in the system of norms that guide group members in their behavior; in relationships in the group, an authoritarian style dominates and violence manifests itself; if an anti-school subculture is widespread in the group.
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An important factor that can contribute to the emergence and development of antisocial behavior in children is school. Working style matters. It is important to train teachers to work with difficult children. Practice shows that teachers often do not have social and pedagogical training. It is necessary to cooperate with trained personnel - psychologists, social educators. 1. Authoritarian character The work is aimed at achieving obedience, discipline, order. Sanctions, punishments, and restrictions predominate among pedagogical means. There is no individual and differentiated work. The organization, forms and methods of teaching do not create opportunities for the success of every teenager. 2. Liberal character Most often applies not so much to the school, but to certain groups of teachers. At the same time, there is often a lack of systematic and consistent work necessary to achieve educational goals. 3. All work is aimed at acquiring knowledge; the necessary attention is not paid to educational work.
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Preconditions for antisocial behavior may manifest themselves in school age Neglect of students Gambling Foul language Smoking, alcohol addiction Deviations in the sexual development of the child Lies Neuroses
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Signs of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): - the child is whiny and irritable - restless - often quarrels with other children - is naughty at the table - does not fall asleep for a long time - cannot dress independently - cannot listen to others, constantly interrupts - does not finish what he starts - characterized by mood swings, outbursts of anger - makes hasty decisions - problems arise with academic performance - manifestation of selfishness - problems with the police - psychology of not giving a damn - speaks foul language - shouts from his seat in class - low stress resistance: “He makes a molehill out of a molehill,” - this is about them - doing homework for a child and his parents is torture for many hours - it also happens that children behave calmly and give the impression of being lethargic, apathetic - they do poorly in school, are uncommunicative
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Children at risk are a category of children who, due to certain circumstances in their lives, are more susceptible to negative consequences than other categories. external influences on the part of society and its criminal elements, which became the cause of maladaptation of minors
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The main reasons are the following life circumstances of such children: - drunkenness of one and both parents, their antisocial behavior (parasitism, begging, theft, prostitution); - establishment of dens for criminal and asocial elements in the parents’ apartment, - - - sexual corruption by parents of their own children, trafficking in them; - one of the parents serving a prison term, treatment of one of the parents; - alcoholism, mental illness of one or both parents, etc.
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The concept of children “at risk” should mean the following categories of children: - children with developmental problems that do not have clearly defined clinicopathological characteristics; - children left without parental care due to various circumstances; - children from asocial families; - children from families in need of socio-economic and socio-psychological assistance and support; - children with manifestations of social and psychological-pedagogical maladjustment
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Prevention is a set of state, public, socio-medical and organizational and educational measures aimed at preventing, eliminating or neutralizing the main causes and conditions that cause various kinds of social deviations in human behavior.
The behavior of some children and adolescents attracts attention as a violation of norms, inconsistency with the advice and recommendations received, and differs from the behavior of those who fit into the regulatory requirements families, schools and communities.
This behavior, characterized by deviation from accepted moral, and in some cases legal norms, is called deviant. It includes anti-disciplinary, anti-social, delinquent illegal and auto-aggressive (suicidal and self-harm) actions. In their origin, they can be caused by various deviations in the development of personality and its response. More often this behavior is the reaction of children and adolescents to difficult life circumstances. It is on the border between normal and disease and therefore should be assessed not only by the employee, but also by the doctor. The possibility of behavioral deviations is also related to the characteristics of physical development, educational conditions and social environment.
Puberty also affects behavior. With premature sexual development, in some cases they occur predominantly emotional disorders, in others - behavioral disorders (pretentiousness, hot temper, aggressiveness) disorder of desires; especially sexual. With delayed sexual development, slowness, lack of concentration, uncertainty, impulsiveness and difficulties in adaptation appear.
The emergence of deviant behavior may be due to psychological characteristics. In younger adolescents, there are disproportions in the level and pace of personality development. The emerging feeling of adulthood leads to an inflated level of aspirations. Emotionality becomes unstable, characterized by sharp mood swings, rapid transitions from exaltation to decreased disposition. When a teenager is faced with a misunderstanding of his aspirations for independence, as well as in response to criticism of physical abilities or external data, outbursts of affect arise. The most unstable mood is observed in boys and girls. Belkin A.S. Difficult teenager // Education of schoolchildren, 2008, No. 1. P. 36.. The most pronounced stubbornness occurs at this same age. Older teenagers are concerned about the right to independence; they are looking for their place in life. A differentiation of abilities and interests occurs, a worldview develops, and psychosexual orientation is determined. However, determination and perseverance at this age still coexist with impulsiveness and instability. Excessive self-confidence and categoricalness are combined with sensitivity and self-doubt. The desire for broad contacts coexists with the desire to be alone, unceremoniousness with shyness, romanticism with pragmatism and cynicism, the need for tenderness with sadism.
The development of a teenager’s personality occurs under the influence of the culture and society that raised him, and is associated with socio-economic status and gender. Puberty in modern adolescents ends before the onset of social maturity. Available freedom of choice life path lengthens adaptation time. At the same time, social maturation occurs unevenly and depends on the completion of education, financial independence or the onset of adulthood. A teenager may be unadapted in some areas of life and have a hard time experiencing his failure. For example, having authority in a group of athletes, a teenager may turn out to be completely immature in relationships with people of the opposite sex.
During the life of a teenager, the range of social roles expands: student, amateur performer, member of a sports team, etc. However, mastering them is difficult, which can lead to great emotional stress and behavioral disturbances. Behavioral disorders may include the following:
Hyperkinetic behavior disorder. It is characterized by a lack of persistence in activities that require mental effort, a tendency to move from one activity to another without completing any of them, along with poorly regulated and excessive activity. This may be accompanied by recklessness, impulsiveness, a tendency to get into accidents, disciplinary action due to thoughtless or defiant violation of the rules. They don’t feel distance in relationships with adults; children don’t like them and refuse to play with them. There may also be conduct disorder and low self-esteem.
Unsocialized conduct disorder. Characterized by a combination of persistent antisocial or aggressive behavior with violation of social norms and with significant disturbances in relationships with other children. It is characterized by a lack of productive communication with peers and manifests itself as isolation from, rejection by, or unpopularity with, and a lack of friends or empathic reciprocal connections with peers. They show disagreement, cruelty and indignation towards adults; less often the relationship is good, but without due trust. There may be associated emotional disturbances. Usually the child or teenager is lonely. Typical behavior includes pugnacity, bullying, extortion or assault with violence and cruelty, disobedience, rudeness, individualism and resistance to authority, severe outbursts of anger and uncontrollable rage, destructive acts, arson,
Socialized conduct disorder. It differs in that persistent antisocial (theft, deceit, truancy from school, leaving home, extortion, rudeness) or aggressive behavior occurs in sociable children and adolescents. Often they are part of a group of antisocial peers, but they can also be part of an indifferent company. Relations with adults representing power are poor.
Mixed behavioral and emotional disorders are a combination of persistently aggressive antisocial or defiant behavior with severe symptoms of depression or anxiety. In some cases, the above disorders are combined with constant depression, manifested by severe suffering, loss of interests, loss of pleasure from lively, emotional games and activities, self-accusation and hopelessness. In others, behavioral disorders are accompanied by anxiety, timidity, fears, obsessions or worries about one’s health.
