NOU SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL "ROSINKA"
Western District of Moscow
Supervisor:
academic year
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Introduction | |
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Chapter 1. Insect doctors. Beneficial insects in human life | |
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1.1. General information about insects | |
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1.3. The positive impact of insects on human health | |
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Chapter 2 A study on student awareness of insects and their beneficial properties. 2.1. Research methods and their description | |
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2.2. Analysis of the results of the study | |
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2.3. Description of the project products | |
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Conclusion | |
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List of information sources | |
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Applications | |
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Application Questionnaire App Quiz |
Introduction
“We value them not for their beauty, although they are beautiful, but for their healing properties”
Products project are the photo album "Me and insects", the quiz "Insects", a collection of insects.
Chapter 1. Beneficial insects in human life
1.1. General information about insects
Living beings living on our planet are divided into two large groups or two worlds: vegetable world and animal. In turn, the living beings belonging to each of these two worlds are subdivided into many smaller units, classes. So, animal world is divided into the following classes: mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, insects ... Let's talk about the latter in more detail .
Insects are arthropod invertebrates. Like all these animals, in insects the body consists of segments, covered with a more or less solid external skeleton.
Characteristic signs of insects are relatively small sizes, three pairs of legs (hence their second name - Hexapoda, that is, six-legged) and two pairs of wings (in a number of forms one or both are absent).
Probably, there are several million species of insects, although so far it has been described approximately, and some of them are from a single specimen. On the other hand, the number of individual species reaches many billions of individuals. A number of forms, for example among butterflies, dragonflies and beetles, are among the most beautiful creations of nature.
Fig. 2 Ladybug
Insects feed on almost all living beings and their metabolic products, and they themselves serve as the main food for many animals and even some plants. Although many insects are considered to be pests, the vast majority of them bring benefits to humans, for example, by pollinating plants and contributing to the formation of fruits and seeds.
Fig.3 Insects
Insects have adapted to almost all habitats. They are most abundant in the tropics and areas with a warm temperate climate. Most of the species are terrestrial, but there are also forms that swim on the surface of the ocean or lead an amphibious lifestyle on its shores.
For higher insects, the ability to actively fly with the help of wings is characteristic. The wings develop completely only when the insect passes into the adult state, and are laid down as flat leaf-shaped protrusions of the integument of the meso- and metathorax. This protrusion grows, its opposite walls closely approach each other, as a result of which an elastic plate is formed, strengthened by veins, which are hardened sections of those paths along which, during the formation of the wing, hemolymph was injected into it, straightening the wing plate. The veins are arranged in such a way that they become the mechanical support of the wing and help to best overcome air resistance during flight. In particular, in well-flying insects, the leading edge of the wing is reinforced with a powerful vein. The location and number of veins are features that well characterize each systematic group of insects.
1.2 Beneficial insects in agriculture
Among such a numerous class of "insects" there are useful and harmful creatures. But, how to understand: "useful" and "harmful" insects? After all, from an ecological point of view, nothing in the world of living beings can be superfluous, and therefore can be neither useful nor harmful. The destruction of any species can lead to an imbalance in the ecosystem. So, speaking of such concepts as "harmful" and "useful" insects, we mean the benefits they bring to man. At the same time, we try to protect useful ones, while the fight against insect pests is one of the guarantees successful cultivation horticultural crops and a successful harvest.
One of the methods of natural protection of plants in the garden involves the use of beneficial insects as natural enemies. harmful organisms, their study and assistance in settling in the garden and life in it.
Take a closer look at plants attacked by aphids. Near its colonies, lacewing usually lays eggs - an insect with large golden-green eyes and transparent mesh wings. From their eggs, which are attached to the leaf on thin threads 1 cm long, larvae with powerful jaws later appear. Each is capable of destroying up to 200 aphids per day.
Methods:
ü Questionnaire- answers to questions posed in the form of a questionnaire - questionnaires, in order to determine knowledge about insects and their benefits to humans. Using the developed questionnaire.
ü Modeling album
Sequencing:
1. Questioning of students in grades 2-4.
2. Processing personal data.
3. Modeling the album and project materials
4. Preparation of a computer and interactive presentation
5. Writing the final conclusions.
Forms results records:
Ø For questioning: a table of questionnaire data processing.
Ø Primary processing, analysis and presentation of research results
Ø Entering the results of the study into the appropriate forms of records.
Ø Schematic, graphical, illustrative presentation of results (preparation of applications)
Ø Writing conclusions
2.2. Analysis of the results of the study
Questioning.
25 people took part in the survey. The respondents were given a questionnaire.
conclusions according to the survey results:
Ø All respondents know what insects are.
