Loading and unloading operations do not lose their relevance at all times. And this is not surprising, because almost every person in his life has been faced with the need to load some kind of cargo. For example, when moving, when you need to transport furniture, musical instruments, safe and other heavy items from one apartment to another. Very often, interior items require dismantling and installation, which is also included in the complex of loading and unloading operations. They are provided by loaders, or as they are also called, riggers.
Loading and unloading valuable cargo, for example, antique furniture or production equipment should be trusted only to real professionals who know how to handle expensive items, that is, riggers.
What is rigging work? This is lifting and transporting heavy loads. Rigging operations differ from loading and unloading operations in that they use special equipment, devices and mechanisms. Rigging work is most in demand in the industrial sector, when transportation of industrial equipment is necessary.
All kinds of devices and mechanisms that are used during loading and unloading operations are called rigging. First of all, it serves to make the task easier for loaders. In addition, rigging will allow you to move objects as carefully and accurately as possible, as well as significantly save time and physical effort.
Professional rigging includes the following types Snap:
What is rigging work? This is a clear scheme of work for transporting goods, which is carried out in several stages:
Undoubtedly, every customer is concerned about the cost of rigging work. However, it is not possible to name it based only on the list of cargo, because it is formed based on many factors:
If you are looking for a reliable company that specializes in rigging work, then feel free to contact Proekt-montazh LLC. Our company has been providing the following types of services for a long time:
Rigging work is carried out by qualified loaders who have been working in this field for a long time. With them, any cargo will be safe and sound! The cost of our services is one of the most attractive and profitable on the market, because we love our clients.
Rigging is the work of linking equipment units with flexible suspensions (slinging), lifting them and transporting them to the installation site. Rigging work is carried out using various lifting equipment and mechanisms, devices and machines.
From the manufacturer to the installation site and along it, equipment and structures are most often transported by rail, less often by road or by water transport. The transverse dimensions of cargo delivered by rail must not exceed the all-Union gauge of the outline of the rolling stock. Transportation of oversized cargo is consistent with management railway in accordance with the rules of the Ministry of Railways.
When transporting trackless vehicles, loads weighing up to 12 tons are transported by vehicles, over 12 tons - on heavy trucks - trailers, towed by tractors or tractors.
To move cargo during installation, the most effective use of standard means - tractors, mobile cranes, pipe layers, forklifts, etc. in the absence of the specified equipment, electric winches, mounting blocks, pulley blocks, hoists, as well as the simplest devices - sleds, boards and rollers or metal sheets are used with a curved front end and loops welded to it for the traction rope.
When performing rigging work, especially when lifting loads, slinging is a very important and responsible operation. Particular care should be taken when linking large units of heavy equipment.
Rice. 107. Classification of rigging equipment
All corners of the equipment where the slings touch must be twisted with special safety pads (Fig. 108). Slinging can be divided into two types:
1) by tying cargo with ropes, slings or chains;
2) by tying sling ropes to bosses, axles, legs, eye bolts and other parts specially provided on the equipment for its lifting and transportation.
The most commonly used cargo tying knots (beam knots) are shown in Fig. 109.
When slinging, it is important to correctly determine the center of gravity of the load. Slinging must be done so that the center of gravity of the load and the axis of the hook suspension blocks of the lifting mechanism are on the same vertical.
The weight of enlarged units and units of equipment should not exceed the load-carrying capacity of the lifting equipment available at the installation site, and the overall dimensions should not exceed the dimensions of the installation openings. When installing large and heavy equipment, two or more cranes may be used simultaneously. Such work is carried out with the written permission of the chief engineer of the SMU or the head of the site under the guidance of an experienced specialist.
Rigging equipment and devices include steel and hemp ropes, chains, slings, traverses, grips, blocks, pulleys, hoists, winches, jacks.
Slings (Fig. 111) are sections of ropes or chains connected into rings or equipped with special hanging devices that provide quick, convenient and safe securing of the load. The number of sling branches on which the load is suspended is selected depending on the weight of the load and the diameter of the rope.
In order to increase productivity and safety of work, semi-automatic slings are used (Fig. 112), which allow the lifting of a lifted load to be unslinged without rising to a height. To sling the load, the top loop of rope 1 is placed on the crane hook, and the two freely hanging ends of the sling rope are wrapped around the load. The rope loops with thimbles 3 are put on the locking pin 6, which for this purpose is pulled to the left by cable 4. After inserting the loops into the bracket 7, the cable is released, the pin under the action of the spring 5 locks the loop and the slinging of the load is completed. To protect the rope from damage when kinked on the sharp edges of the load being lifted, special inventory pads 2 are attached to it, which can be moved along the rope if necessary.
