Four-slope rafter roof considered to be a rather complex structure. The construction of such a structure is recommended to be entrusted to experienced professionals who will help to correctly calculate the angle of inclination of the supporting beams and select the optimal weight of roofing materials.
This design has both advantages and disadvantages. Before choosing a similar roof for your home, it is recommended to carefully consider the positive and negative sides four-pitched roof.
The main advantage of such a structure is aesthetically pleasing residential building. Thanks to this, the house acquires smooth and streamlined shapes.
There are several types of such a design. The standard structure is isosceles triangles that connect at a central point.
Beginning builders often confuse a hipped roof with an ordinary hipped roof. It consists of triangles, which in the top view form a regular square.
If the plan shows a rectangle, then we are dealing with a hip structure. She received this name as a result of the use of special slopes, which have the appearance of a tong - a hip.
four pitched roof is divided into the following types:
The Dutch roof is distinguished by its resistance to climatic disasters. Two trapezoidal slopes are used here. The upper parts have long regular triangles, and the side ones are presented in the form of shortened corners.
IN this case a truss system is used, in which four inclined beams with the required slope angle are used. The calculation of the hipped roof is based on the area of \u200b\u200bthe building.
Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly position the inclined beams and the distance between them.
The half-hipped Dutch roof can be made both gable and four-slope. roof truss. For the construction of such a structure, it is recommended to carefully select building materials.
Bearing supports should be made of dense wood species of trees. This variety is distinguished by its durability and endurance in relation to natural disasters.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a hipped roof? Experienced professionals identify the following positive traits such a building. These include:
The disadvantages include the following reasons:
How to make a hipped roof with your own hands? We bring to your attention detailed instructions, which will help to correctly build this structure.
It includes:
Calculation of a hipped roof. This manipulation allows you to correctly calculate the amount building material, the distance between the bearing lags and the angle of inclination of the roofing. The roof area will be slightly larger than the width of the ceiling span.
Drawings of a hipped roof. Here are detailed calculations and additional elements for fastening load-bearing logs.
Ceiling construction. To do this, use dense wood, which is fixed at a distance of 50 cm from each other. Next, lay a layer of waterproofing, which will prevent the appearance of mold and excessive humidity in the room.
Metal reinforcement is installed on concrete walls. Bearing beams will be attached to it in the future.
Now proceed to the construction of beam spans. They are fixed with metal corners and embedded anchors. When installing, it is important to observe the angle of inclination. For a classic Dutch roof, 45-50 degrees must be observed.
Next, we proceed to the manufacture of the attic space. It will be centered roof structure. To do this, make rectangles from a dense bar. For a roof with an area of 50 m2, 4-5 elements will be needed;
The frame of beams will rest on the upper boundaries of the rectangular structures. The beams should form a 45 degree angle at the top. All elements are fixed with anchors with plastic nozzles.
When the frame is completed, go to the roofing deck. Here you can use a metal profile, or soft tiles. The photo of the hipped roof shows the workflow.
A four-pitched roof, also called a hip roof, is the most popular in the construction of individual housing in most European countries. Except, perhaps, Scandinavia, which has a similar climate and building traditions with central and northern Russia. Varangians, as well as East Slavs, preferred to build from solid wood and arrange simple gable roofs. In our time of comprehensive globalization, all industries are subject to human activity including architecture and construction. hip roof country house now fell in love with the inhabitants of the CIS countries and has become integral part landscape of our villages and small towns.
We note the pros and cons of a hipped roof in comparison with the more common and structurally simple gable roof.
Benefits of a hip roof:
Four-slope roof of a two-story country house. Large overhangs protect walls well from rain and snow
Hip roof disadvantages:
Another option for integrating full-fledged windows into the roof.
The main type of hipped roof. Two end sides have the shape of a triangle, the other two are trapezoids. Large overhangs protect the facade well from precipitation, and you can safely walk around the house in the rain.
A hipped roof is more suitable for a square house plan.
Scheme truss system Danish hipped roof. A small tong at the top of the short slope is used for ventilation or lighting.
vertical windows
This type of roof is called Dutch.
The broken shape of the roof makes it possible to use the attic space more rationally, but it is more expensive
Combined type roofs, where the hip and gable construction are combined.