Delinquent behavior. This refers to misdemeanors, minor offenses that do not reach the level of a crime punishable in court. It manifests itself in the form of truancy from class, communication with antisocial companies, hooliganism, bullying of the small and weak, extortion of money, theft of bicycles and motorcycles. Fraud, speculation, and home theft are common. The reasons are social - shortcomings in education. 30%-80% of delinquent children had single-parent families, 70% of adolescents had serious character disorders, 66% had accentuates. Among hospital patients without psychosis, 40% have delinquent behavior. In half of them it was combined with psychopathy. Running away from home and vagrancy in a third of cases is combined with delinquency. A quarter of those hospitalized are runaways. Self-destructive behavior in adolescents: Sat. scientific tr. / ed. A.E. Lichko and Yu.V. Popova. L., 1991..
Antisocial (immoral) behavior.
This is behavior that evades moral standards and directly threatens the well-being of interpersonal relationships. It can manifest itself as aggressive behavior, sexual deviations (promiscuity, prostitution, seduction, etc.), involvement in gambling for money, vagrancy, dependency.
In adolescence, the most common behaviors are leaving home, vagrancy, school absenteeism or refusal to study, graffiti, slang, and tattoos. Children are more likely to run away from home, vagrancy, slander, lies, theft, extortion or begging.
The boundaries of antisocial behavior are especially variable because it, more than other behavioral deviations, is influenced by culture and time.
Antisocial (delinquent) behavior.
Behavior that is contrary to legal norms and threatens social order and the well-being of others. It includes any actions or inactions prohibited by law.
In adults (over 18 years of age), this behavior manifests itself in the form of offenses that entail criminal liability or civil penalties and appropriate penalties. In adolescents (from 13 years old): hooliganism, theft, robbery, vandalism, violence. In childhood (from 5 to 12 years) violence towards younger children, peers, cruelty to animals, theft, petty hooliganism, arson.
Autodestructive (self-destructive) behavior.
Deviating from medical and psychological norms, threatening the integrity and development of the personality itself. Self-destructive behavior in modern world appears in the following main forms: suicidal behavior, food or chemical addiction, fanatical behavior, autistic behavior, activities with a pronounced risk to life (extreme sports, significant speeding when driving a car, etc.).
So, depending on the character preventive measures The following relatively independent groups of unfavorably characterized individual characteristics can be distinguished, which, in the absence of special corrective influences, can cause various antisocial deviations in minors:
1. First of all, this kind of unfavorable individual characteristics should include some crisis phenomena that characterize psychophysiological development in adolescence, which cause a certain difficulty in educating a teenager. These crisis phenomena of adolescence can well be overcome in the system of general educational institutions, provided that the educational process and relationships between adults, teachers, parents, educators and adolescents are built taking into account the specific characteristics of this age.
2. Social adaptation of children and adolescents can be hampered by various neuropsychic diseases, deviations, and accentuations. It is obvious that in in this case Pedagogical correction measures are not enough; the intervention and assistance of psychiatrists, neurologists, psychotherapists is needed, along with educational measures carrying out medical correction, as well as conducting special consultations for employees and parents.
3. A special place among the unfavorable individual characteristics that make up the psychophysiological prerequisites for antisocial behavior is occupied by mental retardation, mental retardation, which, as is known, is caused by an organic burden of a congenital, hereditary nature, or resulting from traumatic brain injuries and diseases of the central nervous system. nervous system, transferred at the age of reaching. Social adaptation of children with mental retardation, as well as the prevention of asocial deviations in these children, should be carried out according to special programs in auxiliary educational institutions.
4. In some cases, the role of psychobiological prerequisites for antisocial behavior can be various physical defects, speech defects, external unattractiveness, disadvantages of a constitutional-somatic nature, which can negatively manifest themselves through the system of interpersonal relationships of a child, a teenager in a group of classmates, among peers. It is obvious that disruptions in relationships in the classroom due to physical defects of children can easily be overcome through modern pedagogical correction.
5. The correction of asocial deviations, which are based on perverted or hypertrophied biological needs, presents considerable difficulty for educational and preventive practice. As psychobiological prerequisites for antisocial behavior, they are found much less frequently among minors than among adult criminals, but, nevertheless, they should not fall out of sight of criminological analysis. This includes youthful hypersexuality, not sublimated into socially active forms of activity, entrenched at the level of bad habits, the need for alcohol, smoking, and drugs. The fight against this kind of phenomenon requires comprehensive measures of both a pedagogical, medical and administrative-compulsory nature.
How to protect your child from joining antisocial groups"
Poor health and many unresolved social problems turn the most unforgettable and bright page in the life of any person - childhood - into a dark period of joyless existence, into an endless struggle for survival. The situation surrounding children today is aggravated by cruelty, violence, criminal conflicts, social instability in society, and the crazy entertainment industry. An endless stream of propaganda of dubious values and pleasures and detachment from raising a family rains down on him from billboards and television screens. After such zombification procedures, it is perhaps difficult to count on love and gratitude from the younger generation, on its high culture. But the opposite is clearly observed - the unbridled cruelty that has gripped our society.
Western psychiatry beautifully calls such people “sociopaths,” but in our country this term is almost never used, and they talk about “behavioral disorders.”
These people are “problematic” from early childhood.
To one degree or another, they are characterized by:
Indifference to other people's feelings
Neglect of social rules and responsibilities,
Extremely low threshold for aggression, including violence,
Inability to feel guilty and benefit from life experiences, especially punishment,
A pronounced tendency to blame others or put forward plausible explanations for socially unacceptable behavior.
Examples of behaviors that lead to a diagnosis of conduct disorder include:
Excessive pugnacity or hooliganism,
Cruelty to other people or animals,
Severe destruction of property,
Absenteeism from school and leaving home,
Unusually frequent and severe outbursts of anger
Provocative behavior
Constant, outright disobedience.
This group contains behavioral disorders that include aggressive, oppositional, defiant or brutal behavior, in which the abnormal behavior is entirely or almost entirely confined to the home and relationships with immediate family or household members. Theft from the home may occur, often specifically focused on the money and property of one or two individuals. The child's behavior may be intentionally destructive, also focused on specific family members, such as breaking toys or jewelry, destroying clothes or shoes, cutting furniture, or destroying valuable possessions.
This type of disorder is characterized by a combination of persistent antisocial or aggressive behavior, with significant general disruption of the child's relationships with other children. Such a child does not have a peer group in which he would “belong”; he is isolated, rejected or unpopular in the children's environment. He doesn't have any close friends either. Relationships with adults can develop in different ways. There is usually a tendency to be cruel, stubborn and negativistic in relationships, but sometimes good relationships with individual adults occur. Typical behavior in these children includes bullying, excessive pugnacity, and (in older children) extortion or violent assault. Also characteristic are rudeness, individualism, resistance to authority, severe outbursts of uncontrollable rage, and cruelty to people and animals.
This category applies to conduct disorders involving persistent antisocial or aggressive behavior and occurring in children who are usually well integrated into their peer group. In this case, the child usually has a peer group to which he is devoted and in which socially unacceptable behavior is certainly approved. Within this group, the child may have long-lasting and close friendships. But if the group's antisocial behavior includes, for example, hooliganism, then the same child may show extreme cruelty towards the victims.
Why do children go "to the left"?
What are the causes of behavioral disorders in children?
Quite often the root of the problem lies in the child’s family.
A family may be unreasonably cruel to a child, and this causes retaliatory cruelty. A child may be beaten or otherwise punished for the slightest offense and deprived of pleasure. Such a child never receives praise or encouragement. The only encouragement for him is the absence of punishment. As a rule, emotional relationships in such a family are cold and lifeless. The child grows up without warmth and affection, and he himself cannot warm or caress anyone. He is often cruel to animals or weaker children, taking out his own humiliations on them. Growing up, such a child, as a rule, begins to take revenge on his parents.