Diagram 1
Ø Most of the respondents often meet with insects.
Diagram 2.
Ø Most respondents do not know insects that are useful in growing fruits and vegetables.
Diagram 3.
Ø To the question "Can insects heal people?" 44% of respondents answered yes; 28% answered no, the remaining 28% do not know.
Diagram 4.
Ø The majority of respondents, namely 52%, answered that the bee has a medicinal property; 16% answered that the Spanish fly.
Diagram 5.
Conclusions:
Ø All respondents know who these insects are;
Ø Most of the respondents often meet with insects;
Ø Insects useful in growing fruits and vegetables, almost no one knows;
Ø Almost all respondents answered that only a bee has a medicinal property;
Ø The project is relevant and in demand, as it gives children the opportunity to get acquainted with beneficial insects.
2.3. Description of research products
Research products include:
1. Photographic material collected in a photo album.
2. Collection of insects, which includes
collection of butterflies
a collection of beetles
a collection of spiders
3. Quiz "Insects". It includes various questions about insects, their vital activity and interaction with the environment. (Application)
4. Healthy foods activity of insects: honey, wax, medications and etc.
5. Memo to the gardener about beneficial insects for the garden. It contains helpful tips for natural protection of the garden and vegetable garden from pests.
CONCLUSION
This work is devoted to the topic: “Insects are doctors. The positive impact of insects on humans.
Insects are believed to have appeared in the Devonian period, about 400 million years before our days, and descended from ancient annelids, later refuting the well-known saying that one who was born to crawl cannot fly. Moreover, insects turned out to be the first animals on Earth that mastered the air environment.
Even in ancient times, not only medicinal plants but also insects. Greek and others literary sources, which have survived to this day, contain information about the use of tinctures from insects that have a positive effect on human health.
Thus, our study showed that all students know insects, often meet them, but are not fully aware of their positive impact in human life. This confirms our hypothesis: the waste products of insects are good for health. Some insects are a natural defense of gardens and orchards from pests.
The obtained results of the study make it possible to assert that the products research work are relevant and in demand, as they can be used in the lessons of the world around and in extracurricular activities.
List of information sources
1. Gromov, garden / Brikel, K. Gromov, T. E.-M.: Rosmen, 2008.-195p.
2. Sidlyarevich, insects of the garden and garden / Sidlyarevich, V. I., Bolotnikova, V. V.-ed. Harvest, 1998.-178p.
3. Spiridonova, A. N. « A method for obtaining a biologically active product from the larvae of a large wax moth ”// Bulletin of the healthy lifestyle. -2008.- №13.
4. Minaev, beneficial insects in protecting the garden [ Electronic resource]. Address: http://www. /show_book. php? book=17535&page=
5. Ptskialadze, insects [Electronic resource]. Address: http://www. /blog/2010/03/09/beneficial-insects/
APPS
Application.
Dear friend. We ask you to take part in the survey, thereby you will assist in writing the project “Insects are doctors. Beneficial insects in human life.
Please answer all the questions in the survey following the instructions for the questions.
Filling out the questionnaire is easy and does not take much time. Please read the question and all the suggested answers to it.
Thank you in advance for your participation in the study.
1. Do you know what insects are?
A). Yes. B). No.
2. How often do you encounter insects
A) often. B). Rare B). I don't date
3. Name insects that are useful in growing fruits and vegetables
_____________________________________________________________
4. Can insects heal people?
A).Yes B).No C).Don't know
5. Choose Insects That Have Medicinal Properties
B). Cockroach
G). Spanish fly
6. Your age ___________
Application
1. One of the most annoying insects? Fly
2.
What insect was responsible for the plague epidemic?
Flea
3. Do ants prepare food for the winter?
Yes
4. From how many flowers should bees collect nectar to fill a half-liter vessel with honey? With 2 colors
5. What insect is called "Gnawing" in Hebrew? mole 
6. Are termites reptiles, mammals, insects, or fish? Insects
7. What is the name of the beetle - a dangerous potato pest? Colorado
8. Which beetle did the ancient Egyptians call sacred? Scarab
9. What kind of ants exist? Sugar, honey or chocolate Honey
10. The fastest insects?
cockroaches 
11. Most dangerous insects? mosquitoes
12. They are called servants of the Earth. Who are they? Worms
13. Where is the organ of taste in a butterfly? On foot
14. Who will be born three times before becoming an adult? Butterfly
15. How to know about the approach of rain, watching the anthill? Ants clog entrances
16. Where does the manure go?
Dung beetles quickly process it and hide it, laying their eggs in them.