Rice. 108. Installation of safety pads under the sling when linking equipment units:
a – wooden; b – from a cut pipe with welded ends;
c, d – curved pipes; d, e – curved from sheet metal
Rice. 109. Chain knots:
a – straight; b – reef; c – knitting in a loop; g – bramshkot;
d – dead loop; e – bleached; g – double bleached;
h – sea knot; and – double sea knot; k – carpenter’s knot (noose); l – noose with overlap; m – bayonet; n – half-bayonet
To release the slings, it is necessary to loosen the tension of the cargo rope and pull the cable, which, overcoming the force of the spring, will compress it and pull the pin along with it to the extreme left position. In this case, the free end of the sling (loop) will be released.
In addition to semi-automatic slings, semi-automatic sling grips are also used for remote slinging of a load raised to the design position.
To connect the ends of ropes or form a loop, clamps or clamps of various designs are used (Fig. 113).
At least three clamps are used. The distance between them is usually taken to be at least three. The distance between them is usually taken to be at least 6 rope diameters. The nut on the rods of all clamps should be tightened with the same force using torque wrenches so that the compressed diameter of the rope is 0.6 of its original diameter.
Rice. 111. Slings: a – simple; b – with one loop; c – with two loops; g – universal; d – lightweight with a loop; e – lightweight with hook
Rice. 112. Semi-automatic slings: a – general form; b – slinging diagram; c – bracket with semi-automatic locking; d – sling-stroke for lifting pipes and shafts; 1 – rope loop; 2 – inventory pads; 3 – loop with thimble; 4 – pulling cable; 5 – spring; 6 – locking pin; 7- bracket
Rice. 113. Clamps for fastening steel ropes: a – forged; b – arc
The ends of the ropes are secured with clamps, usually through a thimble, which serves to hook onto the hook and protects the rope from flattening and delamination of strands and wires at bends. The thimbles are stamped from sheet metal or made from cast iron.
The clamps must be placed on the rope so that the tightening nuts are located on the side of the working branch of the rope. This ensures straightness of the latter, and the end tending to slip will be better clamped.
To tension steel ropes during rigging work, screw ties (towbars) are used. The coupler is a frame with two screws - with right and left threads. As the frame rotates, the screws move closer or further apart.
When reloading and transporting sheet and section metal, pipes, refractory blocks and other piece goods, grippers of various designs are used (Fig. 114).
Rice. 114. Grips: a – eccentric for transporting sheet steel; b – tick-borne; c, d – semi-automatic for lifting, respectively, light and heavy (reinforced concrete) columns; d – friction sling for installation of reinforced concrete columns; e - for transporting rectangular cargo weighing 10 tons
Rice. 115. Traverses: a – for slinging a load at four points; b – equal-armed; c – for installation with two pulleys
For transportation of large and long cargo, traverses are used (Fig. 115). Their main purpose is to protect the lifted elements from the effects of compressive forces that arise in them when the slings are tilted. The traverse, designed for slinging a load at four points (Fig. 115, a), consists of a balancing beam 1 with an eyelet 2 for the hook of the lifting mechanism and two roller cages 3, suspended from the ends of the beam, with slings 5. Clamping screws are installed in the roller cages 4, one of which (on the cheek) prevents the sling from sliding, and the other (installed at the end of the holder) presses the roller, preventing it from turning. The clamping screws allow the load to be lifted with some inclination, which makes it easier to install it in the designed position at an angle.
If the load is lifted by two paired cranes of different lifting capacities (or two trolleys of one crane), then an equal-arm traverse is used (Fig. 115, b).
The location of the traverse hook is determined by the ratio of its arm, taking into account the lifting capacity of each crane.
For the installation of heavy equipment with twin cranes, a balancing beam is used (Fig. 115, c). The traverse consists of two I-beams 6 connected by cross members 5. At the ends of the traverse there are hangers 1 for attaching to the cargo pulleys of assembly cranes. Sheet plates 4 are welded at the ends of the traverse. Slinging of the lifted load is carried out using an automatic gripper 7. The cable 3 for slinging passes through the outlet roller 2.