Sometimes there is no cruelty, and all family members are, as it were, cohabitants indifferent to each other. No one in such a family cares about anyone, no one is interested in the affairs and feelings of others. Everyone has been living on their own for a long time. Grandpa watches football, grandma digs in the garden, dad disappears at work, and mom
reads romance novels and chats with her friends on the phone for hours. No one interferes in anything, no one empathizes, no one asks questions. Everyone takes care of their own nerves. It is not surprising that in such a family a child grows up who is callous and indifferent to the feelings of other people.
Sometimes children with antisocial behavior grow up in a child-centric family. Such a child is pampered by everyone, everyone forgives him, everyone allows him. All the benefits available to the family are at his service. He is not used to sharing with anyone: neither chocolate, nor power, nor attention. Growing up, a child naturally expects from the world the same attitude that he met in the family. But the world is in no hurry to be “at his service.” Depending on the temperament and character of the child, protest develops. As a rule, this results in hysterical neurosis. But sometimes, if a child is strong or smart and resourceful, he finds the opportunity to realize his desire to rule in a group of peers with antisocial behavior, becoming a leader there either due to his personal qualities, or due to the influence and wealth of his “ancestors.” If parents continue to “cover up” for the child, “let go of the brakes” on all of his initially minor, hooligan offenses, then antisocial behavior is reinforced, aggravated by character pathology and often becomes irreversible.
Naturally, most often children with antisocial behavior come from so-called socially disadvantaged families.
Firstly, quite often children with behavioral disorders have certain neurological disorders ( Special attention in this regard, parents need to pay attention to children diagnosed with ADHD or hyperdynamic syndrome).
Secondly, the provoking factor may be the general low level of development of the child’s intelligence. Such a child falls behind at school and is scolded for poor performance at home. In search of support and understanding, he goes out into the street, and there he may well be “picked up” by members of an antisocial group.
Thirdly, heredity also plays a role. Whatever they say about the obsolescence of “Apple” sayings, personality is still a combination of hereditary inclinations and environmental influences. Of course, unfavorable hereditary factors are psychiatric illnesses of close relatives, alcoholism or drug addiction of one or both parents, suicide of one of the parents or a family member, persistent antisocial behavior of one of the relatives.
Fourth, all types of antisocial behavior are much more common in boys than in girls.
Increase the risk of developing behavioral disorders by such child character traits as cruelty, inability to sympathize, inattention and indifference to the interests of other people, excessive selfishness, a tendency to blame others for everything and the inability to admit one’s mistakes, low or excessively high self-esteem, deceit, rudeness, inability to restrain your negative feelings.
What to do to prevent this from happening? And how to behave if this has already happened?
There are a number of features inherent prosperous families. A wide variety of children in these families are socialized normally and never or almost never exhibit significant antisocial disorders.
I would like to emphasize that it is the personality as a whole that is accepted. And the point here is not at all that this very person is allowed everything. The child’s actions and individual qualities are not welcomed and, if necessary, harshly condemned. Moreover, the differentiation is sometimes very subtle.
This is not self-indulgence or all-forgiveness - it is precisely support in difficult times, approval in moments of weakness and reflection, a push in moments of doubt, and solidarity with the healthy part of the personality when the shadow part (and each of us has one) is ready to rebel and come out. obedience.
The time of youth - especially difficult time, time to find your way. A person at this age is creatively active, he has not yet formed thinking stereotypes, he is mobile, but this mobility can also be called imbalance: a young man easily falls under the influence of others, he can be carried away into both good and evil. Moreover, often he still cannot distinguish good from evil, he does not have the experience to deeply understand and evaluate some phenomenon. In addition, at this age, due to the restructuring of the entire bodily composition, powerful bodily feelings and movements arise in a person, which he often blindly follows.
At this age, a person is acutely aware of his freedom and tries to realize this freedom. Moreover, young people understand freedom as a renunciation of what their parents and, in general, people of the older generation live by; they see in this an affirmation of their “I.” On the other hand, the young man wants to be like everyone else - like everyone else, as they say now, “advanced” young people.
And modern youth culture offers him such an example of “advancement”: drugs, alcohol, promiscuity, appropriate style of clothing and behavior, appropriate music, etc. And all these attributes of “normal” young man“—this is precisely what causes or causes the asocial phenomena that we are talking about today. It is they who become not only the cause of the death of the young themselves, but also the source of many troubles and suffering for those around them. And all this is flourishing throughout Russia - we traveled to the most remote regions and saw that the consumption of drugs and alcohol is only increasing everywhere (no one now says that drinking beer is as dangerous as consuming strong drinks). Everywhere the family is being destroyed, because it is “not fashionable” to start a family and raise children. It is fashionable to live in a civil marriage, constantly changing partners, same-sex love has become fashionable, etc.
The adjective “asocial” is used in relation to a wide range of concepts: asocial lifestyle, asocial personality, asocial families...
In all these cases, it is meant that a certain person (or perhaps a group of people) to one degree or another does not comply with the norms accepted in society. After all, “asocial” is literally “antisocial”, denying society, not taking into account the needs of its members.
Psychologists distinguish the so-called asocial personality type (otherwise it is called the sociopathic type or simply a sociopath). This type of characteristic usually consists of the following main features:
- Inability to express your emotions.
- Ignoring the public and unspoken rules that have developed in society.
- Ease of manipulating others, convincing role-playing, lying in one's own interests.
- Aggression as a universal response to external stimuli.
- Lack of shame and remorse, inability to understand that his actions bring suffering to people around him.
- Confidence in the correctness of your behavior.
- Impulsivity, the desire to satisfy needs immediately, here and now.
- Selfishness. One’s own needs always come first, above the needs and wants of others, above any social restrictions.
In general, it is worth noting that asociality can take a wide variety of forms; accordingly, there is no clearly limited set of features inherent in the character of a sociopath. Nevertheless, in attempts to highlight the most bright features, allowing us to speak with great confidence about the antisocial personality type, a list of four points was compiled.
Firstly, this is the already noted impulsiveness. An antisocial personality lives for one second, is not able to think about decisions for a long time and weigh the pros and cons, and most importantly, craves the lightning-fast fulfillment of his own desires.
Secondly, such a person cannot love sincerely, cannot show tenderness and sensitivity to his partner. It is paradoxical that at the same time, antisocial people are often outwardly attractive and charismatic and, as a result, are surrounded by fans. However, the maximum that these fans will receive is superficial relationships, short-term connections.
Thirdly, antisocials do not use past negative experiences in any way. In other words, it is useless to hope that a sociopath will remember how much suffering to others and (or) inconvenience this or that action brought him, and will not repeat it.
Finally, and this trait has also already been noted, an antisocial person will never feel guilty or suffer from remorse. He simply cannot understand why he is being condemned.
The mentioned features, as a rule, become noticeable quite early. Antisocial children are capricious, irritable, often hyperactive, strive to control adults and achieve what they want at any cost. They are cruel to their peers, often insulting or humiliating them.
Antisocial behavior of adolescents manifests itself in an interest in a forbidden pastime that is condemned in society. The use of alcohol, drugs, early and promiscuous sex, membership in criminal gangs and other typical types of antisocial behavior become commonplace for such young people.
By the way, an interesting observation: for members of a criminal group it is usually great importance have rules that apply within it, including, for example, rules prohibiting the betrayal of other gang members, requiring respect for the leader, and so on. These rules require accepting and taking into account the needs of others, while antisocial individuals will never act in this way.
