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This map of the Chernigov province, created in 1821, is included in "Geographical atlas Russian Empire, Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Finland", which includes 60 maps of the Russian Empire. The atlas was compiled and engraved by Colonel V.P. Pyadyshev and serves as evidence of how carefully and detailed maps were compiled by Russian military cartographers in the first quarter of the XIX century. The map shows settlements (seven types depending on size), postal stations, monasteries, factories, taverns, roads (four types), state, provincial and district borders. Distances are indicated in miles; verst was a Russian unit of length equal to 1.07 kilometers, and has now fallen into disuse. Legend and geographical names are given in Russian and French. The territory depicted on the map is currently located in the northeastern part of Ukraine and the southwestern part of Russia. Chernigov, probably founded in the 9th century, was one of the most important cities and cultural centers in the era Kievan Rus, from the beginning of the 11th to the beginning of the 13th centuries. Sometimes the Chernigov princes competed with the Kyiv grand princes. IN early XIII century, Chernigov was plundered by the Mongols under the leadership of Khan Batu, after which the city lost its former status and influence. Later, Lithuania, Muscovy, Poland and the Crimean Khans fought for control of the region. In the 17th century, the Zaporozhye Sich (Cossack hetmanate) achieved more significant political independence associated with its historical role in protecting the southern border lands from Tatar raids. At the same time, the hetmanate enjoyed broader powers only at the local level, remaining an object of manipulation by larger neighboring powers. In an effort to protect his lands from the Poles, Hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky turned to the Russian Tsar and in 1654 concluded the Pereyaslav Treaty on a military alliance with the Moscow state. As a result of the ensuing Russian-Polish War, the Treaty of Andrusovo (1667) was concluded, which actually divided the hetmanate into Left-Bank and Right-Bank Ukraine, with a location on opposite banks Dnieper. The population of Left Bank Ukraine, which became the center of the Chernigov province within the Russian Empire, was more Russified and Orthodox than the inhabitants of Catholic Right Bank Ukraine, which came under Polish control. Initially, the Zaporozhian Army was granted temporary autonomy, but the Russian tsars increasingly infringed on its independence. In 1764, Catherine the Great finally abolished the hetman's power, and by 1775 the hetmanate was disbanded.

In 1781, during the administrative reform of Catherine the Second of the Little Russian province, the Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk governorships were formed on lands that were once part of the Chernigov (in the 11th-13th centuries) and the Great Lithuanian (in 1401-1503) principalities (after the liquidation of the old administrative units - Nizhyn, Starodub and Chernigov regiments). The Chernigov governorship consisted of 12 districts, Novgorod-Severskoe - of 11. In the history of Left Bank Ukraine and southwestern Rus' this region was named Severshchina. Under Peter the Great, during the first provincial reform in 1708, the local lands were included in the vast Kyiv province. After the withdrawal from its composition in 1728 of the lands transferred to the Belgorod province (the provinces of Belgorod, Oryol, Sevsk), 10 regiments remained within the Kiev province, which retained the previous administrative division into regiments, including Starodubsky, Poltava , Chernigovsky and others, under Catherine the Second (in 1764) they formed the Little Russian province with the administrative center first in the city of Glukhov, then in Kozelets and, finally, in Kyiv.

We have this map in high resolution.

• maps of Borznyansky district
• maps of Glukhovsky district
• maps of Gorodnya district
• maps of Kozeletsky district
• maps of Konotop district
• maps of Krolevets district
• maps of Mglinsky district
• maps of Nezhinsky district
• maps of Novgorod-Seversky district
• maps of Novozybkovsky district
• maps of Ostersky district
• maps of Sosnitsky district
• maps of Starodub district
• maps of Surazhsky district
• maps of Chernigov district

In the Chernigov province in whole or in part
There are the following maps and sources:
(except for those indicated on the main page of the general
all-Russian atlases, which may also include this province)

Military 3rd layout of the 1880s.
military 3 layout - topographic military b/w map of the province filmed in the 1880s and printed in the early 1900s. Scale 1cm=1260 m. Map b/w, detailed.

Special survey (1800s)
The survey map is a non-topographical (it does not indicate latitudes and longitudes), hand-drawn map of the last decades of the 18th century, very detailed. Boundary plans for this province were not drawn and general surveying was not carried out; it began to be surveyed in the 1830-40s and is available for digitization on order only in the form of later plans for dachas, and then probably not for the entire territory.

Lists of populated places in the Chernigov province in 1866
This is a universal reference publication containing the following information:
- status of a settlement (village, hamlet, hamlet - proprietary or state-owned, i.e. state);
- location of the settlement (in relation to the nearest highway, camp, well, pond, stream, river or river);
- the number of households in a settlement and its population (the number of men and women separately);
- distance from the district town and camp apartment (camp center) in versts;
- presence of a church, chapel, mill, etc.
The book contains 196 pages plus additional information.

With the accession of Paul the First, the Chernigov governorate was reorganized into the Little Russian province of 20 povets (districts): Novgorod-Seversky, Starodubsky, Chernigov, etc. by merging the lands of the former Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversky governorships. Under Alexander the First in 1802, by dividing it into two parts, the Little Russian province was again reorganized into the Chernigov province (at the same time, the Poltava province was separated from the Little Russian province). Subsequently, the Chernigov province consisted of 15 districts of approximately equal size, the largest of which was Kozeletsky, and the smallest - Konotop.

Map of Chernigov province.

Chernigov province

Chernigov province is located between 50°15" and 53°19" northern latitude and 30°24" and 34°26" eastern longitude; has the shape of a quadrangle, widened in the south, with a chipped upper left corner. The northern and southern borders of the province have an outline that is closer to straight, almost parallel lines; the mentioned cut in the upper part of the western border corresponds to two main breaks of the eastern border, giving cuts from its territory and from this side.

Story

Historical education of the northern and eastern borders dates back to the 17th century, when boundaries were established between the Lithuanian-Polish state and the Moscow state on the one hand and the Little Russian Republic that arose on the left side of the Dnieper, which have not changed to this day; here the Chechen province borders on the Mogilev and Smolensk provinces from the north and on the Oryol and Kursk provinces from the east. Southern border - from small area Kharkov province and with a long strip of Poltava - established in the city when they existed at the end of the 18th century. The provinces of Novgorod-Seversk, Chernigov and Kiev were divided into two - Chernigov and Poltava. Most of the western border of the Ch. province (for 258 versts) is the Dnieper, separating it from the Kyiv and Minsk provinces, and the lower reaches of the Dnieper tributary, Sozh (at a distance of 90 versts), separating it from the Mogilev province. Maximum length Part of the province in the direct direction from its northeastern corner near the city of Bryansk to the southwestern corner near the city of Kiev is more than 350 versts, the smallest width of its area in the direction from west to east, in the interception between the Mogilev and Oryol provinces is less than 100 versts.

Territory

Square Chernigov province, according to detailed general and special land surveying carried out in - gg. according to the exact and finally approved boundaries of land holdings, it is 4,752,363 dessiatinas or 45,622.3 square meters. versts. This figure is the most accurate, although it differs from that calculated by Mr. Strelbitsky on the 10-verst map of Russia (46,047 sq. versts), since it was obtained by summing up the tithes of 18,678 dachas, measured according to actual boundaries and, moreover, minus the areas allocated, according to the definitions of the committee ministries and cities, to the territory of the Kiev and Mogilev provinces.

According to the 15 districts into which the Chernigov province is divided, according to this calculation its area is in square meters. km, sq. versts and tithes is divided as follows:

The location of the Ch. province on the left side of the Dnieper determines its structure surfaces: since the highest points of the eastern slope to the Dnieper are located in the Smolensk, Oryol and Kursk provinces, that is, on the watershed ridges of the Volga, Oka and Don basins from the Dnieper basin, then all snow and rain, and therefore swamp waters, cover the area of ​​the Ch. province are directed from the northeast and east to the southwest and west. The highest point of its surface is in the northeastern part, on the border of Mglinsky and Starodubsky districts near the village of Rakhmanova - 109 fathoms (764 feet) above sea level, the lowest near the village of Vishenki on the border of the Poltava province, below Kyiv - 42.8 fathoms (300 feet). If we divide the entire area of ​​Ch. province by a line from the town of Churovichi at the protruding corner of the Mogilev province to the city of Konotop, then the part of it lying to the northeast of this line will occupy spaces with a height of 60 and 75 to 100 fathoms above sea level; in the southwestern part, surface domes rising above 75-80 fathoms are only rarely found (near Gorodnya, Sosnitsa, Berezny, Sednev, Chernigov, Kobyzhcha, Losinovka and on the southeastern border with Romensky and Prilutsky districts of Poltava province); other elevated areas of this part lie at an altitude of 60 fathoms and above, and near the valleys of the Dnieper, Desna and Ostra they fall below 50 fathoms.

