Keywords
Soil / cotton / irrigation / soil salinization / soil mechanical composition/ mineralization / yield / Soil / Gossypium / irrigation / soil salinization / soil texture / mineralization / crop yieldThe purpose of the study is to study the effect of irrigation on the salt regime of the soil in various experimental plots. Obtaining cotton fiber with high technological quality is closely related to the salt regime of the soil, since excess content of easily soluble salts in soils leads to a decrease in cotton yield. Studies have shown that changes in the salt regime of soils are significantly influenced by the irrigation regime of fine-fiber cotton. It has been established that on the irrigated lands of the Karshi steppe, which are subject to low salinity, when cultivating cotton, pre-sowing reserve preventive irrigation should be used annually as a mandatory agrotechnical practice at a rate of 1200...1500 m3/ha. The effect in soil desalinization achieved by these irrigations must be consolidated by using optimal irrigation regimes for fine-fiber cotton during its growing season in combination with other agrotechnical measures carried out using intensive technology. With the introduction of such interconnected agro-reclamation measures, a prerequisite is created for the maximum prevention of the process of moving water-soluble salts from the lower, more saline layers to the upper ones.
Salt regime and operational leaching of soil in cotton crop rotation in the old irrigated zone of the Golodnaya Steppe
2014 / Ashirbekov Mukhtar ZholdybaevichSoil and climatic conditions of Surkhandarya
2018 / Normuratov Oybek Ulugberdievich, Zakirov Kholmat Khurramovich, Chorieva Shakhlo Kultura Kizi, Nurullaev Azamkhon Komiljon Ugli, Abdurakhmonova Yulduz Mamarazhabovna, Bolliev Asliddin TursunmamatovichDirect and inverse problems of the salt transfer model under conditions of stationary water-salt regime of soils
2014 / Mikailov F. D.The influence of irrigation on the basic properties of takyr soils in the lower reaches of Kashkadarya
2018 / S. Zakirova, M. A. Mazirov, S. AbdulaevSalt regime of irrigated lands against the background of siphon-vacuum drainage in low-slope terrain
2017 / Gurbanov Mirza Firudin-OglyLong-term forecast of reclamation activities in the Republic of Azerbaijan
2014 / Mustafaev M.G.Ways to improve the efficiency of irrigation water on irrigated lands of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
2015 / Mambetnazarov A.B.Modeling the process of managing the water-salt regime of soils under irrigation conditions
2016 / Borodychev V.V., Dedova E.B., Sazanov M.A., Lytov M.N.The current state of irrigated lands in the Kura-Araks lowland of Azerbaijan
2017 / Nurieva Kamala GulamAssessment of the current soil-reclamation state of the soils of the Golodnaya Steppe
2019 / A. U. Akhmedov, L. A. GafurovaThe aim of the research is to study the effect of irrigation on the salt regime of the soil at various experimental sites. The production of cotton fiber with high technological quality is closely connected with the salt regime of the soil, because the excessive content of readily soluble salts in soils leads to a decrease in the yield of cotton. Studies have shown that the regime of irrigation of fine-fiber cotton exerts a noticeable influence on the change in the salt regime of soils. It has been established that in the irrigated lands of the Karshi step, which are susceptible to salinity to a weak degree, cotton should be used every year as a mandatory agrotechnical method for presowing emergency preventive irrigation with the norms of 1200...1500 m3 /ha. The effect of soil desalinization achieved by these waterings should be secured by applying optimal irrigation regimes for fine-fiber cotton during its growing season in conjunction with other agrotechnical measures carried out by intensive technology. With the introduction of such interlinked agromeliorative measures, a precondition is created for maximum prevention of the movement of water-soluble salts from the lower, more saline layers to the upper ones.
UDC 502/504: 631.42: 631.675
Effect of cotton irrigation on soil salt regime
Received June 20, 2018
© Mamatov Farmon Murtozevich, Ismailova Khalavat Jabbarovna, Ismailov Feruz Sobirovich
Karshi Engineering and Economic Institute, Karshi, Republic of Uzbekistan
Annotation. The purpose of the study is to study the effect of irrigation on the salt regime of the soil in various experimental plots. Obtaining cotton fiber with high technological quality is closely related to the salt regime of the soil, since excess content of easily soluble salts in soils leads to a decrease in cotton yield. Studies have shown that changes in the salt regime of soils are significantly influenced by the irrigation regime of fine-fiber cotton. It has been established that on the irrigated lands of the Karshi steppe, which are subject to low salinity, when cultivating cotton, pre-sowing reserve preventive irrigation with norms of 1200...1500 m3/ha should be used annually as a mandatory agrotechnical practice. The effect in soil desalinization achieved by these irrigations must be consolidated by using optimal irrigation regimes for fine-fiber cotton during its growing season in combination with other agrotechnical measures carried out using intensive technology. When implementing such interconnected agro-reclamation measures, a prerequisite is created for maximally preventing the process of moving water-soluble salts from the lower, more saline layers to the upper ones.
Keywords. Soil, cotton, irrigation, soil salinization, soil mechanical composition, mineralization, productivity.
The effect of irrigation of cotton on the salt regime of the soil
Received on June 20, 2018
© Mamatov Farmon Murtozevich, Ismailova Khalavat Dzhabbarovna, Ismailov Feruz Sobirovich
Karshi engineering-economic Institute, Karshi, Republic of Uzbekistan
Abstract. The aim of the research is to study the effect of irrigation on the salt regime of the soil at various experimental sites. The production of cotton fiber with high technological quality is closely connected with the salt regime of the soil, because the excessive content of readily soluble salts in soils leads to a decrease in the yield of cotton. Studies have shown that the regime of irrigation of fine-fiber cotton exerts a noticeable influence on the change in the salt regime of soils. It has been established that in the irrigated lands of the Karshi step, which are susceptible to salinity to a weak degree, cotton should be used every year as a mandatory agrotechnical method for pre-sowing emergency preventive irrigation with the norms of 1200... 1500 m3/ha. The effect of soil desalinization achieved by these waterings should be secured by applying optimal irrigation regimes for fine-fiber cotton during its growing season in conjunction with other agrotechnical measures carried out by intensive technology. With the introduction of such interlinked agro-meliorative measures, a precondition is created for maximum prevention of the movement of water-soluble salts from the lower, more saline layers to the upper ones.
Keywords. Soil, Gossypium, irrigation, soil salinization, soil texture, mineralization, crop yield.
Introduction. In soil
climatic conditions of the Karshi steppe, obtaining high yields of fine-fiber cotton with high technological fiber quality is closely related to the salt regime of the soil, since the excess content of easily soluble salts in soils causes
leads to a decrease in the yield of agricultural crops, in particular cotton. This is due not only to the toxic effect of salts, but also to an increase in the concentration of the soil solution, accompanied by an increase in its osmotic pressure. As a result, the suction power
The activity of root hairs is reduced, they cannot use the necessary water from the soil, which causes a deterioration in the water regime of plants, and in some cases their complete death.