It is important to understand that one-time antisocial behavior does not mean that your son or daughter has antisocial personality disorder. But if all the described phenomena are observed regularly, and the conclusions of specialists are appropriate, then most likely the child really has a tendency towards asociality.
It is not 100% likely that a child predisposed to sociopathy will develop into a completely antisocial personality. How do antisocial tendencies arise in general, and is it possible to fight them? In other words, is asociality congenital or acquired? Let's look at the reasons that cause antisocial disorder.
There are three interrelated groups of factors under the influence of which a sociopath is formed.
The first group includes biological factors. Indeed, asociality can be inherited, this mainly concerns criminal tendencies. In addition, it can be caused by various chromosomal abnormalities in the development of the fetus, the mother's use of alcohol or drugs during pregnancy, and complications during childbirth.
The list of social factors includes, for example, rude or aggressive treatment of a child in the family, indifference to him, and lack of attention. So destructive for the psyche - even of an adult, and not just a growing person! - the situation is often typical of families where the parents themselves have psychological problems, so we can say that social factors often overlap with biological ones, and consequently, the likelihood of developing and strengthening sociopathic personality traits increases.
Such asocial families need supervision from guardianship authorities. In extreme cases, it is necessary to separate children and parents so that the child sees other examples, values and guidelines. Also, the prevention of antisocial behavior may include other measures, among which the most common are the following:
Prevention of antisocial phenomena, of course, will give the desired result only if it is carried out both at school (or other institution that the child attends) and at home.
An antisocial child has a special type of thinking, and this is a personal factor that contributes to the development of sociopathic tendencies. The type of thinking in question involves an inadequate assessment of the social situation.
A person is determined in advance that all the actions of others that he does not like are committed specifically to cause inconvenience to him. He expects that people around him will show anger and aggression towards him, and he himself intends to respond in kind.
And when peers or adults really get irritated, shout or even use physical violence, a person predisposed to asociality only becomes stronger in the correctness of his views. A vicious circle that is extremely difficult to break.
Thus, the causes of antisocial behavior can be explained by biological, social and personal factors, and most likely, a combination of several of them.
Antisocial, or delinquent (Latin: Delinquo - to commit an offense, to be guilty), behavior means a chain of actions, offenses, minor offenses that differ from crime, that is, serious offenses and crimes punishable according to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The main features of this behavior are the commission of actions that are contrary to ethics and morality, irresponsibility, and disregard for laws and the rights of other people. Sometimes all these behavioral disorders are called “deviant behavior,” which does not accurately reflect the essence. Deviance (asociality, or deviation from accepted norms) is a broader concept, therefore it includes not only delinquency, but also other behavioral disorders: addictive, suicidal, conformist, fanatical, narcissistic, autistic.
Antisocial behavior usually begins with truancy from school and association with an antisocial peer group. This is followed by petty hooliganism, bullying of the younger and weaker, taking away small pocket money from the younger ones, theft of motor vehicles without the intent of theft, and fraud. Typically, antisocial behavior is the most common reason for proceedings before commissions for the prevention of juvenile delinquency. Antisocial behavior is widespread in big cities, where around numerous centers for spending free time (discos, beer bars), conditions are often created that facilitate the involvement of teenagers in various types of criminal activities.
In the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), antisocial behavior is considered within the framework of “antisocial personality disorder.” Its signs appear already in childhood: lack of emotional attachment to parents and loved ones, lies, cruelty shown to animals, weaker children, aggressiveness. Such children often get into fights and commit hooligan acts; they also tend to skip school, return home late, wander, and steal. In adolescents, antisocial behavior is characterized by a general lack of responsibility and sense of duty. They do not fulfill their household duties, are not reliable in all respects, cope poorly with professional responsibilities, violate ethical and moral standards, and commit direct offenses: fraud, theft, forgery. Antisocial teenagers are irritable, impulsive, prone to aggression, which is especially often manifested in the home (beating animals, younger peers, etc.). Antisocial behavior is usually combined with promiscuity (frequent sexual relations with different partners). At the same time, there is no remorse regarding their actions; on the contrary, they constantly blame other people for something. They get bored with everything very quickly, including interpersonal relationships with specific people. They are not able to maintain long-term normal relationships with friends, family members, etc. Antisocial behavior is usually combined with the use of various substances that alter the mental state, in some cases with gambling, i.e. a combination of antisocial and addictive behavior. Persons with antisocial behavior already in early adolescence begin to smoke, drink alcohol and other euphoric substances, they early engage in promiscuous sexual relations, usually with their peers, and are prone to sexual aggression. Antisocial persons are prone in adolescence to destructive actions, damage to other people's property, and arson.
Here is an excerpt from A. Loy’s story “The Diary of Lenochka Sosnovskaya” (cited by T.P. Korolenko and T.A. Donskikh, 1990), in which the author described the features of her heroine’s antisocial behavior. The situation of a conversation with a doctor in the venereology department is described: “Eduard Konstantinovich sat down at the table, nodding his head to the chair. I sat down. We were now separated only by a polished surface on which papers lay in disarray. He took cigarettes from the desk drawer.
Yes! – I answered defiantly. He looked at me with a searching glance and handed me the pack. We started smoking. After a pause, he asked:
Did you do well at school? – I looked at him in surprise.
So-so, average.
“He really does look like Alain Delon,” an uninvited thought flashed through his mind.
She did not want. I liked hanging around the cafe more than studying. Remember how it is: “I don’t want to study, but I want to get married!”
So I followed this advice. I took it and fell in love. So much so that I contracted syphilis. Is it possible to love more? “She fell in love until she had syphilis! “Does it sound?!”
Adolescents with antisocial behavior are characterized by a desire for vagrancy, parasitism, and a lack of desire to participate in social activities. useful work. Almost half of the teenagers registered with the inspectorate for the prevention of juvenile delinquency (42.3%) do not work or study. They explain this by saying that studying and working are boring for them; it is much more interesting to spend time in the company of friends. When asked where they get the money, some answer that they live on their parents’ money, others do not hide the fact that they live on the funds of one of the company members or on the common money of all members of their microgroup; When asked where the common money comes from, they usually refused to answer.
Let's give examples. Teenager T. 14 years old. Lives with his mother and stepfather. The mother is emotionally cold and cares only about the material side of the girl’s life. The stepfather is busy with his work and does not pay attention to the girl. T. s early years“disobeys” parents. Capricious, disobedient, prone to deception. The mother noticed that from the age of five the girl wanted to sing “thieves’ songs” that she heard somewhere on the street. From the age of nine, T. runs away from home, does not return at night, spending the night in hallways, “since she can smoke freely, but she is bored at home.” She first tried alcohol at the age of 10, and since that time she drinks periodically in the company of older teenagers. He declares that “you won’t do anything with me anyway, I’ll end up in prison or a brothel.” Communicates with individuals who abuse various medications. He constantly skips school because “study is uninteresting and boring” and prefers to spend time with friends. She has a negative attitude towards her mother and stepfather; she believes that they do not need her, but only get in the way.
Teenager L., 17 years old. Doesn't work anywhere. Education is not complete secondary. Was brought up in orphanage. Doesn't know his parents. Has an older brother and sister. The brother is in prison. She practically does not communicate with her sister, since her sister “despises” her. According to the sister, it is known that the patient’s mother abuses alcohol. The girl studied poorly due to lack of interest in school and often left lessons. Starting at the age of 13, she ran away from the orphanage, went to other cities, and wandered. Sexual life from the age of 14. From the age of 11 he occasionally drinks alcohol, from the age of 14 he uses surrogates (windshield wipers), inhalants (gasoline, Moment glue, nitro paints). I like the effect of alcohol better. The main motivation for drinking alcohol is hedonic. Strives for drinking, “to make it more fun and joyful.” Considers drinking alcohol one of the ways to get a “high,” although he can do without it. Drinks only when treated, at someone else's expense. She was registered with the police for hooliganism and theft. Likes to be “active” and constantly communicate with someone. Doesn't tolerate loneliness well, everything gets boring quickly. Strives for leadership among peers. He does not feel sympathy for others, he lives “for today”. He considers the main thing in life to be pleasure.
