Stairs. Entry group. Materials. Doors. Locks. Design

Municipal educational institution

"Kuvshinovskaya secondary school No. 2"

Teaching and research environmental project

Ecology of school space

Project type: creative, research

Project Hypothesis : conducting environmental monitoring, analysis of their results, environmental educationall participants in the educational process will contribute to the preservation of their health, improve learning conditions.

Objective of the project: maintaining the health of students, creating favorable conditions for learning.

Tasks:

Educational

expand and deepen students' knowledge about the role of nature in human life;

to acquaint students with the diversity, living conditions of indoor plants, their importance for human health.

developing:

develop the ability to analyze, reason, prove one's opinion;

educational:

to ensure the interconnection of educational and educational processes;

to cultivate a caring attitude towards indoor plants, a sense of belonging, personal responsibility for what is happening around.

develop research skills, the ability to work with various types information sources;

develop the ability to analyze, select, classify the information received;

develop the ability to creatively apply the acquired knowledge

Predicted results:

The student will know:

the names of indoor plants and the living conditions of these plants at home;

care rules indoor plants;

the effects of natural factors (light, heat, moisture, soil composition) on the vital activity of indoor plants;

The student will be able to:

work with additional literature;

observe and care for indoor plants;

work in a group;

formalize the results of their activities according to the plan.

The student will develop:

curiosity;

independence;

tolerance;

organization.

Formulation of the problem :

Insufficient or incorrect gardening of school classrooms contributes to the creation of unfavorable conditions for learning.

Design :

formation of groups, distribution of tasks, definition of tasks.

Search for information:

study of reference, popular science literature, conducting

monitorings.

intermediate product: consultations, preparation of presentations, preparation of speeches.

Project presentation.

School ecology - this is an activity in the space of school life, consistent with human nature.

School is the place where children spend most of their time, and therefore it must meet certain requirements. If we talk about the ecology of the school, then the main requirement here is the preservation of health.

What are the benefits of indoor plants, and whether they are only beneficial, or do they bloom within the walls of our school solely for beauty.

Taking into account the trend of a sharp decline in the population, the problem of creating and maintaining a healthy society is put forward. This increases the responsibility of the education system not only for the spiritual, but also for the physical development of the new generation, strengthening the health of students, familiarizing them with the value of a healthy lifestyle. The state of health of children, adolescents and young people causes reasonable concern for the whole society as a whole. In this regard, such a direction of work as health protection and the introduction of health-saving teaching technologies becomes the most important for the school and all participants in the educational process.

Indoor plants came to us from distant countries. Decorating our interior, they invite us to escape from the routine whirlwind. The most amazing of them take us on trips, making us forget about the banal everyday life.

Choosing "green friends", we focus on our own aesthetic taste, listen to the advice of relatives and friends. As a rule, everything is limited to this, but in vain, because plants have a number of wonderful properties, the existence of which we do not even suspect! By settling in our house, "green lodgers" contribute tosound absorption, humidify the air, saturate it with oxygen and purify it from harmful impurities. Special biogenic substances secreted by plants increase efficiency, normalize sleep, and increase human adaptive abilities.

"Green friends" bring harmony and tranquility into our lives, next to them we feel a surge of energy and at the same time relax. When choosing plants, many of us do not think about what effect they will have on our health, both physical and psychological. Plants act on us with their aroma, the color of leaves and flowers, and the shape of the crown.

Indoor plants are an obligatory component of the school office. They decorate the room and create comfort. Plants perform various functions, have an aesthetic, psychological impact, improve the air environment. Behind last years more and more clearly emerges another important function of plants - cleaning the environment from various pollutants. Like a filter, they purify the air from dust and harmful gases.

Plants with volatile properties: increase the amount of oxygen, increase the content of negative light ions. They have a positive effect on respiratory processes, lower blood pressure, increase muscle strength and endurance: tachycardia and arrhythmia decrease; serve as a means of prevention in dystonia and hypertension. - Reduce by 70-80% the number of microorganisms in the air.

Conifers - cryptomeria, cypress, Olsandr cypress, laurel, fortunella, prickly pear cactus. Citrus cactus - prickly pear - reduces the number of mold fungi by 6-7 times, has healing properties (heals wounds). Euphorbia, citrus. With microbes (staphylococcus) "cope" Cissus Hibiscus, cissus, ficus, akalifa, aglaonema. For a therapeutic effect, it is necessary to place one copy of plants per 1 m3 of the room.

Plants that can relieve stress. If possible, it is a good idea to arrange a relaxation room in the school. It is best to plant in it: pelargonium, oregano, myrtle, lemon balm fragrant geranium(take into account the tendency to allergic reaction) Plants purify the air not only from bacteria, but also from dust. More than 300 species have such properties. In addition, another 160 species are intended for open ground. Mainly coniferous species plants. In addition to dust retention, some of them are also capable of absorbing sound, it is useful to plant them in school yards located near roads, and this is important due to the increasing number of vehicles. The air environment contains toxins emanating from synthetic materials used in finishing work.

As part of the program of continuous environmental education and upbringing, it is possible to implement an independent project to study the species composition of indoor plants in the school. This work is accessible and interesting to students.

The purpose of the project is to determine the name of each plant, its family, homeland from reference books; study of the ecological and medicinal functions of plants; landscaping of school classrooms.

The project is intended for students in grades 5-9. Depending on the age of the students, the "Indoor Plants at School" project can be divided into several stages, each of which includes both theoretical and practical parts.

5-6 grades

- The study of the species composition of indoor plants in the classrooms of the school.

- School gardening group.

- Messages at biology lessons.

7th grade

- Creation of the map "Map of the world on the window sills of the school (class)".

-"Traveling with Houseplants"

8-9 grades

- The study of the ecological and medicinal functions of plants.

- Landscaping of school classrooms, taking into account the air-thermal conditions of detention.

- Speech at the ecological scientific-practical conference.

The work on determining the species composition of plants was divided into two stages.

At the first stage ( 5th grade ) students identify and describe the plants of the base cabinet. For these purposes, special reference literature is used. The most successful in this regard is Hession's reference book "All about indoor plants" (M .: Kladez, 1996).

At the second stage ( 6th grade ), working in groups, students determine and describe the species composition of indoor plants in the classrooms of the school. It should be noted that work in groups, where students jointly perform tasks, contributes to the improvement of communication skills, better assimilation of knowledge and intellectual development children.

Data on the species composition of plants are placed in a cool corner or on a separate stand. In addition, a plate is placed in a container with plants, where the name, species, and homeland of the plant are indicated. You can also hold a meeting of the school's gardeners, at which they can give recommendations on working with reference books, indicate which plants, depending on the exposure of windows, it is advisable to grow in a particular office. Also important is the connection between the experimental activity of students and the educational process, which is established through the subjects of the natural cycle. So, for example, in the 6th grade biology course, students study the morphology of plants, and the knowledge about plants gained in the process of working on the project not only serves as a good addition, but can also be applied in the geography course, in particular, when studying continents. On the basis of knowledge about the species composition of indoor plants of the school, a map of the vegetation of the world is created, on which the homeland of each plant is indicated.

AT this case carried outleading education. To prepare such a lesson, the children work through a fairly large amount of literature, both reference and scientific, offered by the teacher or found on their own. Such lessons are undoubtedly more interesting both for the children preparing the material and for the whole class as a whole.