Materials and research methods. In the process of research, methods of mathematical system analysis and mathematical statistics, comparative comparison and generalization were used.
Results and discussion. To characterize the soils of the experimental plots according to the degree of salinity, the use of
the typical content of salts in them (table). From the data obtained it is clear that the soil of area 1, due to its heavier mechanical composition and close (1.5...2.0 m) occurrence of mineralized (6...10 g/l of dense residue) groundwater was relatively more salinized than in area 2; in area 1, the upper meter layer contained 0.496% of dense residue and 0.0048% of chlorine ion. There were even more salts in the soil layer underlying below a meter layer: up to 0.725% of dry residue and 0.063% of chlorine ion.
Layer, cm Dense residue, % Total alkalinity % Chlorion content, % Sulfuric acid residue %
Section 1
0...20 0,654 0,037 0,028 0,378
20...40 0,876 0,032 0,053 0,513
40...60 0,470 0,038 0,046 0,143
60...80 0,473 0,039 0,057 0,237
80...100 0,477 0,038 0,048 0,260
0...100 0,496 0,037 0,048 0,296
100...200 0,725 0,025 0,063 0,402
0...200 0,610 0,031 0,054 0,349
Section 2
0...20 0,120 0,034 0,012 0,056
20...40 0,108 0,037 0,018 0,039
40...60 0,122 0,029 0,033 0,034
60...80 0,140 0,029 0,033 0,042
80...100 0,116 0,032 0,014 0,048
0...100 0,121 0,032 0,025 0,043
100...200 0,500 0,019 0,024 0,295
200...300 0,171 0,023 0,015 0,073
0...200 0,315 0,026 0,024 0,169
0...300 0,264 0,037 0,022 0,205
Salt accumulation in the soil of area 2 looks different; here in the upper 0-100 and lower 200...300 cm layers of soil there is a small salt content - 0.121 and 0.171% of dense residue and 0.025% and 0.015% of chlorine ion, respectively. In the middle part of the aeration zone in the layer of 100...200 cm, relatively more salt accumulation is noted, the total amount of salts increases to 0.5%. Consequently, according to the initial salt content, the soil of plot 1 is subject to weak salinity. In area 2, the upper 0...100 cm and lower 200...300 cm layers are practically not saline, its middle part (100...200 cm) is slightly saline. The soils of the experimental plots belong to the chloride-sulfate type of salinity. The composition of salts is dominated by sulfates, the reserve
which constitutes more than half of the dry residue. Sulfate anions in the soil of area 2 exceeded 4.8...8.1 times, area 2 - 1.8...5.0 times. Since the soil in plot 1 is slightly saline, and in plot 2 it is subject to salinization in a deeper (100...200 cm) layer; when favorable conditions are created, water-soluble salts can easily move to the upper layers of the soil and pose a threat to the normal growth and development of cotton.
The results of our three-year studies showed that different irrigation regimes for fine-fiber cotton played a certain role in changing the salt regime of soils in experimental plots.
Experiments carried out on a site with a groundwater level of 1.5...2.0 m showed that, under the influence of irrigation regimes,
changes in the occurrence of sensitive changes in the salt regime of soils. Thus, in experiments with a pre-irrigation soil moisture regime of 70-70-65% NV (option 2), the content of dense residue in the 0...60 cm layer from spring to autumn decreased from 1.153 to 1.121%, in the 60-100 cm layer from 1.105 to 1.046%, and in the 100-200 cm layer it increased from 1.019 to 1.240%. However, the amount of chlorine ion at the end of the growing season in the 0...60 cm layer increases from 0.027 to 0.096%, in the 0...100 cm layer - from 0.028 to 0.075, in the 100...200 cm layer - from 0.029 to 0.062 %.
In option 1, where the pre-irrigation soil moisture regime is 6070-65% NV, the salt content in the soil increases significantly from spring to autumn. The same picture is observed in options 3 and 4. Thus, if at the beginning of the growing season the layer 0...60 cm contained 1.153% of dense residue, by autumn it was found in option 3 - 1.27% and in option 4 -1.261%. However, in deeper soil layers (100... 200 cm) the salt content is lower (1.227... 1.262%) than in option 1 (1.328%). A comparative analysis of the data obtained showed that the most favorable soil reclamation regime is observed in options 2-3, where the pre-irrigation soil moisture regime is 7070-65 and 70-75-65% NV.
Data on the salt regime of the soil in an area with deep groundwater, where the upper 0...100 cm layer is practically not saline, are given in the table in such conditions, as shown by three-year data. The salt content in the 0...100 cm layer, both in terms of dry residue and chlorine ion, does not change significantly from spring to autumn under different irrigation regimes and is maintained in a stable position. A more noticeable change in the salt regime occurs in the 100...200 cm layer, where the soil is relatively more saline than in the previous layer. Here, in all years of research under all soil moisture regimes, the movement of salts into the underlying layers was noted, i.e. water-soluble salts are washed out.
If we consider the change in salts in the context of different irrigation regimes, we can see that options with pre-irrigation turned out to be more effective in desalinizing the 100...200 cm layer.
humidity 70-75-65% and 75-75-65% HB. Desalinization is worse at a humidity level of 60-70-65 HB. Option 2, where cotton was watered at a moisture content of 70-70-65% HB, occupied an intermediate position.
The desalinizing effect of preventive watering must be secured by carefully carried out vegetation watering. In our experimental plots, early spring reserve preventive irrigations were carried out annually closer to cotton sowing, with norms of 1200...1500 m3/ha. If we take into account that in an area with deep groundwater, the soil is composed, with the exception of the arable layer, of light loam, has a loose composition, lighter from top to bottom and has good water permeability, then with such rates of preventive irrigation it is quite possible to achieve soil desalinization to a depth of 2 m. Naturally, this was also facilitated by vegetation irrigation, carried out according to standards for the deficit of the design layer in combination with high-quality inter-row tillage, timely fertilizing of plants, weed control and other types of agrotechnical measures.
Conclusion
It has been established that on irrigated lands of the Karshi steppe, subject to low salinity, when cultivating cotton, pre-sowing reserve preventive irrigation should be used annually as a mandatory agrotechnical practice at a rate of 1200...1500 m3/ha. The effect in soil desalinization achieved by these irrigations must be consolidated by using optimal irrigation regimes for fine-fiber cotton during its growing season in combination with other agrotechnical measures carried out using intensive technology. When implementing such interconnected agro-reclamation measures, a prerequisite is created for maximally preventing the process of moving water-soluble salts from the lower, more saline layers to the upper ones. Thanks to this, farmers will be able to maintain upper layers soil in the most favorable reclamation condition throughout the entire growing season.