Blocks are used to lift or move loads, as well as to change the direction of ropes. Depending on the number of rollers, blocks are divided into single-roll and multi-roll. Single-roll blocks are usually used as outlet blocks and for lifting light loads, while multi-roll blocks are used for lifting heavy loads. The rollers of the blocks rotate on an axis fixedly installed in the cheeks, to which a hook or earrings are attached through a traverse. The blocks are equipped with devices that protect the rope from slipping. Single-roll blocks are often made with folding jaws for quick separation of the rope from the block without slinging.
To reduce the traction force, chain hoists are used. The pulley block (Fig. 116, a) consists of a fixed block 1 and a movable block 2; block 3 (diverter) serves to remove the running branch of the rope, usually connected to the winch drum. Depending on the design of the chain hoist, the running branch can run off from a movable or stationary block. The number of pulley threads can be even (Fig. 116, b) and odd (Fig. 116, c).
The force in the ropes required to lift the load Q, determined by the formula
,
(34)
where η is the efficiency of one roller; η= 0.96 when installed on plain bearings; η= 0.98 when installed on rolling bearings; m – pulley multiplicity.º
For a rope wound on a winch drum when lifting a load to a height, h is equal to l = mh.
Packing pulley blocks must be done with a minimum initial distance between the blocks, followed by their stretching (for example, with a tractor). When packing, the direction of bending of the rope obtained during coiling should be maintained.
The fixed end of the rope from the plane of the roller should not exceed 6º, and the distance from the winch drum to the pull-out roller should be at least 20 drum diameters.
In the absence of blocks with the required lifting capacity, free pulleys are used, which can be driven by one (Fig. 116, d) or two (Fig. 116, e) winches. A double pulley with one winch is calculated as two independently operating pulleys. The force in the winch rope is determined from the condition of half the weight of the load being lifted.
Manual hoists, crampons, electric hoists (telphers), winches and jacks are widely used as lifting mechanisms during installation work.
A hand hoist is a worm or gear lifting mechanism that includes a chain pulley with a manual drive from an endless chain or a lever ratchet mechanism. Loading capacity is accepted by hoists up to 3 tons.
To manually move cargo along an I-section suspended monorail track, crampons with a lifting capacity of up to 5 tons are used.
Electric hoists (electric hoists) are designed for lifting and moving goods along a monorail track using an electric drive. The load capacity of electric hoists is 0.25-5.0 tons.
Installation winches are used with manual and electric drives. Manually driven lever winches (Fig. 118) with a lifting capacity of 1.5–3.0 tons, which are widely used for lifting and moving loads on horizontal and inclined planes.
Electrically driven winches are divided into lifting, traction and rotary (for rotating assembly cranes); by installation method - mobile and stationary; according to the number of reels - one, two and three reels. Drums can be smooth or threaded. Electric installation winches are reversible. The lifting capacity of the winches is 0.5–12.5 tons, rope capacity is 80–800 m.
An important condition for safe operation of the winch is its secure fastening. The winch must be secured to an anchor or some kind of anchor device. Anchors are fixed anchor structures - earthen (embedded in the ground) or ground, designed to secure mounting devices - winches, pulleys, cables, braces, etc. Schemes for securing winches are shown in Fig. 119.
Rice. 116. Pull blocks: a – with a block for removing the running branch of the rope; b – with an even number of threads; in – with odd; d – double driven by one winch; d – double driven by two winches
When calculating the winch fastening, the required weight of the balancing load on the frame or the force in the anchor bolts is determined from the condition of the load stability of the winch. The load stability coefficient is determined by the formula
,
(35)
where M in – restoring moment; M o – overturning moment.
Rice. 118. Manual lever winch: a – general view; b – application diagram; 1 – rope; 2 – cargo hook; 3, 5 – levers; 4 – body; 6 – hook for suspension to the support
Rice. 119. Schemes for securing winches: a – using an earth anchor; b – using a ground anchor
Rice. 119. Schemes for securing winches: c – behind a building column; d – to the reinforced concrete or metal beam of the building’s floor; d – j brick wall; e – diagram for calculating the winch mounting
Moments M in and M o are determined from the condition that the winch overturning can occur around point A of the front frame element stopping at the anchor:
,
,
(36)
where Q is the force in the rope; G 1 – winch weight; G 2 – the force for which anchor bolts must be calculated, or the weight of the balancing load; a – distance from the center of gravity of the winch to the overturning point; b – the distance from the tipping point to the place where the anchor bolts are secured or to the center of gravity of the balancing load; h – distance from the rope to the tipping point.