Working on a vegetation map, students learn that the homeland of most of the school's indoor plants is the humid forests of America and Africa, since the humidity and temperature conditions in the school's classrooms are quite consistent with the natural conditions of this natural zone (the ecological state of the school's classrooms is monitored under the guidance of a chemistry teacher). For students, it becomes obvious that in central Russia at the latitude of Moscow, these plants require certain conditions of detention. This applies to moderate watering in winter and abundant in summer, shading plants in the hot season and highlighting in the cold, “wintering” for cacti, etc. The results of the work can be presented in the form of mini abstracts or shown on a stand in the classroom.

The final stage of the second stage project is the presentation of the results of research and practical work. For students in grades 5-7, this is best done in the form of a holiday "Traveling with indoor plants." Leading students, using a world vegetation map, talk about the living conditions of plants found in school.

For students in grades 8-9, the study of the ecological and medicinal functions of plants is of particular interest. From reference and popular scientific literature, we learned that the school has plants that determine the sanitary condition of the air in the classrooms, i.e. acting as bioindicators. These include tradescantia, begonia, asparagus, violet. In addition, there are detoxifying plants in the classrooms that can neutralize toxic substances in the air. These are tufted chlorophytum, common myrtle, fern, geranium, Chinese hibiscus, coleus, royal begonia, dracaena, ivy, dieffenbachia, succulent cacti.

As part of the school's greening program, students selected plants for each classroom, taking into account environmental factors.

In addition, we carried out work to identify plants with medicinal properties. At school, these plants include: agave, aloe, aspidistra, aucuba, hibiscus, zephyranthes, kalanchoe, saxifrage, passionflower, pelargonium, ivy, sanseviera, thuja, fatsia, ficuses. We presented the results in the form of a catalog "Medicinal plants at school", indicating the species composition, the use of plants at home, and pharmacological properties. For each plant of the healer, an annotation of the therapeutic effect, methods of application has been compiled.

results design work students presented at the school scientific-practical conference, which was attended by representatives of all classes of middle and high school. Thus, the achievements of individual groups of schoolchildren become known to almost the entire school and can be claimed by everyone.

Most interesting work were presented at the ecological scientific-practical conference.

I have an idea creating an office of indoor plants. The idea of ​​its creation appeared because the school collected a large number of indoor plants.

Indoor plants are used in the classroom and during extracurricular activities as a demonstration and handout material, when conducting observations and setting up simple experiments. Living objects should be unpretentious in maintenance and care. Sanitary and hygienic requirements, lighting standards, safety precautions must be observed. Plants that do not cause allergic reactions are selected.

When selecting plants in the office, it is possible to take into account their use in the classroom and in extracurricular activities, given their role in the design of the office. Plants are placed on racks, mounted in piers or on stands. Two or three large plants create a unique interior.

Work in mode project activities becomes a source of creating the necessary equipment for the office. It is necessary to highlight those tasks in which students can take part. Creative in its essence, including research, search, problem situations, project activities fill the life of each office with interesting things.

Analyzing the available resources and opportunities for children, we gave preference to the following types of project activities:

research

applied

informational

Research the project requires a certain work algorithm:

Identification and formulation of the problem;
- formulation of the hypothesis;
- setting goals and objectives;
- action planning;
- data collection, their analysis and synthesis, comparison with known information;
- preparation and writing of the project, its effectiveness;
- defense, presentation of the project.

Applied the project from the very beginning clearly indicates the result of the activities of its participants.

Informational the project is aimed at analyzing and summarizing, for a wide audience, any information.

"Ecology and phytodesign of the school office"

Target: get acquainted with the laws of arranging indoor plants, with the profession of a flower grower-decorator.

Tasks:

1. Study the species composition of indoor plants in the office

2. Establish which indoor plants are most popular in landscaping school premises

3. What requirements are taken into account when breeding plants at school.

Methods:

Observation

Experiment

Practical work

Expected results: acquisition of knowledge, flowers in the school office

We decided to equip our school office and do phytodesign of the office:

Plant it so that it is aesthetically pleasing, comfortable for work; and the conditions for keeping plants were observed.

Using the literature on indoor floriculture, we found that plants belonging to 5 groups are used in indoor landscaping:

1 group - decorative leafy(palms, fern, dracaena)

Group 2 - flowering (begonias, cacti, roses)

Group 3 - hanging (chlorophytum, tradescantia)

Group 4 - curly or clinging (ivy, monstera, asparagus)

Group 5 - bulbous or tuberous (cyclomen, gloxinia)

In schools, it is best to grow simple, undemanding plants (Tradescantia, Chlorophytum), blooming easily and profusely, for which care is available to children. Plants that cause irritation of the skin and mucous membranes or have bright fruits are completely excluded.

To make people's lives more beautiful and cleaner, we use plants. But you also need to take care of the flowers. Before breeding plants, you need to find out the basic requirements of each of them for

Humidity

illumination

Temperature

For normal development plants need light. According to the requirement for illumination, all plants can be divided into three groups:

1 group - photophilous

2 group - shade-loving

Group 3 - shade-tolerant

Of no small importance for the development of plants is the air temperature in the room, especially in winter.

Sufficient moisture is necessary for the normal development of plants.

In addition, in the offices it is necessary to increase the number of medicinal indoor plants, such as aloe, kalanchoe. These plants increase immunity, have bactericidal properties. Chlorophytum is the most popular plant in the school. It is said about him: the worse the air for us, the better for him. For landscaping, we recommend light-loving and shade-tolerant plants.

When compiling compositions, it is necessary to take into account following rules and planting arrangements. There are several basic techniques for placing indoor plants indoors.

1. A free-standing plant can be evergreen or flowering.

A well-composed composition of several plants pleases the eye and turns the room into an oasis, where beauty and comfort reign, where the harmony of nature and man reigns.

2.Very effective in the interior are climbing plants suspended in a specially made planter.

3. Very beautiful small gardens on the rocks

4. Groups of plants planted together are very effective.

Flowers ennoble our lives, caress the eyes, give people joy, soften morals, bring peace and relaxation. Giving flowers means expressing feelings of love, respect, location, respect. (See presentation).

Additional Information on career guidance.

Creation green interiors a special area of ​​architecture that requires versatile knowledge and great artistic taste. Therefore, a florist-decorator is working on the creation of the most complex modern projects.

Florist - decorator - an indispensable consultant who will give advice on indoor floriculture in various rooms, in a large and small apartment, in a study room, in a large hall, in recreation. At the same time, he will take into account the influence of plants on human health. In addition, he can make a bouquet or flower arrangement. People of this profession know how to make bouquets not only from fresh flowers, but also from dry or artificial ones. Flower growers work in greenhouses, greenhouses, nurseries and in the open field, in experimental plots, in parks, squares. Flower growers-decorators reveal the beauty of nature to man. Flower growers implement landscaping projects. They participate in the planning of green spaces, make ridges, loosen the soil, and apply fertilizers. To maintain a clear pattern of flower beds and lawns, they are trimmed, thinned, cut off faded inflorescences, and fragile plants are tied to pegs. It is better to choose this profession for people who love nature and have a good aesthetic taste. Aesthetically designed parks, squares, sidewalks are pleasing to the eye and create a festive mood for people. In addition, green spaces play a hygienic and protective role, delay the spread of dust, mitigate noise, and help restore the normal composition of the surrounding air.

Nature is rich in amazing colors. We will definitely meet them at our school.