With this arrangement of the surface, the basins of the main rivers flowing into the Dnieper and its tributaries are located as follows: the entire Surazhsky district and half of the Mglinsky district belong to the basins of Besed and Iput, flowing into the Sozh; most of Novozybkovsky and Gorodnyansky districts are located in the basin of the Snovi River, which flows into the Desna; the eastern parts of Mglinsky and Starodubsky districts are in the basin of the Sudost, another right tributary of the Desna; Novgorod-Seversky and parts of Glukhovsky, Krolevetsky, Sosnitsky, Borzensky, Chernigovsky and Ostersky districts - in the basin of the Desna River and its small tributaries; parts of Glukhovsky, Krolevetsky and Konotop districts - in the basin of the Seim, the left tributary of the Desna; parts of Borzensky, Nezhinsky and Kozeletsky districts - in the basin of the Ostra, the second large tributary of the Desna; finally, the southernmost strip of the province, consisting of the southern parts of the districts of Konotop, Borzensky, Nezhinsky, Kozeletsky and Ostersky, is located in the basins of the rivers Romny, Uday, Supoya and Trubaila, directing their waters from here to the territory of the Poltava province and belonging to the basins of the Sula and Dnieper rivers . Shipping and navigation exist only on the Sozh and Dnieper along their entire length across the territory of the province and on the Desna from Novgorod-Seversk to Kyiv; In spring, rafting of forest materials is also carried out along the other rivers listed above. There are 150-200 small tributaries of the latter. Watersheds between the indicated areas of river basins everywhere have the same character: the more elevated ridges in their eastern and southern parts lie on the right banks of the rivers, to the valleys of which they form steeply descending slopes, and more gentle slopes, extending for tens of miles, go to the west and north to the valley of the next river, forming two or three terraces, more or less hilly in their relief, or a smoother plateau. Since the basis of the continent of Ch. province consists of detachments of the Upper Cretaceous, Lower Tertiary and Upper Tertiary geological formations, and the first is found only in outcrops of the northeastern part of the province, the second - in the form of Paleogene prevails in the strip lying between Starodub, Gorodnya and Konotop, and the latter occupies the entire southwestern part of the territory of the province, then this determines the composition of the continent from those or other soils. Loess, clayey calcareous-loamy deposits with white-eye layers and erratic boulders made it possible to form the best clayey and chernozem soils with ravines, ravines and “sinkholes” with steep walls; Ocher-yellow and gray sands, as well as greenish (glauconitic) sands with sandstones suitable for millstones, kaolin and, in some places, molded clays occurring among them, make up the second type of soil on the day surface. Both the first and the second represent thick layers several fathoms deep on the territory of the Chechen province. The chalk formation, found in the northern zone of the province (along Besed and Iput), as well as along the Sudost and Desna to the borders of Sosnitsky district, produces worse soils, but stores reserves of chalk, quicklime, and phosphorites, which are used in as a fertilizer; The thickness of the outcrops of this formation on the steep banks of the Desna is also very high (for example, at Rogovka and Drobysh - 100 feet). There are, of course, along the banks big rivers and soils of coarse sands, marshy and peat formations are more later periods- Quaternary era. Since clayey soil constitute more elevated spaces, they are primarily found on the right banks of rivers; Thus, in the Surazhsky district they stretch, albeit in a narrow strip (10-15 versts), almost along the entire right bank of the Iput, and are also found on the right side of the Besed; They occupy a wider space (25, 50, even 70 versts) on the right side of Sudost in Mglinsky and Starodubsky districts, where they also produce black soil fields, quite widely spread and reaching at Brakhlov and Topali eastern part Novozybkovsky district; in the same way they accompany the right side of the Desna (20-30.35 versts wide), in the direction from Novgorod-Seversk to Sosnitsa and Chernigov, and also in intermittent spots and the right bank of the Snovi - near Churovichi, Gorodnya, Tupichev. Here, places with clayey almost chernozem and completely chernozem soil, in contrast to the surrounding sandy spaces overgrown with forest, are called “steppes”, that is, as if in miniature form, reminiscent of the “steppe” lying on the other side of the Desna and connecting with the chernozem fields of the Poltava province . This Zadessensky “steppe” (separated by a strip of Pridessensky sands, occupying a wide space opposite Novgorod-Seversk and then narrowing) is also not continuous, for it is interrupted by strips of sandy soils located near the Seima, Uday, Ostra, Trubaila and Dnieper rivers opposite Kyiv. These branches represent him special types chernozem and dark loamy soils: in Glukhovsky and partly Krolevets districts, chernozem is located on dome-shaped hills that spread widely and resemble the “steppes” of the middle part of the province; in Zadesenye of the Chernigov district, merging with the northern parts of Nezhinsky and Kozeletsky districts and representing a fairly flat plateau, the soils can rather be called heavy loam, requiring three times plowing, than chernozem. These soils, according to their classification by Chernigov zemstvo statisticians, are called “gray”; They also named the smooth black earth fields of the northern parts of Kozeletsky, Nezhinsky and Borzensky districts; only the southernmost parts of these districts, and especially Borzensky and Konotopsky, are classified by them as “typical” chernozem, which, according to Dokuchaev’s classification of Poltava soils, is marked IA and B. With this location throughout the territory of the province of Ch., there are hard clay soils, loose sandy and gray sandy soils distributed over vast areas, especially in its northern part. Thus, they occupy the entire Surazhsky district, except for the designated spots of clay soils, the western outskirts of Mglinsky and its eastern strip beyond Sudost, the entire area of ​​Novozybkovsky district, with the exception of the above spots, the southwestern part of Starodubsky, the vast expanses of Novgorod-Seversky on both sides of the Desna, Sosnitsky and Gorodnyansky (with the exception of the “stepki”) and a wide strip of the Dnieper coast in Gorodnyansky, Chernigov and Oster districts. Last busy sandy soils on both sides of the Desna almost entirely, except for a small southwestern section of it adjacent to the Poltava province. In the southern (Zadesenskaya) part of the province, sands are inferior in their prevalence to denser clayey gray and chernozem soils, occupying only strips above existing and extinct rivers, where they are mixed with silty and peaty swamps, called “lepeshniki”, “mlak” , "galovs" and simply swamps. Similar swamps are also found in the northern part of the province, where they form so-called “hot spots” around them, which is why the worst low soils in the Ch. province are usually called “hot spots.” In the southern part of the province, among the chernozem fields on hollows that have no drainage, the place corresponding to the foothills of the northern wooded part is occupied by “salt licks” - also the worst type of soil. The location of paddocks and salt licks, as well as peaty bogs, can be somewhat determined in a short outline by listing the location marshy places throughout the province. In the Sozh basin, that is, Surazhsky district, among the large swamps, Kazhanovskoye can be mentioned, which contains large deposits of the “underground tree” of forests that once grew here, and Lake Dragotimel. In the Sudost basin there are Nizhnevskoe, Andreikovichskoe and Grinevskoe swamps in Starodubsky district; The Snov River flows from the Ratovsky swamp and then, in its middle course, forms the Irzhavskoye swamp. In Gorodnyansky district, the Zamglai swamp, 55 versts long and up to 6-7 versts wide, is a special pool, the waters of which flow into different sides, flowing in the south-southeast into the Desna, and in the west-northwest - into the Dnieper; The Smolyanka swamp in Nezhinsky district has almost the same character, the waters of which flow on one side into the Oster River, and on the other they connect next to the “gal” with the waters of the Desna; The Khimovsky swamps in the same district, during the spring flood of melting snow, also carry their waters to the Uday system, connecting with the Doroginsky swamps, and to the Oster River system. In the basin of the latter one can count up to a dozen small swamps, and along the Desna - up to one and a half dozen in Kralevets, Sosnitsky and Borzen districts; the largest of them are Daughter, Smolazh, Galchin. Along the course of the Dnieper in Gorodnyansky district there is a large swamp called Parystoe, and in Ostersky there are Vydra, Mesha, Mnevo, Vistula and up to 10 smaller ones. Finally, on Trubayla or Trubezh, like a dying river, on both sides of the “virs”, that is, channels, there is a rather large peat bog, along which, from the station railway Zavorich to the border of the Poltava province, the provincial zemstvo, under the leadership of council member A.P. Shlikevich, carried out drainage work throughout the city. A 28-verst-long canal built through this swamp improved hayfields in the adjacent areas; The canal dug earlier by a private individual on the opposite side of the Desna from Chernigov, near the village of Anisova, had the same significance. Other swamps remain in a primitive state and are considered inconvenient lands, like “nekosi”. Forests are in the same situation; they are cut down not with the aim of returning new thickets to the logs, but with the aim of converting a certain part of their area into arable and hayfields. On average, 11-13 thousand dessiatines of forests are cut down per year; and since, according to survey data, there were 1,113,811 acres of forest in the entire province, it turns out that about 1% of the forest area is cut down per year and, therefore, with correct system forestry, it would be possible to provide the inhabitants of the province forever with local construction, ornamental and firewood materials. If, in view of the existing exploitation of forest spaces, we consider forests, pastures and all other lands that are uncultivated and considered inconvenient to be the spare area of ​​the Ch. province, arable and cultivated estates are considered food area, and hayfields and pastures are fodder areas, then according to land surveying data - gg. the following space of these 3 areas will be obtained for the entire province:

Four southern counties (Kozeletsky, Nezhinsky, Borzensky and Konotopsky) are distinguished by the predominance of food area, which occupies 65-72% of them; The most wooded and at the same time grassy districts are Surazhsky, Gorodnyansky, Sosnitsky and Ostersky, in which the feeding area is 22-24%, and the reserve area is 35-40%. The distribution of land in the remaining 7 districts is more or less close to the average for the province. The forest cover of the Konotop district is expressed as 8.2%, so it is completely steppe and, having relatively better chernozem soil, is considered the breadbasket of the Czech province. The best hay is collected in flooded, but not wet meadows (“rums”) along the middle reaches of the Desna in Sosnitsky and Borzen districts, from where it is exported in compressed form to England. The best forests scattered in plots in the possessions of the treasury and a few enlightened large forest owners, whose forestry, reforestation and afforestation have reached the highest perfection.

Climate

Information about climate extremely scarce. From 10-year meteorological observations carried out in the city of Nizhyn, it is clear that in this city the winter temperature is determined by −6.5°, spring +6.8°, summer +18.5° and autumn +6.9° ; average temperature January −8°, and July +20.1°; The first matinees are observed on average around September 21, and the last around May 11; the average opening time of Ostra is April 3 (new style), and its freezing occurs between November 6 and 27; out of 365 days of the year, 239 are completely free from frost, and days with temperatures below zero are 126; The cases of the greatest annual temperature change over 11 years gave an absolute maximum figure of +34.9° in July and −29.6° in December. The months of February and December give the greatest variability in air pressure, but the greatest number of winds (especially southwest) occurs in April and May; cloudiness and raininess is expressed by 55 quite clear days throughout the year, 118 rainy days and 566 mm of precipitation per year, with a predominance of precipitation and rainy days in June and July and with an average rainfall of 4.7 mm per rain. Observations for slightly shorter periods than 10 years, carried out in the village of Krasnoye Kolyadin, Konotop district, in the cities of Chernigov and Novozybkov, show that the average annual temperature in the northern part of the province is 1° less than in Nezhin (5.4° instead of 6. 6°), and that the annual amount of precipitation nowhere falls below 500 mm, indicate that Ch. province should be classified as a zone of central Russia, and not to the south, where there are more clear days and the annual temperature reaches 9-10°. Only can the southernmost part of the province be called belonging to Southern Russia, which is also evident from the time of freezing and breaking up of the rivers: while the Desna near Novgorod-Seversk opens on average on April 5 and freezes on December 3, remaining ice-free for 242 days, the Dnieper near Kiev opens on March 27 and freezes on December 19, remaining ice-free for 267 days, that is, 2 weeks more.

Flora

Flora Part of the province, depending on the indicated soil properties and climate, also represents transitions from the types of vegetation of the southern steppe region to the flora of the Central Russian taiga zone. In the northern counties there are also spruce and pine forests, occupying significant areas; in the south, hard species of oak, ash, maple, hornbeam, birch bark and hazel shrubs predominate. The southern border of the distribution of spruce and juniper runs in the middle of Ch. province; therefore, in the northern counties, spruce is only a species subordinate to pine, mixed with birch, aspen, linden, sedge, alder, rowan and those shrubs and subshrubs and herbaceous plants, the symbiosis of which is characteristic of pine forests (broom, wild rosemary, cranberry, stone fruit, lingonberry, heather, fern, hop, reed and blueberry). Pine is found everywhere, that is, in the south, but it, like its other forest comrades, occupies here the left terraces of rivers, sandy, while their steeply rising right banks with solid soil are covered not with “pine forest”, but with “oak groves” with hard soil. deciduous forest species; In addition to reeds, low places in river valleys are overgrown with willow, alder, birch, viburnum, and vine, and in this case they are called “islands.” Just like the forest and herbaceous vegetation of the northern and southern parts of the province, there are two types: while in the south, in the treeless steppe, lean bristly grasses such as wheatgrass, typets, tonkonog, and in fields abandoned for a long time even tyrsa or feather grass, predominate - in In the northern wooded part, as well as along river valleys making their way into the steppe region, meadow and marsh grasses predominate: Poa, festuca, phleum, briza, dactylis, trifolium, ranunculus, plantago, lychis, rumex, fragmites calamagrostes, scirpi and moss sphagnum, hypnum and so on. The same diversity that characterizes the flora of Ch. province can be seen in fauna. Of the wild animals to which the Middle Ages were devoted to the extermination, in the northern part of the province one still occasionally comes across representatives of the taiga zone, such as beaver, elk, lynx, goat, wild boar, and veksha, and on the other hand, in its steppe part one also encounters characteristic of representatives of more southern regions, such as havrashki (gophers), boibaks, jerboas, thoras, etc. The kingdom of birds also produces the forest cuckoo, steppe rooks, and eagles; The fish of the Ch. province are all warm-water, i.e. characteristic of waters that are significantly heated in the spring: both migratory, coming from the sea to the Dnieper basin only to spawn, and permanently living in it - the same as in other river basins of the Black Sea, and out of 57 species there are 30 of them, which live in Europe east of the Rhine; in the spring they disperse from the Dnieper to all its tributaries, and with the fall of the waters they remain in swamps, puddles, vira, old women, sagas and flood holes, separated from the main channel. Migratory birds and the fish temporarily staying in the waters of the Chechen province (storks, cranes, geese, sterlets, sturgeons, etc.) are the same as in the rest of Russia.

Population

Population Chernigov province is diverse, which explains natural conditions and historical past. Northerners who lived in the wooded part of the province, with an acrid tongue and two-vocal sounds wow, wow, wow, apparently, retained the features of their contemporaries Vladimir Monomakh and Igor Seversky, spreading their Akani to the northeast, into the region of the Moscow Great Russian dialect and to the northwest into the region of the Belarusian language. In the northern counties, Surazhsky and Mglinsky, almost pure Belarusian language is heard, with a softening yeah And t V dz And ts; in the northeastern part, one akanye, without softening the consonants, brings the population closer to its Oryol neighbors. The names of the settlements here mostly bear the surnames of Slavic families or clans: Verslichi, Chubchichi, Kurchichi, Khorobrichi, Kusyai, Nedanchichi, Syadrichi, etc. The southern steppe part, where clear echoes of Khazar rule have been preserved in the proper names of villages, tracts and surnames (Kozary , Kobyzhcha, Bakhmach, Obmachev, Bilmachevka, Talalaevka, Sherembey, Kochubey, etc.), inhabited by people speaking the Little Russian language. Here is a phrase that sounds in the north - “tsi nilga yago dastas?” will be expressed with the sounds: “Why can’t you have enough?” Black-haired, broad-shouldered, with widened nostrils and a flattened nose, the inhabitants of the south of the province and along appearance, and in their clothes, which are darker, they differ from the pointed-nosed, fair-haired, thinner group of northerners, who also love in clothes light colors. Despite these differences, the bulk of the entire population, with the exception of the northernmost parts, belongs to one Little Russian people, speaking the language monotonous in lexical, etymological and syntactic terms and sharply different from the language of the Great Russian schismatics who settled here sporadically in the 17th and first half of the 18th centuries, when they fled here from persecution of the old faith. There are 69 such Great Russian villages; of these, the largest - 14 suburbs - are located in the districts of Starodubsky, Surazhsky, Novozybkovsky and Gorodnyansky; others - small farms and villages. If, according to an approximate calculation compiled on the basis of data from church parish lists, 85% of the population is attributed to Little Russians (Khokhlovs), 6% to Belarusians (Lapatsons) and 5% to Great Russians (Katsaps), then the remaining 4% of the population will be made up of Jews, Poles, Germans (4 colonies in Borzen district and 2 in Konotop) and representatives of other nations.

Population movement in Ch. provinces can be traced back to the city, that is, from the time of the 3rd revision in the Russian Empire, which was the first mandatory for Little Russia. At that time, there were 964,500 souls of residents of both sexes in the territory of the present Ch. province, in the city - 1,176,570 souls, in the city - 1,471,866 souls, and finally, according to the first all-Russian census of the city - 2,321,900 souls (the local provincial statistical committee around this time counted 2,390,016 souls ). A discrepancy between the census data and the local count was found, for example, for the city of Starodub, where according to the census there were 17,609 souls, and according to the count of the local administration - 25,928. Since there is no other information about the population, we present it according to the census of the city, according to which numbered:

To explain these figures, it must be said that in addition to the county towns, which have the same name as the county, there are four more provincial towns, the number of residents of which is shown together with the number of people living in the county town (in Ch. county - Berezna, in Novozybkovsky - New Place, in Krolevetskoye - Korop, in Starodubskoye - Pogar). Of these, however, Novoe Mesto is inferior in population (1,157 inhabitants) to many villages. The following 12 settlements have more than 10 thousand inhabitants: the city of Nizhyn - 32 thousand, the city of Chernigov - 27.0 thousand, the city of Starodub - 25.9 thousand, the city of Konotop - 23.8 thousand, the city of Glukhov - 17.6 thousand, the town of Nosovka, Nezhinsky district - 15.5 thousand, the city of Borzna - 14.9 thousand, the city of Novozybkov - 14.9 thousand, the city of Berezna - 13.1 thousand, the city of Krolevets - 12.8 thousand, Klintsy settlement - 11.9 thousand, the town of Ichnya, Borzen district - 10 thousand. These should also include the Dobryanka settlement (15 thousand), part of which, Zhidovnya, is located in the Mogilev province. Settlements from 5 to 10 thousand inhabitants in the Ch. province 30, from 3 to 5 thousand - 85, from 2 to 3 thousand - 157, from 1 to 2 thousand - 411, from 500 to 1000-470, from 100 up to 500-840; There are more than 1,200 villages with less than 300 inhabitants, but their count cannot be correctly established, since many hamlets of 1-3 yards in the lists of populated areas are mostly classified as neighboring large villages. Large settlements of 2-3 thousand souls or more are found in significant numbers in Surazhsky and Novozybkovsky districts and in the black soil areas of the southern districts - Kozeletsky, Nezhinsky, Borzensky and Konotopsky.

In terms of absolute population density, the counties of Borzensky, Nezhinsky and Konotop are in first place, where per square meter. there are 60-70 souls per mile, with an average density of 51 for the entire province; the middle place is occupied by Surazhsky, Novozybkovsky, Chernigovsky, Kozeletsky and Glukhovsky (50-53), and the last place is occupied by Ostersky, Gorodnyansky and Mglinsky (40-43). All residents (including urban residents) have 2 dessiatines, and rural residents (without cities) have 2.2 dessiatines of land of all categories and lands. The religious and class composition of the population, according to the local provincial statistical committee: Orthodox - 91.8%, co-religionists and schismatics - 2.8%, Jews - 5.1%, other religions - 0.3%. Nobles - 1.5%, clergy - 0.3%, merchants and honorary citizens - 0.9%, burghers - 9.4%, Cossacks - 30.8%, former serfs - 39.8%, former states employed peasants - 17.3%. Of the last three estates, former serfs predominate in the northern part of the province, former state peasants in Ostersky district, and Cossacks in Krolevetsky, Konotop, Borzensky, Nezhinsky and Kozeletsky districts. According to the metric books, 50% were under the age of 21, and there were slightly more children under 10 years of age in the Chechen province (28.2%) than in Russia in general (27.5%); the advantage here is given by children under 5 years of age, of whom in the Czech province - 17.1%, while in all of Russia - 15.5%; teenagers from 10 to 20 years old (19.9%) are fewer than in Russia in general (21%). This shows that in the Chechen province the mortality rate is high not so much in the first years of life, but at all ages in general. This was confirmed by a study of the birth and death rates of the population for -89, which showed that on average 5.3% of the total population is born annually, and 3.5% dies, so the natural increase is 1.8%. The summarized results of the metric books confirm these calculations: in the triennium -93. with 2102 thousand inhabitants, on average 109 thousand were born and 71 thousand died, i.e. the increase was about 3 8 thousand. At the same time, 95 girls are usually born for 100 boys, or 108 boys are born for 100 newborn girls. In the first years of life, more boys die than girls (105 per 100 girls); The female sex gives an increasing mortality rate from the age of puberty, and after the age of 20, female mortality exceeds that of men. With a constant increase in the population per year by 1.8%, evictions, which began in the 70s of the last century, and are constantly increasing, reduce this increase. In the 80s In the 19th century, the annual eviction to forward Siberia and the Amur region was 1500-2000 per year, but since then it has increased to 18 thousand per year; According to the city's treasury chamber, up to 58 thousand souls who moved out were excluded, and only 2 thousand who moved in were counted. The determination of the size of families as economic units was made in the Chechen province only in 5 districts, where 89,668 households were described. This study showed that in the 80s of the last century, in the southern counties, farms or families were smaller than in the northern ones: in Kozeletsky district, the average size of a peasant family-farm was determined to be 5.4 souls of both sexes, in Krolevetsky - 5.6, in Gorodnyansky - 5.9, in Mglinsky - 6.0, in Surazhsky - 6.2. According to the census, per 100 working men, there were only 411 souls in Surazhsky district, 430 in Mglinsky, 445 in Gorodnyansky, 432 in Krolevetsky, 428 in Kozeletsky.

The attitude of the population to land according to the right of ownership in Ch. province has three main forms: land tenure private owners of large estates in one or several counties, land ownership of Cossacks in smaller plots of their hereditary property and land ownership of allotments from former landowner peasants, as well as from former state ones, the bulk of whom were peasants who belonged in the 18th century. monasteries. Cossacks and peasants own lands, cut off in the form of one or several cutting plots to the settlements where they live, with striped ownership of each member of society (the former are households, and the latter are per-person city audits). Formally, peasants in the southern counties own allotment lands on a plot right, and in the counties of Surazhsky, Mglinsky, Starodubsky, Novozybkovsky, and Novgorod-Seversky - on a communal basis. Due to the fact that many Cossacks and peasants - as a result of marriage unions, or joining partnerships for the acquisition of new lands, or, finally, as a result of joint ownership of common land before the introduction of serfdom in Little Russia () - have common lands, passing by inheritance, according to the views of the customary law prevailing in the Chechen province, the general nature of land ownership of these two groups seems to be household-hereditary. In addition to these types of land ownership, there are lands belonging to the treasury, cities, churches, monasteries and other institutions. There are no complete statistics on land ownership for Ch. province; the summed up totals of holdings give a figure that is less than the territory of the province, by almost 9% (and in some districts it is larger). Of the 4,753,636 dessiatines, it is unknown who owns 383,025 dessiatines; the remaining 4,369,338 acres are distributed according to ownership as follows. In private personal property there are 1,094,029 dessiatines among nobles, 190,065 dessiatines among peasants and Cossacks and 363,365 dessiatines among other classes, in common (companion) personal property - 86,680 dessiatines, in the possession legal entities(treasury, cities, churches and other institutions) - 219,425 acres. The worldly (communal) ownership of Cossack and peasant societies includes: actual worldly (public) land 1,437,931 dessiatines, general partnership 44,632 dessiatines and personal property 924,499 dessiatines. In addition, there are another 8,712 acres of disputed land and it is unknown to the persons of which classes they belong. In total, private land ownership belongs to 38%, members of rural societies and partnerships - 57%, the treasury - 2.7%, various institutions - 2.3%. There were 49,011 private landowners in the city; of these, 35,732 owned plots of less than 10 dessiatines, 11,003 - from 10 to 100 dessiatines, 2,025 - from 100 to 1,000 dessiatines, and 251 - more than 1,000 dessiatines each (of which 24 were more than 5,000 dessiatines).

Among the large landowners (more than 1000 dessiatines), 196 belonged to the noble class, 33 to the merchant class, 3 to the philistine class and 1 to the peasant class. The average size of private land ownership of nobles is 118 dessiatines, merchants - 189, Jews (all classes) - 106, clergy - 14, honorary citizens - 77, bourgeois - 9, Cossacks - 7, peasants - 8 dessiatines. All persons of the privileged classes privately owned 1,345,690 dessiatines, and the rest - 273,895 dessiatines. There are 5018 rural societies, that is, more than settlements , since in many large villages there are - except for one Cossack society, if there is one - several separate societies of peasants. 1107 societies - Cossacks, 1151 - former state peasants, 2760 - former landowner peasants. The average size of the ownership of one Cossack society is 835 dessiatines, the society of former state peasants - 559, former landowner peasants - 288. If we add another 2610 partnerships to the above number of societies, then out of 7628 such common holdings, large, having more than 3000 dessiatines each, there will be 146 , from 1 to 3 thousand dessiatines - 511, from 100 to 1000 dessiatines - 2353, from 10 to 100 dessiatines - 2552, less than 10 dessiatines - 2006; the vast majority are owned by small societies and partnerships. The average size of each individual holding under secular land ownership is 8.7 dessiatines among the Cossacks, 9.7 dessiatines among former states and peasants, and 5.7 dessiatines among former landowner peasants. The largest group (45%) among rural societies are those where there are from 5 to 11 acres per yard; the lands owned by these societies account for almost 64% of all worldly land; societies with a property size per yard from 3 to 5 dessiatines - 28%, with less than 3 dessiatines - 16%. Most societies with a predominance of small-land holdings are located in 5 southern counties, where the number of farms with less than 3 dessiatines per yard or about 1/2 dessiatine per capita is 30% of all farms; in 6 northern counties this group represents only 4.4% of all farms. At the age of 14 (-87), 30,217 persons sold 1,252,407 dessiatines, i.e., an average of 89,460 dessiatines per year; Moreover, out of 1,009,970 dessiatines sold by nobles, only 618,858 dessiatines were purchased by persons of the same class, so that noble land ownership decreased by 391,112 dessiatines; Land ownership of peasants and Cossacks during this time increased by 188,869 acres. The acquisition of land by persons from the lower classes led them into significant debt; for example, for 49,974 dessiatinas acquired by January 1, companies and partnerships had a mortgage debt of 1,593,862 rubles. (31.89 rubles per 1 dessiatine). The debt of large private landowners is also large: by 1900, 749,267 dessiatines, valued at 47,211,379 rubles, were pledged to credit institutions, with the amount of debt by January 1, 1900 being 26,353,759 rubles. (up to 36.56 rubles per 1 tithe). This amount is far higher than the debt of the landed nobility before the peasant reform of the last century: out of 277,153 serf souls, 177,211 were mortgaged for 8,544,059 rubles. The growth of debt, therefore, was not stopped by the issuance of 19 million redemption sums to the nobles for the lands that went to the peasants. Along with the increase in debt, there is an increase in sales prices for land: the poorest quality land in the northern counties is sold for 80-100 rubles. per tithe, and the best black earth ones cost 200-300 rubles.