After transformations we get
.
(37)
In addition to calculating the winch for capsizing, it is necessary to calculate the winch anchor for strength and stability against horizontal displacement under the influence of shear force
,
(38)
F tr = fG 1 ,
where: F tr – friction force of the frame on the ground; f – coefficient of friction between the frame and the ground, f = 0.3 – 0.5.
To mechanize installation and rigging work, hydraulic, screw, rack and wedge jacks are used.
Hydraulic jacks come with a built-in pump and those powered by a separate pump. Their carrying capacity is 200 tons or more. For installation of equipment in plan (for example, frames of cone balancers blast furnaces) small-sized lightweight jacks are used. Such jacks are also convenient for aligning equipment.
Screw and rack jacks are mainly used when it is necessary to frequently rearrange them and in cramped conditions.
Wedge jacks are used mainly when aligning equipment during installation.
The construction of any building, especially several floors, is not complete without lifting loads different heights. That is why special equipment was invented, which in professional language is called rigging. It includes different devices for lifting loads - from the simplest manual mechanisms to powerful cranes. Thanks to the rigging equipment, you can deliver to the desired height concrete mortar, flooring materials and other elements needed in construction.
It is worth noting that progress does not stand still and lifting mechanisms improving all the time. Experts are developing Newest technologies, create perfect mechanisms that make loading and unloading operations easier. This also allows construction to be completed faster. It is worth adding that the quality of rigging work depends not only on the equipment, but also on the experience of the workers. They must be well versed in slinging moving objects.
Most often, rigging equipment is used in the construction of large country houses and cottages. The most common type of such equipment is a self-propelled crane equipped with a boom. It is necessarily equipped with a suspension, which can be both rigid and flexible. The boom with flexible suspension moves due to strong ropes. Cranes with rigid suspension are driven by mechanisms screw type. They are also called hydraulic cylinders. But let's take a closer look at the concept of rigging work.
So, rigging refers to all types of work on loading and unloading cargo of various sizes. Large enterprises usually order work of this kind. However, private construction companies also resort to them. Rigging can vary greatly in the nature of the work. They are mainly divided according to what cargo will have to be transported and over what period of time. It is customary to divide all rigging work in construction into three main groups:
This is exactly what the generalized concept of rigging looks like. Speaking in even more detail, rigging work is divided into several types.
So, rigging work is divided into the following types:
Taking into account all these types, we can come to the conclusion that rigging work is resorted to not only during construction, but also in other cases when various loads need to be transferred.
In most cases, if the construction is quite large-scale, in order to perform rigging and slinging work, it is necessary to take into account the regulatory design of the construction organization - POS. This project is drawn up taking into account the construction time and work schedule. It also includes a list of additional structures, diagrams, and so on. Rigging work also involves drawing up diagrams that are developed along with the working design. These schemes include the following items:
Of course, experienced specialists should do the rigging. Especially if you have to carry out rigging during large-scale construction. It is mandatory for the foreman to instruct riggers on safety precautions.
The responsibilities of the person who will supervise the rigging process include checking all machinery and equipment for serviceability. He will also have to make sure that the workers are ready and that they have all the necessary permits. The supervisor is obliged to provide sufficient space for rigging work. The latter are often associated with certain dangers. Therefore, he should not allow strangers to the construction site and closely monitor how all work is performed, how safety precautions are observed, and so on.
In order to carry out rigging work, special equipment is required. It will greatly facilitate the construction process. Rigging equipment comes in a wide variety. And each variety has its own characteristics and has its own scope of use.
It is clear that when carrying out rigging work, special attention must be paid to safety precautions.
First of all, only experienced people who can carry out all the processes without any problems should be allowed to do this type of work. Naturally, the rigging process must be monitored by the foreman, who must keep a safety log. Everyone fits into this magazine technical specifications. It also contains the work plan. It is important that there are no strangers in the riggers’ work area, and all tools must be in good working order. Just like technology. It must be checked carefully before starting work. All work must be carried out in accordance with the instructions. Especially if you have to work with special loads. As for the uniform, each rigger must have his own special uniform and wear a helmet.