In the overwhelming majority of cases, teenage delinquency has social causes - primarily shortcomings in upbringing. From 30 to 85% of adolescents with antisocial behavior grow up in an incomplete or deformed family - with a newly appeared stepfather or stepmother. Neglect and “hypoprotection”-type education are of considerable importance. The growth of antisocial behavior among adolescents is facilitated by social upheavals, leading to fatherlessness and deprivation of family care. Delinquency is not always associated with character anomalies, with psychopathy. However, with some of these anomalies, including extreme variants of the norm in the form of character accentuations, there is less resistance to the adverse effects of the immediate environment, and greater susceptibility to harmful influences. A.A. Vdovichenko (1976) among adolescents with antisocial behavior in 66% established various types of character accentuations and psychopathic states.
A study of adolescents with antisocial behavior showed that in most cases there were clearly unfavorable family upbringing conditions; they were expressed in insufficient attention to them from their parents, lack of warmth, and emotional attachment on the part of one or both parents. In a number of cases, families were single-parent, children were raised by their mother, mother and stepfather, the home environment was characterized by frequent quarrels, scandals, constant conflict situation. At times, this tense situation led to big scandals with mutual insults, after which the teenagers left home. Parents had little interest in the teenager’s performance at school and the inner life of their teenager. At best, parents' concern was limited to providing their children with food and clothing. The teenagers did not develop a positive parental image, there was no emotional attachment to home, and there was no desire to come home.
Teenagers did not receive enough information. This concerned, first of all, formal school knowledge; interest in reading and love for books did not develop. Reading books was usually associated with unpleasant emotional reactions and was experienced as a burden, an uninteresting task. IN home environment it was replaced by watching television programs of an exclusively entertaining nature. Tastes were formed in accordance with fashion and coincided with values popular culture. In adolescence, images of positive heroes were formed, which were, as a rule, movie stars, popular rock singers, and sometimes bards. The most typical was the weak representation of constructive socially positive motivations: the desire for a beautiful and easy life, which should have come by itself, without any serious effort, came to the fore. Ethical and moral criteria were poorly represented and were mostly of a superficial nature: the sense of empathy, moral responsibility for others, and the need to fulfill one’s duty was poorly expressed. Frequent loves arose, based on sexual attraction, but lasting attachments did not develop. The basic attitudes were formed: to live for today, not to think about the future, while life’s difficulties were not overcome, but were simply not taken into account, everything in life flowed as if “at the will of the waves.” Behavior was largely chaotic in nature, extremely dependent on the search for pleasure in different situations. The “carnal” range of entertainment included being in company, smoking, early drinking, and drugs (at first, always only in the company of friends). For the sake of “pleasure,” teenagers skipped classes at school, did not prepare homework, and deceived parents and teachers. There was no remorse, fear of punishment in most cases was practically absent, which to some extent could be explained by the home situation, but mostly - personal characteristics researched. In addition, mechanism behavior was important: immediate pleasure was more important than more distant punishment.
According to Ts.P. Korolenko and T.A. Donskikh (1990), one of characteristic features teenage girls with antisocial behavior is increased activity. From early childhood they attracted attention with their restlessness, capriciousness, and constant desire to communicate. It was difficult to attract them to any work or productive activity. They did not like to play traditional games for girls: “dolls”, “cooking”, “mothers and daughters”, etc., but preferred to participate in boys’ games: “war”, “hide and seek”, rushing along the street, making hooligan acts: setting fire to mailboxes, damaging elevators, painting walls, etc. There was no interest in school activities, which was reflected in frequent tardiness and missed lessons. They often did not prepare their homework; at best, they copied it. The girls deceived teachers, parents, and also their peers, without experiencing any remorse. Along with this, they tried to produce good impression on adults, to demonstrate their awareness, to emphasize independence, to arouse interest in themselves, to flirt, dress extravagantly, use cosmetics, and try to be fashionable.
At home, such teenagers were bored, and they tried to spend as little time as possible within its walls and communicate with their parents. If for some reason leaving home was impossible, they preferred to talk on the phone for a long time. Contents of these telephone conversations did not concern any business topics related, for example, to discussions of school activities, homework, solving mathematical problems, etc. They usually discussed relationships with one of their mutual acquaintances, love stories, interpersonal conflicts, quarrels, plans for spending time together the next day and evening, organizing parties, out-of-town trips, modern fashion, "black market, various ways getting a "high". If they did not have a telephone at home, they preferred to watch television programs for a long time, if the latter were of an entertaining nature.
Spending time outside the home is quite typical for adolescents with antisocial behavior. It primarily involves socializing in a group that includes other adolescents with antisocial behavior. The mixed-sex composition of such companies is not sufficiently stable, since other people are accepted very easily. Each of the groups has favorite places to spend time: in the summer - the streets of the central part of the city, places near hotels, restaurants, cinemas, parks, squares, sometimes station areas, embankment, in the winter - vacant apartments of one of the group members in the event of, for example, departure parents, often incompletely completed buildings, as well as basements of residential buildings, attics, garages, and dachas. Typically, each group spends time in its own area.
In the structuring of spending time among such adolescents, hedonic motivations predominate, i.e. desire for pleasure. They are practically at the mercy of their desires, to possible unfavorable or dangerous consequences They don’t pay attention to their actions. This is obviously connected with the well-known psychological mechanism of action on the principle of immediate satisfaction of desires, obtaining pleasure at any cost, regardless of more distant results. Fear of punishment was little expressed and did not delay the development of behavioral deviations.
A distinctive feature of the antisocial behavior of adolescents is the numerous sexual relationships they enter into with unfamiliar or even strangers. Teenagers with antisocial behavior often visit brothels where there are individuals who have committed repeated crimes, have been convicted, and have been released after the end of their prison term. Often, attention is drawn to the striking contrast between the prosperous environment own home and the environment in which adolescents with antisocial behavior tend to find themselves. It was established that sexual contacts themselves, in isolation from a specific environment, for example at home, were not of interest and there was no active desire for them among adolescents.
Teenagers with antisocial behavior are in constant conflict with the people around them. They lack an understanding of the rights of other people, they are incapable of empathy, which is combined with a desire for shameless exploitation of all those who succumb to this, including, first of all, those closest to them. To achieve their egocentric goals, they are not shy in choosing means: they can deceive, betray, blackmail. Such teenagers also have little awareness of social interests, social demands presented to a person. The only priority was given to own desires, impulses and emotions. They are little familiar with the feeling of anxiety. Noteworthy is the cynicism and demonstrative disregard for ethical standards of behavior.
As an illustration, we present the following observation. Teenager O., 16 years old, is registered with the inspectorate for the prevention of juvenile delinquency. Doesn't study. 9th grade education. Doesn't know his father. The mother was deprived of parental rights due to alcohol abuse. IN Lately lives with aunt. Previously, she lived with her grandmother, with whom she often quarreled. Sometimes he visits his mother, but does not stay with her for more than a few days, which he explains by his mother’s drinking. He has been drinking alcohol since he was 9 years old. He has been smoking since he was 8 years old. She studied poorly and often missed school. She loved to be outside for a long time, in the company of friends. Due to the thefts she committed, she was transferred to a special school from the 7th grade. After drinking alcohol, he likes to walk the streets and pick on passers-by, whom he tries to offend. Sexual life from the age of 13. She considers herself “very amorous,” but her “love passes quickly.” Often has sexual relations with casual partners. He talks about it without hesitation, laughs, and is not going to change anything in his life. Prone to lies. When she finds herself in difficult situations, she tries to evoke sympathy, which is in conflict with her previous statements and does not correspond to reality. He often spends the night at the station, where he is detained by the police.
Thus, we can draw a conclusion about the role of certain types of upbringing in the emergence of antisocial behavior. The prevention of this destructive behavior is associated with socio-psychological factors, increasing psychological literacy in the family, and improving the psychological climate in the microsocial environment.
All people obey various types rules of behavior - at work, in the family, in in public places. The curious thing is that the rules are the same for everyone, but the ways to comply with the norms are different. Two people engaged in the same activity can behave completely differently. Why this happens is clear - we are all different, so there is no need to understand the reasons. But it’s worth talking in more detail about what types of human behavior there are.
To denote human behavior in society, the term “social behavior” is used, of which there are a great many types. Therefore, we will highlight only the main varieties.
Also, modern researchers pay great attention to the following classification of types of behavior:
As we see, any behavior that at least to some extent disrupts the measured life of society can be called antisocial.
It is rightly believed that social attitude is one of the basic qualities of human nature; the nature of the social attitude is the most important personality trait. The fundamental opposition is put forward between an outward-oriented, sociable, open personality and a personality, so to speak, closed in on itself, self-focused (autistic), closed.
Jung talks about extroverts and introverts, Kretschmer - about cyclothymic and schizothymic character. Within the cyclothymic type, Kretschmer identifies another opposition: naive self-confidence with a penchant for grandiose undertakings and modest indecision. Within the schizothymic type, idealistic thinking (at one pole of which we observe a passion for transformation, a desire for systematization and organization, while at the other - stubbornness, a spirit of contradiction, gloomy suspicion and misanthropy) is contrasted with rude, openly antisocial behavior.
The social behavior of the mentally ill and psychopaths cannot be reduced to a single, simple formula. Even with the same form of disorder different people behave differently. Sometimes a person with a severe schizophrenic process continues to lead a completely active social life; on the other hand, a person suffering from psychopathy may stop all contact with other people and vegetate in complete solitude for the rest of his days. But the people we consider mentally abnormal are, for the most part, abnormal in their social behavior. This feature was even put forward as a criterion for defining the disease. People suffering from mental abnormalities are mostly antisocial; but only a few of them are antisocial.
(a) Antisocial behavior
Numerous types of antisocial behavior come down to two typical forms.
1. Crazy in the narrow sense of the word - that is, those whom we currently classify as patients with schizophrenia, as a rule, exclude themselves from human society in one form or another. Within themselves they erect a new, special world in which they mainly live. - although to a superficial observer it may seem that they maintain contact with the real world. They have no need to share with others that realm of feelings, experiences and delusional ideas. which belongs only to them. They are self-sufficient and gradually become alienated from other people, including those who suffer from the same form of mental disorder. It is rightly believed that the distance between such patients and us is greater than between us and representatives of primitive cultures. The patient himself, apparently, is not aware of his antisociality and lives in his world as if this world were completely real. Typically, such people withdraw into themselves. without noticing it and without experiencing any suffering in this regard. They constitute a “socially dead” group. If the disorder is relatively mild, patients from the lower strata of society become vagabonds, while patients from the wealthy strata are destined for the reputation of eccentrics.
2. A completely different type of asociality, sometimes, in the early stages of the process, combined with that just described, develops as an inability to communicate with others and adapt to situations. Subjectively, this inability is felt as something very painful. Any contact becomes real torture; therefore, a person tries to stay away from others and prefers to be alone with himself. This causes him enormous suffering: after all, suppressing his social instincts, a person experiences a longing for communication and love. His asociality becomes noticeable to others; he annoys them with his awkwardness. Shyness alternates in him with unceremoniousness, all his external manifestations are immoderate, his behavior contradicts accepted norms. He feels the reaction of others and therefore withdraws more and more into himself. This form of asociality is characterized by many different psychologically understandable connections; it depends on a variety of “complexes” and, under favorable circumstances, can disappear. On the other side. it can lead to absolute self-isolation: a person imprisons himself in a room that he never leaves. This behavior is observed in representatives of a wide variety of characterological types - not only in rude and undifferentiated individuals, but also in cultured people capable of deep feelings; it can be combined with many other defective manifestations of mental life and appear as a passing phase or as one aspect of a stable constitution. It can develop spontaneously or represent a distinct reaction to unfavorable circumstances. In short, such behavior may be an expression of the most different forms mental illness.
(b) Antisocial behavior
There are many antisocial patients among criminals. Most cases are caused not so much by disease processes as by constitutional abnormalities. Antisocial elements are found among patients with schizophrenia - especially in the early stages - as well as among patients with progressive paralysis. There are practically no such cases among patients with manic-depressive disorders.
The development of research on the psychology of criminals has gone through three phases, with positions of the present time, these phases look like a series of parallel ones, reasonably complementing each other directions. At the beginning were studied individual criminals they were considered rare, anomalous, deviant cases. Classically distinct conjugations of events in mental life were demonstrated, which usually appear in less obvious, undeveloped forms. Then psychologically understandable connections were identified, which are quite rare and are generally interpreted incorrectly, that is, too “intellectually” (this applies, in particular, to the psychology of poisoners and women who committed crimes motivated by nostalgia). Finally, the impact of disease processes on individual cases was examined. In works belonging to this first phase, psychological understanding is often simplistic and naive, which leaves the reader with a feeling of dissatisfaction. Crimes are often erroneously attributed to certain inclinations or passions; they are given overly intellectual interpretations; too much in mental life, in imperceptible connections of instincts, symbolic acts and complexes is attributed to conscious thinking. On the other hand, many descriptions indicate that the authors managed to identify extremely valuable and irreplaceable material. An understanding psychological approach has been successfully applied to a number of cases. Attempts have been made to generalize the entire set of descriptions of criminals. As an example, we can cite Kraus's underrated book\
Second phase was marked by a transition from understanding case study to statistical. methods. Analysis of the causes of crimes and the circumstances that led to them became the basis for deducing long series of correlations. Studies of this kind were usually carried out according to official statistics and focused on the connections between crime in general, as well as individual types of crimes, with a wide variety of factors: time of year, age, bread prices. In particular, it was found that the peak of theft and fraud occurs in the winter, and the peak of crimes associated with increased mental excitability (such as rape, insult by word and action) occurs in the summer; It was also found that the quantitative increase in cases of theft occurs partly in parallel with the increase in the cost of living. Assessing and explaining these and other similar correlations is generally not easy. There is a tendency towards simplistic explanations; However, proponents of a critical approach point to the considerable diversity of factors and caution against interpreting any parallelisms in terms of causal relationships alone. Regularly recurring connections may well be due to the dependence of both terms of the correlation on a number of unknown factors.
Interpreting the results of statistical studies is difficult because when we count criminal acts, we know nothing about the people who commit these acts. The need to get closer to understanding real, deep connections led to the fact that in third During the research phase, the focus again shifted to the personality of the criminal, to the person as a whole. But this time, unlike the first phase, it was no longer a question of searching for individual, rare, classically distinct cases. Material collected in special institutions and other places, researched in all its integrity. This was done in order to understand the phenomenon average, ordinary criminal since from the point of view of fighting crime, this phenomenon is the most important. In such work one has to operate with relatively small numbers; Accordingly, it is possible to achieve high accuracy of calculations and study a very wide range of connections, since the basis for statistics is research the individual as a whole(here, in contrast to the mass statistics of the previous phase, we are talking about individual statistics). Grude applied this approach to qualitative and quantitative analysis already known objective signs. He also tried to make the subject of statistics data on the typology of characters, hereditary predispositions, psychological understanding, the dependence of antisocial behavior on environmental factors or constitution (the so-called personal statistics)".
The role of a psychiatrist is to identify and communicate facts that are relevant to the fight against crime, the establishment of punishment and the organization of work in places of punishment. Here the goals are determined by society and the prevailing views in it. Applied psychology must answer the question of how achievable these goals are and what solutions are possible in connection with them.
As a scientist, the psychiatrist must give unbiased reports of the facts whenever the situation seems "hopeless." In such cases, a tragic situation develops from which no acceptable way out is visible. Wetzel was able to clearly demonstrate this with the example of an anomalous personality-querulant (“litigator”) - This man fought for justice for ten years, unbearably annoying the authorities, who, in turn, were often wrong in relation to him. Being a psychopath, this man had absolutely no criminal intentions; in the end, he committed suicide, having previously sent a message to the newspapers about his death: “All his life, von Hausen dreamed of serving his Motherland. But by the will of cruel fate, his life ended in vain.”
Topic: Manifestations of deviance behavior personalities and their psychological analysis.
1. Manifestations of deviant behavior of an individual in the sphere of the most significant social relationships.
2. Manifestations of deviant behavior in the sphere of interpersonal relationships and attitudes towards oneself.
3.Psychological analysis of delinquent and criminal behavior.
4. Self-destructive behavior of the individual.
To the main psychological manifestations of deviant behavior personalities include:
Spiritual problems (lack or loss of meaning in life, experiencing inner emptiness, blocking the self-realization of spiritual potential);
Deformation of the value-motivational sphere - informal or reduced moral values (conscience, responsibility, honesty), the experience of deviant values, situational - egocentric orientation, frustration of higher needs, internal conflicts, unproductive psychological defense mechanisms;
Emotional problems - anxiety, depression, experiencing negative emotions, alekeithymia(complications in understanding one’s experiences, the problem of verbalizing one’s emotional states), emotional hardening (loss of the ability to determine the appropriateness of certain emotional reactions, to dose them), affectivity, etc.;
Problems of self-regulation - inadequate self-esteem and level of aspirations, poor development of reflection, excessive or insufficient self-control, low level of adaptive capabilities;
Distortion in the cognitive sphere - stereotyping, rigidity of thinking, limited knowledge, presence of arrogance;
Negative life experiences - the presence of bad habits, mental trauma, experience of violence, social incompetence, etc.
-Dependingdepending on the type of norm with which the features are compared behaviorand her Negative consequences distinguish such types Devianserious behavior : antisocial(delinquent and criminal) behavior, asocial(amoral behavior, self-destructive behavior.
- Antisocial behavior- this is behavior that is contrary to legal norms and threatens social order and the well-being of others.
- Antisocial behavior(immoral i.e. deviant behavior in the sphere of interpersonal relationships) is a deviation from the fulfillment of moral norms accepted in society, threatening the well-being of interpersonal relationships.
What would the behavior be asocial, the individual needs to act either consciously (then his behavior is a consequence of his beliefs), or the individual is an unsocialized person, i.e. by virtue of various reasons who has not internalized the moral behavioral norms of society and does not act in accordance with them.
- These reasons are considered: hereditary prerequisites, certain characterological and pathocharacterological characteristics, defects in early upbringing, involvement in antisocial groups, etc.
- CASOCIAL behavior can be correlated vagrancy as
A consequence of social maladaptation, caused by the desire to avoid social control, “avoiding” the demands of society through the subjective experience of the inability to adhere to them (on the one hand) and reconciliation with this fact (on the other hand). We are talking about vagrancy when a person does not have a permanent place of residence, but exists on unearned income.
income (we are talking about the so-called “social
Self-destructive behavior- this is behavior that deviates from medical and psychological norms, threatening the integrity and development of the individual.
In this case we are talking about:
1. suicidal behavior;
2.behavior with a pronounced threat to life, when a person gives preference to extreme types of activity;
3.victim behavior;
4.addictive behavior;
5.fanatical behavior (blind adherence to certain ideas, e.g. a release cult of a destructive nature), etc. Psychological analysis of delinquent and criminal behavior. Delinquent behavior- consists of a person committing minor offenses for which he is not held accountable.
This behavior manifests itself in the form of mischief and hooliganism when, n. - r., a person wants to have fun, but chooses not accepted forms for this, primarily due to shortcomings in his upbringing.
Out of curiosity, a teenager can throw heavy objects (or food) from the balcony at passers-by, receiving satisfaction from the accuracy of hitting the “victim”. In the form of nastiness, a person can call the airport control room and warn about an alleged bomb. In order to attract attention to his own person (“as a bet”), a young man may try to climb a television tower or steal a notebook from a teacher’s bag.
Delinquent behavior can include, in certain cases, manifestations vandalism as a form of destructive behavior,
aimed at the senseless destruction of cultural and material values.
Relying on classification of motives for vandalism by D. Kanter, allocate these types of vandalism:
1. Vandalism as a method of acquisition, motive there is destruction - material gain;
2. vandalism as revenge, a response to insult;
3. anger for experiencing inability to achieve a certain goal and trying to cope with stress;
4.boredom and, accordingly, the desire to have fun, the search for new, thrilling sensations;
5. Vandalism as a way of self-affirmation, attracting attention to oneself;
6. Vandalism - as research (in childhood), the desire to understand the principles and mechanisms of functioning of certain things;
7.Graffiti as a type of communication that, through anonymity, frees the individual from social control.
Graffiti often serves as a way of expressing the suppression of intrapersonal conflict and problems (e.g. in this way, a person strives to assert his own or group identity, protest against the “pressure” of social and cultural norms, or, through statements addressed to famous people, asserts himself at their expense).
The differences between delinquent and criminal behavior are rooted in the severity of the offenses, the severity of their antisocial character.
Offenses are divided into crimes and misdemeanors. WITHugh offense lies not only in the fact that it does not pose a significant social danger, but also in the fact that it differs fromcrimes motivescommitting an illegal act.
K.K. Platonov identified the following personality types of criminals:
1. determined by corresponding views and habits, an internal craving for repeated crimes.
2. determined by the instability of the inner world, a person commits crimes under the influence of prevailing circumstances or surrounding people.
3.determined by a high level of legal awareness, but a passive attitude towards other violators of legal norms.
It is determined not only by a high level of legal awareness, but also by active opposition or attempts to counteract violations of legal norms.
Determined by the possibility of only a random crime.
IN group of people with delinquent behavior include representatives the second, third and fifth groups.
For them, within the framework of volitional conscious action, individually - psychological characteristicsthe process is disrupted and blocked anticipation of the future outcome of the tort (misdemeanor).
Such individuals frivolously, often under the influence of external provocation, commit an illegal act, without realizing its consequences.
Strength of incentive to a specific actionslows down the analysis negative (including for the person himself)consequences.
Often delinquent actions are mediated situational - impulsive or affectogenic motives.
IN basis situationally - pulse criminal acts lies the tendency to resolve internal conflict, which is understood as presence of an unmet need.
Are being implemented situational - impulse motives, as a rule, without a preliminary planning stage, without selecting adequate objects, goals,
ways and programs of action to meet current needs.
Gradually, delinquent behavior can transform into criminal behavior.
Criminal behavior manifests itself in actions that contradict the rules of law and the norms of criminal legislation.
O.Yu. Drozdov, M.A. Skok, based on the classification of Yu. Antonyan, identify several types of criminal behavior depending on the severity of the crime:
1. crimes that are committed using physical strength: murder (homicide), bodily harm, beatings and hooliganism, rape, hostage-taking, etc.
2. crimes that occur with threats of physical violence: racketeering, threat of physical harm, coercion to give false testimony, etc.
3.crimes that are committed through psychological violence: blackmail, insults, slander and a number of similar ones.
4.crimes committed with the help of “intellectual violence”: e.g., an official exceeds his authority and power, commits an arrest or detention, etc.
Depending on the features of personality orientation G.M. Minkovsky identified the following types of criminal behavior:
Random that contradicts the general orientation of the individual;
Possible, but inevitable given the general instability of personal orientation;
Something that corresponds to the antisocial orientation of the individual, but is random in terms of the occasion and situation;
Such that corresponds to the criminal attitudes of the individual and involves the search or creation of the necessary reasons and situations.
Criminal behavior is very difficult to explain.
Crime- this is a socio-political event, not a clinical one state.
The law defines it as behavior that is so deviant that it causes harm to society and therefore deserves legal sanctions and social intervention in the lives of those who engage in such behavior.
This behavior is not a medical condition for which a medical diagnosis and specific treatment can be given.
Because of this, the problem of crime is approached from different positions, which are related and consistent with each other in different ways.
Criminal behavior is undoubtedly it is forbidden explain on the basis of observations lying on the surface of phenomena. Deviant behaviormay or may not be considered pathological from the clinical points of view.
They tried to explain criminal behavior with the help of guesses and from the standpoint method of fractions and errors, but there was always too much emotion in all this. In the shape of various theories various kinds of speculative constructions were proposed and refuted. Their use to explain difficult-to-explain phenomena has become common.
Some of these theories contributed to the development of research and were themselves improved, others were discarded and forgotten about. The sociological thought of that time proceeded from the fundamental premise, according to which behavior has a biological basis and is collective behavior should be considered as an organism.
John Dewey said that “man lives and acts in the environment his environment, and not like a coin in a piggy bank, but like a plant planted in the soil and growing under the sun.”
Ferdinand Tennis developed typology of social adaptability, highlighting mainly two types- community and society.
Nobody wants to have neighbors like here.
To put it mildly, extremely antisocial types. ...
Cards, money and two guns
You will still answer for your antisocial experiences, hooligan!
“Ivan Vasilyevich is changing his profession”
Antisociality as a personality quality is a tendency to lead a life hostile to society, directed against its interests; violate the norms of generally accepted morality, and often criminal law.
A drug addict, a drunk and a fagot are sitting in a cell. And somehow they got tired of sitting, they wanted to be free. Then the drunk says: “Let’s brew some aromatic chifirka, the guard will smell it, then we’ll twist him, take the keys and get out of here.” The drug addict answers: “Hardly.” He has plenty of vodka in the wild, why does he need our chifir? “Then I’ll seduce him, he’ll give us the keys himself,” says the fagot. “It won’t work either, he has a lot of women out there, why does he need your ass,” the drug addict answers. - What do you suggest? - the drunk and the fagot ask the drug addict. The drug addict takes weed out of his pocket and says: “Now, guys.” Pa-ku-u-urim, and we’ll ask for time off in an amicable way.
Antisociality is an enemy of society that plays without rules. About twenty percent of the population persistently strive to poison the lives of other people. Antisociality is a systemic personality quality. This is terrible immorality, and disrespect for people, and immorality, in a word, a long series of vices that push a person into the swamp of ignorance and degradation. An antisocial personality, we must remember, is always under the influence of the energy of ignorance. This circumstance determines how to deal with it. Since a person is indifferent to the rights of others, since he is unable to follow social norms, respect law-abiding behavior patterns, constantly lies and is prone to fraud, then he must be dealt with accordingly.
True, one important point needs to be taken into account. If society itself degrades, it rapes the individual, forcing him to do things that are contrary to God’s commandments and conscience. Conscience in this case becomes a system of antisocial reflexes. A person breaks the law, looks antisocial, but does not go against his conscience. Such antisociality should only be welcomed. A society that pulls a person away from conscience and God's commandments, is itself inherently ignorant and antisocial.
Ron Hubbart described the characteristics of an antisocial personality:
1. He or she speaks only in very broad generalizations.“They say...”, “Everyone believes...”, “Everyone knows...” and similar expressions are used constantly, especially when transmitting rumors. If you ask, “Who are they all?”, it usually comes down to one source, and from that source the antisocial personality has created what he or she presents as the unified opinion of the whole society. This is natural for such people, since for them the whole society is a large enemy camp, which, in particular, opposes them.
2. Such a person usually deals with bad news., critical or malicious remarks, devaluation and general suppression. These are called “gossips,” “bad messengers,” or “rumor mongers.” It is noteworthy that such a person does not convey good news or approving remarks.
3. By transmitting news or messages, an antisocial person changes their content for the worse. Good news they are delayed, only the bad ones are missed, often flavored with inventions. This person also pretends to deliver “bad news” that is actually made up.
4. A characteristic and unfortunate feature of the antisocial personality is that it will not respond to treatment or re-education.
5. Such a person is found to be surrounded by frightened or sick relatives and friends who, although not truly driven to madness, still behave defectively in life, suffer defeats and do not achieve success. Such individuals cause trouble to others. People close to an antisocial personality do not show stable results in treatment or study, but, being under its suppressive influence, they quickly fall ill again or lose the benefits that the acquired knowledge gives them. Such loved ones feel worse during physical treatment and are difficult to rehabilitate. It is completely useless to treat, teach or help these people while they remain under the influence of the antisocial personality. The vast majority of mental patients are insane precisely because of such associations with antisocial personalities, and for the same reason they have difficulty recovering. It is unfair, but among patients in psychiatric hospitals it is rare to find an antisocial personality. Only her “friends” and family members are there.
6. Antisocial personality has a habit of choosing the wrong target. If a tire gets punctured due to running over nails, the antisocial personality blames his companion or a non-existent source of trouble. If the neighbor's radio is too loud, he or she will kick the cat. If the obvious cause is A, then the antisocial personality always blames B or C or D.
7. The antisocial personality is unable to complete the cycle of action.. Any action is performed in a certain sequence: it begins, continues as long as required, and ends as planned. The antisocial personality is surrounded by unfinished business.
8. Many antisocial individuals will freely admit to committing the most heinous crimes., if they are forced to do this, however, they will not feel the slightest responsibility for what they did. Their actions have little or no connection with their own choices or decisions. Everything “just happened.” They do not feel the connection between cause and effect, in particular, they are unable to feel their remorse or shame.
9. The Antisocial Personality Only Supports Destructive Groups, and feels rage towards constructive or improvement groups and attacks them.
10. This personality type only approves of destructive actions. and fights against constructive or helping actions or activities. It is often discovered that a person of a creative profession is especially attractive to people with an antisocial character, who view his art as something to be destroyed, and secretly, under the guise of “friends,” try to do this.
11. Activities aimed at helping other people drive the antisocial personality crazy.. However, activities that destroy under the guise of providing assistance receive active support.
12. The antisocial personality has a poor sense of ownership., she considers the idea that anyone can own something to be a pretense, an invention to deceive people. Nothing can ever be someone else's property.
Petr Kovalev 2015