17. Are there vampire moths? 
Yes
18. What are tailor ants made of? Leaves are sewn together
19. What do grasshoppers sing with?
Rubbing feet on wings
20. How do scout bees tell you where honey is?
dance
21. Where do grasshoppers have ears? On my knees
22. Greedy grasshopper? locust
23. Where does silk come from? From silkworm cocoons. In one cocoon over 900m of silk threads
24. Where do oil fly larvae live? In oil tanks
25. Where is the organ of taste in butterflies? at the feet 
26. How many aphids can a ladybug eat in a day? Up to 200 aphids
27. Why is the hive butterfly so touted? Butterfly caterpillars live on nettles
28. How is a grasshopper saved if it is grabbed by the leg?
Leg falls off like a lizard's tail
29. How can you tell by the dung beetle what the weather will be like tomorrow? If the beetle flies, it will be hot in the morning, but if it is not visible, it will rain.
30. The most voracious insect. Dragonfly. 40 flies in 2 hours
31. Colorado potato beetle - the enemy of potatoes, grain locusts. And the cabbage butterfly?
cabbage
32. What class does the scorpion belong to? To the class of arachnids
33. The largest spider? Tarantula
34. Wolves have a flock, fish have a school, cows have a herd, and cockroaches?
The colony
35. Where do swallow bugs live? In the nests of city swallows
36. Do all hornets bite? No. The male does not bite. He has no regret
37. The largest beetle in Europe? Stag beetle. 12cm
38. Why is the stag beetle so called? Because of their branched horns
39 The largest beetle in the world?
Hercules beetle.24cm
40. Peacock eye, satin, moth, linden hawk, cabbage, mourning, Apollo, Aphrodite, swallowtail. Are these all names for butterflies? No. Aphrodite is not a butterfly
41. Insect shoed by Lefty. Flea
"The importance of insects in nature and human life"
1. Abundance of insects
Insects are the most numerous class of animals with more than a million known species. Calculations made by scientists showed that about 1017 (100000000000000000) insect specimens live on Earth at the same time. Due to their abundance, insects play a very important role in nature and in human life.
In addition to the studied orders of insects, the most common in nature are beetles, or beetles, which have rigid forewings. There are three main groups according to the nature of their diet. Firstly, these are predators that feed on various small animals, mainly insects.
Such, for example, are brightly colored ladybugs. Some ladybugs bred in laboratories and released into greenhouses and gardens to control aphids that damage agricultural plants. Secondly, they are consumers of decaying plant and animal remains. These include, for example, dead eaters and gravediggers who use animal corpses as food. Their larvae also feed on the same food. They are among the orderlies of nature: without them, the corpses of animals would decompose and infect the surrounding area. Thirdly, these are herbivorous beetles that consume all kinds of plant parts, including wood. This includes, for example, the cockchafer and other beetles, leaf beetles. The leaf beetle Colorado potato beetle settles en masse on potatoes, often eating all the tops on the bushes. It was brought to Europe and our country from North America. More than 300,000 species of beetles are known on Earth.
2. The value of insects in nature
The life of many insects is closely connected with the life of plants. Bumblebees, bees and flies pollinate flowering plants.
An important link in the food chain.
A huge army of these arthropods feeds on leaves, roots, stems and other organs and parts of plants, fruits and seeds, limiting their growth and development.
The soil-forming role of insects.
They feed on other insects, limit their numbers.
Biological suppression of insect pests.
Food for other animals: feeding on plant foods, they themselves become the prey of other animals.
Aesthetic value: beautiful forms evoke feelings of joy and admiration.
Destroying corpses and manure, they perform a sanitary role.
Insects make up about 80% of all animals on Earth, according to various estimates, in the modern fauna there are from 2 to 10 million species of insects, of which just over 1 million are known so far. Actively participating in the circulation of substances, insects play a global planetary role in nature.
More than 80% of plants are pollinated by insects, and it is safe to say that the flower is the result of the joint evolution of plants and insects. The adaptations of flowering plants to attract insects are diverse: pollen, nectar, essential oils, aroma, shape and color of the flower. Adaptations of insects: sucking proboscis of butterflies, gnawing-licking proboscis of bees; special pollen-collecting apparatus - in bees and bumblebees, a brush and a basket on the hind legs, in megachil bees - an abdominal brush, numerous hairs on the legs and body.
Insects play an important role in soil formation. Such participation is associated not only with the loosening of the soil and its enrichment with humus by soil insects and their larvae, but also with the decomposition of plant and animal residues - plant litter, corpses and animal excrement, while the sanitary role and the circulation of substances in nature are performed.