The types of rigging work are quite diverse and differ in technology and methodology. The loads, premises and objects that riggers deal with are always different and no two orders are the same.
To move many types of cargo it is necessary to use the entire arsenal of available equipment. If we classify, we can distinguish several main types:
Moving household goods and apartment moving. In this case, company employees deal with the transportation of furniture, personal belongings, household appliances. Such work is not particularly difficult and the use of specialized equipment for this type of work is minimal.
Transportation of office equipment. The level of preparation for such work is somewhat higher than the movement of simple household goods. Office moves involve office equipment, documentation, transportation of large racks, shelves, and other equipment. In this case, the rigging team will include specialists who have higher qualifications and work with such loads. The use of lifting equipment is also required.
Rigging work associated with moving heavy equipment. Trade equipment, medical equipment, servers, printing equipment - contact with such cargo requires special attention. Expensive equipment is transported only under the supervision of experienced engineering personnel and employs high-class riggers who understand the specifics of the cargo.
Bulk cargo. Such work cannot be done without specialized rigging equipment. Electromagnetic clamps, clamshell grips, self-opening containers, etc. may be needed. Accordingly, specially trained personnel will service the mechanisms and the work process.
Rigging of liquid cargo. Transporting liquids takes longer than moving bulk materials. In this case, the responsibility of the rigging company’s employees also increases. One of the dangers of such transportation is emergency situations with possible loss of cargo. It is impossible to collect liquid from any surface, so transportation equipment must be reliable and of high quality.
Rigging work related to industrial equipment- this is the movement of entire production lines, machines, machines, etc. This type of work necessarily requires the use of lifting equipment. Only a specially trained team, which includes specialists in dismantling and installation work, who understand mechanics and handle rigging equipment on a first-name basis.
Oversized and heavy equipment. To carry out such work, specialized equipment will be used. You may need auxiliary structures, a free working area, special fastenings, as well as permits to transport the cargo itself. In this case, it is impossible to do without clear preparation and organization of the entire work process. Moving heavy equipment is considered the most complex look rigging works.
Often people are faced with the need to move to new apartment. In order for everything to go quickly, efficiently and accurately, it is better to contact a company that is in its field of professional activity has rigging work. What is it? Let's look at the answer to this question.
The word “rigging” came into Russian from the Dutch language to denote the entire set of ship gear. In marine terminology, rigging work refers to a set of procedures for repairing, installing and testing gear. These actions certainly include:
All this work is carried out primarily at shipyards at various stages of the construction of a new ship. On a ship already in operation, they carry out minor work to maintain it in proper condition.
In shipping, the term “rigging” received another meaning: the actions of unloading and loading cargo using special tools in commercial ports. It was in this meaning that the term penetrated land and began to be used in a slightly different context.
Today, rigging refers to procedures for loading or unloading large items and (or) weights. Depending on the level of complexity of the work, they are divided into:
There are other approaches to differentiating rigging work. So, quite often they are divided according to distinctive properties goods being loaded:
Rigging work includes the following mandatory sequence of actions:
Riggers bear full responsibility for the quality of work. That is why, in order to use their services, you will have to fork out a lot of money.
In relation to the field of logistics called rigging various devices for moving goods. The following tools are included in this concept:
These are all the main mechanisms for carrying out unloading and loading operations. However, no rigger can do without auxiliary equipment:
Riggers are often confused with simple loaders, which is absolutely wrong. There are several important differences between these two professions:
Thus, it can be said that the rigger is a loader high level preparation. They have an increased level of responsibility and are aware of the rules for properly packing and moving goods. As the level of complexity of the work increases, the price also rises.
The cost of work consists of the following elements:
Taking into account the above, the preliminary assessment of the rigging work is quite difficult task and requires highly qualified appraisers. Some companies charge an additional fee for an appraiser's visit and preliminary assessment.
On average, for four hours of work, a team of three workers will have to pay about three thousand rubles. For each additional hour of work you need to pay an additional 300 rubles. For each additional pair of hands - a thousand rubles per hour.
In this article, we examined the concept of rigging work - what it is, how and by whom it is carried out. These words hide the services of qualified movers. These professionals are capable of transporting an entire enterprise from one end of the country to the other. The complexity of the work is often cosmic. As well as their cost.
In this video, professional Ilya Matrosov will show how rigging work was carried out with two 65-ton transformers:
