Between parts complex sentence, connected by unions: and, yes (=and), neither...nor; a, but, yes (=but), however, ...; or, or, whether...whether, ...; yes, yes and, too, also; that is, namely.
Lightning flashed and a clap of thunder was heard.
There is no comma
If parts of a complex sentence have a common minor member:
Now the May rain will splash and a thunderstorm will begin.
If there is a general subordinate clause:
As soon as it was dawn, we were woken up and we set off.
Complex sentences complex sentences are called in which one simple sentence is subordinate in meaning to another and is connected with it by a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word. For example:
UnknownWhat Prishvin would have done in his life,If he would have remained an agronomist.
A complex sentence can consist of two or more simple sentences. In a complex sentence, one clause is the main clause, the other is the subordinate clause. The main sentence is the sentence from which we pose a question to the subordinate clause. The subordinate clause explains the main clause, depends on it and is joined with the help of subordinating conjunctions and allied words. A subordinate clause can come after the main clause, before it, or break the main clause.
Based on the meaning of subordinate clauses, there are three main types of complex sentences:
complex sentences with attributive clauses,
complex sentences with explanatory clauses;
complex sentences with adverbial clauses.
Complex sentences with attributive clauses
Subordinate clause answering the question which? which? whose?, is attached to the main thing with the help of allied words: which, which, whose or subordinating conjunctions that, where, who, where, from where. For example: Several times I heard from people (which ones?),which I just put down the book by Prishvin that I read and the same words: “This is real witchcraft.”
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses
A subordinate clause, as a rule, explains the verb - the predicate of the main sentence and answers questions about indirect cases. Such a subordinate clause is added using subordinating conjunctions or allied words: what, as, as if, so that, etc. For example: Prishvin’s life is an example of (what?)How man renounced everything superficial imposed on him by the environment and began to live only “at the behest of his heart.”
Complex sentences with adverbial clauses
In such sentences, the subordinate clause, as a rule, clarifies the place, reason, purpose of the action, etc. Depending on the meaning, various questions are posed to the subordinate adverbial clauses, which, in turn, help determine the meaning and significance of the subordinate clause.
Type of subordinate clause |
Question |
Example |
When? Since when? How long? |
When the time came, Ivanushka was sent to serve. |
|
Where? Where? Where? |
We rushed to where the voices were heard. |
|
Under what conditions? | ||
Why? For what reason? |
Our team took first place in the tournament because we prepared for the competition seriously. |
|
For what? For what purpose? |
To avoid getting lost, I decided to return to the path. |
|
Consequences |
What happened as a result of what? |
The snow became whiter and brighter, so that it hurt my eyes. |
Mode of action. |
How? How? |
My peasant worked so hard that the sweat rolled off him like hail. |
Measures and degrees |
To what extent? In what degree? |
The river shines and sparkles so much that it hurts your eyes. |
Comparisons |
Like what? Like who? Than what? Than who? |
The closer we got to the house, the more anxious we felt. |
Despite what? In spite of what? |
Although it was a difficult job for him, he did it flawlessly. |
A complex sentence can have more than one subordinate clause: with uniform subordination, with sequential subordination , with parallel subordination .
A complex sentence is a sentence that has independent parts connected to each other. The components, as a rule, have equal semantic and grammatical meaning. They can be separated by a comma, semicolon, or dash. Punctuation in a complex sentence is one of the most difficult topics in punctuation.
Which ones are put in It depends on the context. And in order to answer this difficult question, it is first necessary to understand what kind of structure such a unit of language has. If it consists of two or more simple sentences, then it is a compound sentence. Moreover, its parts have a semantic connection with each other, and they are separated by punctuation marks. In a complex sentence, in most cases these are commas. They are placed in the presence of one of the connecting conjunctions (and, yes). Examples:
These service parts are necessary for combining and connecting homogeneous members of a sentence. They create a semantic opposition between them, emphasizing the difference or inconsistency. And such words are always preceded by punctuation marks. In a complex sentence - in the presence of adversative conjunctions - the component parts are separated by a comma. Examples:
In addition to such service parts of speech as but, then, yes, or else, adversatives also include conjunctions but, however, otherwise.
