Table 1
|
male |
female |
average |
|
sideburn A |
towels e |
|
|
parcel post b |
jam O |
|
|
floppy disks A |
stuffed O |
|
|
callus b |
tentacles e |
|
|
sheet I | ||
|
sneaker A | ||
|
a comment |
shoe I | |
|
team |
price A | |
|
dispensary | ||
|
sanatorium | ||
|
Bigeneric forms | ||
|
banknotes - banknotes A | ||
|
aviary - aviary A | ||
|
dahlia – dahlia A | ||
|
keys - keys A | ||
|
cuff - cuff A | ||
|
spasm - spasm A | ||
Table 2
Indeclinable nouns
|
Noun type | ||||
|
male |
female |
average |
||
|
Inanimate names (objects) |
penalty* |
kohlrabi* |
meringue, etc. |
|
|
Animate names(persons) |
entertainer | |||
|
bigeneric | ||||
|
protégé - protégé | ||||
|
incognito - incognito | ||||
|
Animal names |
flamingo |
kangaroo (female) | ||
Attention! Exception words are marked with an asterisk (*) .
Table 3
Attention! Remember the existence of parallel (bigeneric) forms: student - student, student - student, graduate student - graduate student, athlete - athlete, artist - artist, singer - singer, poet - poetess, writer - writer, manager - manager.
Table 4
|
male |
female |
average |
|
|
Abbreviations that obey the rule (gender according to the main word) |
MSU (university) IMF (fund) KAMAZ (plant) Youth Theater (theater) CDRI (house) Research Institute (Institute) |
FA (academy) UN (organization) Hydroelectric power station (station) Traffic police (inspectorate) TSB (encyclopedia) |
ORT (television) Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministry) Ministry of Internal Affairs (ministry) APN (agency) CIA (directorate) |
|
MSU accepted students |
UN decided A |
ORT reported O news |
|
|
Abbreviations that do not follow the rule | |||
|
The university held a conference. The Higher Attestation Commission approved the candidacy. | |||
|
Bigeneric (variant) abbreviations |
TASS (agency) |
||
|
UNESCO (organization | |||
|
TASS reported |
TASS reported O |
||
Attention! Abbreviations with main word plural have no gender. The predicate also takes a plural form: USA madeAnd with a statement; Media publishedAnd article.
Table 5
Names of funds mass media(MASS MEDIA)
|
Typetitles |
Gender of name |
Number of titles |
||
|
male |
female |
average |
multiply . |
|
|
Declined media |
"Kommersant" "Moscow's comsomolets", "Caravan of Stories" "Center Plus" "Bulletin of Europe" |
"Russian newspaper" |
"Health", "Literary Heritage" "October Field" |
"News", "Moscow News" "Arguments and Facts", |
|
a) without a generic word | ||||
|
b) with a generic word |
But: Magazine"Health" printed |
But: Magazine"Money" printed |
||
|
Inflexible (foreign) media |
"Figaro Literer" (magazine) |
"Daily Express" (newspaper), "Giorno" (newspaper), "Moscow News" (newspaper) | ||
|
a) without a generic word |
Figaro Literaire is out | |||
|
b) with a generic word |
Magazine Figaro Literaire is out | |||
Questions and tasks
1. What groups of indeclinable names do you know? How to determine the gender of indeclinable names?
2. What genus are the words pony, kangaroo, cockatoo?
3. What type of names are those that denote women's professions: lawyer, engineer, financier?
4. What is the correct way to say: our respected rector Gryaznova or our respected rector Gryaznova?
5. How to determine the type of abbreviations (FA, MSU, UN)?
6. How to determine the gender of indeclinable foreign media names ("Moscow News")?
1. Independent parts of speech:
2. Functional parts of speech:
3. Interjections.
The following do not fall into any of the classifications (according to the morphological system) of the Russian language:
"The baby drinks milk."
Baby (answers the question who?) – noun;
Morphological analysis of the word “milk” (answers the question of whom? What?).
Here is another example of how to make a morphological analysis of a noun, based on a literary source:
"Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him get up. He began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm. (example from: “Luzhin’s Defense”, Vladimir Nabokov)."
Ladies (who?) - noun;
Luzhin (to whom?) - noun;
Palm (with what?) - noun;
Dust (what?) - noun;
(c) Coat (Why?) - noun;
An adjective is a significant part of speech. Answers the questions Which? Which? Which? Which? and characterizes the characteristics or qualities of an object. Table of morphological features of the adjective name:
Example sentence:
The full moon rose over the city.
Full (what?) – adjective;
Here is another whole literary passage and morphological analysis of the adjective, using examples:
The girl was beautiful: slender, thin, blue eyes, like two amazing sapphires, looking into your soul.
Beautiful (what?) - adjective;
Slender (what?) - adjective;
Thin (what?) - adjective;
Blue (what?) - adjective;
Amazing (what?) - adjective;
According to the morphology of the Russian language, a verb is independent part speech. It can denote an action (to walk), a property (to limp), an attitude (to be equal), a state (to rejoice), a sign (to turn white, to show off) of an object. Verbs answer the question what to do? what to do? what is he doing? what did you do? or what will it do? Different groups of verbal word forms have heterogeneous morphological characteristics and grammatical features.
Morphological forms of verbs:
To understand the scheme, let’s conduct a written analysis of the morphology of the verb using the example of a sentence:
God somehow sent a piece of cheese to the crow... (fable, I. Krylov)
Sent (what did you do?) - part of speech verb;
Next online sample morphological analysis verb in a sentence:
What silence, listen.
Listen (what do you do?) - verb;
Plan for morphological analysis of verbs online for free, based on an example from a whole paragraph:
He needs to be warned.
No need, let him know next time how to break the rules.
What are the rules?
Wait, I'll tell you later. Has entered! (“Golden Calf”, I. Ilf)
Caution (what to do?) - verb;
Let him know (what is he doing?) - verb part of speech;
Violate (what to do?) - the word is a verb;
Wait (what will you do?) - part of speech verb;
Entered (what did you do?) - verb;
what gender are the words URGENT!!! Vocational schools, hydroelectric power stations, traffic police, ATS, Moscow Art Theater, research institutes, quality control department, Moscow State University, Youth Theater, state of emergency and received the best answer
Answer from Irina Robertovna Makhrakova[guru]
These are compound words, that is, abbreviations, so you need to remember the following:
◆ most abbreviations are indeclinable nouns (PTU, GES, GIBDD, ATS, NII, OTK, MSU, PE), and therefore their gender is determined by the main word in the decoding;
◆ there are also INCLINED abbreviations (MKHAT, TYUZ), the gender of which is determined in the usual way.
So, we determine the gender by the gender of the main word in the decoding of abbreviations, since they are indeclinable, in the following words:
◆ Vocational school is a FEMININE noun, since the word SCHOOL refers to this gender, deciphered as vocational school;
◆ HPP is a FEMININE noun, since the last part of its decoding STATION - hydroelectric power station belongs to this gender;
◆ GIBDD is a FEMININE noun, since the word INSPECTION, which stands for State Inspectorate for Road Safety, belongs to this gender;
◆ ATS is a FEMININE noun, because the feminine word STATION in the decoding is an automatic telephone exchange, an autonomous thermal station (there are other decodings, where the main words are nouns of the feminine, masculine, and neuter gender, but the ones I named , – the most common);
◆ Research Institute is a masculine noun, because the word INSTITUTE, which is the main one in deciphering the abbreviation - scientific research institute, belongs to the masculine gender;
◆ OTC is a masculine noun, because the main word in the transcript (department technical control) DEPARTMENT masculine (there are other decodings);
◆ MGU is a masculine noun, because the main word in the transcript (Moscow State University; Moldavian State University; International Humanitarian University, etc.) UNIVERSITY is masculine;
◆ Emergency is a NEUTURAL noun, since the neuter gender of the word INCIDENT in decoding is an emergency.
MKHAT and TYUZ - a declensible noun, masculine (MKhAT - he is mine, Youth - he is mine), declined like an ordinary noun of the 2nd declension (MKhAT, MKhATA, MKhATu, etc.; Youth, Youth, Youth, etc. .). And the gender of the main word in the decoding of these abbreviations - THEATER - does not play a role here, and the fact that it is masculine is a coincidence. In the inflected masculine abbreviations MFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and BAM (Baikal-Amur Mainline), for example, there is no such coincidence.
.
Answer from Anyuta Samak[newbie]
It is determined by the leading word in the abbreviation - if ATS (automatic telephone exchange) then by the word "station" - feminine. Or vocational school (vocational school) from the word “school” - neuter gender, etc. it turns out Wed. r, f. r, f. r, f. r, m.r, m.r, m.r, avg. r, m.r, avg. R.
Particular difficulties may arise when determining the gender form of indeclinable nouns. The gender of indeclinable nouns is established on the basis of particular patterns for individual groups of words, taking into account their lexical meaning, animateness/inanimateness, and the possibility of subsuming a specific name under a generic concept.
Indeclinable animate nouns are masculine if they name a male person, and feminine if they name a female person: military attaché, famous maestro, experienced croupier, old bourgeois, polite porter, cheerful entertainer; the simple-minded ingénue, poor Mimi, the elderly madam, the stern lady, the young miss. Also classified as masculine are indeclinable nouns of foreign origin that name animals: funny pony, Australian kangaroo, beautiful cockatoo, Asian zebu, pink flamingo(except tsetse).
For inanimate indeclinable nouns, the rule is that they belong to the neuter gender: wallet, popsicle, cinema, entrechat, role, cocoa, muffler, taxi(except coffee). The neuter gender also includes proper names– names of sports clubs ( "Dynamo", "Torpedo").
The masculine and feminine gender of inanimate nouns is determined by the grammatical gender of the noun, which denotes a general gender concept. Yes, word penalty - masculine (the generic concept is a penalty kick), and the word tsunami– feminine gender (generic concept – sea wave). Masculine nouns denoting names of winds ( sultry sirocco, powerful tornado), languages ( Hindi, Urdu, Swahili, Sakha). Feminine words include Avenue(Street), kohlrabi(cabbage), take(pear), salami(sausage).
The gender of indeclinable geographical names is established by correlation with the noun that names the generic concept. So, Glasgow, Tbilisi, Delhi– nouns are masculine, as they relate to the word city. There are few nouns that name similar generic concepts: river (Zambezi, Po, Tahoe), lake (Ontario, Erie), state (Peru, Chile, Nicaragua), city (Batumi, Baku, Oslo, Turku), mountain (Jungfrau, Kilimanjaro, Chimborazo), desert (Kalahari, Gobi ), island (Capri, Corfu, Hokkaido), republic (Sri Lanka) etc. In some cases, the orientation towards a generic concept may be ambiguous, which leads to fluctuations in gender: Bangladesh(state, republic), Kilimanjaro(mountain, volcano). Here are the possible options: Bangladesh suffered (suffered) from a flood, Peru (suffered, suffered) from an earthquake. However, such designs are clearly artificial. Much more natural and grammatically “reliable” are such constructions in which indeclinable proper names do not act independently, but as applications to the generic name. Wed: The state of Peru was hit by an earthquake or The Republic of Peru was hit by an earthquake. In this case, the gender of the indeclinable name is practically unimportant.
Determining the gender of indeclinable compound words (abbreviations) is in principle similar to determining the gender of geographical names. You just need to focus not on the generic name, but on the core reference word of the phrase that stands for the abbreviation. So, ATS– a feminine noun, because the supporting word station in the full name “automatic telephone exchange” refers to the feminine gender, SMU – neuter (construction and installation management), traffic police- female ( state inspection road safety), State district power station, hydroelectric power station– female (power plant), Research Institute – male (research institute), etc.
Since indeclinable abbreviations are inanimate nouns, for them, in accordance with general rule, in principle, the neuter gender can never be excluded. For example: One checkpoint they passed before the conversation about documents began ( K. Simonov. Living and dead; checkpoint checkpoint); …. let them send it to Odessa Cheka (I. Babel, The Sun of Italy); NATO intervened (North Atlantic Union). It can also be explained by grammatical analogy that the neuter gender of nouns like rono, gorono, raifo, general store and etc.
Words like university, collective farm, village council are declined, therefore the gender of such words is established in the same way as for other inflected inanimate nouns.
They have a constant morphological characteristic of the genus and belong to the masculine, feminine or neuter gender.
The main expression of morphological gender is extra-verbal - the endings of adjectives, participles in the position of the attribute that agree with the noun, and words with an inconstant gender marker in the position of the predicate, primarily a verb in the past tense or conditional mood, as well as a short adjective or participle.
Masculine, feminine and neuter gender include words with the following compatibility:
Some nouns ending - A, denoting signs, properties of persons, in them. items are doubly characterized by gender depending on the gender of the designated person:
is yours-□the ignoramus has come-□,
your ignoramus came.
Such nouns are classified as general family
There are nouns in the Russian language that denote the name of a person by profession, which, when denoting a male person, act as words of the masculine gender, that is, they attach agreed words with masculine endings; when they denote a female person, the attribute is used in the masculine gender, and the predicate is used in the feminine gender (mainly in colloquial speech):
new doctor has arrived -□ (male),
a new doctor has arrived (woman).