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References in novel script
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Additional Information
Mamatov Farmon Murtozevich, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Director of the Center for Scientific and Applied Research and Innovation; Karshi Engineering and Economic Institute; Republic of Uzbekistan, Karshi, st. Mustakillik, 225; tel. 8-375-2240289, +99891-4594682; e-mail: [email protected].
Ismailova Khalovat Jabbarovna, candidate of agricultural sciences, associate professor; Karshi Engineering and Economic Institute; Republic of Uzbekistan, Karshi, st. Musta-killik, 225; tel. 8-375-2240289, +99891-4594682; e-mail: ikhalava [email protected].
Ismailov Feruz Sobirovich, assistant; Karshi Engineering and Economic Institute; Republic of Uzbekistan, Karshi, st. Mustakillik, 225; tel. 8-375-2240289, +99891-4594682; e-mail: [email protected].
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits the copying, distribution, reproduction, performance and adaptation of article material in any media or format, provided you give appropriate credit to the author(s) of the work covered by the Creative Commons license and indicate if original material changes have been made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless a different term applies to the material. If material is not included in the Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by law in your country or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder(s).
For citation: Mamatov F.M., Ismailova Kh.D., Ismailov F.S. The influence of cotton irrigation on the salt regime of the soil // Ecology and construction. - 2018. - No. 2. - pp. 50-54.
Additional Information
Information about the authors:
Mamatov Farmon Murtozevich, doctor of technical sciences, professor, Director of the center for applied research and innovation; Karshi engineering-economic Institute; Republic of Uzbekistan, Karshi, Mustakillik st., 225; phones: 8-375-2240289, +99891-4594682; e-mail: [email protected].
Ismailova Khalavat Dzhabbarovna, candidate of agricultural Sciences, docent; Karshi engineering-economic Institute; Republic of Uzbekistan, Karshi, Mustakillik st., 225; phones: 8-3752240289, +99891-4594682; e-mail: [email protected].
Ismailov Feruz Sobirovich, assistant; Karshi engineering-economic Institute; Republic of Uzbekistan, Karshi, Mustakillik st., 225; phones: 8-375-2240289, +99891-4594682; e-mail: [email protected].
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article"s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article"s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
For citations: Mamatov F.M., Ismailova H.D., Ismailov F.S. The effect of irrigation of cotton on the salt regime of the soil // Ekologiya i stroitelstvo. - 2018. - No. 2. - P. 50-54.
There are the following methods of irrigation of agricultural crops: surface (gravity), sprinkling and subsoil irrigation.
Surface (gravity) irrigation. This method has existed for a long time and is still used on most cotton crops. With this type of irrigation, furrow irrigation is most ideal. Irrigation of cotton by flooding is prohibited.
In surface irrigation, water is supplied for irrigation different ways: a) through channels laid in earthen channels; b) along reinforced concrete irrigation trays; c) through underground self-pressure pipelines with hydrants; d) watering machines. In unlined earthen channels without anti-filtration clothing, it is lost a large number of irrigation water. Tray and closed underground irrigation networks have significant advantages.
The construction of a flume network on a large scale is being carried out in the new state farms of the Golodnaya Steppe. Water enters the trays installed on the supports from the earthen channel through the head inscribed into the slope of the channel. From the trays, water is distributed using water outlets through irrigation pipelines (flexible hoses), replacing temporary sprinklers (ok-aryks),
Irrigation from a closed irrigation network is used on lands with pronounced slopes (more than 0.003). Underground self-pressure pipelines are asbestos-cement. Hydrants are installed on pipelines at certain distances (50-100 m), to the heads of which flexible pipelines are connected. From the latter, water flows into irrigation furrows.
Irrigation machines are widely used in cotton fields. The PPA-165 waterer (a mobile irrigation unit with a water flow rate of 165 l/s) is very economical and efficient. The unit consists of two machines: a pumping station mounted on a T-28X tractor and a trailed hose cart. Expandable flexible hoses (polyethylene or nylon) have holes for releasing water into the furrows. The size of the furrow jets (from minimum to 1.0 l/s and more) can be adjusted using special sector valves. The productivity of the PPA-165 machine per hour of operation at an irrigation rate of 1200 m3/ha is 0.5 ha.
PPA-165 can be used on fields with both low and pronounced slopes. It is especially effective in areas with uneven terrain, when gravity supply of water from sprinklers to the field is difficult.
With surface irrigation, the most productive use of water, land and agricultural machinery is achieved when irrigating cotton on large (8-12 hectares or more) well-planned irrigation plots equipped with water control structures. The method of watering is along furrows cut between the rows of plants.
It is most effective and profitable to supply water to the furrows not from earthen sprinklers, but from flexible or semi-rigid pipelines laid across the rows of cotton. They are laid across the width of the irrigation area in several tiers. Water is supplied to them from trays, hydrants, underground pipelines or irrigation machines.
Semi-rigid polyethylene pipelines are reinforced metal mesh and screw outlets. Compared to flexible pipelines, they are more durable in operation, do not require a special bed for installation, and can withstand more high pressure water, more productive.
When supplying water to furrows from temporary sprinklers, longitudinal and transverse layouts can be used.
At longitudinal pattern temporary sprinklers are cut along the direction of the irrigation furrows. From the sprinklers, water flows into the outlet furrows, and from them into the irrigation furrows.
At transverse pattern temporary sprinklers (enlarged) are cut across the irrigation furrows. In areas with low slopes, this scheme is more profitable and convenient for organizing irrigation and efficient use of water.
When cotton row spacing is 60 cm, irrigation should be carried out in the deepest possible furrows with a small irrigation stream. In this case, the sides of the furrows and the ridges of the rows are not flooded with water and a soil crust does not form on them. Soil lumps are moistened by capillary action, and during subsequent cultivation of the field, the soil better retains its structure.
Furrows in fields with small slopes are cut to a depth of 20-22 cm (at the first watering 15-17 cm). In areas with very large slopes and poor soil permeability, the depth of the furrows is reduced to 13-15 cm.
The length of the furrows (the distance between the ditch) and the size of the furrow stream are differentiated depending on the water-physical properties of the soil, the magnitude of the slope and the degree of planning of the areas. The greater (up to a certain value) the slope, the lower the water permeability and the better the soil leveling, the greater the length of the irrigation furrows and the smaller the size of the stream in each furrow.
On very large slopes, to avoid soil erosion, watering is carried out with a small furrow stream. The length of the furrows has to be reduced, since with small jets the amount of water absorption into the soil from the top to the bottom of the furrows is significantly reduced. And this, with a long furrow length, leads to significant uneven soil moisture.