This roof is hipped, but there are many more slopes than four. But the principle by which the truss system is assembled is the same as that of a simple four-pitched one.
Consider how to make a hipped roof on your own, while ensuring its reliability and strength. We choose a simple design with a central support.
Since only part of the rafters in the central sector of the long side are full length and converge in the ridge area, not the entire rafter system can be tightened with puffs - in the hip area they will not work as they do in a gable roof. In addition, often in the struggle for the height of the attic floor, the Mauerlat is located much higher than the plane of the floor and beams (puffs). Therefore, we will proceed from the fact that in our case, the truss system of a hipped roof will not use puffs as a structural element. The main load in the center of the roof will be carried by a beam located in the ridge zone: it will be supported by slanting and ordinary full-sized rafter legs.
Standard hipped roof construction with support in the ridge area
The ridge support beam must be supported by racks. In order to perceive a fairly solid load from them, ideally, there should be an internal load-bearing wall below. If there is none, the floor beams must be strong enough to support the weight of the central part of the roof. If the first floor is covered with precast concrete floor slabs, their bearing capacity, as a rule, is enough and the support of the rack can be placed on the slabs through a horizontal wooden beam.
It is not necessary that the support should be located in the ridge area. Racks can be placed on the sides of the ridge, that is, there can be two or more support zones located along the ridge.
The photo shows that the skate does not rest on the racks.
The ridge is supported on both sides along the ridge on the racks. In this case, the racks directly support the rafters, the beam was not used. Each rafter beam has its own stand. Pretty solid solution.
A four-pitched roof over a small building can be mounted without racks
With small spans (up to 4 meters), you can do without racks. However, if possible, at least in the areas of intersection of the ridge with the braids, it is worth placing one puff and a rack each.
A small structure is covered without the use of racks or puffs
truss system hipped roof almost identical to the hip four-slope. Only instead of a ridge beam it is recommended to install a central support. Or arrange a closed support contour of beams and racks.
Variants of the hipped roof truss system. In the diagram on the left, the corner rafter (slope) rests on the truss, a similar solution can be used for all types of hip roofs.
First of all, as in all types of roofs, a Mauerlat is mounted. For frame houses This top harness wall panel, for log cabins - the upper crown. As a Mauerlat, a wooden beam with a cross section of 10x10 cm or more is used, more often at least 10x15 or 15x15 cm. It is necessary to strive to ensure that it is solid along the entire length. The fastening of the beam must be given Special attention. For stone wall ideal solution there will be a reinforced concrete monolithic belt in the area of \u200b\u200bsupporting the Mauerlat with embedded parts pre-mounted in it (threaded studs from M12 and above). If this is not possible, you will have to fix the studs with metal expansion dowels in the masonry.
Mauerlat fastening scheme in masonry
Mauerlat connections along the length should not be made end-to-end, but in an overlay, with multiple connection points. The corners must be securely connected with metal plates, corners, brackets.
The layout of the Mauerlat on the wall. Pay attention to the junction of elements and the connection of corners. On the right, the installation of a beam on a monolithic belt is shown.
The next step is the installation of racks and the installation of the supporting ridge or side beams parallel to it. For racks, as a rule, a beam of 10x10-10x15 cm is chosen, for a beam of a higher section: 8x16, 10x20 and more. The optimal ratio of width to height is 1 / 1.5-1 / 2, then the beam twists less when it dries. The same rule is true for the rafter beam.
The rack and support beam in this case are parallel to the ridge
In frame-panel houses, support beams are often not used, only racks with a rafter pitch are installed. In any case, a beam is placed on the skate, only of a smaller section. You can use an ordinary truss element. The skate is supported on temporary racks, which are then removed. The ridge serves as a guide element for mounting the entire structure.
Racks are installed in frame house. After installing the rafters, they are cut at the desired height.
Such a support contour is placed under a hipped roof, it replaces the central support
In the third place, they put corner (sloping) rafters. The loads on them are higher and the cross section should be higher. Although sometimes they prefer to first put the privates of full length, and only then mount the braids. This is unprincipled.
Hip roof truss system wooden frame. In this case, they did without racks at all, instead they pulled upper part rafters with double horizontal ties. It is better to mount the rafters on the wall of the log house on sliding supports.
First, racks and a ridge beam are mounted. The next step is the rafters, ordinary ones are placed. Corner (sloping) rafters are mounted from a bar of the same section as the rest. It is not right. The load on it is much higher and the cross section should be more powerful.
sliding supports - The best decision fastening rafters to the wall for a log house
Then the remaining rafter legs are mounted, including shortened ones. The rafters themselves must be solid, in extreme cases, it is necessary to install linings at least 1.5 meters long at the joint and fix them on both sides at several points. Connections of wooden elements can be made by overlapping, using overhead metal plates. In the areas where the rafters are supported on the Mauerlat and beams, support cuts should be made and strong metal elements.
This is how the rafters are attached to the mauerlat and beams
In accordance with the table, you can roughly determine the cross section wooden beam for rafter legs.
For the corner rafter, the value obtained must be increased by at least 1.5 times
The rafter system is ready. Now you need to choose the type of roof and start building a suitable base for it: solid flooring or battens, if necessary, counter-battens and wind protection.
A do-it-yourself four-slope roof is quite a feasible task, at least for a house that is not difficult in terms of plan. General principles for all types of hip roof: the mauerlat must be well fixed and connected at the corners, you need to start from the ridge, the racks need a good foundation. It is necessary to ensure reliable support of the roof with a large span and to monitor the reliability of all connections.
The fixation of the elements will be better when using special modern metal fasteners for wood, and it will be easier to work. Of course, you need to have at least basic skills carpentry. Having a power tool helps a lot: a drill, a circular saw or a chainsaw. You also need to stock up hand tool: saws, chisels, hammers. Need measuring devices: joiner's level, plumb line, tape measure, cord.
Roofs with four slopes have higher reliability and resistance to stress. This design is much more complicated than the usual gable, and installation takes more time. And yet, a do-it-yourself hipped roof is a completely doable task, if you properly prepare and study in detail the intricacies of its device.
The four-pitched roof has many variations. The simplest design is 2 trapezoidal slopes, connected in the center of the roof, and 2 triangular slopes from the side of the gables. Sometimes all four slopes are made triangular, then the roof edges converge at a central point. More complex structures suggest the presence of broken lines, a combination of short slopes with gables, built-in straight and inclined windows, as well as multi-level slopes.
It is impossible to build a truss system of this configuration without the appropriate experience, so it is better to pay attention to the standard hip roof.
The slope of the slopes can have an angle of 5 to 60 degrees. To calculate the optimal slope value, the following factors must be taken into account:
Gentle slopes are not suitable for arranging an attic, as they take up too much free space. Therefore, if the attic is planned in the project of the house, the angle of inclination of the roof should be 45 degrees or more. You can choose the angle of inclination depending on the type of roofing using the table.
Atmospheric loads also have great importance. Where a lot of snow falls, you can not make a slope of less than 30 degrees, otherwise the rafter system will not withstand the loads. If the angle is greater than 60 degrees, snow load may not be taken into account. In addition to these factors, you should consider the location of objects such as water tanks or ventilation chambers. Usually they are suspended from the rafters and put an additional load on them. After preliminary calculations, you can begin to draw up a drawing of the truss system.
Like a gable, hip roof, it consists of a Mauerlat, puffs, rafters, support posts, a ridge beam and a crate. The difference between the second design is the location of the rafters and their length. For a pitched roof, it is recommended to use pine or larch lumber, good quality, without defects, with a maximum moisture content of 22%.
Rafters are made of boards with a section of 50x100 mm; if the roof area is very large, it is better to take boards 50x200 mm. For Mauerlat, you need a solid beam with a section of at least 150x150 mm. Additionally, you will need metal threaded studs for attaching the Mauerlat, boards for crates and overhead metal plates, with which the wooden elements are connected.
Lumber before assembling the roof must be impregnated with an antiseptic.
In the process, you will need tools:
In houses made of timber, the functions of the mauerlat are performed by the last crown of the log house, in which special grooves are cut out for the rafters. IN brick houses Mauerlat is laid on the walls around the perimeter of the box, having previously fixed metal threaded studs between the bricks of the last rows. To more accurately mark the holes for the fasteners, the beam is lifted and laid on top of the tips of the studs, and then hit with a hammer. After that, clear marks remain on the tree, along which holes are drilled.
Having removed the drilling beam, the surface of the walls is covered with one or two layers of waterproofing material, usually roofing material. It is placed directly on the studs and pressed down. Next, the Mauerlat is laid, aligning the holes with the studs, align them horizontally and screw the nuts tightly onto the threads. At the corners, the bars are connected with metal plates or brackets. After fixing, the timber should not move even a millimeter, because the reliability of the entire rafter system depends on this.
If the house does not have a central load-bearing wall, it is necessary to lay the support beam perpendicularly load-bearing beams overlap. Connect two boards with a section of 50x200 mm, leaving a gap of 50 mm between them. To do this, short bars 50 mm thick are inserted between the boards and nailed. The distance between the bars is about 1.5 m, the beams are not fastened at the ends. Having measured out the middle of the attic, the support beam is laid so that its ends extend beyond the boundaries of the Mauerlat by 10-15 cm.
Now they take 3 boards 50x150 mm, cut them to the height of the roof, and use a plumb line to install them on the support beam. Each post should rest against the beam where the boards are connected by a bar. Racks are temporarily strengthened with jibs from the bars. The top of the racks is connected with a ridge beam, which is used as a board 50x200 mm.
They take a rafter board and apply it with one end to the ridge beam, and with the other end to the Mauerlat from the front side of the building. Immediately adjust the length of the cornice overhang, cut off the excess. The cut lines are marked with a pencil, after which the upper end of the board is cut off and a groove is made in the Mauerlat by 1/3 of the rafter width. The board is nailed to the ridge, the lower edge is inserted into the groove on the Mauerlat and secured with metal plates.
In the same way, the rest of the rafters are made and installed in 60 cm increments from the facade of the house. The edge boards should be perpendicular to the ridge beam and fastened at its ends. On the opposite side of the building, everyone does the same. On the hips there is only one rafter on each side: the board is placed on the edge and fastened with the upper end to the ridge beam, and the lower end is inserted between the boards of the support beam and fixed with nails.
For the manufacture of corner rafters, two boards with a section of 50x150 mm are usually connected. In one of the upper corners of the box, at the junction of the Mauerlat beams, a nail is driven in and tied on it thin cord. At the junction point of the ridge and the central rafter, a nail is also driven in from the side of the hip, a cord is pulled to it and fixed. So designate a line of diagonal, or angular, rafters. Their length must be the same, otherwise the roof will be uneven. The prepared rafter is lifted up, placed along the markings and connected to the ridge beam and Mauerlat. The overhang of the rafter is approximately 50-70 cm.
For fixing diagonal rafters sprigs are used - shortened rafters, resting on the Mauerlat with their lower end and located at right angles to the ridge beam. They are fastened in increments of 60 cm, starting from the outermost ordinary rafter. As you approach the diagonal, the jocks make everything shorter. Now it is necessary to strengthen the structure with puffs and braces, as well as install additional vertical supports.
If the span under the diagonal rafter is more than 7 m, it is required to install another support at a distance of a quarter of the span from the corner of the attic. The lower end of the rack should rest on the floor beam. In the case when the beam is further than the designated place or is completely absent, instead of vertical rack they attach a sprengel - a horizontal jumper made of timber, the ends of which are nailed to the spears.
When all the supports are installed, you can fill the crate. For a four-pitched roof, the crate is performed in the same way as for a gable roof. First, a waterproofing membrane is attached, on each slope separately. The joints are carefully glued with adhesive tape, and then thin slats are stuffed over the membrane to provide an air gap. Boards are stuffed in increments of up to 40 cm, depending on the type of roof, and always perpendicular to the rafters.
On this, the assembly of the truss system is considered complete. It remains only to insulate the structure, lay the roofing, mount the windshields and sheathe the overhangs. To make the hipped roof look more stylish, it is recommended to install sloping or straight windows on the slopes.
The classic four-slope even today remains unfamiliar for Russian latitudes and reminds of the overseas way of life. That is why it is built most often in order to give the architecture of a residential building a special effect in terms of style and perception, it is advantageous to distinguish it from the monotonous habitual buildings.
In addition, a hipped roof - built with all the rules with your own hands - in practice has a large number of advantages, especially for the harsh Russian latitudes. Let's find out more?
The four-pitched roof has slopes that are made in the form of isosceles triangles and converge at one point with their vertices. If the hipped roof is square in plan when viewed from above, then it is called a hipped roof.
If it doesn’t come out square, but it turns out in the form of a rectangle, this is a hip roof. Such interesting name she received thanks to the slopes, which look like tongs-hips.
The Dutch, or hip roof is considered a classic option, which is particularly resistant to wind and snow.
The surface of a standard hip roof forms two trapezoidal slopes on the long sides and the same number of triangular ones on the short sides. Unlike a hipped roof, this form, according to modern architects, is considered more aesthetic.
Assumes the installation of four rafters- diagonal support bars that go from the two tops of the slopes to the upper corners of the building.
But the half-hip roof, in turn, is of two types: when the side slopes cut off only part of the butt from above, or already below, that is, the half-hip itself can be a triangle or a trapezoid, and be called Danish or half-hip Dutch.
A half-hipped Dutch roof is both a variant of both a gable design and a four-slope one. She is different from classic version the presence of truncated hips - triangular end slopes. According to the rules, the length of the hip of the Dutch roof should be 1.5-3 times less than the length of the side trapezoidal slopes.
The advantage of such a roof is that it is possible to install a vertical roof window here, and at the same time there is no sharp ledge, like a gable roof, which, in turn, increases the ability of the roof to withstand extreme wind loads.
But the Danish half-hip roof is a kind of purely hip design. In this case, only the lower part of the end slope is mounted, and a small vertical gable is left under the ridge.
The advantage of this design is that it allows you to abandon problematic in terms of waterproofing skylights in the roof and provide daylight attic due to the installation of full-fledged vertical glazing, which is now especially fashionable.
A hipped roof is usually placed on buildings that have the same length of walls, which form a square perimeter. In such a four-pitched roof, all the slopes are in shape - the same isosceles triangles, the roofer's dream, in a word, and the builder's nightmare.
The fact is that the construction of a classic hipped roof is even more difficult than that of a hip roof, because here the rafters must all converge at one point: 
Here is the simplest example of building a standard hip roof for a small country house:
Before how to make a hipped roof, be sure to think through all its details, to the smallest detail. Even the simplest hipped roof device must be built according to the finished drawing. The point is that the finished gable roof flaws and distortions are almost noticeable, but if you make a mistake somewhere in the construction of the same hip or hipped roof, then the diagonal rafters simply will not converge in the ridge and it will be extremely difficult to fix it.
And therefore, if you own special programs, create a 3D model of the future roof directly in them, and if not, then just prepare detailed drawing and it's good if a professional can help you with this. All the details of such a roof must be calculated - to the smallest detail!
By the way, today it is quite fashionable to make not only a four-pitched roof, but also its individual functional elements:
So if you took finished drawing roofs or sketched it yourself and are confident in the future quality, it's time to prepare the necessary elements of the truss system. And for this, first we will figure out how they are called correctly.
So, the first thing you have to take care of before building a hipped roof is Mauerlat. This is a square beam or rectangular section, which you lay on the top of the walls around the entire perimeter of the house. It will become a support for the rafters, which will transfer the load to it, and it is this board that will evenly distribute the weight of the entire roof onto the walls of the house and the foundation. Perfect option- use a bar with a section of 15 by 10 cm as a Mauerlat.
Next you will build rafter legs- this is the main element that will create a roof slope. Standard rafters are made from a board 50 by 150 mm, and diagonal ones - 100 by 150 mm.
You will need and puffs, whose main task is to prevent the displacement of the rafter legs to the sides. You will fix and connect the puffs themselves with the lower ends, and for this stock boards with a parameter of 50 by 150 meters.
But from above, both diagonal rafter legs and standard rafters will converge and be fixed to each other in skate. To do this, take a bar 150 by 100 mm.
Further, in the center of two opposite sides there should be a transverse beam - sill, which serves as a support for the racks, and they, in turn, support the ridge run. For this purpose, a beam with a section of 100 by 100 mm or 100 by 150 mm is suitable.
slopes will become a support for the rafters, which prevents them from shifting. Such you must install them at an angle to the rack, for this, take the same material as on the bench.
Don't forget also about wind board- this is a horizontal element that connected all the lower ends of the rafters. You will need to nail it to the rafters along the inner perimeter of the roof and in this way emphasize the line of the slope. For this purpose, a board 100 by 50 mm is suitable.
But for outer side you will need another board - filly, from the same material. This board received such a strange name from the time when it was made cut out, in the form of horse muzzles.
But the most unusual and complex element of a hipped roof is sprengel, which gives rigidity to the entire structure. Its main task is to connect all horizontal and vertical elements. It is also mounted at an angle, and is made of a bar 100 by 100 mm:
And finally, if we are talking about hip roof, then the only element that is present exclusively in hip roofs is conjurers. They are shortened rafters that rest on a diagonal rafter leg. You can make them from a board 50 by 150 mm.
In real life, all these elements look like this:
Think about insulation too. waterproofing film and additional roofing elements:
Often, headstocks of hanging rafters or pendants, which work in tension in a hip roof, must be made of steel. For this to puff wooden rafters suspended perpendicularly on clamps special wooden girders.
And already perpendicular to the runs are suspended wooden beams, after which beamless lightweight fillings are laid between them. Therefore, if you want to reduce the load on the roof by hanging rafters or roof truss, you need to choose suspended ceiling designs.
For steel trusses, the suspended ceiling must be made fireproof, along steel beams. Between such beams should be laid prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs, and already on them - a light insulation. To increase the fire resistance and durability of such load-bearing structures, they must be made of reinforced concrete. Moreover, it is better to make the most reinforced concrete supporting structures from large-sized prefabricated panels so as not to take risks.
In calculating the ridge run, start from the following nuances:
This photo illustration clearly shows how exactly the rafters need to be attached to the ridge and ridges:
So, the diagonal rafter legs rest directly on the ridge, depending on the following conditions:
In addition, for reliability, the rafters are fixed with a metal wire twisted several times.
On the ribs, the installation of ridge elements must be carried out in the same sequence as on a conventional roof ridge. Those. install the rib element with a closed end, put the ridge elements in the lock and fasten them mechanically. But at the intersection of the ribs and the ridge of the hip roof, it is customary to install Y-shaped ridge elements, although you can also use the initial and final ridge elements instead.
But only cut them along the contour when they are fixed on the edge, and mechanically fix the joints. Be sure to treat with a primer and mineral dressing from a standard repair kit. Also, when installing ridge elements, finally leave a gap on the ribs or ridges of a four-pitched roof to remove air from the under-roof space.
All the same principles must be observed when building a hipped roof of complex shape:
You will succeed! Please ask your questions in the comments.
A four-pitched roof is a very popular type of roof that allows you to give the house an original look. It is often used in projects big houses, as it looks more compact and neater than a gable with gables. The design of a pitched roof can be simple or include various elements- dormers and dormer windows, for example, really enliven the structure, make it unique.
A four-pitched roof compares favorably with a gable roof not only in appearance. It protects the building much more reliably from rain, snow and wind. The design of such a roof is more complicated than that of a gable roof, but for small house or gazebos, a do-it-yourself hipped roof is not particularly difficult.
A simple hip roof consists of two trapezoidal slopes and two triangular hip roofs. During its construction, techniques are used to make layered rafters and four-pitched rafters.
Four-pitched roof for a country house
The semi-hip roof consists of two trapezoidal slopes and two cut-off hips, under which there is a pediment. This design allows you to make in the attic attic floor with big panoramic windows and at the same time does not reduce the reliability of the roof.
A hipped roof differs from a simple hip roof in that all its four slopes are exactly the same, they are isosceles triangles converging at one point.
A complex hipped roof may contain vertical attic windows with gables, valleys and adjoining other elements of the building. To perform such a roof, it is better to resort to the services of specialists or use finished project and calculation of materials.
A four-pitched roof as a whole consists of the same elements as a gable roof, but the features of its design require the installation of additional frame components. The elements of a hipped roof include:
Depending on the design of the roof, other elements can also be used, such as battens, protective strips, cornices above the windows and porch.
To calculate the required amount of materials, you need to draw a sketch of the roof in advance, determine its shape and dimensions, then draw a scale drawing and calculate the required material.