Rudak Viktor Sergeevich

Research work on ecology "Influence of motor transport on environmental pollution"

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Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Povarenkinskaya basic comprehensive school"

Topic: "The impact of motor transport on pollution

environment"

Completed by: Rudak Victor

8th grade student

MBOUPOOSH,

Head: Rudak V.P.

biology teacher

MBOUPOOSH

with. Povarenkino 2011

1. The purpose of the study ............................................... ................................................3

2. Relevance of the study ............................................... ...............................4-5

4.Conclusion.............................................. ................................................. ...................fourteen

5. Literature ............................................... ................................................. ............fifteen

Object of study: the process of air pollution by exhaust gases in the village in 30 minutes

Subject of study: with. Povarenkino.

Research hypothesis:Air pollution negatively affects the health of villagers.

Tasks:

1. To study the impact of vehicle emissions on human health;

1. Calculate the number of vehicles in the village;

1. Determine the approximate amount of exhaust gases emitted by motor vehicles in the village in 30 minutes

1. Conduct outreach to vehicle owners

Research methods:

The study of literature on the topic

Observation and information gathering

Processing of received data

The relevance of research:

All types of modern transport cause great damage to the biosphere, but road transport is the most dangerous for it. There are approximately 600 million cars in the world today. On average, each of them emits 3.5 - 4 kg of carbon monoxide per day, a significant amount of nitrogen oxides, sulfur, and soot. When using leaded (leaded Pb) gasoline, this highly toxic element enters the exhaust. The "contribution" of road transport to air pollution today is at least 30%.

If the development of human society does not take a different path, then, according to environmentalists, an ecological explosion will occur in the middle of the 21st century:

The ability of ecosystems to self-heal will be disrupted

Water, air will be poisoned

This will lead to the degeneration of animals and man. The most formidable harbinger of the possibility of a global ecological disaster- change in the composition of the atmosphere. So 1 car for 1 year emits into the atmosphere: 200 kg of carbon monoxide, 60 kg of nitrogen oxide, 70 kg of hydrocarbons. And how many cars are on the globe? Breathing chemical pollutants causes poisoning of the human body and affects its heredity, which can also lead to unpredictable consequences. This does not appear immediately, but gradually, due to the progressive accumulation of poisons in the body. Currently, the problem of environmental pollution is very relevant.

In our school, the number of children with chronic respiratory diseases and reduced immunity is growing every year. Air pollution affects the health of adults and children. Since there are no industrial enterprises in our village, and the number of cars is increasing every day, the territory of the village is only exposed to pollution by combustion products from exhaust gases.

With this study, I decided to check whether the exhaust gases emitted by vehicles in our village exceed the MPC.

Research methodology:

The work was carried out in September 2011. I studied the literature on this issue, conducted research. Observations led to daytime. Counted the number of cars and trucks with different types of engines. Calculate the approximate emission of pollutants into the atmosphere if all vehicles travel 1 km. I also calculated the number of cars passing on the road in 30 minutes, and calculated the amount of exhaust gases if, on average, all cars drive at a speed of 40 km / h.

In the course of work, I studied the article "Lead poison" from which I learned that in the atmospheric air the edges of this "poison" are getting larger and larger every day. According to the Krasnoyarsk traffic police, there are more than 800 thousand cars in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, including those from. Povarenkino 50 cars. Its number is increasing by three, four percent every day. Accordingly, the supply of the necessary fuel increases, a significant proportion of which is leaded grades. In the law on the protection of the atmosphere, there is an establishment of the procedure for certification of fuel, technical, technological installations, engines, transport and other mobile vehicles and installations, confirming their compliance with the requirements for the protection of atmospheric air; determination of the amount of reduction of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air.

“Production and use of fuel in the territory Russian Federation are allowed only if there are certificates confirming the compliance of the fuel with the requirements of atmospheric air protection. Executive authorities of the Russian Federation and bodies state power The constituent entities of the Russian Federation may impose restrictions on the use of petroleum products and other types of fuel, the combustion of which leads to air pollution in the relevant territory, as well as stimulate the production and use of environmentally friendly types of fuel and other energy carriers.

The increase in pollution is additionally due to the aging of the vehicle fleet and the operation of vehicles and other vehicles, in emissions of which the content of harmful (polluting) substances exceeds the established technical emission standards. Lead aerosols are the most harmful emissions. Their formation, first of all, depends on the level of addition of ethyl liquid to gasoline, which not only increases the amount of motor fuel, but also significantly affects the state of the air. Vehicles and other mobile vehicles whose emissions have harmful effect to atmospheric air are subject to regular checks for compliance of such emissions with technical standards in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation. Legal entities when operating vehicles, they must ensure that such vehicles and installations do not exceed the established technical emission standards. It is possible to control the ecological situation only by having a sufficient number of posts, although these posts have poor technical equipment.”

Increasing the scale of burning oil products is the cause of air pollution. In particular, this became tangible with the development of road transport. Gasoline used to power internal combustion engines does not disappear anywhere. Giving away the energy contained in it chemical bonds, it decomposes into simpler substances - carbon oxides, soot, hydrocarbons, etc. The largest amount of air pollutants is emitted with car exhaust gases. An analysis of the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines showed that they contain about two hundred various substances, most of which are toxic. The main components of exhaust gases are shown in Table 1.

table 1

In itself, the release of toxic substances into the environment with exhaust gases is highly undesirable, since they pose a real danger to human health. So, carbon monoxide inactivates hemoglobin, causing oxygen deficiency in tissues, causing nervous and cardiac disorders. vascular systems and also contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. Nitrogen oxides sharply irritate the lungs and respiratory tract, contributing to the occurrence of inflammatory processes in them. Under the influence of nitrogen oxides, methemoglobin is formed, blood pressure decreases, dizziness, drowsiness, respiratory and circulatory disorders occur. Based on literary sources, I studied the effect of pollutants on human health. (Table 2)

table 2

tab. 3

As can be seen from the data in Table 3, in our village we have 50 cars and 5 trucks running on gasoline, and 4 cars running on diesel fuel.

Then, using Table 1 "Emissions of pollutants, g / km", calculated the approximate amount of emissions per day, if the entire vehicle travels 1 km. The study data are shown in Table 4

tab. 4

Table 4 shows that most cars emit carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. Diesel cars emit more soot.

table 5

Got the following data:

The resulting diagram shows that most of the cars in our village emit carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons into the atmosphere, which have a negative effect on the body. For our small village, these are big numbers. The environment and air are polluted. Air is one of the most important elements of the environment. The air environment is necessary for human respiration. Human body constantly in need of air. This is due to the physiological significance of breathing. When you inhale, air enters the respiratory organs, which contains the oxygen necessary for the body. A person breathes the air of the room, the air of the settlement where he lives. Airborne dispersion of vehicle emissions changes chemical composition atmosphere.

But our village is saved by the fact that the forest is growing around. Most exhaust gases are absorbed by vegetation, so emissions do not exceed MPC.

Tree foliage actively captures dust and reduces the concentration of harmful gases. HSome plants, such as mosses and larch, absorb it in relatively large quantities, and birch, willow, aspen - much less. By absorbing harmful gases, plants thereby purify the air. During the growing season, one tree can accumulate as much lead as is contained in 130 liters of gasoline. A simple calculation shows that at least 10 trees are needed to neutralize the harmful effects of one car.

Trees and shrubs growing in our area do a great job every day and every hour: they absorb dust and carbon dioxide, produce oxygen, perform sanitary, water protection and noise protection functions, form the microclimate and the peculiar appearance of the village. The leaf apparatus of trees reduces industrial radiation, purifies the air from harmful gases. Under trees, air pollution is 30-40% less than in open uninhabited areas. Tree crowns retain up to 20% of airborne particles. For a year, 1 hectare of forest is able to absorb about 1 ton of harmful gases, purify 18 million m3 of air, 1 hectare of pine plantation can bind up to 26 kg of sulfur dioxide, deciduous - 72 kg, spruce - up to 150 kg. Leafy plants absorb poisonous exhaust gases with their surface. Moreover, pubescent plants absorb them 10 times faster than non-pubescent ones. The herbaceous vegetation growing in the roadside area also contributes to a faster settling of exhaust gases.
Thus, green spaces serve not only as decoration, but also as protectors of people's health.

But you can not say that it will always be. Every year the ecological situation in the country worsens, climate change also affects our village, and this is the fault of cars that pollute the atmosphere with emissions. Comparing the data of 2007 and 2011, I found out that the number of cars in the village increased by 14 cars, which is 38%. For our small village, this is a significant indicator.

This problem is obviously global. Around the world, the number of cars is increasing exponentially every day. More and more more people have their own car . But many do not think at all about where all this will eventually lead.
In order to save the car for mankind, it is necessary, if not to exclude, then to minimize harmful emissions. Works in this direction are carried out all over the world and give certain results. Cars currently produced in industrialized countries emit harmful substances 10–15 times less than 10–15 years ago. In all developed countries, there is a tightening of standards for harmful emissions during engine operation. There are now more stringent regulations in place. There is not only a quantitative tightening of the norms, but also their qualitative change. So, instead of restrictions on opacity, a rationing of solid particles has been introduced, on the surface of which hazardous substances for human health are adsorbed. aromatic hydrocarbons and, in particular, the carcinogenic benzopyrene. The list of substances whose content must be under control is constantly expanding.

Indeed, we rarely think about the fact that we are practically breathing "exhaust gases". After all, when a person is healthy, he feels good, walks, drives a car... He probably thinks that when he walks, he breathes fresh and clean air... And when a person drives a car, he does not think that he pollutes the environment. environment and air, and then he inhales it himself.

Having considered the impact of motor transport on the environmental pollution of our village, I turned to car owners, proposing measures to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, issuing leaflets with the following content:

Dear residents of the village, owners of vehicles.

Each of you should think about the serious consequences of an atmosphere saturated with harmful chemicals. Life, once given to us by nature, should not be disturbed by artificial factors that adversely affect human health.

To reduce air pollution:

1. fill your car with high-quality fuel;
2. follow technical condition vehicle;
3. switch, if possible, to the use of gas-balloon engines
4. use exhaust gas neutralizers;
5. choose a rational mode of operation of the engine;
6. use car trips only for long distances;
7. for short distances, use a bicycle or walk.

Movement is life, and clean air is the health of each of us.
Think about it!

Findings:

1. Vehicle emissions have a negative impact on the environment and human health.
2. In with. Povarenkino has 59 vehicles.
3. Due to vegetation, pollutant emissions in the village do not exceed MPC.

4. In order to reduce air pollution in the village, residents should follow the measures proposed in the leaflet.

Literature:

1. V. V. Ambartsumyan, V. B. Nosov, V. I. Tagasov. Environmental safety of road transport. - M .: LLC Publishing house "Nauchtehlitizdat", 1999
2. Journal of biology at school.
   3. Valova V.D. Fundamentals of Ecology: Textbook. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional M .: Publishing House "Dashkov and K0", 2001.
   4. Kurov B.M. How to reduce environmental pollution by motor vehicles? // Russia in the surrounding world. - Analytical yearbook. 2000
   

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MBOU "Povarenkinskaya OOSh" Topic: "The impact of vehicles on environmental pollution" Completed by: Rudak Viktor student of grade 8 MBOUPOOSh, Head: Rudak V.P. biology teacher MBOUPOOSH

Currently, the problem of environmental pollution is very relevant. In our school, the number of children with chronic respiratory diseases and reduced immunity is growing every year. Air pollution affects the health of adults and children. Since there are no industrial enterprises in our village, and the number of cars increases every day, the territory of the village is exposed to pollution by combustion products from exhaust gases. With this study, I decided to check whether the exhaust gases emitted by vehicles in our village exceed the MPC.

Purpose: to calculate the amount of pollutant emissions from vehicles in our village in 30 minutes. Object of study: the process of air pollution by exhaust gases in the village in 30 minutes. Subject of study: vehicles from. Povarenkino.

Hypothesis of the study: Exceeding the MPC of exhaust gases adversely affects the health of the villagers. Objectives: To study the impact of vehicle emissions on human health; Calculate the number of vehicles in the village; Determine the approximate amount of exhaust gases emitted by motor vehicles in the village in 30 minutes Conduct explanatory work with vehicle owners

Research methods: Study of the literature on the topic Observation and collection of information Processing of the received data Observations were conducted in the daytime. Counted the number of cars and trucks with different types of engines. Calculate the approximate emission of pollutants into the atmosphere if the entire vehicle travels a distance of 1 km. I also calculated the number of cars passing on the road in 30 minutes, and calculated the amount of exhaust gases if, on average, all cars drive at a speed of 40 km / h.

Vehicle type Engine type Carbon monoxide Hydrocarbons Nitrogen oxide Soot light carburettor 20 2 3 0.05 truck carburetor 70 8 7 0.15 truck diesel 40 3 6 1 Main components of exhaust gases

Harmful substances Effects on the body Carbon monoxide CO Interferes with the absorption of oxygen into the blood, which impairs thinking ability, slows reflexes, causes drowsiness and can cause loss of consciousness and death. Lead Affects the circulatory, nervous and genitourinary systems. It causes a decrease in mental abilities in children, is deposited in bones and other tissues, therefore it is dangerous for a long time. Nitrogen oxides NO, NO2, N2O4 May increase the body's susceptibility to viral diseases, irritate the lungs, cause bronchitis and pneumonia. Hydrocarbons Lead to the growth of pulmonary and bronchial diseases. Aldehydes Irritate mucous membranes, respiratory tract, affect the central nervous system. Sulfur compounds Have an irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the throat, nose and eyes of a person. Dust particles Irritating to the respiratory tract.

Vehicle type Engine type Quantity light carburetor 50 truck carburetor 5 truck diesel 4 “Emissions, g/km”, Vehicle type Engine type Path Carbon monoxide Hydrocarbons Soot light carburetor 1 km 1000 100 150 2.5 truck carburetor 1 km 350 40 35 0 .75 truck diesel 1km 160 12 24 4 Nitrogen oxide

The resulting diagram shows that most of the cars in our village emit carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons into the atmosphere, which have a negative effect on the body. For our small village, these are big numbers.

Trees and shrubs growing in our area do a great job every day and every hour: they absorb dust and carbon dioxide, produce oxygen, perform sanitary, water protection and noise protection functions, form the microclimate and the peculiar appearance of the village. The leaf apparatus of trees reduces industrial radiation, purifies the air from harmful gases. Leafy plants absorb poisonous exhaust gases with their surface. Moreover, pubescent plants absorb them 10 times faster than non-pubescent ones. The herbaceous vegetation growing in the roadside area also contributes to a faster settling of exhaust gases. Thus, green spaces serve not only as decoration, but also as protectors of people's health.

Leaflet. Dear residents of the village, owners of vehicles. Each of you should think about the serious consequences of an atmosphere saturated with harmful chemicals. Life, once given to us by nature, should not be disturbed by artificial factors that adversely affect human health. To reduce air pollution: fill your car with quality fuel; monitor the technical condition of the vehicle; switch, if possible, to the use of gas-cylinder engines; use exhaust gas converters; choose a rational mode of operation of the engine; use car trips only for long distances; for short distances, use a bicycle or walk. Movement is life, and clean air is the health of each of us. Think about it!

Conclusions: 1. Vehicle emissions have a negative impact on the environment and human health. 2. In with. Povarenkino has 59 vehicles. 3. Due to vegetation, pollutant emissions in the village do not exceed MPC. 4. In order to reduce the pollution of the atmosphere of the village, the residents must comply with the measures proposed in the leaflet.

References: 1. V. V. Ambartsumyan, V. B. Nosov, V. I. Tagasov. Environmental safety of road transport. - M .: LLC Publishing house "Nauchtekhlitizdat", 1999 Journal of biology at school. 3. Valova V.D. Fundamentals of Ecology: Textbook. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional M.: Publishing House "Dashkov and K0", 2001. 4. Kurov B.M. How to reduce environmental pollution by motor vehicles? // Russia in the surrounding world. - Analytical yearbook. 2000 5. Krasnoyarsk worker No. 21

Municipal educational institution

"Average secondary school No. 6 "

Environmental project

We are for it clean city

10th grade student

Sheludyakova Anastasia

Supervisor:

biology and ecology teacher

Karyachkina T.A.

g.o. Saransk

I. Introduction…………………………………………………………

1. Relevance of the chosen topic
2. Goals and objectives of the study
3. Subject of research. problem question
4. Hypothesis
5. Research methods
6. Stages of work on the project

II. Main part. Theoretical aspect...…………

Waste classification.

Waste management: collection, removal, use, neutralization.

Danger of waste.

4. What does recycling give for nature and man

III. Main part. Practical aspect………………

Object of study.

Research methodology: questioning.

questionnaire questions.

Answer analysis. Findings.

What is the use of separate waste?

Implementation of a separate waste system.

What is it for in our village?

Project plan development:

a) Collection of data on waste processing. Conclusion.
b) Making a plan.

IV. Conclusion…………………………………………………….

V. References…………………………………………

I.Introduction

Relevance of the chosen topic.

Relevance of the topic There is no doubt that each of us throws away a huge amount of garbage. So, the average city dweller annually produces about 300 kg or 1.5 m 3 of waste per year. In terms of weight, this is comparable to an average elk, and in terms of volume - with three large refrigerators. Imagine how much waste is generated in an apartment building. How many houses are there in our city? According to official data, 40 million tons of household waste per year (ie waste from the residential sector) is thrown away in Russia. In total, more than 4.5 billion tons of garbage enter landfills annually. Remember that the waste of the city is made up of the waste of each inhabitant. This does not include construction or industrial waste. Moreover, we throw away garbage both in an organized way (in garbage cans, bins, etc.) and in an unorganized way. Toxic substances that end up in landfills (in used batteries, accumulators, as well as in rotting and decaying food products, penetrate into groundwater, which is often used as a source of drinking water, are dispersed by the winds in the surroundings and thereby cause damage to the environment. Some decay products are capable of self-ignition, so fires regularly occur in landfills, in which soot, phenol, and other toxic substances are released into the atmosphere.

Of all the global environmental problems that humanity has entered the 21st century with: a population explosion, the ozone layer, acid precipitation, the growth of household waste, the depletion of fossils natural resources, lack of clean fresh water, etc., today the problem of the growth of household waste is considered relevant.

The experience of the world practice of burying the amount of solid domestic and industrial waste at landfills and landfills: Russia up to 90%, USA - 73%, Germany - 70%, Japan - 30%. The increasing accumulation of municipal solid waste leads to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions and groundwater pollution, which are among the most acute environmental problems.

Goals and objectives.

Target: prove the need for separate collection of garbage in the village.

Tasks.

Compile a questionnaire and conduct a social survey among students of school No. 6

Analyze the results of the survey.

Explore the Separate Garbage Program.

Subject of study. Problem question.

Subject of study: garbage collection in the village of Pushkarskie settlements

Problem question: will separate waste collection affect the ecological situation in the city.

Hypothesis.

At the beginning of the study, I conducted a survey, as a result of which a hypothesis took shape: if we organize the collection of separate waste in the village, this will have a positive effect on the ecological situation of the city of Saransk.

Research methods.

1. Search method:

Use of Internet resources
- Finding information about pollution and the implementation of the "Separate Waste" project

2. Monitoring method:
- Questioning
- Analysis of incidence statistics

6. Stages of work on the project.

1. Definition of the field of study.
2. Collecting the necessary information.
3. Conducting a survey and testing.
4. Determining the structure of the research work.
5. Summing up.
6. Registration of work.

II . Main part. Theoretical aspect

Waste classification.

Garbage separation(separative waste collection, waste sorting, waste separation) and selective waste collection - actions for sorting and collecting waste, depending on its origin. Waste separation is done in order to avoid mixing different types garbage and environmental pollution. This process allows waste to be given a “second life”, in most cases due to its secondary use and recycling. Separating waste helps prevent it from decomposing, rotting and burning in landfills. Consequently, the harmful impact on the environment is reduced (Wikipedia).

Today, garbage is becoming more dangerous and toxic, no microorganisms are able to decompose it. Today, there is an active search for microorganisms that can decompose plastic, it occupies a huge amount of space and simply does not decompose in nature.

Classification of garbage according to the degree of danger is carried out for various materials:

Water pollutants

Air pollutants

Chemical substances

All workings can be classified into the following classes:

Extremely hazardous waste materials

Highly hazardous materials

Moderately Hazardous Waste Materials

Low-hazard salvage

Practically harmless substances

Waste management: collection, removal, use, neutralization.

In any case, civilized countries have long come to the conclusion that garbage must be properly disposed of and recycled. In Russia, despite the vast expanses, garbage is also becoming a serious problem. AT Russian Duma a bill is being discussed, according to which separate waste collection will be introduced, and the waste will have an owner - the one who should be responsible for them at every stage, from collection to processing. Indeed, at present, many attractive suburban areas are occupied by landfills. Therefore, the authorities of large Russian megacities are already puzzled by this problem, starting to accustom residents to sorting household waste. This is how a proposal is being considered for organizing special sorting rooms in new buildings on each floor, where each resident could separate their garbage. At the same time, the construction of waste processing enterprises is underway, where it is planned to receive and re-send recyclable materials for industrial production: waste paper, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, and much more. But, unfortunately, in society there is both a lack of environmental education among people, and a lack of bins for separate waste collection on city streets.

The strategy of the future should be considered, first of all, the education of the younger generation, respect for the natural environment, the expansion of knowledge, skills and vitality in the management of technological processes, the search for new design solutions for the separate collection of waste and their processing, which will ensure the interests of present and future generations and preserve the nature of the planet Earth. After all

processing allows you to: 1) save valuable natural resources necessary for the production of any product; 2) save water and energy in the production of goods from recycled materials; 3) reduce waste generated from the extraction of resources and the production of goods; 4) reduce the number of landfills and much more. But the widespread processing of waste is possible only as a result of their separation at the place of their formation, i.e. at home, at work, street, enterprise. This is called separate waste collection (SW).

Waste management

In the 20th century, the amount of production and consumption waste grew so rapidly that waste generation became an important problem in large cities and large industries. Along with a large amount of waste, the issue of a lack of natural resources has become acute. selective collection and subsequent use of secondary resources partially helps to reduce the burden on the environment and solve the issue of additional production of raw materials.

Waste disposal

Some wastes require disposal before disposal in landfills, landfills or dumps.

One of the largest industrial wastes is coal-containing waste. Modern scientific developments make it possible to neutralize most of the industrial waste, reduce its volume and ensure maximum safety. Today, the disposal of hazardous waste can be carried out by thermal, physico-chemical, chemical and other methods. So, with the help of redox reactions, substitution reactions, various toxic and dangerous compounds are transferred into an insoluble form.

Danger of waste.

The danger of waste is determined by their physical and chemical properties, as well as the conditions of their storage or placement in the environment.

For waste, it is necessary to draw up a waste passport, determine the hazard class and limits for waste disposal in the environment, limits for accumulation at the enterprise and other documents.

The concept of "Hazardous Waste" is used in the following cases:

Waste poses a risk to human health and/or to the normal state of the environment. natural environment.

Hazard class of harmful substances- a conditional value intended for a simplified classification of potentially hazardous substances. The hazard class is established in accordance with industry regulations. For different objects - for chemical substances, for waste, for air pollutants, etc. - various standards and indicators have been established.

What does recycling give to nature and man

In the manufacture of products from recycled materials, the consumption of non-renewable resources, such as metals, oil, natural gas, wood, etc., is reduced.

This helps protect natural areas and the diversity of life on Earth.

Typically, the production of products from recycled materials requires much less energy than the production from virgin raw materials. As a result of reducing the amount of energy used, air and water pollution is reduced.

Other types of pollution are also reduced, such as runoff from mining, soil erosion and chemical elements when extracting raw materials.

Thanks to recycling, the amount of waste entering the MSW landfills is significantly reduced. This will extend the service life of landfills and reduce the area they occupy, for example, recycling one ton of PET bottles saves about 4 m 3 of the landfill area.

22. III. Main part. Practical aspect research.

    At the beginning of the study, I conducted a survey among the younger generation, which will later form the main population of our village, since an important point in the plan is public opinion and readiness for selective waste collection. It was the survey that became the basis for my project.

    For the survey were selected students of MAOU secondary school No. 3 / age 14-17 years /.

Research methodology.

a) Questioning

To study the readiness of a teenager, the students were offered a questionnaire, answering which the students had to tell about their attitude to the separate collection of garbage.

questionnaire questions.
1. How often do you buy products in plastic packaging?
2. Would you agree to hand over paper to a waste paper collection point?
3. Do you have a positive attitude towards separate waste?
4. Is it possible to implement "separate waste" in the village?
5. Do you think it would be worth reopening the return of glass bottles?
6. Do you keep the streets, parks, forests, etc. clean?
7. Would you volunteer to clean your house?
8. Are you ready to sort your family's household waste?
9. What would motivate you to sort your garbage?

Survey results. Answer analysis.

General conclusion: it is obvious that 100% separate collection, that is, the participation of the entire population in it, is impossible. Thus, in practice, an intermediate option can be implemented, providing for the processing of both separately collected and mixed waste. At the same time, the higher the proportion of citizens participating in the sorting of waste at the places of their formation, the lower the costs for waste processing.

What are the benefits of separate garbage collection?

Firstly, it is care for the environment. Pollution adversely affects human health, especially in modern world. In Russia, waste is disposed of by incineration, and all harmful emissions enter the atmosphere. But besides this, garbage decomposes for a long time (especially plastic). If a person leaves it in forest areas, this will worsen the fertility of the soil. That is why it is important not only to collect separate garbage, but also to teach order in nature.

Secondly, recycling. The more production will use secondary raw materials, the more natural resources we will save; reduce the amount of emissions into the atmosphere from garbage incineration; the ecological condition of settlements will improve.

Saransk together with settlements, subordinate to his administration, has a health index of 35%, occupying the last 23rd place among the administrative regions of the Republic of Mordovia. In total, out of 19 studied parameters, 63% of indicators in the territory of Saransk are the worst or exceed the average value for the republic.

In the municipality of Saransk, where 346.4 thousand inhabitants, or 37% of the population of the republic, currently live, a difficult environmental situation has developed. The territory of the city is located in the area of ​​intense aerosol, water, noise and thermal pollution.

Third, the reduction of diseases. Our health is directly dependent on the state of the environment. Selective waste collection and recycling is the key to a healthy generation.

Fourth, cost reduction. When delivering garbage, a lot of money is spent on its transportation and incineration. Separate waste collection will reduce costs, because. Many recycling companies pick up their own waste from dumpsters.

Conclusion: selective waste collection has a positive effect on the environment and human health, reduces costs, which is important for society.

Implementation of a separate waste collection system.

How would such a system work? The sociological study was preceded by an environmental campaign that was held at the school from 2014–2016. It was attended by the entire teaching staff and students of the school. During these years we have been conducting research on the issue of waste and recycling. As part of the environmental campaign, the following events were held:

2. public hearings;

   Brochures, calendars, leaflets were distributed;

   Organized exhibitions of works;

   Conclusion: This method of garbage collection is profitable and convenient. But it is important to interest the people who will support the new order.

What is it for in our village?

It would seem that the village is located near botanical garden, forest belt, small industrial production. Why do we need separate garbage?

Pushkar settlements are a growing settlement. Firstly, the village is located near the airport. Many residents of the village visit the city quite often and, returning, would like to breathe fresh air. Secondly, the population is growing, and with it, the amount of waste is growing. With a population of 1,300 people, approximately the village produces 1,950 kilograms daily. It is unimaginable even to imagine how much garbage is generated from our population (711,750 kg) per year. Thirdly, parents want their children to grow up healthy. Fourthly, in addition to the fact that there are emissions from burning garbage, the number of cars is also increasing. Fifthly, the village is located near the highway, on both sides there are bypass roads, from where exhaust gases also come.

Conclusion: there is a need for selective garbage collection. Having studied the "pluses" of the program, we see that it will help improve the ecological situation of the village, as the situation in the city will improve.

"A million for a separate fee."

I discovered this project while researching the Greenpeace website. Its goal is to collect a million signatures under an appeal to mayors of cities and governors of regions demanding mandatory installation bins for separate collection of waste in every yard, legalize this method of waste management and approve the rules for garbage collection and normal maintenance of sites where waste is collected.

“Speaking of separate collection, we mean solving a specific problem that concerns each of us, our home, yard, city. After all, separate collection is, first of all, the health of our children, who will not have to inhale the air poisoned by incinerators. This is our clean yard, these are the parks that will surround our city.” ("Greenpeace")

The project started recently, but is already gaining momentum. We can take part in this and contribute to the protection of the environment.

Development of a project plan for the village of Pushkarskiye settlements.

To develop a project plan, I needed to find information about recyclable products. Also, after each, information about the reception points is indicated.

waste paper- waste from the production, processing and consumption of all types of paper and cardboard, suitable for further use as a fibrous raw material.