The length of the furrows and the size of the furrow jet must be such that the soil is evenly moistened along the length of the furrows and watering is carried out without discharge or with a small discharge of water, there is no erosion of the furrows, washing away of soil and applied fertilizers.
With row spacings of 60 cm, furrows are cut from 60-80 to 250-300 m in length, depending on conditions.
At the beginning of each irrigation, moistening is carried out with a large stream, but when it reaches the end of the furrow, the intensity of the stream is reduced in accordance with the changed amount of water absorption by the soil. At the very beginning of irrigation, a very small jet size is sometimes used to eliminate the erosive effect of water.
In fields with close groundwater, where the estimated depth of soil wetting is 0.3-0.5 m, it is recommended to irrigate not with an alternating stream, but with a constant stream - until the water reaches the end of the furrow. In this case, water consumption for irrigation is reduced, and the danger of excessive soil moisture, uneven development and fattening of cotton is eliminated.
For various conditions, the following lengths of furrows and furrow jet can be recommended (Table 22).
An important factor in the normal growth and development of cotton is its timely and sufficient supply of water. Her role is great and varied. It is necessary throughout the life of the plant, from seed germination to ripening, for the normal implementation of all the most important life processes (biochemical and physiological).
Cotton plants at different stages of ontogenesis react differently to a lack of water in the soil. Plants suffer especially severely from moisture deficiency during the period of differentiation of stem buds and the formation of generative organs - in the budding phase. Lack of water during this period most often causes irreversible metabolic disorders in plant cells, leading to a decrease in the yield of raw cotton and its quality. The maximum amount of water consumption in cotton plants is observed at the height of flowering and fruit formation. Water deficiency during this period causes a sharp drop in the formed fruit elements. In this case, by irrigation it is necessary to achieve a predominance of development processes in cotton over vegetative growth in order to preserve as much of the fruiting organs as possible on the lower and middle tiers. Cotton reacts to a lesser extent to lack of water during the period of mass ripening of the crop.
The degree of availability of moisture in the soil for cotton and its resistance to water deficiency depend on the age, physiological state and genotype (hereditary basis) of the plants. Among the studied forms, the most sensitive to a lack of water in the soil were the mid-ripening varieties S-4727 and AN-Chimbayabad, and the most resistant were wild cotton ssp. mexicanum and its mid-season mutant AN-401. There is also a difference between fine-fiber and medium-fiber varieties in their response to reduced water supply - the former is more drought-resistant than the latter.
Cotton plants need water to protect them from overheating. When it evaporates from the leaves, the temperature of the plant decreases, which is important for preserving its vital activity during high heating of the air by the sun. This same evaporation of water creates a more favorable microclimate in the ground layer of air.
The total water consumption of a cotton field to create a crop consists of water consumption by plants and its consumption for evaporation from the soil. If the total water consumption by the field is taken as 100%, then the share of consumption by plants (transpiration) accounts for 60-80%, and evaporation from the soil - 20-40%. The more cultivated the soil and the better the agricultural technology, the less water will be lost through evaporation, the greater the beneficial use of it by plants.
During the growing season, the average daily water consumption of a cotton field varies. At the beginning of the growing season it is small, then it constantly increases and usually reaches its greatest value during the period of the beginning and mass fruiting of cotton. In the subsequent period, the amount of water consumption is significantly reduced. Thus, for typical gray soils with deep groundwater and a raw cotton yield of 30-35 c/ha, the average daily water consumption of a cotton field was: during plant budding 18-20 m3/ha, mass flowering 50-55, mass fruit formation 85-90 , at the beginning of ripening there are 45-50 bolls, with their mass ripening 25-30 m3/ha.
The same pattern in the change in the amount of water consumption at a different absolute water consumption is noted for other soil-climatic and reclamation conditions (Fig. 39).
I. MODERN IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGIES
WASTEWATER FROM AGRICULTURAL CROPS
1.1. The principle of environmental validity of the use of wastewater in irrigated agriculture.
1.2. Experience in using wastewater for irrigation of agricultural crops.
1.3. Assessment of the possibility of growing cotton when irrigated with wastewater under conditions
Volgograd region.
II. CONDITIONS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
2.1. Climatic conditions of the cotton growing area.
2.2. Characteristics of water-physical and agrochemical properties of soils in the experimental plot.
2.3. Scheme of experiment and research methodology. 50 2.4 Agricultural technology for cultivating cotton on light chestnut solonetzic soils.
III. ECOLOGICAL-IRRIGATION ASSESSMENT OF WASTEWATER COMPOSITION
3.1. Irrigation assessment of wastewater suitability for agricultural use.
3.2. Chemical composition of wastewater used for irrigation of cotton.
IV. IRRIGATION REGIME AND WATER CONSUMPTION
COTTON
4.1. Cotton irrigation regime.
4.1.1 Watering and irrigation standards, irrigation timing depending on the irrigation regime.
4.1.2 Dynamics of soil moisture.
4.2 Total water consumption and water balance of the cotton field. 96 V. INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION REGIME ON COTTON DEVELOPMENT AND SOIL RECLAMATION PROPERTIES
5.1. Dependence of the development of cotton crops on the conditions of the irrigation regime.
5.2. Productivity and technological qualities of cotton fiber.
5.3. The influence of wastewater irrigation on soil composition indicators.
VI. ASSESSMENT OF THE ECONOMIC AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF COTTON IRRIGATION WITH WASTEWATER ACCORDING TO THE RECOMMENDED CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY
When Central Asian cotton overnight became an imported product for textile enterprises in Central Russia, its price rose sharply. Purchasing prices for raw cotton amounted to about 2 dollars per kg, index A in 2000/01 is estimated at an average of 66 c. for a. f. (world cotton prices). This led to a reduction and complete stoppage of textile production. The main consumer of cotton fiber in Russia is the textile industry - producers of cotton and paper yarn and fabrics. The trend in the production of cotton yarn, as well as fabrics, in recent years is associated with the import of cotton fiber, which, in turn, depends a lot on the seasonality of its collection and processing.
The provision of industry with its own cotton fiber and the presence of a domestic cotton raw material base will largely have a beneficial effect on the economic potential of the country. This will significantly reduce economic and social tensions, preserve and create additional jobs in agriculture, the textile industry, etc.
World cotton production 1999 - 2001 estimated at 19.1 million tons, in 2002 - 2004. - 18.7 million tons with a significant decline in cotton fiber production. The leading place in the production of cotton fiber in Central Asia belongs to Uzbekistan (71.4%). Turkmenistan accounts for 14.6%, Tajikistan - 8.4%, Kazakhstan - 3.7%, Kyrgyzstan -1.9%. (4)
Ten years ago, more than a million tons of cotton fiber were processed in Russia, in 1997 - 132.47 thousand tons, in 1998 - 170 thousand tons. Last year, the volume of cotton fiber processing had an annual increase of about 30% - 225 thousand tons.
The change in economic relations with the collapse of the state was the result of Russia's 100% dependence on the import of cotton fiber, the maximum demand for which is 500 thousand tons.
The first attempts to grow cotton in Russia were made 270 years ago. The Department of Agriculture of Russia has covered about 300 geographical locations with experimental cotton crops. However, cotton crops have not become widespread in Russia.
At the same time, cotton fiber is a valuable strategic raw material. Cotton plant of the mallow family (Malvaceal) consists of raw cotton (fiber with seeds) - 33%, leaves - 22%, stems (guzapaya) - 24%, boll valves - 12% and roots - 9%. The seeds serve as a source of oil, flour, and high-value protein. (89, 126, 136). Cotton wool (cotton hairs) consists of more than 95% cellulose. The root bark contains vitamins K and C, trimethylamine and tannins. A liquid extract with a hemostatic effect is produced from the bark of cotton roots.
Waste from the cotton ginning industry is used in the production of alcohol, varnishes, insulating materials, linoleum, etc.; Acetic, citric and other organic acids are obtained from the leaves (the content of citric and malic acid in the leaves is 5-7% and 3-4%, respectively). (28.139).
When processing 1 ton of raw cotton, approximately 350 kg of cotton fiber, 10 kg of cotton fluff, 10 kg of fibrous fiber and about 620 kg of seeds are obtained.
At the present stage there is not a single industry National economy wherever cotton products or materials are used. The association “white gold” rightly arises when mentioning cotton, since raw cotton and its vegetative organs contain many useful substances, vitamins, amino acids, etc. (Khusanov R.).
Growing crops in the conditions of the Lower Volga region with prevailing evaporation without irrigation is impossible. The revival of non-irrigated cotton is impractical, since the products (yield of 3-4 c/ha) are not competitive in terms of economic indicators. Properly organized and planned irrigation ensures the full development of agricultural crops with a proper increase in land fertility and, as a result, an increase in productivity and quality of products. Industrial wastewater is of interest for irrigation. The use of wastewater as irrigation water is considered from two main positions: resource-saving and water-protective.
The use of wastewater for irrigation of cotton will significantly reduce the cost of the resulting raw cotton while simultaneously increasing the yield and improving the water-physical properties of the soils of the experimental site.
Cotton plant has high inexhaustible adaptive qualities. During the period of its cultivation, it moved far to the north from its areas of origin. There is every reason to assume the cultivation of some varieties in the latitude of the southern regions of Russia, right up to the eastern and southern regions of the Volgograd region.
In this regard, the target orientation of our research in 1999-2001. Along with proof of the feasibility of using wastewater for irrigation of cotton, a number of modern varieties and hybrids were tested, with the identification of the optimal irrigation regime in relation to the conditions of the Volgograd region.
The above provisions determined the direction of our research work with a consistent solution of the main tasks:
1) develop an optimal irrigation regime for medium-fiber cotton varieties when irrigated with wastewater;
2) study the influence of the irrigation regime and this method of irrigation on the growth, development and productivity of cotton;
3) study the water balance of the cotton field;
4) carry out an environmental and irrigation assessment of wastewater used for irrigation;
5) determine the timing of the onset and phase duration of cotton development depending on the weather conditions of the growing region;
6) explore the possibility of obtaining maximum yield and quality characteristics fibers of cotton varieties when irrigated with wastewater;
7) study the effectiveness of using agrotechnical techniques that reduce the time of crop maturation;
8) determine the economic and energy efficiency of irrigating cotton with wastewater.
Scientific novelty of the work: for the first time, for the conditions of light chestnut solonetzic soils of the Volgograd Trans-Volga region, the possibility of cultivating various varieties of cotton was studied using modern resource-saving principles of the functioning of irrigation systems.
The dependence of the development of cotton crops on various irrigation regimes and the possibility of adaptation to external conditions during the growing season have been studied. The influence of wastewater irrigation regimes on the water-physical properties of soils and the quality of cotton fiber has been established. Irrigation rates acceptable in these conditions for sprinkling irrigation and irrigation dates with distribution according to the phase development of the crop were determined.
Practical value: Based on field experiments, an optimal irrigation regime for various varieties of cotton using a DKN-80 machine for recycling water resources in the conditions of the Lower Volga region was recommended and developed. The natural soil and climatic conditions of the research area, in combination with a number of agrotechnical techniques, make it possible to provide additional heating of the soil, shift the sowing dates, and also eliminate the need to purchase defoliants.
CONCLUSIONS FROM THE RESEARCH RESULTS
Analysis of the data obtained allows us to draw the following conclusions:
1. Thermal resources of the Volgograd region are sufficient for growing early ripening varieties of cotton with a growing season of 125-128 days. The sum of effective temperatures during the growing season averaged 1529.8 °C. Favorable conditions for sowing in the region develop at the end of April - the second ten days of May.
2. In the conditions of the Lower Volga region, there is an increase in the duration of cotton development in the period before flowering for all varieties up to 67 - 69 days and the onset of full ripening in the 1st - 2nd decades of October. Mulching the soil area and subsequent caulking in order to stop the growth of the main stem contributed to a reduction in the ripening time of the crop.
3. Classification of the suitability of wastewater according to irrigation indicators revealed the most favorable from an environmental point of view, safe category of wastewater for irrigation of cotton - conditionally pure.
4. The most productive variety is Fergana - 3. Maximum yield in 1999 it was obtained in the amount of 1.85 t/ha, with an average yield in the period 1999 - 2001. at the level of 1.73 t/ha. The yield of a mixture of varieties with a “0” type of branching is represented by the maximum - a possible indicator of 1.78 t/ha and an average experimental value of 1.68 t/ha.
5. All varieties under consideration are more responsive to the irrigation regime with wastewater - 70-70-60% HB in the layer according to development phases: 0.5 m - before flowering, 0.7 m during flowering - fruit formation and 0.5 m at ripening. Cultivation of plants under more moderate irrigation regimes of 60-70-60% NV and 60-60-60% NV resulted in a decrease in the productivity of varieties to 12.3 - 21%, a decrease in the number of bolls to 3 - 8.5% and a change in the mass of productive organs by 15 - 18.5%.
6. The beginning of all growing season irrigations is the first ten days of June - the beginning of the third ten days of June, the irrigation period is recommended to end in the first - third ten days of August. Inter-irrigation periods are 9-19 days. Vegetative irrigation takes up 67.3-72.2% of total water consumption, precipitation accounts for 20.9-24.7%. For normal growth and development of the Fergana - 3 variety, at least 5 irrigations are recommended, with an irrigation rate of no more than 4100 m3/ha. The first irrigation option is characterized by a water consumption coefficient of 2936 - 3132 m3/t, II - 2847 - 2855 m3/t, III - 2773 - 2859 m3/t and IV - 2973 - 2983 m3/t. Average daily water consumption varies according to the phases of cotton development, respectively 29.3 - 53 - 75 - 20.1 m3/ha.
7. The studied varieties formed, depending on irrigation regimes over the years of research, from 4 to 6.2 bolls, 18.9 - 29 leaves, 0.4 - 1.5 monopodial and from 6.3 to 8.6 fruit branches per plant. The minimum number of monopodia was formed in the more favorable years of crop growth, 1999 and 2001, 0.4 - 0.9 pcs./plant.
8. The maximum leaf area of the varieties was recorded in the flowering phase for all experimental options: 15513 - 19097 m2/ha. When transitioning from abundant irrigation regimes to more stringent ones, the difference is during budding - 28 - 30%, during flowering - 16.6 - 17%, during fruit formation - 15.4 - 18.9%, during ripening - 15.8 - 19.4%.
9. In dry years, the processes of dry matter accumulation were more intense: at the time of budding, the dry mass is 0.5 t/ha, at flowering - 2.65 t/ha, at fruit formation - 4.88 t/ha and at ripening - 7 .6 t/ha on average for varieties under an abundant irrigation regime. In wetter years, there is a decrease in it at the time of ripening to 5.8 - 6 t/ha and 7.1 - 7.4 t/ha. In options with fewer waterings, a phase-by-phase decrease is observed: by 24 - 32% by the time of flowering, by 35% by the end of the growing season.
10. At the beginning of cotton development, the net productivity of photosynthesis L of leaves is in the range of 5.3 - 5.8 g/m per day, reaching a maximum value at the beginning of flowering 9.1 - 10 g/m per day. Intervariant differences in varieties (between abundant and restrained) when irrigated with wastewater amounted to 9.4 - 15.5% in the budding phase, and 7 - 25.7% in the flowering - fruit formation phase on average over the years of experience. During the ripening phase, the net productivity of photosynthesis decreases to the limiting values of 1.9 - 3.1 l g/m per day.
11. Irrigation with wastewater contributes to the formation better conditions and nutritional regime of variety samples. The increase in the position of the height point is 4.4 - 5.5 cm. Differences in the biometric indicators of the options under consideration were observed in 1999 - 2001. by 7.7% in the number of true leaves, by 5% in the number of bolls and by 4% of fruit branches on average for varieties. When the quality of irrigation water changed, the increase in leaf area was reflected in the amount of 12% already in the budding - flowering phase. By the time of ripening, the excess over the control variant was expressed by 12.3% in the accumulation of dry biomass. Photosynthetic capacity in the first period of cotton development increased by 0.3 g/m, in the second - by 1.4 g/m, in the third (flowering - fruit formation) by 0.2 g/m and in ripening 0.3 l g/m . The increase in raw cotton yield amounted to an average of 1.23 c/ha."
12.V initial period cultural development, the consumption of nutrients for the Fergana - 3 variety is 24.3 - 27.4 kg/ha for nitrogen, 6.2 - 6.7 kg/ha for phosphorus and 19.3 - 20.8 kg/ha. At the end of the growing season, as a result of SW irrigation, there is an increase in removal to 125.5 - 138.3 kg/ha of nitrogen, 36.5 - 41.6 kg/ha of phosphorus and 98.9 - 112.5 kg/ha of potassium.
13. Cotton fiber of the Fergana - 3 variety obtained during the experiments was distinguished by the best technological properties. The linear density of the fiber was obtained at 141 mtex, strength 3.8 g/s, short fibers 9.5% and the highest maturity coefficient 1.8.
14. During three years of irrigation with wastewater during continuous cultivation of the crop, there is a tendency towards desalinization of the soils of the experimental plot.
15. Analysis of the system of indicators indicates that the Fergana-3 variety is the most effective for the farm. According to this option, the highest value of gross production per 1 hectare of crops was obtained (RUB 7,886), which significantly exceeds the values obtained from a mixture of varieties.
16. In the conditions of the Volgograd Trans-Volga region, in a differentiated irrigation regime while ensuring maximum yield (1.71 t/ha) of medium-fiber cotton varieties, energy efficiency was obtained at level 2.
1. In the conditions of the Lower Volga region, it is possible to cultivate medium-fiber cotton varieties with a growing season of no more than 125 - 128 days, while obtaining a yield of 1.73 - 1.85 t/ha. Agricultural technology for growing this technical crop should involve the use of intensive technologies in the initial period of development.
2. The maximum yield of raw cotton is achieved by using a differentiated irrigation regime with maintaining soil moisture during the growing season: before flowering - 70% NV, during flowering - fruit formation - 70% NV and during the ripening period - 60% NV. It should be used as a mineral fertilizer on light chestnut solonetzic soils. ammonium nitrate in the amount of 100 kg a.v.
3. To irrigate early-ripening varieties of cotton, in order to increase plant productivity and improve the microclimate of the cotton field, it is necessary to use conditionally pure wastewater in an amount of no more than 4000 m3/ha.
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Please note that the scientific texts presented above are posted for informational purposes only and were obtained through original dissertation text recognition (OCR). Therefore, they may contain errors associated with imperfect recognition algorithms. IN PDF files There are no such errors in the dissertations and abstracts that we deliver.
I. MODERN IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGIES
WASTEWATER FROM AGRICULTURAL CROPS
1.1. The principle of environmental validity of the use of wastewater in irrigated agriculture.
1.2. Experience in using wastewater for irrigation of agricultural crops.
1.3. Assessment of the possibility of growing cotton when irrigated with wastewater under conditions
Volgograd region.
II. CONDITIONS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
2.1. Climatic conditions of the cotton growing area.
2.2. Characteristics of water-physical and agrochemical properties of soils in the experimental plot.
2.3. Scheme of experiment and research methodology. 50 2.4 Agricultural technology for cultivating cotton on light chestnut solonetzic soils.
III. ECOLOGICAL-IRRIGATION ASSESSMENT OF WASTEWATER COMPOSITION
3.1. Irrigation assessment of wastewater suitability for agricultural use.
3.2. Chemical composition of wastewater used for irrigation of cotton.
IV. IRRIGATION REGIME AND WATER CONSUMPTION
COTTON
4.1. Cotton irrigation regime.
4.1.1 Watering and irrigation standards, irrigation timing depending on the irrigation regime.
4.1.2 Dynamics of soil moisture.
4.2 Total water consumption and water balance of the cotton field. 96 V. INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION REGIME ON COTTON DEVELOPMENT AND SOIL RECLAMATION PROPERTIES
5.1. Dependence of the development of cotton crops on the conditions of the irrigation regime.
5.2. Productivity and technological qualities of cotton fiber.
5.3. The influence of wastewater irrigation on soil composition indicators.
VI. ASSESSMENT OF THE ECONOMIC AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF COTTON IRRIGATION WITH WASTEWATER ACCORDING TO THE RECOMMENDED CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY
When Central Asian cotton overnight became an imported product for textile enterprises in Central Russia, its price rose sharply. Purchasing prices for raw cotton amounted to about 2 dollars per kg, index A in 2000/01 is estimated at an average of 66 c. for a. f. (world cotton prices). This led to a reduction and complete stoppage of textile production. The main consumer of cotton fiber in Russia is the textile industry - producers of cotton and paper yarn and fabrics. The trend in the production of cotton yarn, as well as fabrics, in recent years is associated with the import of cotton fiber, which, in turn, depends a lot on the seasonality of its collection and processing.
The provision of industry with its own cotton fiber and the presence of a domestic cotton raw material base will largely have a beneficial effect on the economic potential of the country. This will significantly reduce economic and social tensions, preserve and create additional jobs in agriculture, the textile industry, etc.
World cotton production 1999 - 2001 estimated at 19.1 million tons, in 2002 - 2004. - 18.7 million tons with a significant decline in cotton fiber production. The leading place in the production of cotton fiber in Central Asia belongs to Uzbekistan (71.4%). Turkmenistan accounts for 14.6%, Tajikistan - 8.4%, Kazakhstan - 3.7%, Kyrgyzstan -1.9%. (4)
Ten years ago, more than a million tons of cotton fiber were processed in Russia, in 1997 - 132.47 thousand tons, in 1998 - 170 thousand tons. Last year, the volume of cotton fiber processing had an annual increase of about 30% - 225 thousand tons.
The change in economic relations with the collapse of the state was the result of Russia's 100% dependence on the import of cotton fiber, the maximum demand for which is 500 thousand tons.
The first attempts to grow cotton in Russia were made 270 years ago. The Department of Agriculture of Russia has covered about 300 geographical locations with experimental cotton crops. However, cotton crops have not become widespread in Russia.
At the same time, cotton fiber is a valuable strategic raw material. Cotton plant of the mallow family (Malvaceal) consists of raw cotton (fiber with seeds) - 33%, leaves - 22%, stems (guzapaya) - 24%, boll valves - 12% and roots - 9%. The seeds serve as a source of oil, flour, and high-value protein. (89, 126, 136). Cotton wool (cotton hairs) consists of more than 95% cellulose. The root bark contains vitamins K and C, trimethylamine and tannins. A liquid extract with a hemostatic effect is produced from the bark of cotton roots.
Waste from the cotton ginning industry is used in the production of alcohol, varnishes, insulating materials, linoleum, etc.; Acetic, citric and other organic acids are obtained from the leaves (the content of citric and malic acid in the leaves is 5-7% and 3-4%, respectively). (28.139).
When processing 1 ton of raw cotton, approximately 350 kg of cotton fiber, 10 kg of cotton fluff, 10 kg of fibrous fiber and about 620 kg of seeds are obtained.
At the present stage, there is not a single sector of the national economy where cotton products or materials are not used. The association “white gold” rightly arises when mentioning cotton, since raw cotton and its vegetative organs contain many useful substances, vitamins, amino acids, etc. (Khusanov R.).
Growing crops in the conditions of the Lower Volga region with prevailing evaporation without irrigation is impossible. The revival of non-irrigated cotton is impractical, since the products (yield of 3-4 c/ha) are not competitive in terms of economic indicators. Properly organized and planned irrigation ensures the full development of agricultural crops with a proper increase in land fertility and, as a result, an increase in productivity and quality of products. Industrial wastewater is of interest for irrigation. The use of wastewater as irrigation water is considered from two main positions: resource-saving and water-protective.
The use of wastewater for irrigation of cotton will significantly reduce the cost of the resulting raw cotton while simultaneously increasing the yield and improving the water-physical properties of the soils of the experimental site.
Cotton plant has high inexhaustible adaptive qualities. During the period of its cultivation, it moved far to the north from its areas of origin. There is every reason to assume the cultivation of some varieties in the latitude of the southern regions of Russia, right up to the eastern and southern regions of the Volgograd region.
In this regard, the target orientation of our research in 1999-2001. Along with proof of the feasibility of using wastewater for irrigation of cotton, a number of modern varieties and hybrids were tested, with the identification of the optimal irrigation regime in relation to the conditions of the Volgograd region.
The above provisions determined the direction of our research work with a consistent solution of the main tasks:
1) develop an optimal irrigation regime for medium-fiber cotton varieties when irrigated with wastewater;
2) study the influence of the irrigation regime and this method of irrigation on the growth, development and productivity of cotton;
3) study the water balance of the cotton field;
4) carry out an environmental and irrigation assessment of wastewater used for irrigation;
5) determine the timing of the onset and phase duration of cotton development depending on the weather conditions of the growing region;
6) explore the possibility of obtaining maximum yield and quality characteristics of the fiber of cotton varieties when irrigated with wastewater;
7) study the effectiveness of using agrotechnical techniques that reduce the time of crop maturation;
8) determine the economic and energy efficiency of irrigating cotton with wastewater.
Scientific novelty of the work: for the first time, for the conditions of light chestnut solonetzic soils of the Volgograd Trans-Volga region, the possibility of cultivating various varieties of cotton was studied using modern resource-saving principles of the functioning of irrigation systems.
The dependence of the development of cotton crops on various irrigation regimes and the possibility of adaptation to external conditions during the growing season have been studied. The influence of wastewater irrigation regimes on the water-physical properties of soils and the quality of cotton fiber has been established. Irrigation rates acceptable in these conditions for sprinkling irrigation and irrigation dates with distribution according to the phase development of the crop were determined.
Practical value: Based on field experiments, an optimal irrigation regime for various varieties of cotton using a DKN-80 machine for recycling water resources in the conditions of the Lower Volga region was recommended and developed. The natural soil and climatic conditions of the research area, in combination with a number of agrotechnical techniques, make it possible to provide additional heating of the soil, shift the sowing dates, and also eliminate the need to purchase defoliants.
CONCLUSIONS FROM THE RESEARCH RESULTS
Analysis of the data obtained allows us to draw the following conclusions:
1. Thermal resources of the Volgograd region are sufficient for growing early ripening varieties of cotton with a growing season of 125-128 days. The sum of effective temperatures during the growing season averaged 1529.8 °C. Favorable conditions for sowing in the region develop at the end of April - the second ten days of May.
2. In the conditions of the Lower Volga region, there is an increase in the duration of cotton development in the period before flowering for all varieties up to 67 - 69 days and the onset of full ripening in the 1st - 2nd decades of October. Mulching the soil area and subsequent caulking in order to stop the growth of the main stem contributed to a reduction in the ripening time of the crop.
3. Classification of the suitability of wastewater according to irrigation indicators revealed the most favorable from an environmental point of view, safe category of wastewater for irrigation of cotton - conditionally pure.
4. The most productive variety is Fergana - 3. The maximum yield in 1999 was obtained in the amount of 1.85 t/ha, with an average yield in the period 1999 - 2001. at the level of 1.73 t/ha. The yield of a mixture of varieties with a “0” type of branching is represented by the maximum - a possible indicator of 1.78 t/ha and an average experimental value of 1.68 t/ha.
5. All varieties under consideration are more responsive to the irrigation regime with wastewater - 70-70-60% HB in the layer according to development phases: 0.5 m - before flowering, 0.7 m during flowering - fruit formation and 0.5 m at ripening. Cultivation of plants under more moderate irrigation regimes of 60-70-60% NV and 60-60-60% NV resulted in a decrease in the productivity of varieties to 12.3 - 21%, a decrease in the number of bolls to 3 - 8.5% and a change in the mass of productive organs by 15 - 18.5%.
6. The beginning of all growing season irrigations is the first ten days of June - the beginning of the third ten days of June, the irrigation period is recommended to end in the first - third ten days of August. Inter-irrigation periods are 9-19 days. Vegetative irrigation takes up 67.3-72.2% of total water consumption, precipitation accounts for 20.9-24.7%. For normal growth and development of the Fergana - 3 variety, at least 5 irrigations are recommended, with an irrigation rate of no more than 4100 m3/ha. The first irrigation option is characterized by a water consumption coefficient of 2936 - 3132 m3/t, II - 2847 - 2855 m3/t, III - 2773 - 2859 m3/t and IV - 2973 - 2983 m3/t. Average daily water consumption varies according to the phases of cotton development, respectively 29.3 - 53 - 75 - 20.1 m3/ha.
7. The studied varieties formed, depending on irrigation regimes over the years of research, from 4 to 6.2 bolls, 18.9 - 29 leaves, 0.4 - 1.5 monopodial and from 6.3 to 8.6 fruit branches per plant. The minimum number of monopodia was formed in the more favorable years of crop growth, 1999 and 2001, 0.4 - 0.9 pcs./plant.
8. The maximum leaf area of the varieties was recorded in the flowering phase for all experimental options: 15513 - 19097 m2/ha. When transitioning from abundant irrigation regimes to more stringent ones, the difference is during budding - 28 - 30%, during flowering - 16.6 - 17%, during fruit formation - 15.4 - 18.9%, during ripening - 15.8 - 19.4%.
9. In dry years, the processes of dry matter accumulation were more intense: at the time of budding, the dry mass is 0.5 t/ha, at flowering - 2.65 t/ha, at fruit formation - 4.88 t/ha and at ripening - 7 .6 t/ha on average for varieties under an abundant irrigation regime. In wetter years, there is a decrease in it at the time of ripening to 5.8 - 6 t/ha and 7.1 - 7.4 t/ha. In options with fewer waterings, a phase-by-phase decrease is observed: by 24 - 32% by the time of flowering, by 35% by the end of the growing season.
10. At the beginning of cotton development, the net productivity of photosynthesis L of leaves is in the range of 5.3 - 5.8 g/m per day, reaching a maximum value at the beginning of flowering 9.1 - 10 g/m per day. Intervariant differences in varieties (between abundant and restrained) when irrigated with wastewater amounted to 9.4 - 15.5% in the budding phase, and 7 - 25.7% in the flowering - fruit formation phase on average over the years of experience. During the ripening phase, the net productivity of photosynthesis decreases to the limiting values of 1.9 - 3.1 l g/m per day.
11. Irrigation with wastewater contributes to the formation of better conditions and nutritional regime of variety samples. The increase in the position of the height point is 4.4 - 5.5 cm. Differences in the biometric indicators of the options under consideration were observed in 1999 - 2001. by 7.7% in the number of true leaves, by 5% in the number of bolls and by 4% of fruit branches on average for varieties. When the quality of irrigation water changed, the increase in leaf area was reflected in the amount of 12% already in the budding - flowering phase. By the time of ripening, the excess over the control variant was expressed by 12.3% in the accumulation of dry biomass. Photosynthetic capacity in the first period of cotton development increased by 0.3 g/m, in the second - by 1.4 g/m, in the third (flowering - fruit formation) by 0.2 g/m and in ripening 0.3 l g/m . The increase in raw cotton yield amounted to an average of 1.23 c/ha."
12. In the initial period of crop development, the consumption of nutrients for the Fergana - 3 variety is 24.3 - 27.4 kg/ha for nitrogen, 6.2 - 6.7 kg/ha for phosphorus and 19.3 - 20.8 kg /ha. At the end of the growing season, as a result of SW irrigation, there is an increase in removal to 125.5 - 138.3 kg/ha of nitrogen, 36.5 - 41.6 kg/ha of phosphorus and 98.9 - 112.5 kg/ha of potassium.
13. Cotton fiber of the Fergana - 3 variety obtained during the experiments was distinguished by the best technological properties. The linear density of the fiber was obtained at 141 mtex, strength 3.8 g/s, short fibers 9.5% and the highest maturity coefficient 1.8.
14. During three years of irrigation with wastewater during continuous cultivation of the crop, there is a tendency towards desalinization of the soils of the experimental plot.
15. Analysis of the system of indicators indicates that the Fergana-3 variety is the most effective for the farm. According to this option, the highest value of gross production per 1 hectare of crops was obtained (RUB 7,886), which significantly exceeds the values obtained from a mixture of varieties.
16. In the conditions of the Volgograd Trans-Volga region, in a differentiated irrigation regime while ensuring maximum yield (1.71 t/ha) of medium-fiber cotton varieties, energy efficiency was obtained at level 2.
1. In the conditions of the Lower Volga region, it is possible to cultivate medium-fiber cotton varieties with a growing season of no more than 125 - 128 days, while obtaining a yield of 1.73 - 1.85 t/ha. Agricultural technology for growing this technical crop should involve the use of intensive technologies in the initial period of development.
2. The maximum yield of raw cotton is achieved by using a differentiated irrigation regime with maintaining soil moisture during the growing season: before flowering - 70% NV, during flowering - fruit formation - 70% NV and during the ripening period - 60% NV. As a mineral fertilizer on light chestnut solonetzic soils, ammonium nitrate should be used in an amount of 100 kg a.m.
3. To irrigate early-ripening varieties of cotton, in order to increase plant productivity and improve the microclimate of the cotton field, it is necessary to use conditionally pure wastewater in an amount of no more than 4000 m3/ha.
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