They play a sanitary role the following types insects:
coprophages - dung beetles, dung beetles, cowsheds;
Necrophages - dead-eaters, gravediggers, leather-eaters, meat-eating flies, scavengers;
Insects - destroyers of dead plant residues: wood, branches, leaves, needles - drill beetles, larvae of barbels, borers, horntails, centipede mosquitoes, carpenter ants, mushroom mosquitoes, etc .;
Insects - orderlies of reservoirs feed on rotting organic matter suspended or settled to the bottom (detritus) - larvae of mosquitoes-twitchers, or bells, mayflies, caddisflies, purify water and serve as a bioindicator of its sanitary condition.
3. Soil-forming role of insects
In the course of their life activity, insects enrich the soil with organic and mineral substances. The larvae of beetles, butterflies and flies living in the soil take part in loosening the soil and mixing its layers.
A significant number of insects (beetles, ants, etc.) live in the soil, which have a significant impact on the soil-forming process. Making numerous moves in the soil, they loosen the soil and improve its physical and water properties. Insects, actively participating in the processing of plant residues, enrich the soil with humus and minerals.
.Plant pollinators
Many flowering plants cannot exist without pollination by insects.
The most important in the formation of the evolution of entomophilous plants were the most diverse representatives of Hymenoptera, in particular bees. Bees have retained their leading role in cross-pollination of cultivated plants.
Not all insects that visit flowers for nectar are good for cross-pollination. Insects such as beetles, bugs, aphids and others, although they feast on nectar, do more harm than good to plants.
Butterflies play a very insignificant role in the pollination of flowers, and among the hymenoptera, short-proboscis wasps, oysters, gall wasps, riders and sawflies. Among the wild representatives of the entomofauna, bumblebees, solitary bees, certain species of true wasps and flower flies are of significant importance as pollinators. Moreover, each of these groups is of interest for the pollination of plants of certain species. For example, that long-proboscis bumblebees are more successful than other insects in pollinating red clover flowers. Individual representatives solitary bees are well adapted to opening flowers and pollinating alfalfa. flower flies most successfully pollinate the seed plants of carrots. However, the number of wild insects changes dramatically in different years, not to mention the fact that in connection with the plowing of boundaries, vacant lands and the massive introduction chemical measures control of pests and plant diseases, the number of wild pollinators is sharply reduced. At present, especially in areas of intensive agriculture, their role as pollinators is reduced to almost zero.
The main role in the pollination of agricultural entomophilous crops belongs to honey bees, whose structure and way of life in the process of evolution are best adapted to perform this function. They live in large families, the number of which during the flowering period of the most important honey plants reaches several tens of thousands.
Each bee family during the year spends about 200 kg of honey and about 20-25 kg of plant pollen for its nutrition and rearing of brood. To collect this amount of honey, the bees of each colony must visit over 500 million flowers, each containing 0.5 mg of nectar. Almost the same number of flower visits are required to collect pollen. Thus, a strong bee colony visits over a billion flowers per season - this is the real volume of pollination work of each strong colony during the year. No other insect species can compare with the honey bee in terms of the amount of pollination work carried out. But it's not just about numbers. It is very important that honey bees winter in large families. In the spring, when the number of wild insects - pollinators is very small (in the bumblebee family, for example, only the queen female remains), and the bee colony can send a 10 thousandth army of flying bees to collect nectar and pollen, the number of which, as the number increases flowering plants increases every day.
While many species of solitary bees are monotrophic (they visit the flowers of plants of only one genus or species) or oligotrophic (they visit the flowers of a number of species of the same family), the honey bee, as a polytrophic insect, collects nectar and pollen from all entomophilous plants available to it, belonging to different families, genera and species. At the same time, worker bees quickly switch to visiting entire arrays of plants of various species during their mass flowering, that is, at the time of the greatest need for pollinators. To load the honey goiter in one flight, the bee must visit, depending on the nectar productivity of plants, 80-150 flowers. The bee must visit the same number of flowers to collect pollen and form pollen. Two pollen bees weighing about 15-20 mg contain over 3 million pollen grains. Thousands of pollen grains of different quality stick to the body of the bee, covered with hair, during repeated visits to the flowers, which are transferred to the stigma of the pistils. Moreover, each flower is visited by bees during its life, usually not alone, but many times. Thus, best conditions for selective pollination and fertilization. That is why, in the conditions of modern intensive agriculture, only proper organization Pollination of entomophilous crops by bees is a necessary element of the agrotechnical complex for obtaining high yields, improving product quality and reducing its cost.
5. The value of insects in human life
in life and economic activity people have both positive and negative meanings.
Of the more than 1 million species of insects, the real pests that need to be controlled are about 1%. The bulk of insects are indifferent to humans or are beneficial. Domesticated insects - honey bee and silkworm, beekeeping and sericulture are based on their breeding. The honey bee produces honey, wax, propolis (bee glue), apilac (bee venom), royal jelly; silkworm - a silk thread secreted by the caterpillar's spinning glands during the construction of a cocoon, the silk thread is continuous, up to 1000 m in length. In addition to these insects, the following are valuable products: caterpillars of the oak cocoon moth, their coarser silk thread is used to make flaky fabric; lac bugs secrete shellac, a waxy substance with insulating properties used in radio and electrical engineering; carmine worms (Mexican and Ararat cochineal) give red carmine dye; blister beetles secrete the caustic substance cantharidin, which is used to make a blister patch.
Insect pollinators, representatives of many orders, among which an important place is occupied by hymenoptera, increase the yields of seeds, berries, fruits, flowers of many cultivated plants- fruit and berry, vegetable, fodder, flower.
The Drosophila fruit fly, due to its fecundity and reproduction rate, is not only a classic object of genetics research, but also one of the ideal experimental animals for biological research in space. Fossil insects are used in stratigraphy to determine the age of sedimentary rocks.
6. Insects causing harm to humans
Of the vast number of insect species described (about 1,000,000), only a small part, about 1%, directly or indirectly harms humans.
The aesthetic significance of insects lies in the fact that many conspicuous beautiful butterflies, beetles, dragonflies, bumblebees and others evoke feelings of joy and admiration.
Insect pest - Insects that can cause death or harm to humans, their pets, food supplies, or other plant products. The term is also applied to many insects that are more of a nuisance to humans than a serious threat. Insect pests that cause serious harm to human health are of particular importance in countries with a warm climate and in the tropics, of which the most dangerous mosquitoes. They carry pathogens of various forms of malaria, yellow fever, and other dangerous diseases. Fleas transmit bubonic plague to humans from rats. Insects that harm domestic animals include tsetse flies, gadflies, lice, stingers and lice. Each type of plant used by humans has its own insect pests that eat either the whole plant or parts of it. Roots feed on beetles, wireworms (larvae of click beetles), and other insects. Among the insect pests that feed on the aerial parts of plants, highest value have aphids, scale insects and locusts, but many caterpillars also cause significant harm.
An example of insects that annoy humans are mosquitoes biting in summer, midges and stinging wasps. Domestic insect pests are cockroaches, silverfish, clothes moth And bed bugs; none of them are dangerously deadly, but it is believed that almost all of them can threaten human health.
7. Beneficial insects
Ladybug seven-spotted (Coccinella septempunc-tata L.). A small black beetle, 6-8 mm long, with red elytra, on which 7 black caugle spots are clearly visible, thanks to which the insect got its name. Beetles fly well, with amazing accuracy they find colonies of aphids, which they greedily eat. Immediately on the leaves or branches, the females lay heaps of yellow shiny eggs. Small black six-legged larvae emerge from them, which immediately begin to eat aphids, like adults. Where the cows settled, aphids are completely destroyed. Such a picture can often be observed in gardens, berry fields and fruit nurseries. Beetles hibernate in crevices of buildings, under fallen leaves, in bough grass and other places. In early spring, after overwintering, they leave their shelters, crawl out onto trees and begin to eat pests. In favorable years, ladybugs (they are also called ladybugs) multiply rapidly and eat not only aphids, but also others. small pests. In search of food and water, they accumulate en masse near water bodies, on the coast of the seas, on rocks, crawl along roads where a large number of their perishes under the feet of passers-by. At such a time, cows should be saved from death, collected in special boxes from a dense net and stored in refrigerators or in basements in cold places in order to release them in the spring on plants damaged by aphids.
Two-spot ladybird (Adalia bipunctata L.). Beetle 3-4 mm long, with red elytra, on which there are 2 black round spots. Lives and eats in the same way as the seven-spot cow.
Tied sirph (Syrphus ribesii L.K. Diptera, black with bright yellow bands on the abdomen. In appearance, it looks more like a wasp than a fly. Body length 11-12 mm. The female looks for colonies of aphids and lays eggs on leaves damaged by them. yellowish or greenish legless larvae emerge, resembling a tiny leech.The larvae are very voracious: each eats up to 2000 aphids during their life.
Lacewing (Chrvsopa perla L.). A delicate bluish-green slender insect with four transparent wings, golden eyes and long antennae. Body length 12-15, wingspan 25-30 mm. Lays oblong emerald eggs on the leaves and stems of plants damaged by aphids. After a few days, grayish six-legged larvae emerge from the eggs. They run fast and grab aphids with their long sharp jaws, suck them out, leaving only the skins that pile up on the backs of the larvae. From the skins of aphids, lacewing larvae make cocoons for themselves before pupation. Adult lacewings overwinter indoors. With impending danger, the lacewing secretes a persistent bad smell, which scares off enemies.