There are 2 waste paper collection points in the republic on the street. Promyshlennaya-1 and CJSC Energia - st. Proletarskaya d. 132, which accept various types of waste paper: paper, cardboard, books (with and without hardcover), printing waste paper, etc. Each company has self-delivery (minimum - from 200 kg.). As the information on the sites indicates, the price depends on the quality of the paper. There are also organizations that post ads on social networks.

Thus, there are waste paper collection points in our city and not far from our village, and, therefore, the delivery of paper can be implemented.
Household waste- substances (or mixtures of substances) recognized as unsuitable for further use after domestic use of products end up in a landfill.

Plastic– organic materials based on synthetic or natural macromolecular compounds (polymers). Plastics based on synthetic polymers have received exceptionally wide use.

A big flaw in the region is a negligible number of plastic collection points. As shown by the search results on the Internet, there are companies in Saransk MordovVtorResurs LLC, VtorPlastmas LLC, st. Proletarskaya, 130, which accepts plastic for recycling.

hazardous waste- wastes that contain harmful substances that have dangerous properties (toxicity, explosiveness, fire hazard, high reactivity) or contain pathogens of infectious diseases, or which may represent a direct or potential danger for the environment and human health on their own or when they come into contact with other substances (law "On Production and Consumption Waste"). One small battery, decomposing in a landfill, spoils 400 liters of water.

Recycling points in Mordovia: Mordovian Procurement Company, st. Promyshlennaya1-aya, 41, OOO Mordovia Ecological Plant, Aleksandrovskoe shosse 30, RTO, recycling center, st. building, 1.

Battery recycling - "RegionYugEco" st. Osipenko 8 . OOO "Leading Recycling Company" st. Soviet, 109

Glass- substance and material, one of the most ancient and, due to the variety of its properties, universal in human practice. The acceptance of glass containers in Saransk can significantly affect the ecological situation in the city and improve the economic component. Rational recycling of glass containers, its reuse is beneficial for local enterprises. Among them are the SUN InBev beer manufacturer, the Saransky cannery and the Saransky dairy plant.

Disposal household appliances - Over time, household items begin to fail, break down, and if it is possible to fix the problem, then for some time they can still be used. And if the breakdown is serious and the device can only be thrown away? Here, everyone should remember that an unauthorized release threatens with a serious fine, but most importantly, poisonous harmful compounds contained in the devices will bring great harm, which, under the influence of weather conditions, will fall into the soil and cause enormous damage to the environment. In Saransk, the recycling of household appliances and items is carried out by the companies Promekotekhnologiya LLC, Rusutilit LLC, GriKontrolUtilization LLC, which have special permits and licenses to carry out these actions. In addition to these enterprises, electronic equipment stores, such as Eldorado and M. Video, provide great assistance in the collection and disposal of equipment from the population.

Conclusion: Based on the material provided, the "Separate Garbage" project can exist, as there are suitable conditions and the desire of people to take part in promoting the program.

Project plan.

Based collected material I developed a project plan for the implementation of selective waste in the village.

Preparatory stage.

Communication with the residents of the village. To do this, it is necessary to conduct a social survey, whether they are ready for such changes. It is important to involve young people who will be able to hold campaign teams in schools and on the streets, talking about the benefits of separate waste collection. In addition, it is these young people who make up half of the population of the village. Consequently, they will make habitual selective waste in their families.

It is necessary to enlist the support of the village administration in sponsoring and assisting in the implementation of this project.

Contact firms that are ready to accept garbage. See if they can take it out on their own.

Equipment of sites and purchase of containers for garbage collection.

Implementation - project results.

Conclusion: this plan is the basis for the future project.

19. IV. Conclusion

    Thus, having studied a large theoretical material, the results of the survey, we confirmed the hypothesis that if you organize the collection of separate waste in the village, it will have a positive effect on the whole city. Thanks to it, the ecological situation of both the city and the village will improve. The number of healthy children and adults will increase.

    It is obvious that the entire population will not participate in the project. In practice, an intermediate option can be implemented, providing for the processing of both separately collected and mixed waste.

42. V. References

    1. www.greenpeace.org/russia/ru/

    2 www.wikipedia.org

    3. http://www.new-garbage.com/

    4. http://www.ecoteco.ru/

    5.http://nizhniynovgorod.tradeis.ru/industry/cat/utilizaciya_otkhodov_vtorsyrjo

Information sheet.

1. Theme of the presented work.

“Organization of research work of elementary school students. Project "Green World".

Justification of the urgency of the problem.

Currently, environmental education in primary school is becoming an increasingly priority area in pedagogical theory and practice. This is due to the difficult environmental situation on earth.

Pictures of nature are the strongest aesthetic means of influencing the soul of a child, and its significance cannot be overestimated.

Education of ecological culture is one of the main directions of the general strategy of education.

Creative teaching methods should play a leading role. Research creative activity occupies a special place in the arsenal of innovative pedagogical tools and methods. Having studied the materials on this topic, I came to the conclusion that the methodology is focused more on high school students, whose subject interests have already been formed. And the elementary school still remained a little on the sidelines, but it is in the elementary school that the foundation of the skills, knowledge and skills of active, creative, independent activity of students, methods of analysis, synthesis and evaluation of the results of their activities should be laid, and research work is one of the most important ways in solving this problem.

The specificity of research work in elementary school lies in the systematic guiding, stimulating and corrective role of the teacher. The main thing for a teacher is to captivate and “infect” children, show them the significance of their activities and instill confidence in their abilities, as well as involve parents in participating in the school affairs of their child. This work becomes an interesting and exciting thing for many parents. They, together with children, take photographs, perform simple research on observing the cultivation of plants, weather phenomena, help to select information for the theoretical justification of projects, help the child prepare the defense of his work. The works are very interesting, because this is a common interest and joint work of the child and parents.

Research activity makes and teaches children to work with a book, a newspaper, a magazine, which is very important in our time, because from my own experience and based on the opinion of colleagues, I know that children, at best, read only textbooks. The child, feeling his importance, tries to help the teacher and is involved in research work.

Theoretical base of experience.

Target: through the development of environmental literacy, to teach children an environmentally sound lifestyle, to promote the accumulation environmental knowledge, their acquisition of skills and abilities to communicate with nature, the expansion of individual ecological space.

Tasks:

Tutorials:

formation of knowledge about the unity of animate and inanimate nature, regularities natural phenomena, the interaction of nature, society and man;

formation of research skills.

Developing:

development of environmental literacy of students;

development of basic thinking processes (analysis, synthesis, comparison);

development of creative imagination, cognitive abilities of children;

development of abilities to establish causal, probabilistic relationships, analyze the consequences of environmental situations.

Educational:

formation high level ecological culture of students;

to bring up personal responsibility for one's own actions and for what is happening around;

formation of a culture of behavior in nature;

foster respect for the environment;

to instill love for nature, the desire to take care of it;

educate the need to rationally treat the components of animate and inanimate nature.

Project implementation blocks:

Informative: lessons, quizzes, contests, etc. (perspective plan, work program).

Practical: planting seeds, caring for plants (photo, presentation) Annex 1. Annex 2.

Consulting: work with parents (topics of conversations).

Analytical: analysis of the obtained results, correction of work (diagnostics, analytical references).

Technological scheme of the project.

Informative (during a year):

Long-term plan for the 2016-2017 academic year.

Consulting ( 1 time per quarter):

familiarization of parents with the project.

diagnostic results, work prospects;

first results, first successes;

summing up the results of the project, practical lesson "I was born a gardener."

Analytical (as the project progresses):

Y. Efficiency. Diagnostic results confirming the effectiveness of the innovation.

Attitude to business.

Volitional quality

Attitude towards yourself

III.Stages of project implementation.

Planned results.

Pupils should know:

Fundamentals of ecological culture.

Some features of the nature of their region.

The main signs of the seasons.

The value of nature for man.

Groups of plants and animals.

Some protected plants and animals of their region, country.

Rules of conduct in nature.

Features of the work of people in the most common professions .

Pupils should be able to:

Distinguish between objects of nature and objects that are not related to nature.

Follow the rules of personal hygiene.

Distinguish between studied plants and animals.

Conduct observations in nature under the guidance of the leader of the circle.

Feed the birds in the simplest feeders.

Take care of indoor plants and pets.

Carry out research activities under the guidance of the head of the circle.

Practical(a photo)

Use of ICT(information and communication technologies) during the implementation of the project.

XII. Informational resources:

For the teacher:

Britvina L. Yu. Method of creative projects at technology lessons// elementary School. No. 6. - 2005.-p.44.

M.V. Dubova Organization of project activities of younger students. A practical guide for primary school teachers. - M. BALLAS, 2008

Magazine "Head teacher of elementary school" 2005-2010

Mikhailova G.N. Method of project-based learning in labor lessons.// Primary school. No. 4.- 2005.-C 68.

Novolodskaya E. G., Yakovleva S. N. Implementation of creative projects in the study of natural history // Primary school for motivating students to learn // Primary school. No. 9.- 2008 – P.34.. No. 1. -2008.-S. 94.

Savenkov A.I. Methods of research teaching of younger schoolchildren. Publishing house "Educational literature", house "Fedorov", 2008.

Savenkov A.I. I am a researcher. Workbook for younger students. Publishing House "Fedorov". 2008

Tsyvareva M. A. The method of projects in extracurricular work in mathematics // Primary school. No. 7. - 2004. - P. 45.

Shlikene T. N. The method of projects as one of the conditions for increasing

For pupils:

Bruce Jim, Angela Wilks, Claire Llewelyn "100 Questions and Answers" Animals.-M.: CJSC "Rosman", 2006.

Big encyclopedia of the animal world. M.: CJSC “ROSMEN-PRESS”, 2007.

Everything about everything. Insects and spiders. - M .: Astrel Publishing House LLC: AST Publishing House LLC, 2001.

I know the world: Children's Encyclopedia: Plants./Compiled by L.A.Bagrova- M.:Tko "AST", 2005.

I know the world: Children's Encyclopedia: Animals. / Compiled by P.R. Lyakhov- M.: Tko “AST”, 2009

http://www.ped-sovet.ru/

http://www.school.edu.ru/

http://www.nature-home.ru/

http://www.delaysam.ru

Introduction

1. Main body

1.1. The current state of the problem

1.2. Disposal of household waste

2. Research results, conclusions and suggestions

Conclusion

Literature

Applications

Introduction

In recent years, much more attention has been paid to environmental problems in the world than before. On average, each person in the world generates about 1 kg of household waste per day, but this amounts to hundreds of millions of tons per year, and in the United States, for example, this amount increases by 10% every 10 years. To clean up this amount of garbage, 63,000 garbage trucks are required. In 1991, Russia generated significantly less waste per capita than America, but due to the expansion of the Western lifestyle, which includes disposable free bags, disposable tableware, disposable aluminum cans from beer and other soft drinks, we catch up quickly. And if in some countries there is a system for the separate collection and processing of individual components of garbage, then in our country so far all disposable packaging and other “benefits” of civilization fill up landfills growing like mushrooms.

In the process of development of human civilization, the absolute amount of solid household waste has steadily increased. This is due to the growth of the population, with its excessive concentration in cities and a change in the way of life of people. The theme for the project was not chosen by chance, it is relevant not only for large cities (for cities with a large population), but also for such small ones as the city of Bryansk.

Hypothesis, the basis of the work is: “If the amount of garbage produced increases due to the use of disposable packaging, then there is a need for sorting and recycling to reduce the amount of garbage.”

Target project - to develop possible options for reducing waste at the household level.

Based on the goal of the project, the following tasks:

1) Study the literature on the problem of household waste;

2) Investigate and describe the garbage accumulated in the wastebasket by one family;

3) Calculate the amount of garbage per family, per person per week, per month, per year;

4) Identify points for the reception and processing of secondary raw materials in the city;

5) Suggest options for reducing household waste: develop a booklet for residents to encourage the use of recycling rules in the home.

1.1. The current state of the problem

The surface of the earth experiences the most significant in terms of mass and very dangerous anthropogenic load. If less than 1 billion tons of harmful substances (without CO 2) are emitted into the atmosphere, and about 15 billion tons of pollutants are emitted into the hydrosphere, then about 85 billion tons of anthropogenic waste falls on the earth every year. According to some estimates, their total volume by the end of the 90s exceeded 1500 cubic meters. km, which corresponds to the volume of 600 thousand pyramids of Cheops. Even if the predominant part of this volume is chemically inert, then in order to place it on earth, a person destroys natural ecosystems over a large area.

About 7 billion tons of industrial waste is generated annually in the Russian Federation. About 80 billion tons of solid waste, including more than 1.1 billion tons of toxic industrial waste, have been accumulated on the territory of the country in dumps, dumps, landfills, storage facilities. Their number annually increases by about 120 million tons. The main technogenic pollutants of the earth are heavy metals, pesticides, oil products and their highly toxic derivatives.

Household waste, formed in domestic conditions, usually solid, consisting of solid substances (plastic, paper, glass, leather, etc.) and food waste. But they can also be liquid, represented by domestic wastewater.

One of the serious environmental problems is municipal solid waste (MSW). Every home produces a huge amount of unnecessary materials and products, starting with old newspapers, empty cans, bottles, food waste, wrapping paper and ending with worn out clothes, broken dishes and broken household appliances. According to 1994 data, each of the 6 billion inhabitants of our planet accounts for an average of about 1 ton of garbage per year. Its quantity annually increases by about 120 million tons. In the cities and large settlements of the Russian Federation, 140 million cubic meters are formed every year. m of MSW, i.e. almost a cubic meter per inhabitant.

The bulk of MSW is food waste and paper, as can be seen from the data presented.

Approximate morphological composition of MSW in Russian cities.

For different cities and regions of Russia, the composition of MSW varies widely. In addition, in each city, the composition of solid waste even depends on the days of the week and the season of the year. For example, the content of food waste in spring is 20-25%, and in autumn 40-50%, which is associated with a large consumption of vegetables and fruits. There has been a tendency to increase the content of paper, polymeric materials.

There are several reasons for the increase in the amount of garbage:

1. Increasing the production of disposable consumer goods;

2. Increase the amount of packaging;

3. An increase in the standard of living that allows usable things to be replaced with new ones.

In the whole country, only up to 5% of MSW is processed by the industrial method (at waste incineration plants), the rest goes to landfills. Moreover, more than 70% of waste is taken to unauthorized landfills, occupying about 250 thousand hectares. earth. Garbage, despite the prohibitions, is dumped in places that are not intended for this at all.

A feature of modern waste is the difficulty of their biochemical decay. The quantity and variety of waste have become so great that the problem of their storage and disposal is becoming more and more urgent every year for any country in the world.