These words are “candidates” for the general gender; their gender is sometimes called transitional to the general, but in dictionaries they are characterized as words of the masculine gender.
There are about 150 words in the Russian language that vary in gender, for example: coffee- masculine/neuter gender, shampoo- masculine/feminine.
Nouns are plural only ( cream, scissors) do not belong to any of the genders, since in the plural the formal differences between nouns of different genders are not expressed (cf.: desks - tables).
Thus, the main expression of gender is non-verbal. Intra-word gender is consistently expressed only in nouns - substantivized adjectives and participles: sentry, ice cream, dining room: in singular forms these words have endings that clearly indicate their gender. For nouns of the 2nd declension masculine and 3rd declension feminine, the entire system of their endings is specific; as for the endings of individual case forms, they may not be indicative, cf. table-□ - night-□.
For all inanimate nouns (and there are about 80% of such nouns in the language), the gender is conditional and is in no way connected with extra-linguistic reality.
Among animate nouns - names of persons or animals, gender is often associated with the gender of the designated creature, cf.: mom - dad, son - daughter, cow - bull. However, it is necessary to understand the difference between grammatical gender and ungrammatical gender. So, in Russian there is animate nouns neuter ( child, animal), in nouns - names of animals, male and female individuals are often called the same ( dragonfly, crocodile), among words - names of persons there is also not always a correspondence between gender and gender. Yes, word individual feminine, although it can mean both a woman and a man (see, for example, A.S. Pushkin: Someone wrote to him from Moscow that it was known and I person due soon A enter into legal marriage with a young and beautiful girl).
It is somewhat difficult to determine the gender of compound words (abbreviations) and indeclinable nouns. The following rules apply to them.
Generic characteristics abbreviations depends on what type the given compound word belongs to.
A type of abbreviation formed by adding the initial parts ( caretaker), the initial part of the first word with the second unabridged ( Sberbank) and the beginning of the first word with the beginning and/or end of the second ( trade mission - trade mission), is determined by the gender of the main word in the original phrase: good organizational work, Russian trade mission, new Sberbank.
A type of abbreviation consisting of initial sounds ( GUM) or letters ( Moscow State University), as well as mixed abbreviations in which the initial part of the first word is combined with the first letters or sounds of other words ( Glavk), is defined ambiguously. Initially, they also acquire the gender of the main word in the original phrase, for example, Bratsk hydroelectric power station. However, during the process of use, the original generic characteristic is consistently retained only by abbreviations from the first letters of the original phrase. Abbreviations consisting of the first sounds behave differently. Some of them acquire generic characteristics in accordance with appearance words. Yes, words BAM, university, MFA, NEP, registry office and some others became masculine words and acquired the ability to decline in the second declension, like nouns like house. Other abbreviations ending in a consonant with a neuter and feminine stem word may have hesitation: they may have a gender characteristic in accordance with the gender of the main word and not be inflected ( in our housing office) or, when inclined, used as masculine words ( in our housing office). Abbreviations ending in a vowel are not inflected and are predominantly neuter ( our RONO - district department of public education).
Indeclinable nouns , getting into the Russian language or being formed in it, must acquire a generic characteristic, which will manifest itself only when choosing adjectives, participles and verbs that agree with the noun.
There are the following patterns in the choice of gender characteristics by such nouns: gender depends either on the meaning of the word or on the gender of another Russian word, which is considered as a synonym or as a generic name for this unchangeable word. For different groups of nouns, different criteria are leading.
If a noun denotes an object, then it usually acquires a neuter characteristic: coat, muffler, metro. However, feminine Avenue(because Street), kohlrabi(since it's cabbage), coffee- with hesitation - masculine / neuter, masculine - penalty, euro.
If a noun denotes an animal, it is usually masculine: chimpanzee, cockatoo. Exceptions: Iwasi, Tsetse- feminine gender (since herring, fly).
If a noun denotes a person, then its gender depends on the gender of this person: words Monsieur, couturier masculine, as they denote men; words madam, mademoiselle feminine, since they denote women, and the words counterpart, incognito of a general gender, since they can designate both men and women.
If a noun means geographical feature, then its gender is determined by the gender of the Russian word, which denotes the type of object: Tbilisi masculine, since it is city(masculine), Mississippi feminine, as it is river, Lesotho neuter, since it is state. Everything that has been said applies only to inflexible words, therefore Moscow- a noun is not masculine, but feminine, although it is a city, since it is inflected.
See Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: short theoretical course for schoolchildren
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