Ktyr (Selidopogon diadema F.). A predatory two-winged insect that looks like a fly. Male black, with brownish transparent wings; the female is brown, with a yellowish-brown pattern on the chest and abdomen, gray wings with a yellow base. Body length 18-22 mm. It feeds on insects, piercing them with a hard proboscis and sucking out the lymph. Often catches pests on the fly. It occurs on leaves and on soil in gardens, fields and vegetable gardens, where it watches for prey. The larvae also feed on insects living in the soil.
Dragonfly (Leptetrum quadrimaculatum L.). Predatory insect, with large compound eyes occupying most of the surface of the head, strong gnawing oral apparatus and two pairs of transparent long narrow wings with a dense network of veins. The wings of a dragonfly are always perpendicular to the body. They fly very fast, catching a lot of small insects, especially mosquitoes, midges, moths and other pests, which are of great benefit to humans. The larvae live in ponds, rivers and feed on small aquatic animals. There are about 200 species of dragonflies in the USSR.
8. Insect pests of the field and garden
Insect pests of the field and garden are quite a serious problem. There are currently a huge number various kinds insect pests that are ready to destroy our crops. They damage both young plantings and adult plants. In order to protect your crop from pests, you need to know them.
9. Types of insect pests
Insects are a large class, including over a million different species:
orthopterans
homoptera
hymenoptera
Diptera.
Insects are divided into groups that damage different parts of plants:
pests that damage root system plants
pests of seedlings and seedlings
aerial pests
foliage and shoot pests.
Most great harm vegetable gardens and fields are inflicted by mass reproduction of insect pests - locusts, aphids, butterflies, beetles. Locusts are especially harmful, they are the most voracious. The offspring of one female can eat 300 kg of plants in her life! Locusts form swarms of up to ten billion individuals, 120 km long. Such a flock can fly 2000 km without stopping!
10. Description of the most common pests
orthopteran insect plant
The underground parts of plants - tubers, bulbs, roots and rhizomes - are damaged by bears, larvae of May beetles, grasshoppers, some types of flies, caterpillars of some species of butterflies.
The rudiments and seeds of plants suffer from the invasion of voracious bugs, beetles, weevils, beetle larvae and butterflies.
Ground parts of plants are damaged by Colorado beetles, beet weevils, grasshopper beetles.
The Colorado potato beetle is especially dangerous for potatoes. During the summer, two or three generations of beetles grow. Both beetles and larvae feed on potato leaves. An adult beetle and its larvae can destroy 100 thousand potato bushes in a season!
The beetroot weevil does the most damage to beets. From eggs laid by females, worm-like larvae develop, which feed on beet roots.
Click beetles harm many plants. The larvae of click beetles are called wireworms. They are practically omnivorous, affecting potatoes, carrots, beets, daikon, radishes, root parsley. Harm also melon plants- watermelons, melons, pumpkins and zucchini.
Huge damage to fields and gardens is brought by whites and winter scoops. White caterpillars feed on plants of the Cabbage family. caterpillars winter cutworm destroy seeds and emerging sprouts.
Harm the field and garden plants and some flies. Onion fly females infect onions and garlic. They lay their eggs on the ground near these plants. The emerging larvae crawl into the bulbs, into the leaves, eat out numerous passages in them. Soon the plants will turn yellow and dry.
cabbage larvae and carrot fly bring great harm to radishes, celery, root parsley, carrots, plants of the Cabbage family.
Ripe fruits of wheat, rye and barley suffer from the invasion grain beetle. Adult beetles eat grains. One beetle destroys 9-10 ears.
Bibliography
.Biology: Animals: Proc. for 7 cells. avg. school / B. E. Bykhovsky, E. V. Kozlova, A. S. Monchadsky and others; Under. ed. M. A. Kozlova. - 23rd ed. - M.: Education, 2003. - 256 p.: ill.
.. Insects in nature, Vorontsov P.T., Leningrad, "NEVA", 1988
.Life of insects, FabrZh.A., Moscow, "TERRA", 1993.
.Determinant of insects, N.N.Plavilshchikov, 1994.
.Morals of insects, Fabre J.A., 1993.
.Secrets of the world of insects, Grebennikov V., 1990
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In the life and economic activity of a person, they have both positive and negative significance.
Of the more than 1 million species of insects, the real pests that need to be controlled are about 1%. The bulk of insects are indifferent to humans or are beneficial. Domesticated insects - honey bee and silkworm, beekeeping and sericulture are based on their breeding. The honey bee produces honey, wax, propolis (bee glue), apilac (bee venom), royal jelly; silkworm - a silk thread secreted by the caterpillar's spinning glands during the construction of a cocoon, the silk thread is continuous, up to 1000 m in length. In addition to these insects, the following are valuable products: caterpillars of the oak cocoon moth, their coarser silk thread is used to make flaky fabric; lac bugs secrete shellac, a waxy substance with insulating properties used in radio and electrical engineering; carmine worms (Mexican and Ararat cochineal) give red carmine dye; blister beetles secrete the caustic substance cantharidin, which is used to make a blister patch.
Insect pollinators, representatives of many orders, among which an important place is occupied by Hymenoptera, increase the yields of seeds, berries, fruits, flowers of many cultivated plants - fruit and berry, vegetable, forage, flower.
The Drosophila fruit fly, due to its fecundity and reproduction rate, is not only a classic object of genetics research, but also one of the ideal experimental animals for biological research in space. Fossil insects are used in stratigraphy to determine the age of sedimentary rocks.
Of the vast number of insect species described (about 1,000,000), only a small part, about 1%, directly or indirectly harms humans.
The aesthetic significance of insects lies in the fact that many striking beautiful butterflies, beetles, dragonflies, bumblebees and others evoke feelings of joy and admiration.
Insect pest - Insects that can cause death or harm to humans, their pets, food supplies, or other plant products. The term is also applied to many insects that are more of a nuisance to humans than a serious threat. Insect pests that cause serious harm to human health are of particular importance in countries with a warm climate and in the tropics, of which the most dangerous mosquitoes. They carry pathogens of various forms of malaria, yellow fever, and other dangerous diseases. Fleas transmit bubonic plague to humans from rats. Insects that harm domestic animals include tsetse flies, gadflies, lice, stingers and lice. Each type of plant used by humans has its own insect pests that eat either the whole plant or parts of it. Roots feed on beetles, wireworms (larvae of click beetles), and other insects. Among insect pests that feed on aboveground parts of plants, aphids, scale insects and locusts are of the greatest importance, but many caterpillars also cause significant harm.
Insects are ubiquitous. They live on land, in fresh water - where life is possible. You can not meet them only in the seas. Given this distribution, the question arises: "What is the role of insects in nature?"
The number of animal species of the named class on the planet significantly exceeds the number of other groups. To date, more than 625 thousand of their species are known. The most common are common beetles, which have rigid forewings.
There is also a division according to the nature of nutrition. Three groups are distinguished among them:
It is worth noting that some types of ladybugs are specially bred in the laboratory. This is necessary in order to later release them into greenhouses and gardens to destroy aphids.
Dead eaters and gravediggers are among the orderlies of nature. They prevent pollution of the environment by the waste products of decaying living organisms.
The role of insects in nature can be both positive and negative. Speaking about the benefits, it should be noted that:
The value of insects in nature is great. And their positive activity, first of all, consists in such qualities as bumblebees, bees, butterflies, etc. It is known that some plant species are not able to reproduce without pollination. For example, clover, which in New Zealand gave good yields, nevertheless, could not produce seeds until bumblebees were brought into the country.
Termites and ants actively take part in loosening the soil. There are other insects that live in the ground, forming passages in it. By the way, without their activity, it becomes impossible to decompose the fallen coniferous plants. And this leads to the accumulation of peat-like layers, which makes the land infertile.
Squads of insects loosen the soil, enrich it with humus, and provide ventilation. Of no small importance is the destruction of excrement and carcasses of animals. After all, substances released during the decomposition of organisms pollute the environment, including the soil.
The role of insects in nature is larger than one can imagine. They take part in in nature. Much would not be on the planet if it were not for insects. Birds, for example, eat them. Some of their species eat only insects. Predatory animals, in turn, feed on birds. So the circulation of substances reaches a person.
If you study what role insects play in nature, it is worth noting that they bring not only benefits. The negative results of their activities are as follows:
There are cases when certain types of insects destroyed entire fields. Damage can affect different organs of plants. Sometimes not only leaves, fruits and trunks are destroyed, but also the root system.
Insects destroy plant tissue, make passages in it, which causes crops to dry out and die. As a result, entire plantations of the crop may be in danger of dying. Of particular danger is the mass reproduction of individual individuals. There are known cases of locust attacks on fields, as a result of which all plants encountered on its path were destroyed.
Pests include some species of butterflies and beetles, aphids, locusts and others. It is worth noting that this is the fault of the person. He does not always adhere to the rules of crop rotation, growing one crop for many years in a row in a certain place, which contributes to the reproduction of insects. Mankind actively fights pests through the use of chemicals that are sprayed on plants and soil.
The role of insects in nature is also associated with danger. So, some of their species are carriers of pathogens. These are mosquitoes, mosquitoes, bedbugs and others.
Given the importance of insects in nature, some of their endangered species are subject to protection.
To date, about 95 species that are on the verge of extinction are listed in the Red Book. Most of the rare insects are beetles (36 species). These include ground beetles, krasotely and others.
There are 33 species of butterflies in the Red Book - Apollo, pigeons, bears and others. 23 species of Hymenoptera are subject to protection. Among them there are seemingly common insects - bees and bumblebees. The remaining two species are dragonflies.
Many terrarium keepers breed insects, including grasshoppers and locusts. This is their hobby, which is not for everyone. ordinary people It's clear. In some countries, instead of cats and dogs, they prefer to keep large cockroaches. Maybe because they do not make a sound and do not interfere with households and neighbors. In addition, they are picky in nutrition, do not have wool and fluff.
In Australia, for example, praying mantises are pets. By the way, some residents simply put these insects on the curtains so that they catch flies.
In China, preference is given to the cultivation of crickets. This is not just a hobby, but a real entertainment. Fights and fights are held between crickets. The Chinese themselves are watching this with great pleasure. Swimmers are also raised. They are kept in aquariums and have a peculiar body structure.
As you can see, it is difficult to answer unequivocally what role insects play in nature. It can be positive and negative. Bees, bumblebees and other insects pollinate plants, taking part in their reproduction. Gravediggers and dead eaters destroy hazardous waste generated after the decomposition of dead animals. Locusts and aphids destroy plants. Mosquitoes and bedbugs are carriers of diseases. As you can see, the importance of insects in nature is great and varied.
IN this case It is also worth noting the aesthetic component. Indeed, even the most ardent opponent of all representatives of the described class of animals will involuntarily begin to admire the beauty of butterflies.
1. Insects are pollinators of flowering plants. A particularly important role in this belongs to Hymenoptera.
2. They play an important role in soil formation processes. Ants, larvae of many insects loosen the soil, creating favorable conditions for ventilation and moisture, enrich it with humus and organic residues.
3. They play an important role in biogenic cycles of substances.
Many of the insects are part of the food chains of fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals.
4. Products produced by insects are used for food (honey), or as technical raw materials (wax, silk, shellac).
Along with what has been said, some negative consequences of insect activity for nature and man should also be noted.
1. Insects, feeding on the vegetative organs of plants, can, with intensive reproduction, cause significant damage to natural biocenoses and agricultural land.
2. Insects can damage various structures. Some types of beetles, termites can destroy wooden buildings.
As pollinators of plants, insects play a significant role in plant reproduction.
Insects are also of no small importance in human economic activity: as pollinators, they increase the yield of cultivated plants; it is important to use them for the purpose of biological methods of combating harmful insects, domesticated insects provide valuable food and raw materials for industry.
Under the influence of human activity, the number of insect species has declined so much that they have become rare, some are on the verge of extinction. Therefore, all these insects need protection. 202 species of insects are already listed in the Red Book. The inclusion of a particular species in this book is a signal of the danger that threatens it, of the need for urgent measures to protect it.
Entomology is the study of insects.
From the foregoing, it can be seen how diverse the structure and behavior of arthropods is in comparison with annelids. The similarity in the structure of annelids and arthropods proves the relationship between them. At the same time, a comparison of these two types shows what a big step nature has taken in the morphophysiological organization and behavior of animals at the level of the arthropod type.
Measures to combat harmful insects
Pest control can be carried out various methods: quarantine, agrotechnical, mechanical, physical, chemical, biological.
Quarantine measures are aimed at protecting the territory of the state, the region from the penetration of agricultural pests.
The agrotechnical method provides for the creation of conditions favorable for the development of cultivated plants and suppressing the reproduction of pests. So, deep autumn plowing contributes to the destruction of the larvae of the May beetle, weevils. Changing the timing of crops can disrupt the nutrition of pests.
Mechanical methods include the installation of various traps, the use of adhesive tapes.
Physical methods are based on the use of physical factors - high and low temperatures, emitters of sound vibrations of a certain frequency, repelling pests.
Currently, chemical pest control methods are widely used, involving the use of a wide range of insecticidal preparations. However, their use leads to the destruction and beneficial species, causing those families damage to natural communities. Against blood-sucking insects, gadflies, horseflies are widely used repellents - repellents.
The most expedient from an ecological point of view is the use of biological methods of pest control. It has already been said above about riders, ants. IN Lately methods of sterilization in the laboratory of male insects have become widespread. Being released in natural environment, they "fertilize" females that lay eggs incapable of normal development. As a result, the number of the pest species is significantly reduced.
Insect pests during intensive reproduction can be destroyed with the help of microorganisms that infect winged forms or their larvae.