Agriculture

Agriculture, according to the opinion of one of the specialists who examined its condition in the Ch. province in the city on behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture, it is distinguished by “the complete absence of signs of economic progress”; on large estates, even a backward movement has been observed since the 70s of the last century, despite the fact that it was during this period that 1,694,980 dessiatines were withdrawn from the striped land, which adversely affected the well-being of small peasant farms, which were deprived of common grazing land for livestock. To what extent is this definition Agriculture true - it’s difficult to say, due to the lack of figures for two eras removed by considerable distance one from the other. Perhaps the reason for the lack of progress is the predominance of bad soils: out of 222,942 0 dessiatines arable land, according to a study carried out in the 80s of the last century, only 598,440 acres are black soil, and all of them lie in the southern zone of the province; the worst, sandy soils, occupying about 1/4 of the total space in the southern zone, account for middle lane 43%, and in the north - even 58% of arable land. If you draw a line from the city of Kozelets to Chernigov and from the latter to the city of Glukhov, then it will divide the province into two stripes, of which in the much larger northern and Westerners they buy bread from the southern part, due to the lack of their own, which has long created a trade for transporting grain from the southern part to the northern part. The farming system prevailing on large estates is not conducive to the development of intensive farming: more than half of the large estates have no economic cultivation at all; Having their own plowing, a significant part of the fields is handed over to peasants for cultivation for a certain share of the harvest. Therefore, ordinary peasant cultivation of the land predominates, but it is not intensive and uses imperfect primitive tools. Of the latter, two types of plow are used in the Chechen province: a single-horse plow or Muscovy plow without a claw and a limber - in the northeastern part of the province, and a two-horse Lithuanian plow with a claw - in the southwestern part; Only in the southernmost parts of the province are plows and plows used - the same as in the Poltava province. Light soils in the northern part are plowed once, harder ones - for winter crops - 2 times, in some places - even 3 times, or, having plowed once with a plow, they are plowed with a ravel (extirpator) one, two or even three times. In addition, a harrow is also used when it is used to “cut” a field plowed for sowing or when it is “dragged” to cover the sown seeds. Cultivated in the fields: winter rye and occasionally winter wheat (46%), buckwheat (20%), predominant in the northeastern part, and oats (17%); then potatoes (5% - mainly in Surazhsky district), hemp (4%), barley (3%), peas and lentils (2%), millet, flax and other plants, of which tobacco and sugar beets are in first place . There were 16.5-17 thousand dessiatines under tobacco plantations, and more than 11 thousand dessiatines under beet plantations in the city. In Nezhinsky and Borzensky districts there are areas where the culture of onions (tsybul) is developed, which is sold in bundles to Kyiv and Kharkov. Of the field systems, the three-field system predominates, and in forest areas with sandy upland soil - clearing or razrabotnaya, in which the razed grass from under the forest is sown for 7-8 years, until the soil is completely depleted. There are 2-field, 4-field and multi-field systems, depending on the topographic conditions and the boundary location of the field sites. The yield of the fields is very diverse and amounts to different soils from 10 to 90 poods of harvest from 1 dessiatine, when sowing 6-8 poods of grain of various grains. The total amount of grain collected in the province ranges between 20 and 30 million poods of grain. According to census data, in five counties it turned out that among the rural population, 91% of households had the opportunity to engage in arable farming; of the last number, 22% did not have draft animals, which is why they had to resort to hiring them (13%), or did not cultivate their land at all. Those who have an insufficient number of livestock to cultivate the land are “harnessed,” that is, two or three farms are combined with livestock, two at a time, to get a full team for a plow or a two-horse plow. The draft animals in the northern part of the province are small horses of the Lithuanian breed, and in the southern part - both horses and oxen.

Cattle breeding due to this it has distinctive features for the northern and southern parts: in the counties of Kozeletskiy, Osterskiy, Nezhinskiy and Borzenskiy, oxen and bulls (bugais) among cattle are considered to be 42-49%, and in the northern, Surazhskiy and Mglinskiy, their relative number drops to 3-4%. Among horses, private owners prefer to keep geldings, and peasants and Cossacks prefer mares, for the purpose of breeding and raising domestic offspring. The total number of heads of various types of livestock according to the city in the Ch. province was: horses - 576,133, cattle - 525,321 heads, simple sheep - 812,295, fine-wool sheep - 18,158, goats - 22,698, pigs - 486,238. There were horses per 100 acres of space. 12, cattle - 11 each, sheep and goats - 20 each, pigs - 10 each; per 100 inhabitants: horses - 25, cattle - 22, small livestock - 63 heads. Cattle breeding is best provided with fodder area in the districts of Gorodnyansky, Sosnitsky and Ostersky, and worst of all in Nezhinsky and Kozeletsky. Perhaps this affects the level of provision of farms with livestock. According to censuses in the 80s of the XIX century. It turned out that in Gorodnyansky district there were on average 4.5 heads of large livestock and 3.3 heads of small livestock per farm, while in Kozeletsky district there were 3.6 and 6.3 heads of livestock. Minor branches of agriculture are beekeeping, horticulture and poultry farming. The latter is now beginning to take on the nature of a trade: fed geese, ducks, chickens, as well as eggs are sold to Jewish commission agents, who export large quantities of poultry products abroad.

Non-agricultural trades

Non-agricultural trades The majority of the population of the Chernigov province are represented by enterprises with a capital of several rubles or tens of rubles and a huge amount of labor spent on processing the raw materials at hand. Lining wood materials in places supplied with forests, in products of the processing industry (dishes, sieves, sieves, spinning wheels, frames, reeds for looms, wheels, carts, spindles, baskets, boats, etc.) gives those engaged in these trades from 5 to 30 kopecks . earnings per day, or from 10 to 50 rubles. in year. More production is produced by weavers, potters, sheepskin workers, tanners, coopers, furriers, wool beaters, carpenters, blacksmiths, metalworkers, shoemakers, combers, whose earnings per year reach 100-150 rubles, or per day up to 50-60 kopecks. All these and other household trades provide the same income (and sometimes less) as hiring for agricultural work, especially when going to the Ekaterinoslav, Kherson and Tauride provinces. That is why the migration of workers to the south is constantly increasing: in the 2nd half of the 80s number leaving workers fluctuated around 50 thousand per year, but now it has increased to 140-150 thousand souls. In addition to agricultural work, latrine workers (men and women) find employment at sugar factories in the provinces of Kyiv and Podolsk; others (men) are hired to drive rafts down the Dnieper beyond the Dnieper rapids (to Kherson); they are called "osnache". Raskolniks from Novozybkovsky district go to work on stone buildings in big cities, watching with special attention for the construction of fortresses, train stations, theaters and other large buildings. The hiring of workers in local factories is also partly increasing; V. There were 9 large oil mills with at least 20 steam engines each in the city; Of the flour mills, three had from 4 5 to 200 forces. Hemp weaving, weaving and rope factories are located in the northern part of the province; the largest of them (with a production of 300-350 thousand rubles) is located in the Klintsy settlement, Surazh district; all of them in the city were counted in the province 39. In Klintsy there are 8 cloth factories, with a production of up to 3 1/2 million rubles, and one hosiery factory, producing 70-60 thousand pairs of stockings worth up to 15,000 rubles. There are 8 match factories in Novozybkovsky district, producing 290-300 million boxes of matches; workers 2000-2200. In the northern counties and in Ostersky there are 17 sawmills, with 15 steam engines; the largest of them are in Sosnitsky district. Iron and copper foundries, with mechanical metalworking and forging workshops - in the counties of Glukhovsky and Kozeletsky, a glass factory - in Gorodnyansky, a state-owned gunpowder plant (Shostensky) - in Novgorod-Seversky, a diocesan wax-candle plant - in the city of Chernigov. Small industrial establishments (mead factories, soap factories, brick factories, fulling factories, mills, oil mills, etc.) are found in different counties. According to the city, all 118 larger factories had 269 steam engines with 4838 horsepower; They consumed 635,962 rubles worth of wood fuel and 79,095 rubles worth of mineral fuel.

According to the lists of compulsory and voluntary zemstvo insurance, there were 397,116 insured properties in the city, worth more than 66 million rubles. Private joint-stock companies insured up to 10 thousand properties for an amount of up to 25 million rubles. Of the 35,454 houses insured by voluntary insurance, only 708 were made of stone. In all 19 cities of the Chechen province, there were 36,930 houses in the city, of which only 3,362, or 3.7%, were made of stone. There were 333 stone and 110 wooden churches in the entire province.

Roads

From the railways: Libavo-Romenskaya crosses the province from north-west to south-east, Polesskaya - in the north, Kiev-Voronezh - in the south. The railways crossing Ch. province were opened in the following years and had the following number of miles:

1888 -94 5 million poods and 3 million were received, up to 32 million poods were sent along Libavo-Romenskaya in the city and 6 million were received, along Kiev-Voronezh in the period -93. On average, 9 million poods were sent per year and 4 million poods received. In the north and in the middle part of the province, about 1/4 of all cargo was timber and Construction Materials, in the south - bread, cereals and flour. The largest number of grain cargoes were sent from the stations of Bobrovitsy, Kozeletsk district, and Dmitrovka, Konotop district. About 1 million pounds of cargo, worth up to 5 million rubles, moves annually along the Desna River by rafting and tugboats on steamships.

Internal trade is carried out, in addition to permanent bazaars, at fairs, the number of which increases in parallel with population growth and the development of needs. In the middle of the 18th century. there were 44 settlements with fairs, and 111 fairs, in the city there were 78 settlements and 195 fairs, in the city there were 549 fairs in 193 settlements. In 1898, 37 certificates of the 1st guild, 1957 certificates of the 2nd guild and 5386 certificates for petty bargaining were issued throughout the province and, in addition, tickets for the certificates: 1st guild - 101, 2nd - 2852 and for petty bargaining - 52 01.

In the provincial zemstvo hospital there were 550 beds, there were 2309 somatic patients in the city, 759 mental patients. In the districts there were 90 rural doctors and 301 paramedics, paramedics and midwives, with 175 beds in 32 hospitals; 2,910 patients received medical benefits here. There were 5,956 patients in 14 city hospitals in the same year.

Educational establishments

Educational establishments: higher - Nizhyn Historical and Philological Institute (40-50 students), gymnasiums - 4 (in Chernigov (in Chernigov), 3 theological schools for boys and 1 women's diocesan school (in Chernigov), 1 zemstvo paramedic school. Students study in theological secondary schools up to 1000 boys and 300-350 girls, in secular schools 1300-1400 boys and 1000-1200 girls.Primary public schools, of which there were about 7 1/2 million rubles in 1902. The main items of expenditure of the provincial zemstvo for the year: maintenance zemstvo administration - 117.9 thousand rubles, for public education - 108.5 thousand rubles, for public charity - 24.7 thousand rubles, for medicine - 261.1 thousand rubles, for promoting economic well-being - 17.3 thousand rubles. Regarding the expenses and income of the county zemstvo, there is information for the year. In total, all 15 counties incurred expenses for participation in the expenses of government institutions - 78.2 thousand rubles, for the maintenance of the zemstvo administration - 159.7 thousand rubles, for the maintenance of places of detention - 22.9 thousand rubles, for road duties - 241.5 thousand rubles, for public education - 502.7 thousand rubles, for public charity - 20.3 thousand rubles, for medicine - 551.9 thousand rubles, for veterinary medicine - 28.5 thousand rubles, for promoting economic well-being - 63.6 thousand rubles, for paying debts - 158.3 thousand rubles. , and in total, with different expenses and folds - 1988.7 thousand rubles. So, 27.7% was spent on medicine, and 25.3% on public education. The main income is collection from real estate (58.6%).

Data about budgets cities are available for -97; On average, during this three-year period, 35 cities and towns of the Chechen province had an income of 564 thousand rubles. and expenses 556.5 thousand rubles. (the largest amounts fell on the cities of Chernigov - 118.8 thousand rubles, Glukhov - 57.5 thousand rubles, Nezhin - 53.6 thousand rubles). Income from city property and enterprises in the total amount of income amounted to 36.5%, fees of all kinds with arrears from previous years - 34.6%, benefits and reimbursement of expenses - 27.4%. Of the city expenditures on public education, medicine, charity, urban improvement, maintenance of fire brigades, capital formation, etc., 41% go to city needs; the remaining 59% is for the maintenance of prisons, military and housing service, and the maintenance of city government. The city of Korop, comparatively speaking, allocates especially much for public education, spending 24.6% of the total budget on this subject; on the contrary, the town of Klintsy, rich in factories, this Manchester province, spends only 4.1% of the total budget on public education. Noble fees for the three-year period -97. the average for the year was about 56 thousand rubles. Secular collections on average for 3 years 1 8 92-94. 875,853 rubles, including for the maintenance of the volost and rural administration 27.5%, for the construction and maintenance of houses for the volost and rural administration - 9.4%, for religious needs - 9.4%, for public education - 7, 1%, for agricultural needs - 30.8%, for the maintenance of bakery stores - 3.4%. If we add the amounts of state taxes to the listed amounts of expenses, then for the mid-s. the following total amounts of payments by the population of the Czech province will be obtained (in round figures):

This amount of payments averaged 4 rubles per capita in cash. 46 kopecks, and for 1 family household, assuming there are 5.8 souls in it - 25 rubles. 87 kopecks The Glukhovsk and Novgorod-Seversky districts were levied with the heaviest taxes, and the Krolevetsky district was the lightest.

Literature

Shafonsky, “Chernigov governorship topographic description of 1786” (Chernigov, 1851); Ruban, “Earth description of Little Russia, showing cities, towns, rivers, the number of monasteries, churches and how many elected Cossacks, assistants and commonwealths were located where according to the revision of 1764” (St. Petersburg, 1777); "Natural history

Chernigov province (addition to the article)

According to the final population count according to the 1897 census, there were 2,297,854 inhabitants in the Chernigov province, of which 209,453 were in cities. There are only 2 cities with over 20 thousand inhabitants: Nezhin - 32,113 and the provincial city of Chernigov - 27,716. The population speaks mainly in -Russian - 2,173,500, including in the Little Russian dialect - 1,526,072, Great Russian - 495,963, Belarusian - 151,465. Little Russians make up the majority of the population in all districts, excluding Mglinsky, Novozybkovsky, Starodubsky, populated mainly by Great Russians, etc.

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A province of the Russian Empire, located on the territory of modern Left Bank Ukraine.

Formed in 1802 as a result of the division of the Little Russian province into Chernigov and Poltava. It was located between 50°15" and 53°19" N latitude. and 30°24" and 34°26" E.

The territory of the Chernigov province is 52,396 km 2, population is 2,298,000 (according to the 1897 census); including 1,525,000 (66.4%) Ukrainians.

In 1919, 4 northern districts with a mixed Russian-Belarusian population were transferred to the Gomel province of the RSFSR, and in 1923-1926 they were transferred to the Bryansk province.

In 1925, the Chernigov province was liquidated, and its territory became part of the Glukhov, Konotop, Nezhin and Chernigov districts of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1932, the Chernigov region was formed on the main part of the territory of the former Chernigov province.

From the Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron" 1890-1907: located between 50°15" and 53°19" north latitude and 30°24" and 34°26" east longitude; has the shape of a quadrangle, widened in the south, with a chipped upper left corner. The northern and southern borders of the province have an outline that is closer to straight, almost parallel lines; the mentioned cut in the upper part of the western border corresponds to two main breaks of the eastern border, giving cuts from its territory and from this side. The historical formation of the northern and eastern borders dates back to the 17th century, when borders were established between the Lithuanian-Polish state and the Moscow state on the one hand and the Little Russian Republic that arose on the left side of the Dnieper, which have not changed to this day; here the Chechen province borders on the Mogilev and Smolensk provinces from the north and on the Oryol and Kursk provinces from the east. The southern border - with a small section of the Kharkov province and with a long strip of Poltava - was established in 1802, when those that existed at the end of the 18th century. The provinces of Novgorod-Seversk, Chernigov and Kiev were divided into two - Chernigov and Poltava. Most of the western border of the Ch. province (for 258 versts) is the Dnieper, separating it from the Kyiv and Minsk provinces, and the lower reaches of the Dnieper tributary, Sozh (at a distance of 90 versts), separating it from the Mogilev province. The greatest length of the Ch. province in the direct direction from its northeastern corner near the city of Bryansk to the southwestern corner near the city of Kiev is more than 350 versts, the smallest width of its area in the direction from west to east, in the interception between the Mogilev and Oryol provinces is less than 100 verst. The area of ​​Ch. province, according to detailed general and special land surveying carried out in 1858-1890. according to the exact and finally approved boundaries of land holdings, it is 4,752,363 dessiatinas or 45,622.3 square meters. versts. This figure is the most accurate, although it differs from that calculated by Mr. Strelbitsky on the 10-verst map of Russia (46,047 sq. versts), since it was obtained by summing up the tithes of 18,678 dachas, measured according to actual boundaries and, moreover, minus the areas allocated, according to the definitions of the committee ministries of 1889 and 1894, to the territory of the Kyiv and Mogilev provinces. For the 15 districts into which the Chechen province is divided, according to this calculation its area in square meters. km, sq. versts is divided as follows:

1. Surazhsky-4050.5 sq. km / 3559.3 sq. miles

2. Mglinsky-3694.4 sq. km / 3246.4 sq. miles

3. Starodubsky-3420.8 sq. km / 3006.0 sq. miles

4. Novozybkovsky - 3857.3 sq. km / 3389.6 sq. miles

5. Gorodnyansky - 4061.9 sq. km / 3569.3 sq. miles

6. Chernigovsky-3667.2 sq. km / 3222.5 sq. miles

7. Sosnitsky - 4079.7 sq. km /3585.0 sq. miles

8. Novgorod-Seversky - 3790.5 sq. km /3330.8 sq. miles

9. Glukhovskaya - 3090.8 sq. km / 2716.0 sq. miles

10. Krolevetsky - 2702.9 sq. km /2375.1 sq. miles

11. Konotop -2539.8 sq. km / 2231.8 sq. miles

12. Borzensky -2732.1 sq. km /2400.8 sq. miles

13. Nezhinsky -2891.8 sq. km / 2541.1 sq. miles

14. Kozeletsky - 4952.8 sq. km / 2594.7 sq. miles

15. Ostersky -4385.7 sq. km / 3853.9 sq. miles

Province total: 53918.2 sq. km / 45622.3 sq. miles

Geography. The location of the Ch. province on the left side of the Dnieper determines the structure of its surface: since the highest points of the eastern slope to the Dnieper are in the Smolensk, Oryol and Kursk provinces, that is, on the watershed ridges of the Volga, Oka and Don basins from the Dnieper basin, then all Snow and rain, and therefore swamp waters across the area of ​​Ch. province are directed from the northeast and east to the southwest and west. The highest point of its surface is in the northeastern part, on the border of Mglinsky and Starodubsky districts near the village of Rakhmanova - 109 fathoms (764 feet) above sea level, the lowest near the village of Vishenki on the border of the Poltava province, below Kyiv - 42.8 fathoms (300 feet). If we divide the entire area of ​​Ch. province by a line from the town of Churovichi at the protruding corner of the Mogilev province to the city of Konotop, then the part of it lying to the northeast of this line will occupy spaces with a height of 60 and 75 to 100 fathoms above sea level; in the southwestern part, surface domes rising above 75-80 fathoms are only rarely found (near Gorodnya, Sosnitsa, Berezny, Sednev, Chernigov, Kobyzhcha, Losinovka and on the southeastern border with Romensky and Prilutsky districts of Poltava province); other elevated areas of this part lie at an altitude of 60 fathoms and above, and near the valleys of the Dnieper, Desna and Ostra they fall below 50 fathoms. With this surface arrangement, the basins of the main rivers flowing into the Dnieper and its tributaries are located as follows: the entire Surazhsky district and half of the Mglinsky district belong to the basins of the Besed and Iput, flowing into the Sozh; most of the Novozybkovsky and Gorodnyansky districts are located in the basin of the Snovi River, which flows into the Desna; the eastern parts of Mglinsky and Starodubsky districts - in the basin of the Sudost, another right tributary of the Desna; Novgorod-Seversky and parts of Glukhovsky, Krolevetsky, Sosnitsky, Borzensky, Chernigovsky and Ostersky districts - in the basin of the Desna River and its small tributaries; parts of Glukhovsky, Krolevetsky and Konotop districts - in the basin of the Seim, the left tributary of the Desna; parts of Borzensky, Nezhinsky and Kozeletsky districts - in the basin of the Ostra, the second large tributary of the Desna; finally, the southernmost strip of the province, consisting of the southern parts of the counties of Konotop, Borzen, Nizhyn, Kozeletsky and Ostersky, is located in the basins of the rivers Romna, Uday, Supoya and Trubaila, directing their waters from here to the territory of the Poltava province and belonging to the basins of the Sula and Dnieper rivers . Shipping and navigation exist only on the Sozh and Dnieper along their entire length across the territory of the province and on the Desna from Novgorod-Seversk to Kyiv; In spring, rafting of forest materials is also carried out along the other rivers listed above. There are 150-200 small tributaries of the latter. The watersheds between the indicated areas of the river basins have the same character everywhere: the more elevated ridges in their eastern and southern parts lie on the right banks of the rivers, to the valleys of which they form steeply descending slopes, and more gentle slopes, extending for tens of miles, go to the west and north to the valley of the next river, forming two or three terraces, more or less hilly in their relief, or a smoother plateau. Since the basis of the mainland of the Ch. province is made up of detachments of the Upper Cretaceous, Lower Tertiary and Upper Tertiary geological formations, and the first is found only in outcrops of the northeastern part of the province, the second - in the form of the Paleogene - predominates in the strip lying between Starodub, Gorodnya and Konotop, and the latter occupies the entire the southwestern part of the territory of the province, then this determines the composition of the continent from certain soils. Loess, clayey calcareous-loamy deposits with layers of white-eye and erratic boulders made it possible to form the best clayey and chernozem soils with ravines, ravines and “sinkholes” with steep walls; Ocher-yellow and gray sands, as well as greenish (glauconitic) sands with sandstones suitable for millstones, kaolin and, in some places, molded clays occurring among them, make up the second type of soil on the day surface. Both the first and the second represent thick layers several fathoms deep on the territory of the Chechen province. The chalk formation, found in the northern zone of the province (along Besed and Iput), as well as along the Sudost and Desna to the borders of Sosnitsky district, produces worse soils, but stores reserves of chalk, quicklime, and phosphorites, which are used in as a fertilizer; The thickness of the outcrops of this formation on the steep banks of the Desna is also very high (for example, at Rogovka and Drobysh - 100 feet). There are, of course, along the banks of large rivers and soils of coarse sand, marshy and peat formations of later periods - the Quaternary era. Since clayey soils make up more elevated areas, they are primarily found on the right banks of rivers; Thus, in the Surazhsky district they stretch, albeit in a narrow strip (10-15 versts), almost along the entire right bank of the Iput, and are also found on the right side of the Besed; They occupy a wider space (25, 50, even 70 versts) on the right side of Sudost in Mglinsky and Starodubsky districts, where they also produce black soil fields, quite widely spread and extending at Brakhlov and Topali into the eastern part of Novozybkovsky district; in the same way they accompany the right side of the Desna (20-30, 35 versts wide), in the direction from Novgorod-Seversk to Sosnitsa and Chernigov, and also in intermittent spots and the right bank of the Snovi - near Churovichi, Gorodnya, Tupichev. Here, places with clayey almost chernozem and completely chernozem soil, in contrast to the sandy spaces overgrown with forest that surround them, are called “steppes,” i.e., as if in miniature form, resembling the “steppe” that lies on the other side of the Desna and connects with chernozem fields Poltava province. This Zadessensky “steppe” (separated by a strip of Pridessensky sands, occupying a wide space opposite Novgorod-Seversk and then narrowing) is also not continuous, for it is interrupted by strips of sandy soils located near the Seima, Uday, Ostra, Trubaila and Dnieper rivers opposite Kyiv. These sections of it represent special types of chernozem and dark loamy soils: in Glukhovsky and partly Krolevets districts, chernozem is located on dome-shaped hills, spreading widely and reminiscent of the “steppes” of the middle part of the province; in Zadesenye of the Chernigov district, merging with the northern parts of Nezhinsky and Kozeletsky districts and representing a fairly flat plateau, the soils can rather be called heavy loam, requiring three times plowing, than chernozem. These soils, according to their classification by Chernigov zemstvo statisticians, are called “gray”; They also named the smooth black earth fields of the northern parts of Kozeletsky, Nezhinsky and Borzensky districts; only the southernmost parts of these counties, and especially Borzen and Konotop, are classified by them as “typical” chernozem, which, according to Dokuchaev’s classification of Poltava soils, is marked IA and B. With this location throughout the territory of Ch., the province has hard clay soils, loose sandy and gray sandy lands distributed over vast areas, especially in its northern part. Thus, they occupy the entire Surazhsky district, except for the designated spots of clay soils, the western outskirts of Mglinsky and its eastern strip beyond Sudost, the entire area of ​​Novozybkovsky district, with the exception of the above spots, the southwestern part of Starodubsky, the vast expanses of Novgorod-Seversky on both sides of the Desna, Sosnitsky and Gorodnyansky (with the exception of the “stepki”) and a wide strip of the Dnieper coast in Gorodnyansky, Chernigov and Oster districts. The latter is occupied by sandy soils on both sides of the Desna almost entirely, except for a small southwestern section of it adjacent to the Poltava province. In the southern (Zadesenskaya) part of the province, sands are inferior in their prevalence to denser clayey gray and chernozem soils, occupying only strips above existing and extinct rivers, where they are mixed with silty and peaty swamps, called “lepeshniki”, “mlak” , "galovs" and just swamps. Similar swamps are found in the northern part of the province, where they form so-called “hot spots” around them, which is why the worst low soils in the Ch. province are usually called “hot spots”. In the southern part of the province, among the chernozem fields on hollows that have no drainage, the place corresponding to the foothills of the northern wooded part is occupied by “salt licks” - also the worst type of soil. The location of the paddocks and salt licks, as well as the peaty bogs, can be somewhat determined in a brief outline by listing the location of marshy places throughout the province. In the Sozh basin, i.e. Surazhsky district, among the large swamps, Kazhanovskoye can be mentioned, which contains large deposits of the “underground tree” of forests that once grew here, and Lake Dragotimel. In the Sudost basin there are Nizhnevskoe, Andreikovichskoe and Grinevskoe swamps in Starodubsky district; The Snov River flows from the Ratovsky swamp and then, in its middle course, forms the Irzhavskoye swamp. In Gorodnyansky district, the Zamglai swamp, 55 versts long and up to 6-7 versts wide, represents a special basin, the waters of which flow in different directions, flowing in the south-southeast into the Desna, and in the west-northwest into the Dnieper; The Smolyanka swamp in Nezhinsky district has almost the same character, the waters of which flow on one side into the Oster River, and on the other they connect next to the “gal” with the waters of the Desna; The Khimovsky swamps in the same district, during the spring flood of melting snow, also carry their waters to the Uday system, connecting with the Doroginsky swamps, and to the Oster River system. In the basin of the latter one can count up to a dozen small swamps, and along the Desna - up to one and a half dozen in Kralevets, Sosnitsky and Borzen districts; the largest of them are Daughter, Smolazh, Galchin. Along the course of the Dnieper in Gorodnyansky district there is a large swamp called Parystoe, and in Ostersky there are Vydra, Mesha, Mnevo, Vistula and up to 10 smaller ones. Finally, on Trubayla or Trubezh, like a dying river, on both sides of the “virs”, that is, channels, there is a rather large peat bog, along which, from the Zavorich railway station to the border of the Poltava province, the provincial zemstvo, under the leadership of a member of the council A.P. Shlikevich, from 1895 to 1899 drainage work was carried out. A 28-verst-long canal built through this swamp improved hayfields in the adjacent areas; The canal dug earlier by a private individual on the opposite side of the Desna from Chernigov, near the village of Anisova, had the same significance. Other swamps remain in a primitive state and are considered inconvenient lands, like “nekosi”. Forests are in the same situation; they are cut down not with the aim of returning new thickets to the logs, but with the aim of converting a certain part of their area into arable and hayfields. On average, 11-13 thousand dessiatines of forests are cut down per year; and since, according to survey data, there were 1,113,811 dessiatines of forest in the entire province, it turns out that about 1% of the forest area is cut down per year and, therefore, with the right forestry system, it would be possible to forever provide the inhabitants of the province with local construction, ornamental and firewood materials. If, in view of the existing exploitation of forest spaces, we consider forests, pastures and all other lands that are uncultivated and considered inconvenient to be the reserve area of ​​the Chechen province, arable and cultivated estates are considered food area, and hayfields and pastures are fodder areas, then according to land survey data of 1860-1890 gg. the following space of these 3 areas will be obtained for the entire province:

Food - 2485386 acres, or 52.3%

Fodder - 906,880 dessiatines, or 19.1%

Reserve - 1360097 dessiatines, or 28.6%

Total: 4752363 dessiatines, or 100.0%

Four southern counties (Kozeletsky, Nezhinsky, Borzensky and Konotopsky) are distinguished by the predominance of food area, which occupies 65-72% of them; The most wooded and at the same time grassy districts are Surazhsky, Gorodnyansky, Sosnitsky and Ostersky, in which the feeding area is 22-24%, and the reserve area is 35-40%. The distribution of land in the remaining 7 districts is more or less close to the average for the province. The forest cover of the Konotop district is expressed as 8.2%, so it is completely steppe and, having relatively better chernozem soil, is considered the breadbasket of the Czech province. The best hay is collected on flooded, but not wet meadows ("rums") along the middle reaches of the Desna in Sosnitsky and Borzensky districts, from where it is exported in compressed form to England. The best forests are scattered in areas in the possessions of the treasury and a few enlightened large forest owners, whose forestry, reforestation and afforestation have reached the highest perfection.

Information about climate is extremely scarce. From 10-year meteorological observations carried out since 1885 in the city of Nizhyn, it is clear that in this city the winter temperature is determined to be -6.5°, spring +6.8°, summer +18.5° and autumn +6.9 °; the average temperature in January is -8°, and in July +20.1°; The first matinees are observed on average around September 21, and the last around May 11; the average opening time of Ostra is April 3 (new style), and its freezing occurs between November 6 and 27; out of 365 days of the year, 239 are completely free from frost, and days with temperatures below zero are 126; The cases of the greatest annual temperature change over 11 years gave an absolute maximum figure of +34.9° in July and -29.6° in December. The months of February and December give the greatest variability in air pressure, but the greatest number of winds (especially southwest) occurs in April and May; cloudiness and raininess is expressed by 55 quite clear days throughout the year, 118 rainy days and 566 mm of precipitation per year, with a predominance of precipitation and rainy days in June and July and with an average rainfall of 4.7 mm per rain. Observations for slightly shorter periods than 10 years, carried out in the village of Krasnoye Kolyadin, Konotop district, in the cities of Chernigov and Novozybkov, show that the average annual temperature in the northern part of the province is 1° less than in Nezhin (5.4° instead of 6. 6°), and that the annual amount of precipitation nowhere falls below 500 mm, indicate that Ch. province should be classified as a zone of central Russia, and not to the south, where there are more clear days and the annual temperature reaches 9-10°. Only can the southernmost part of the province be called belonging to Southern Russia, which is also evident from the time of freezing and breaking up of the rivers: while the Desna near Novgorod-Seversk opens on average on April 5 and freezes on December 3, remaining ice-free for 242 days, the Dnieper near Kiev opens on March 27, and freezes on December 19, remaining ice-free for 267 days, i.e. 2 weeks more.

Flora Part of the province, depending on the indicated soil properties and climate, also represents transitions from the types of vegetation of the southern steppe region to the flora of the Central Russian taiga zone. In the northern counties there are also spruce and pine forests, occupying significant areas; in the south, hard species of oak, ash, maple, hornbeam, birch bark and hazel shrubs predominate. The southern border of the distribution of spruce and juniper runs in the middle of Ch. province; therefore, in the northern counties, spruce is only a species subordinate to pine, mixed with birch, aspen, linden, sedge, alder, rowan and those shrubby, semi-shrubby and herbaceous plants, the symbiosis of which is characteristic of pine forests (broom, wild rosemary, cranberry, stoneberry, lingonberry, heather, fern, hops, reeds and blueberries). Pine is found everywhere, that is, in the south, but it, like its other forest comrades, occupies here the left terraces of the rivers, sandy, while their steeply rising right banks with solid soil are covered not with “pine forest”, but with “oak groves.” with hardwood deciduous forests; In addition to reeds, low places in river valleys are overgrown with willow, alder, birch, viburnum, and vines, and in this case they are called “islands.” Just like the forest and herbaceous vegetation of the northern and southern parts of the province are of two types: while in the south in the treeless steppe such lean bristly grasses as wheatgrass, typets, tonkonog and in fields abandoned for a long time even tyrsa or feather grass predominate - in in the northern wooded part, as well as along the river valleys making their way into the steppe region, meadow and marsh grasses predominate: Poa, festuca, phleum, briza, dactylis, trifolium, ranunculus, plantago, lychis, rumex, fragmites calamagrostes, scirpi and moss sphagnum, hypnum, etc. The same diversity that characterizes the flora of Ch. province can be seen in the fauna. Of the wild animals to which the Middle Ages were devoted to extermination, in the northern part of the province one still occasionally comes across representatives of the taiga zone, such as beaver, elk, lynx, goat, wild boar, and veksha, and on the other hand, in its steppe part one also encounters characteristic of representatives of more southern regions include havrashki (gophers), boibaks, jerboas, thoras, etc. The kingdom of birds also produces the forest cuckoo, steppe rooks, and eagles; The fish of the Ch. province are all warm-water, that is, characteristic of waters that are significantly heated in the spring: both migratory, coming from the sea to the Dnieper basin only to spawn, and those constantly living in it - the same as in other river basins the Black Sea, and out of 57 species, 30 of them are those that live in Europe east of the Rhine; in the spring they disperse from the Dnieper to all its tributaries, and with the fall of the waters they remain in swamps, puddles, vira, old women, sagas and flood holes, separated from the main channel. Migratory birds and fish temporarily staying in the waters of Ch. province (storks, cranes, geese, sterlets, sturgeons, etc.) are the same as in the rest of Russia....

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