Punctuation marks in a complex sentence are placed before such auxiliary parts of speech as or, or, then...that, or...or, whether...or, not that...not that. When there is a double disjunctive conjunction, a comma is always placed before its second component. Examples:
Separating punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence in the presence of a double conjunction are placed before its second component.
These include unions yes, moreover, also, too. One of them must be preceded by a comma. Examples:
As can be seen from the name, these words are intended to clarify and clarify. Unions of this kind - namely, that is. They must always be preceded by a comma. Examples:
Compound sentences, examples of which are given below, do not have a comma. Each of them has a connecting union. But the parts of the sentence are united by a minor member, and therefore no punctuation is required. Examples:
However, if the members of the sentence are united by a minor member, but the conjunction is repeated, a comma is added. Examples:
It’s not just the minor member that can be common. Sometimes a subordinate clause also plays its role. And, of course, in this case there is also no comma. Examples:
You should know that commas are not always placed before a connecting conjunction. In some cases, punctuation marks are not required in complex sentences. Examples:
In each of the above examples, the sentence consists of two interrogative stems. The parts are united by interrogative intonation. Therefore, punctuation marks are not required in a complex sentence of this type.
Similar to the previous examples, punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence are not required in the following phrases:
You should know that when repeating a connecting conjunction, a comma is placed between impersonal parts of a sentence. Example: And rain, and wind, and haze.
Separating punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence are not always commas. If parts complex design are common sentences and also have commas inside them, separated by semicolons. Examples:
A comma with a period is often placed before such conjunctions as but, however, yes and, but. And only in rare cases - before a. Examples:
Rules for placing punctuation marks in complex sentences may allow the presence of a semicolon before conjunctions Yes And And. But only in those rare cases when this sign stands between two sentences, which without it would be separated by a period. Example:
All of the above suggestions are examples of the application of rules that a student should know high school. One of the topics covered in Russian language lessons Special attention, is “Punctuation marks in a complex sentence.” 9th grade - important stage V school curriculum when previously acquired knowledge is generalized and consolidated. Dashes in complex sentences are a deeper issue. It is worth giving at least a few examples of the use of this punctuation mark.
It is placed in cases where there is a sharp opposition or addition in the second part of the sentence. Examples:
To correctly place punctuation marks in a complex sentence, it is necessary to determine the composition of its parts. And if there are only two of them, and each of them is one-component nominative, a dash should be placed between them. Examples:
Sometimes one long phrase contains a description of two phenomena or actions. In such cases, the sentence is divided into two semantic parts using a dash. Example:
But a dash can also separate simple designs: “You just have to say kind word- and the person is saved.”
Punctuation marks in compound and complex sentences are topics that can only be mastered through practical exercises. Rules are remembered faster if you use various schemes. And although spelling and punctuation are sections of the humanities, it is worth creating simple graphic images. Especially if we're talking about about a topic such as “Punctuation marks in complex sentences.”
Below is a table that contains the basic rules for using commas, semicolons and dashes between parts. Also, conjunctions that correspond to one or another punctuation mark are indicated.
Punctuation marks are not required | Comma | Semicolon | Dash |
Before unions and, yes, if the parts of the sentence have common element(minor part of the sentence, subordinate clause, introductory word, particle) | and, yes , too, also, moreover
| Sentence parts are common | In the second part there is an accession or opposition |
A sentence consists of parts, each of which is an interrogative, imperative, exclamatory or indefinite personal sentence | Between simple sentences, before conjunctions and, however, not that, moreover | One or two parts are nominative clauses | |
A sentence consists of parts that include synonymous words | Between simple sentences, before conjunctions or, or | The sentence breaks down into semantic parts | |
Between simple sentences, before conjunctions namely, that is | The offer consists of short designs |
From all of the above, one can conclude: in order to correctly place punctuation marks, it is necessary to determine the type of sentence, highlight its grammatical foundations, and then understand what type of conjunctions the auxiliary parts of speech that connect the parts of this sentence belong to.
1. Complex sentence, etc. A comma is placed between parts of a complex sentence connected by conjunctions:
*connective (and, yes in the meaning and, neither... nor); *adversative (a, but, yes in the meaning of, however, however, but, otherwise, not); *dividing (or, either, whether.
Lee then. . . then, not those. . . not that); *connective (yes, yes and, too, also); *explanatory (that is, namely).
If the parts of a complex sentence are significantly common or have commas inside them, then a semicolon is placed between them (before the conjunctions but and yes in the meaning of “and” only if they connect parts that would otherwise be separated by a period): Almost every evening later they went somewhere out of town to Oreanda or to a waterfall; and the walk was a success, the impressions were invariably beautiful and majestic every time.
If the second part of a complex sentence contains an unexpected addition or sharp contrast in relation to the first part, then a dash is placed between them instead of a comma: Deft and strong blows with sledgehammers on the barrels of machine guns, and the fascists can no longer shoot (V. Stavsky). The comma before the conjunctions a, yes (meaning “and”), or, or is not placed in a complex sentence:
If parts of a complex sentence have a common minor member (In such a storm, the wolf does not prowl and the bear does not crawl out of its den); -if parts of a complex sentence have a common subordinate clause (When a thunderstorm began, the game stopped and the children rushed to run home); -between two nominal sentences(Walk in the forest and boating); -between two interrogative sentences (What time is it now and how much time is left before the train leaves?).
A comma is not placed between two impersonal sentences that have synonymous words as part of the predicates (You need to rewrite the work and explain the mistakes made in it).
2. Complex sentence. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence:
The subordinate clause is separated from the main clause by a comma or separated by commas on both sides if it is inside the main clause. Sometimes, with intonation emphasis, explanatory subordinate clauses (as well as conditional clauses with the conjunction li) standing before the main sentence are separated from it not by a comma, but by a dash: He who is cheerful laughs (L. -K.); As the teacher said, I listened for a long time at the window (Plsch.);
In rare cases, a colon is placed before a subordinating conjunction: this occurs when the previous part of a complex sentence contains a special warning about subsequent clarification (at this point you can insert the words “namely”): Hadji Murat was sitting nearby in the room and, although he did not understand of what they were saying, he understood, however, what he needed to understand: that they were arguing about him and that his departure from Shamil was a matter of great importance for the Russians. . (L T.)
When a subordinate clause is connected to the main clause using a complex subordinating conjunction(because, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because of that, so that, instead of, in order to, in order that, after, while, since since, etc.), then the comma is placed once: *before the conjunction, if the subordinate clause follows the main one: We sat on the corner of the bastion, so that we could see everything in both directions; *after the entire subordinate clause, if it precedes the main clause. A subordinate clause consisting of only one relative word is not separated by a comma: He was offended, but did not say why.
3. A complex non-union sentence is a sentence in which its constituent parts ( simple sentences) are interconnected in meaning, intonation, and the order of the parts. There are no conjunctions between the parts of such a sentence. Comma and semicolon in a non-union complex sentence:
A comma is placed between independent sentences combined into one complex non-union sentence if such sentences are closely related to each other in meaning: Deep darkness fell in the sky, day fell on a dark valley, dawn rose (P.).
If the parts of a non-union complex sentence are distant from each other in meaning or are significantly widespread and have commas inside them, then a semicolon is placed between them: At the gate I saw an old cast-iron cannon; the streets were cramped and crooked,” the huts were low and mostly covered with thatch (P.); It was already evening; the sun had disappeared behind a small aspen grove that lay half a mile from the garden; its shadow stretched endlessly across fixed fields(T.).
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Conjunction "and" can connect Firstly , homogeneous members of the sentence, Secondly , simple sentences as part of a complex one.
To correctly place a comma before the conjunction “and”, it is necessary to distinguish the structure of a complex sentence from a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates or subjects. Therefore, first we recall the definitions of simple and compound sentences.
For example: It seemed like It’s as if they’re tearing up the whole forest at once and the earth is groaning in pain. (conjunction "and" single)
He recalled how the Nazis suddenly attacked them , and how they ended up surrounded , and how the detachment still managed to get through to its own. (conjunction "and" repeats)
Unfortunately, the division of rules into punctuation for homogeneous members of a sentence, signs in a complex sentence and working with a complex sentence including homogeneous subordinate clauses leads to the inability of many completing a Russian language course to navigate how and when this or that rule is applied. In addition, theoretical knowledge often does not allow one to correctly understand which of the rules needs to be applied, therefore, even if they know the rules, not all schoolchildren are able to use them appropriately and adequately.
Therefore, we offer you another way to master this punctogram, which was designated by Nikolenkova N.V.: go from the “external” signs of the organization of the sentence, that is, from the number of used conjunctions "and". We believe this will make the work a little easier correct placement punctuation marks.
Go to the second page on this topic
Compound sentences are complex sentences (that is, having several grammatical bases), the parts of which are equal (you cannot ask a question from one part to another) and are connected using intonation and coordinating conjunctions, which are divided into the following groups:
The following punctuation marks are used between parts of a complex sentence:
Comma |
Dash |
Semicolon |
Performing connecting (conjunctions and, yes = and, also, also, not only... but also, as... and), dividing (conjunctions that... that. not that... not that, or, or , or) and adversative (conjunctions a, but, yes = but, but, however) functions: |
In those cases when the second part contains an unexpected conclusion, a quick change of events or a sharp contrast: She looks - and her heart beats faster and stronger. (A.S. Pushkin) |
If simple sentences are significantly common and contain commas: Many times we tried to sign the necessary papers; but either the boss was not there, or it was a holiday. |
A comma is NOT used in a compound sentence.:
Soon after sunrise a cloud came and a short rain began to fall;
Apparently the weather will turn bad and we won’t go to the dacha;
While Alekhine was talking, the rain stopped and the sun came out. (A. Chekhov);
How brightly the sun shines and how warm it is on the soul!
Remember: in case of repetition of the conjunction in sentences with a common minor member, a common introductory word or a common subordinate clauses a comma is placed:
There was no wind in the forest, and the sun seemed to shine brighter.
In the sentences below from the text read, all commas are numbered. Write down the numbers indicating commas between parts of a complex sentence.
1 option
As soon as he moves to another country to live, (1) he is already an emigrant. An economic emigrant accepts any system, (2) as long as it creates conditions for him. (F. Krivin)
Option 2
IN time immemorial there was a large swamp here, (1) but then it dried up, (2) became overgrown, (3), and now the only reminders of it were deep, (4) centuries-old moss, (5) small windows-wells in this moss and an abundance of wild rosemary. (K. Paustovsky)
Option 3
Dressmakers invent these seasons, (1) and they last unequally. In the fall, they wear galoshes and a drape coat, (2) take re-exams, (3) look for apartments and sew new dresses. (N. Teffi)
Option 4
Somewhere in the middle of the heights, (1) going back, (2) the moon was shining, (3) and in the bluish-violet haze, (4) above the invisible earth, (5) hung, (6) rushed a predatorily curved giant airplane wing, (7) pterodactyl wing, (8) fantastic bat, (9) devouring space. (Yu. Bondarev)
Option 5
And yet, few of the female employees were awarded the title, (1) and her name was included in the first rather short list. Naturally, (2) a certified engineer, (3) has been serving here for a long time, (4) but in relation to the employees this was present: (5) the boss’s wife. (A. Rybakov)